Currently available chemical fumigant nematicides for use in the production of vegetables.
\\n\\n
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6893",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Endemic Species",title:"Endemic Species",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book consists of several thematic groups, including botany, zoology and topics related to human health. In regards to botany, chapters discuss endemic plants of Bolivia, Mexico, Italy and the Caribbean. They show the diversity, distribution and conservation of many species. In regards to zoology, the book highlights endemic primates and reptiles. Additionally, the book presents other environmental issues relevant to conservation. This volume also presents topics related to health, some of which are relevant for their implications on health and the economy, is the case of the presence of toxins in the Pacific plankton.All chapters present relevant content for future research or because they are fundamental for territorial management.",isbn:"978-1-83962-353-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-252-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-354-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73421",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"endemic-species",numberOfPages:188,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3290be83fff5bc015f5bd3d78ae9c6c7",bookSignature:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Carmelo Maria Musarella and Ana Cano Ortiz",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6893.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7861,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:25,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 30th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 20th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 7th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 8th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",middleName:null,surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/87846/images/system/87846.png",biography:"Eusebio Cano Carmona obtained a Ph.D. in Science from the University of Granada, Spain. He is a Professor of Botany, University of Jaén, Spain. His fundamental line of research is flora and vegetation in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Palestine, the Caribbean islands, and Mexico. He has directed thirteen doctoral theses and published 250 articles, books, and book chapters. He has presented 200 papers/communications at national and international congresses. He has held a number of different academic positions, including Dean of the Faculty of Experimental Sciences at the University of Jaen, Spain, and founder and director of the International Seminar on Management and Conservation of Biodiversity. He is a member of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian geobotany societies. Counselor of the I.E. G., Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, Jaén.",institutionString:"University of Jaén",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276295/images/system/276295.png",biography:"Carmelo Maria Musarella, Ph.D., is a biologist specializing in plant biology. He studied and worked at several European universities. He is an adjunct professor of Plant Biology at the “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, Italy. His research interests include flora, vegetation, habitats, biogeography, taxonomy, ethnobotany, endemism, and biodiversity conservation. He has published many research articles in indexed journals and books. He is a guest editor for Plant Biosystems. Dr. Musarella is a member of the permanent scientific committee of the International Conference on Biodiversity Conservation and Management. He has participated in several international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops and has presented several oral communications and posters.",institutionString:'"Mediterranea" University of Reggio Calabria',position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/203697/images/system/203697.jpg",biography:"Ana Cano Ortiz obtained a Ph.D. in Botany from the University of Jaén, Spain. She has worked in private business, college, and high school education. She is co-director of four doctoral theses. Her main line of research is related to botanical bioindicators. She has worked in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Central America. She has published more than 100 works in various national and international journals, as well as books and book chapters. She has also presented numerous papers and communications at national and international congresses.",institutionString:"University of Jaén",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"841",title:"Biodiversity",slug:"environmental-sciences-ecology-biodiversity"}],chapters:[{id:"65963",title:"Introductory Chapter: Endemism as a Basic Element for the Conservation of Species and Habitats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84950",slug:"introductory-chapter-endemism-as-a-basic-element-for-the-conservation-of-species-and-habitats",totalDownloads:807,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Ana Cano Ortiz and Carmelo Maria Musarella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65963",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65963",authors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"},{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella"},{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"67410",title:"Salvia ceratophylloides Ard. (Lamiaceae): A Rare Endemic Species of Calabria (Southern Italy)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84905",slug:"-em-salvia-ceratophylloides-em-ard-lamiaceae-a-rare-endemic-species-of-calabria-southern-italy-",totalDownloads:810,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Salvia ceratophylloides Ard. is a very precious narrow endemism of Southern Italy. It grows in the suburban surroundings of Reggio Calabria, on coastal strip hilly ridges between 250 and 450 m a.s.l. At the beginning of 1900, it was present in several localities, as evidenced by literature, where it was already very rare. Afterward, despite the research carried out by various botanists, the species was no longer found, due to its disappearing in the places mentioned in literature resulting from the intense environmental transformations suffered by the territory. Therefore, the species since 1997 was included in the “Red Book of the flora of Italy” among the extinct species. The successive research carried out in 2008 made it possible to ascertain new localities at about 10 km of distance from those reported in the literature. The actual population consists of about 1000 individuals, and according to IUNC criteria, the conservation status is critically endangered (CR). The threats to survival and spread of the species are different, but above all, it is the habitat destruction due to urbanization to threaten this species.",signatures:"Giovanni Spampinato, Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface, Ana Cano Ortiz, Ricardo Quinto Canas and Carmelo Maria Musarella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67410",authors:[{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella"},{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz"},{id:"216982",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo Quinto",surname:"Canas",slug:"ricardo-quinto-canas",fullName:"Ricardo Quinto Canas"},{id:"276299",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina Lucia Astrid",surname:"Laface",slug:"valentina-lucia-astrid-laface",fullName:"Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface"},{id:"276300",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Spampinato",slug:"giovanni-spampinato",fullName:"Giovanni Spampinato"}],corrections:null},{id:"65135",title:"Endemic Plant Species of Bolivia and Their Relationships with Vegetation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82776",slug:"endemic-plant-species-of-bolivia-and-their-relationships-with-vegetation",totalDownloads:1175,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The inventory of Bolivia’s vascular plants lists 2402 endemic species (ca. 20% of 12,339 of native flora). Among angiosperms, there are 2263 species from 124 families and 641 genera, whereas among pteridophytes, there are 139 species from 16 families and 29 genera. Seven families with the greatest number of endemic species are Orchidaceae (418), Asteraceae (246), Bromeliaceae (147), Cactaceae (127), Poaceae (92), and Piperaceae (81). Cleistocactus and Puya have 14 and 55 endemic species, respectively, so representing 82.3 and 84.6% of the species in these genera. Bolivia’s endemic species show distribution patterns associated with past geological events, orographic dynamics (of the Andes and in the Cerrado), as well as areas of diversification. Dry xeric and humid regions host local and regional endemics in specific families and biogeographic regions of high conservation importance. Humid montane forests in the Yungas and dry inter-Andean valleys are rich in endemic species with 51 and 22% of the total recorded in the respective regions. Nevertheless, there are still many lesser known geographical areas that may generate new information in the short and medium term. Only 165 endemic species (6.9%) have been evaluated for their conservation status following IUCN categories with 49% assessed as endangered (EN).",signatures:"Mónica Moraes R., Carla Maldonado and Freddy S. Zenteno-Ruiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65135",authors:[{id:"272175",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",surname:"Moraes R.",slug:"monica-moraes-r.",fullName:"Mónica Moraes R."},{id:"284258",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",surname:"Maldonado",slug:"carla-maldonado",fullName:"Carla Maldonado"},{id:"284259",title:"Mr.",name:"Freddy S.",surname:"Zenteno-Ruiz",slug:"freddy-s.-zenteno-ruiz",fullName:"Freddy S. Zenteno-Ruiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"64940",title:"The Endemism of the Vascular Flora of Mexico Present in Comarca Lagunera, an Agricultural Region in the Chihuahuan Desert",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82709",slug:"the-endemism-of-the-vascular-flora-of-mexico-present-in-comarca-lagunera-an-agricultural-region-in-t",totalDownloads:757,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A study of the distribution of 321 taxa of endemic vascular plants of Mexico distributed in Comarca Lagunera, a region of northern central Mexico within the Chihuahuan Desert, was conducted. The analysis consisted in detecting the areas of high richness and with this information propose areas for the conservation of plant biodiversity in this region. The study includes an analysis of species richness at the level of political units (municipalities), vegetation types, and grid cells of 10 × 10 km. Additionally, the corrected weighted endemism index was calculated using the grid cells. The sites with the richest taxa are located in the mountain areas; however, these do not coincide with the sites with the highest index of endemism since a high percentage of taxa have a restricted distribution to one of the proposed units. Thirty-six taxa are recognized with restricted distribution to the boundaries of Comarca Lagunera, most of them considered as microendemics, which have been described in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to establish biodiversity conservation programs in the region since much of Comarca Lagunera territory is dedicated to agricultural and industrial activities.",signatures:"Alberto González-Zamora and Rebeca Pérez-Morales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64940",authors:[{id:"273690",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"González-Zamora",slug:"alberto-gonzalez-zamora",fullName:"Alberto González-Zamora"},{id:"273692",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca",surname:"Pérez-Morales",slug:"rebeca-perez-morales",fullName:"Rebeca Pérez-Morales"}],corrections:null},{id:"65148",title:"Mexican Indigenous Species with Agroecological Uses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83400",slug:"mexican-indigenous-species-with-agroecological-uses",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mexico is considered one of the twelve megadiverse countries, and they together harbor 60–70% of the biodiversity from the planet. Mexico with Brazil, Colombia, and Indonesia occupied the principal positions. In Mexico, there are almost 50,000 plant species recognized now. Several of these plants are used since the pre-Hispanic age in religious ceremonies and medicinal treatments, but their potential in agroecology has not been exploited. There is not much information related to these alternative crops and their possible uses in agriculture. In this chapter, we will describe the main characteristics of the plant and its possible uses in agroecology.",signatures:"Arellano-Perusquía Abraham, Bañuelos-Hernández Bernardo, Urquieta-Ramírez Luz, Albarrán-Tamayo Froylán, Aguilar-Ruiz Carlos Agustín, González-Márquez Marco Antonio, Junquera-Martínez Sergio and Cruz-Hernández Andrés",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65148",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65148",authors:[{id:"276310",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",surname:"Cruz-Hernández",slug:"andres-cruz-hernandez",fullName:"Andrés Cruz-Hernández"},{id:"286722",title:"BSc.",name:"Abraham",surname:"Arellano-Perusquía",slug:"abraham-arellano-perusquia",fullName:"Abraham Arellano-Perusquía"},{id:"286724",title:"Dr.",name:"Luz",surname:"Urquieta-Ramírez",slug:"luz-urquieta-ramirez",fullName:"Luz Urquieta-Ramírez"},{id:"286725",title:"Dr.",name:"Froylan",surname:"Albarrán-Tamayo",slug:"froylan-albarran-tamayo",fullName:"Froylan Albarrán-Tamayo"},{id:"286726",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos Agustín",surname:"Aguilar-Ruiz",slug:"carlos-agustin-aguilar-ruiz",fullName:"Carlos Agustín Aguilar-Ruiz"},{id:"286727",title:"MSc.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"González-Márquez",slug:"marco-antonio-gonzalez-marquez",fullName:"Marco Antonio González-Márquez"},{id:"286729",title:"Mr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Junquera-Martínez",slug:"sergio-junquera-martinez",fullName:"Sergio Junquera-Martínez"},{id:"302920",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Bernardo",surname:"Bañuelos-Hernández",slug:"bernardo-banuelos-hernandez",fullName:"Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"64589",title:"Instrumental Methods for Detection of Lipophilic Marine Toxins in Endemic Species from Pacific Austral Fjords",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82438",slug:"instrumental-methods-for-detection-of-lipophilic-marine-toxins-in-endemic-species-from-pacific-austr",totalDownloads:1070,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) are a group of marine toxins which in recent years have been consistently identified in the vast majority of shellfish worldwide. One of their main characteristics is having a latitudinal variability and an assimilation/retention specific for each species. LMTs consist of four important groups: okadaic acid group (OA-group), pectenotoxin group (PTX-group), azaspiracid group (AZA-group) and yessotoxin group (YTX-group). These groups have different chemical structures, which has generated an important challenge to establish analytical techniques to identify all toxic analogues from the same toxic matrix. Likewise, in the aquatic environment, shellfish represent the best bio-indicator model that allows for the establishment of levels of toxicities related to LMTs. In this chapter, the evolution for detection of LMTs from mouse bioassay (MBA), enzymatic assays (PP2a), and analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), are described. These analytical advances have allowed us to determine and identify the characteristic profiles of LMTs produced by marine microalgae, including the prevalence and biotransformation of LMTs in the different endemic species. It is worth mentioning that these techniques have favoured the updating of numerous sanitary standards and the definition of the most appropriate technique for the detection of LMTs in shellfish and endemic species.",signatures:"Carlos García, Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas and Héctor R. Contreras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64589",authors:[{id:"218388",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"García",slug:"carlos-garcia",fullName:"Carlos García"},{id:"274320",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor R.",surname:"Contreras",slug:"hector-r.-contreras",fullName:"Héctor R. Contreras"},{id:"274322",title:"Ms.",name:"Javiera",surname:"Oyaneder-Terrazas",slug:"javiera-oyaneder-terrazas",fullName:"Javiera Oyaneder-Terrazas"}],corrections:null},{id:"70070",title:"The Genotyping of Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD-d) in Malaria Endemic South Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, Eastern Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88954",slug:"the-genotyping-of-glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency-g6pd-d-in-malaria-endemic-south-centr",totalDownloads:784,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Approximately 18 million people live in malaria-endemic areas with 218,450 reported confirmed cases and 161 reported deaths in Indonesia. Currently, primaquine (PQ), the 8-aminoquinolines, is still the only drug for radical cure and preventing relapse of malaria. However, the individuals with G6PD deficiency (G6PD-d) have risk of hemolysis. Currently, few data of the prevalence of G6PD-d and genotyping are available. This study will provide the prevalence of G6PD-d and the genotyping in malaria cases in South Central Timor (TTS) district. G6PD status was analyzed with quantitative (Randox G6PD test, UK) follow with PCR-RFLP and sequencing to identify the variant of G6PD-d genotyping. Malaria was confirmed by n-PCR (Promega, Madison, USA). A total 64 of 181 individuals with G6PD-d from South Central Timor (TTS) district were analyzed. About 25 of 64 cases of G6PD-d were tested positive for malaria with P. vivax as the dominant species 56% (14/25) and most of the cases were female 73.3% (11/15). Among the 64 G6PD-d the genotyping Vanua Lava (10,883 T>C) WHO classifies G6PD-d genetic variants class II with severe deficiency <10% the enzyme activity were dominant. The variant of Vanua Lava is dominant and the high G6PD-d indicated that screening for G6PD deficiency is necessary.",signatures:"Jontari Hutagalung, M. Soleha, Nikson Sitorus and Linawati Hananta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70070",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70070",authors:[{id:"221829",title:"Dr.",name:"Jontari",surname:"Hutagalung",slug:"jontari-hutagalung",fullName:"Jontari Hutagalung"},{id:"293322",title:"Dr.",name:"Linawati",surname:"Hananta",slug:"linawati-hananta",fullName:"Linawati Hananta"},{id:"312232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikson",surname:"Sitorus",slug:"nikson-sitorus",fullName:"Nikson Sitorus"},{id:"312233",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",surname:"Soleha",slug:"m.-soleha",fullName:"M. Soleha"}],corrections:null},{id:"66965",title:"Two Endemic Primates’ Species in China: Hainan Gibbon and Guizhou Snub-Nosed Monkey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85933",slug:"two-endemic-primates-species-in-china-hainan-gibbon-and-guizhou-snub-nosed-monkey",totalDownloads:657,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is the most threatened species of gibbon, the endemic primates of China. Currently, there were only 4 groups no more than 30 individuals left, which is only distributed in a 16 km2 area (H: 800–1280 m) of Bawangling National Nature Reserve of Hainan island in China. The social structure of the Hainan gibbon is polygynous, with one adult male pairing with two adult females. Hainan gibbon research has always been one of the hot spots of primate research, mainly concentrated in ecology, behavior, and genetic research. Here, we mainly reported the classification, historical population changes, community structure, dietary, reproductive and song behavior of Hainan gibbon. We also reported the other unique primate of China: Guizhou snub-nosed monkey.",signatures:"Jiang Zhou and Huaiqing Deng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66965",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66965",authors:[{id:"275310",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiang",surname:"Zhou",slug:"jiang-zhou",fullName:"Jiang Zhou"},{id:"293273",title:"Dr.",name:"Huaiqing",surname:"Deng",slug:"huaiqing-deng",fullName:"Huaiqing Deng"}],corrections:null},{id:"66987",title:"Modern State Law: Regulating Tradition or Protecting the Environment in the Mankon Kingdom of Northwest Cameroon?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85125",slug:"modern-state-law-regulating-tradition-or-protecting-the-environment-in-the-mankon-kingdom-of-northwe",totalDownloads:989,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most African countries including Cameroon find themselves in a situation of legal pluralism and at crossroads with implications for the sustainable management of natural resources. Traditional institutions and knowledge systems have been hailed as invaluable mechanisms for the conservation of flora and fauna. This chapter examines the conflict between traditional institutions and State law in the hierarchically stratified Mankon Kingdom of the Grassfield region of Northwest Cameroon where the latter prohibits the harvesting of culturally valuable plant and animal species for myriad ritual ceremonies and for therapeutic purposes. It demonstrates that the lack of cultural sensitivity can be antithetical to conservation initiatives. 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Root knot nematodes (RKN) are sedentary internal plant parasites and belong to the genus
Adult female of root-knot nematode (microscope view).
Juvenile-II female of root-knot nematode (microscope view).
Lifecycle of root-knot nematode.
The RKN lacks any rigid skeletal form and thus utilizes the turgor-pressure (TP) for sustaining the bodily shape and locomotion [5]. They possess tiny stylet-like insects that are injected into the plant roots for taking nutrients. The adult female releases secretary proteins that induce the captured cells and cells to become multi-nucleated (with no cell wall formation). This process release protein that is ingested by the RKN through a feeding tube that filters the sap from plant roots. Because of this feeding behavior and cell divisions, the neighboring cells also grow bigger and causing swelling in the roots that ultimately leads to gall formation (Figure 4) in the roots [6].
Galls on infected roots of root-knot nematode.
RKN are among the most successful parasites because of the huge range of hosts and flexible behavior in adapting to a variety of environmental conditions [7]. The
RKN poses a severe danger to the quantity and quality of numerous economic crops around the world. Only the top 20 life-sustaining crops are predicted to suffer an annual crop loss of 12.6% (equivalent to $215.77 billion) due to these worms [10].
The RKN dislodges the vascular system of the host plant and the attacked plant tends to exhibit stunted growth and, death of the seedlings. The RKN infection leaves the plant vulnerable to the attack of other pathogens. The yield declined drastically and in certain cases, the losses may reach up to 90–100% if no management practices are initiated [4].
RKN attack a diverse range of plants belonging to different families. The host range is surpassing 5500 plant species. They attack shrubs, trees, ornamental plants, vegetables, and field crops [11].
The bacterial genera,
Plants have devised a mechanism in which hostile microorganisms in the rhizosphere are selectively stimulated and enriched [13]. The ability of plants to recruit antagonists under various soil management approaches will improve the foundation for new profitable and sustainable microbiome-based crop production systems [14]. Most horticulture growers use harmful chemicals to combat soil-borne infections, whereas organic farmers use conservative practices that preserve soil biodiversity and encourage the RKN antagonistic microbiota. Researchers recently discovered differences in the rhizosphere microbiome under various crop techniques, including impressively low levels of plant pathogens under long-term organic-farming (OF) [15]. Furthermore, microbial shifts in rhizospheres after RKN inoculation suggest that soil can be managed to attract beneficial microorganisms. RKN performance on plant roots should be reduced by the recruitment of microorganisms.
Since proper identification of
Many fungi, bacteria, and plant-parasitic nematodes have been speciating via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a technique that uses a set of primers to amplify a specific region of the genome. PCR can be used to compare genetic similarity or variability between and among species when combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or sequencing [17]. Powers [20] used the example of a protein-coding 600 nucleotide piece of DNA being able to identify 10 million species based on the variability present on that segment to demonstrate the value of researching DNA that codes for genes. This example illustrates how beneficial PCR may be in differentiating specimens because it amplifies a section of the genome. Denaturation, annealing, and extension are the three processes that make up PCR. To allow the primers to attach to a specific region of single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA is de-naturated at a high temperature (90–95°C). Annealing, or the binding of oligonucleotide primers to the target area, takes place at a lower temperature (45–60°C). As the primers attach to the target site, the temperature is raised slightly (70–74°C) to allow the primers to extend on the template DNA with the help of DNA polymerase, a process called extension. To achieve a million-fold amplification of the target location, this technique is routinely performed 30–40 times [17].
Integrated pest management (IPM) was defined by Prokopy [21] as “a decision-making procedure involving coordinated employment of numerous methods for maximizing the control of different types of pests (diseases, insects, vertebrates, and weeds) in a way that is both environmentally and economically beneficial. Nematode management is challenging. Preventive approaches, such as sanitation and plant variety selection, are the most reliable. Present infestations can be decreased by following, rotation of crop, and soil solarization. These approaches, however, only work for about a year since they diminish nematodes in the upper foot or soil. They’re best used for annual plants or to aid the establishment of young woody plants. If nematodes have infested a crop or an area, struggle to limit infection by shifting dates of the plant to cooler seasons when worms are less active and to make plants more resistant to nematode infection, try to create optimal circumstances for plant growth, such as adequate watering and soil additives [22]. In IPM of root-knot nematode, there are some methods used such as cultural control (crop rotation, sanitation, host plant resistance, solarization, planting, and harvesting dates and irrigation and soil amendments) biological control, and chemical control.
The herbivore behavior of RKN has given two good options that can be carried out with crop rotation and change farming methods [23]. In plasticulture systems, control measures such as rotations to non-host crops are restricted because two or more crops vegetables are frequently produced each year on the same land, limiting cycles of rotation. Furthermore, some commercially marketed vegetable types resist nematode [24]. Crop rotation, which involves cultivating non-host crops or resistant types, aims to keep nematode populations below the tolerance limit. By adding non-hosts between sensitive crops, the number of life cycles is reduced significantly, and the nematode population is reduced to a significant level. Crop rotation’s effectiveness in reducing the build-up of some plant-parasitic nematodes in cropping systems has been well reported [25]. There is some example such as the rotation of maize with alfalfa or oat it is a non-host crop that can reduce the populations of RKN. Because various species have distinct host ranges, identifying the specific species in the field before relying on crop rotation as a management method is always a good idea [26]. Green manure plants were also tested for their efficiency as crops rotation with beans to reduce RKN. They also explored as basic additions in the control of nematode [27].
Infested soil or plants are commonly used to transfer nematodes into new locations. Use only plants that are free from nematodes acquired from reputable nurseries to keep nematodes out of your garden. Prevent placing plants and soil from affected areas of the garden to control the spread of nematodes. Irrigation water from around infested plants should not be allowed to flow off, as this will propagate nematodes [29].
Using nematode-resistant vegetable types and fruit tree rootstocks is one of the most effective strategies to manage nematodes. Tomato varieties resistant to nematode species with the code Fusarium, Verticillium, Nematodes (FVN) on the seed packet should be cultivated. Tomatoes that resist nematode produced about six times high tomatoes than a variety susceptible in recent vegetable garden-type studies on root-knot nematode soil [30].
Solarization is used to reduce temporarily nematode populations in the upper 12 inches of soil, allowing for the shallow-rooted annual crops production and the establishment of early-stage plants before worm populations rise. Fruit trees, vines, and woody ornamental plants, on the other hand, will not benefit from solarization in the long run. For maximum solarization, moist the soil and cover it with a clear plastic sheet. During the warmest portion of the summer, the sheet should be left in place for 4–6 weeks. When the soil temperature reaches 125°F for 30 min or 130°F for 5 min, RKN, including eggs, die [31].
Many nematode species are prevalent during the summer season, and an average temperature below 64°F prevents them from penetrating roots. As a result, farmers could avoid nematode damage to fall-planted crops like carrots, lettuce, spinach, and peas by waiting until soil temperatures drop below 64°F [29].
To lessen the impact of nematodes on crop plants, the soil can be treated using a variety of organic amendments. Manure, peat, and composts are among the amendments that can help increase the water and nutrient-holding capacity of the soil, particularly on sandy soils. Because nematodes are most likely to injure plants that are water-surface, boosting the capacity of soil to grasp water can reduce nematode damage. Similarly, more frequent irrigation can aid in the reduction of nematode damage. You’ll have the same number of nematodes in the soil in either situation, but they’ll do minimum injure [29].
Many approaches have been made to control plant-parasitic nematodes with varying degrees of success. This includes biological control via soil-borne microbes. Soil suppressiveness is the inability of pathogens to survive and establish in diverse soils, or the ability to establish but not cause disease to a significant amount. Soil biotic suppressiveness can be general, where multiple diseases are suppressed by complex ecological interactions, or specialized, where one or a few organisms fight a specific pathogen [12].
Biological control is a non-lethal method of eliminating pests and pathogens. Antagonists and nematophagous microorganisms are the highest potentials than chemical nematicides. Various forms of nematicides are used to control nematodes, which can be harmful to the environment. As a result, finding new techniques to reduce RKN that aren’t hazardous chemical nematicides could be beneficial [32]. Therefore bio-agents can use against different pathogens. In RKN management, only a few nematophagous bacteria and fungi are commercially accessible [10].
Among biocontrol agents, fungi have different suitable strategies for controlling root-knot nematode. They may grab nematodes via constricting and non-constricting rings, adhesive tendrils, and colonies their body parts or produce toxic compounds to destroy them [33]. Many soil-dwelling fungi have been proven to be efficient biological control agents, especially
Fungi that belong to the genera
Cultural filtrates of fungi were tested for their nematicidal action toward RKN in various plants. For example
The importance of biological control of pests is growing, As such nematicides represent living systems, several difficulties exist to develop commercial bio-nematicidal products. Problems with their culture and formulation, variable gap between laboratory and field performance, potentially negative effects on non-target or beneficial organisms, and expectations of broad-spectrum activity and quick efficacy based on practice with synthetic chemical nematicides have been addressed in detail by some workers [10]. Bio-products containing antagonists of fungi and bacteria rank high among other bio-nematicides [38]. Rapid progress has been made during the past two decades in different aspects of bio-nematicidal production and use.
Significant management of plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes in such production systems has relied on the use of chemical nematicides (any substance that is utilized to manage nematode infection in vegetables) as a brief-term control measure, reducing nematode rates in the soil to levels under recognized commercial harm thresholds. Nematode rate must be reduced to under threshold rate to decrease root damage and increase yield in affected fields [39]. Nematicides are chemically manufactured compounds that kill or harm nematodes. The first chemical nematode control trials against
Nematicides are classified as fumigant or non-fumigant based on their soil volatility.
Fumigant nematicides are hazardous chemicals that have a wide range of effects. They may be helpful against a variety of soilborne pests and pathogens in addition to killing plant-parasitic nematodes. In high-value crops like vegetables, fumigants are utilized to clean soil and decrease the risk of yield loss due to soilborne pests. When fumigant compounds are sprayed into the soil, they reach target organisms as a gaseous that passes among soil particles or as a liquid that dissolves into the water film that covers soil particles [41]. Plant-parasitic nematodes can be controlled by fumigant nematicides in a variety of soil, however, they are most successful in rough soils as compared to clay soils. Throughout the United States, including Georgia, soil fumigation has shown better performance in managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops production for decades. In Georgia, controlling the species of root-knot nematode such as
Trade name | Toxicity | Main ingredient |
---|---|---|
Chlor-O-Pic | Nematicide/fungicide | 96.5–99% chloropicrin |
Telone I | Nematicide | 1,3 dichloropropene (1,3-D) |
Telone C-35 | Nematicide/fungicide | 65% 1,3-D, 35% chloropicrin |
Telone C-17 | Nematicide/fungicide | 73% 1,3-D, 17% chloropicrin |
Telone EC | Nematicide | 1,3-D |
Dominus | Broad-spectrum | Allyl isothiocyanate |
Paladin | Broad-spectrum | Dimethyl disulfide |
K-Pam | Broad-spectrum | Metam potassium |
Vapam | Broad-spectrum | Metam sodium |
PicClor-60 | Nematicide/fungicide | 40% 1,3-D, 60% chloropicrin |
InLine | Nematicide/fungicide | 61% 1,3-D, 33% chloropicrin |
Currently available chemical fumigant nematicides for use in the production of vegetables.
Non-fumigant nematicides are non-volatile dangerous substances that can be used before, during, and after planting to lower nematode population densities and protect crops from injury via drenching, drip irrigation, or spraying into crop foliage [41]. These nematicides are divided into two types: contact (which kills nematodes in the soil by direct touch) and systemic (which kills nematodes as they feed on plant roots). Non-fumigant chemicals are distributed by soil water movement after being applied to the soil. Non-fumigants’ efficacy is not affected by soil temperature, unlike fumigant nematicides. Due to toxicity and environmental concerns, the many previous non-fumigant nematicides have been taken off the market. Prompting the creation of a new class of chemical molecules that address these issues while still providing effective plant-parasitic nematode management [41]. For usage in vegetable crops, some commercially non-fumigant nematicides are available (Table 2).
Trade name | Toxicity | Main ingredient |
---|---|---|
Salibro | Nematicide | Fluazaindolizine |
Counter 20G | Nematicide/insecticide | Terbufos |
Movento | Nematicide/insecticide | Spirotetramat |
Mocap EC | Nematicide/insecticide | Ethoprop |
Mocap 15G | Nematicide/insecticide | Ethoprop |
Velum Prime | Nematicide/fungicide | Fluopyram |
Nimitz | Nematicide | Fluensulfone |
Vydate | Nematicide/insecticide | Oxamy |
Currently available non-fumigant nematicides use in vegetable production.
Lesion and root-knot nematodes are suppressed by
The plant extracts effect from
Root-knot nematodes are potent silent killers of many plant species belonging to a wide range of plant families. They lower the yield of many economically important crops and decline the quality as well. Many farmers are unaware of their presence due to its concealed behavior under the soil and roots. The second stage juveniles (J-II) feed and reside in the roots that creates galls/knots on the roots which ultimately lead toward the death of the plant. Integrated approaches are advised to the growers to tackle these parasitic worms. The use of resistant varieties, crop rotation, chemical control and utilization of microbiota is necessary to keep their damages below economic threshold level.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The use of a conventional two-level inverter in the field of high power applications is not appropriate because it requires electronic components capable of withstanding high reverse voltage and high current. Another disadvantage of this inverter is the problem of magnetic interference caused by the abrupt change of the output voltage of the inverter from zero to high value [1].
With the appearance of the structures of the multilevel inverters proposed for the first time by [2], the research was able to face the handicaps presented by the classical structure. The goal of this research focus is to improve the quality of the output voltage, as well as to overcome the problems associated with two-level inverters. There are several topologies of multilevel inverters such as floating-diode, floating-capacitor, and cascaded inverters [3]. These structures make it possible to generate an output voltage of several levels.
Diode-clamped inverter (DCI) is the one that attracts the most attention because of the simplicity of its structure compared to the floating capacity inverter; in fact we do not need to use capacities for each phase, which eliminates the risks of parasitic resonances [4]. In this structure, diodes called floating diodes are associated with each phase, which serves to apply the different voltage levels of the DC source.
In high power, AC machines powered by static inverters find more and more applications. But the constraints on the power components limit the switching frequency and therefore the performance. To enable the use of higher switching frequency components, the power must be divided. To do this, one of the solutions is to use multiphase machines thanks to their advantages, such as the power segmentation and the minimization of the ripples of the torque (elimination of the harmonic torque of rank six). One of the most common examples of multiphase machines is the double-star induction machine (DSIM) [5].
To improve the decoupling between the flux and the torque, a so-called direct torque control (DTC) control technique has been applied.
The conventional direct torque control (DTCc) is proposed by Takahashi and Depenbrock in 1985 [2], and several studies allowed to apply this control technique on multiphase machines. As for each control, the DTC has advantages and disadvantages, and among these advantages, the stator resistance is theoretically the only parameter of the machine that intervenes in the control. This is essential for estimating the stator flux vector [6]. From this purely theoretical point of view, one can thus consider a great robustness compared to the other parameters of the machine; the block PWM is usually deleted [7].
Despite these advantages, this control also has significant disadvantages, the problem of instability such as the lack of control of the generator of acoustic noise at the machine. In addition, the use of hysteresis tapes is the cause of electromagnetic torque ripples and noise in the machine. To solve these drawbacks, in the framework of this work, we try to apply the multilevel direct torque control for DSIM and to develop a new control method such as artificial neural networks that replaces the switching tables [8].
This chapter is organized as follows: the DSIM model will be presented in the next section. The three-level and the five-level inverter modeling is described in the third and fourth section. The control method by DTC based on artificial neural networks (DTC-ANN) will be discussed in the fifth section. Moreover, in the sixth section, the simulation results are presented. Finally, a general conclusion summarizes this work.
In the conventional configuration, two identical three-phase windings share the same stator and are shifted by an electric angle of 30°. The rotor structure remains identical to that of a three-phase machine [9].
The model of machine DSIM is nonlinear. The DSIM model fed by voltage inverter is given by the following equations [10]:
where:
Matrixes A and B are given by
where
Figure 1 shows the structure of the three-level floating-diode inverter introduced by A. Nabae and H. Akagi in 1981 [11] (Table 1).
Three-phase inverter with floating diodes (k = 1 is the first inverter, and k = 2 is the second inverter).
Switching states | State of the switches of an arm | Output voltage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Txk1 | Txk2 | Txk3 | Txk4 | ||
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | vc2 |
1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | −vc1 |
States of an arm of the inverter with three levels.
The three symmetrical arms consist of four fully controllable switches. These switches must not be opened or closed simultaneously, in order to avoid short circuiting of the DC source at the input of the inverter. Each switch is composed of an antiparallel transistor with a diode. The floating diodes ensure the application of the different voltage levels at the output of each arm. The DC input voltage is divided into two equal parts by using two capacitors. Each capacitor must be sized for a voltage equal to vdc/2 [12].
The switching function of each switch Txki (k = 1, 2, i = 1 ... 4, x = a, b, and c) is defined as follows:
The controls of the switches of the lower half-arms are complementary to those of the upper half-arms:
For each arm, we define three connection functions:
The output voltages with respect to the neutral point of the DC source are expressed by
Currently the diode-clamped inverter is the one that attracts the most attention, given the simplicity of its structure compared to floating capacity inverters and cascading. In fact, compared to the inverter with floating capacities, it is not necessary to use capacities for each phase, which eliminates the risks of parasitic resonances.
The main advantage lies in a considerable reduction in switching losses and its ability to control harmonic content [13].
Figure 2 shows the structure of the inverter with five levels, each of the three arms of the inverter consists of eight controlled switches and six floating diodes. The controlled switches are unidirectional in voltage and bidirectional current; it is conventional associations of a transistor and an antiparallel diode.
Diagram of the five-level inverter with NPC structure.
These switches must not be opened or closed simultaneously, in order to avoid a short circuit of the DC source in the input. The floating diodes (six per arm) ensure the application of the different voltage levels at the output of each arm. The DC input voltage is divided into four equal parts using four capacitors [14].
The DC input bus is composed of four capacitors (C1, C2, C3, and C4), making it possible to create a set of three capacitive middle points. The total voltage of the DC bus is vdc; under normal operating conditions, this is uniformly distributed over the four capacitors, which then have a voltage vdc/4 at their terminals [15] (Table 2).
Switching states | State of the switches of an arm | Output voltage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Txk1 | Txk2 | Txk3 | Txk4 | Txk5 | Txk6 | Txk7 | Txk8 | ||
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | vc3 + vc4 |
3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | vc3 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | −vc2 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −(vc1+ vc2) |
States of an arm of the inverter with five levels.
For each switch Txki (k = 1, 2, i = 1 ... 8, x = a, b, and c), a switching function is defined as follows:
The switch control of the lower half-arms is complementary to those of the upper half-arms:
We define five connection functions, each associated with one of the five states of the arm:
The potentials of nodes a, b, and c of the three-phase inverter at five levels with respect to the point o are given by the following system:
The direct torque control of a DSIM is based on the direct determination of the control sequence applied to the switches of a voltage inverter. This choice is based generally on the use of hysteresis comparators whose function is to control the state of the system, namely, the amplitude of the stator flux and the electromagnetic torque [16].
In the structure of the DTC, the voltage model is commonly used. Thus, the amplitude of the stator flux is estimated from its components following the axes (α, β):
The stator flux module is given by
The angle
This method of estimating the stator flux has the advantage of simplicity and accuracy, particularly at medium and high speeds where the ohmic voltage drop becomes negligible [17].
The electromagnetic torque can be estimated from the estimated magnitudes of the stator flux and the measured magnitudes of the line currents, by the following equation:
The human brain is able to adapt, learn, and decide, and it is on this fact that researchers have been interested in understanding its operating principle and being able to apply it to the field of computer science.
Among the disadvantages of DTC control, a slow response for small changes in stator flux and electromagnetic torque, size, and complexity of switching tables when the number of levels of inverters is high. In order to improve the performance of the DTC control, many contributions have been made in the DTC control based on artificial neural networks [18].
In this application, our goal is to replace switching tables with artificial neural networks.
The multilayer architecture was chosen to be applied to multilevel DTC control. This network, which can be multiplexed for each controller output, has acceptable performance in many industrial applications [19]. The neural network contains three layers: input layer, hidden layers, and output layer. Each layer consists of several neurons. The number of neurons in the output and the layers depends on the number of input and output variables chosen. The number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each one depend on the dynamics of the system and the desired degree of accuracy.
Figure 3 shows the structure of the neural network applied to the multilevel DTC control of the DSIM. It is a network with three neurons in the input layer, whose inputs are flow error (Ef), torque error (Ec), and flow position angle (Z) [20]. For the three-level inverter, there are 12 neurons in the hidden layer and 06 neurons in the output, and for the five-level inverter, there are 24 neurons in the hidden layer and 12 neurons in the output. Figure 4 shows the chosen architecture.
Neural network structure applied to the multilevel DTC control. (a) for three-level DTC, (b) for five-level DTC.
Selection table based on neuron network.
In order to test the static and dynamic performance of the control, the DSIM is accelerated from standstill to reference speed 100 rad/s. The machine is applied with a load torque of 11 Nm. Finally, the direction of rotation of the machine is reversed from 100 rad/s to −100 rad/s at time t = 2 s. Figures 5 and 6 show the simulation results of the three- and five-level DTC control for DSIM.
Simulation results of real and estimated speed, torque, flux, and current of three-level DTC-ANN.
Simulation results of real and estimated speed, torque, flux, and current of five-level DTC-ANN.
Simulation results of speed, stator flux, torque, stator current, and stator voltage show the good performance of the three- and five-level DTC-ANN control of DSIM (speed, stability, and precision).
We note that the speed follows its reference value. The electromagnetic torque stabilizes at the value of the nominal torque after a transient regime with rapid response and without exceeding before stabilizing at the value of the applied load torque.
Figure 6 shows that the five-level DTC-ANN control reduces the ripple of the electromagnetic torque, the stator flux, and the THD value compared to that of the three-level DTC-ANN. On the other hand, we note that the speed reaches its reference without exceeding for the two control types. Moreover, the couple follows the load torque. The dynamics of the stator flux are not affected by the application of these load instructions.
The use of multilevel inverter at five levels causes a decrease in the current ripple at the steady state that is to say low peaks than that of the three-level control. However, the results of the simulations shows a good dynamic characteristic of the stator flux in the transient regime for five-level DTC-ANN compared to the three-level DTC-ANN with static errors that are virtually null in both cases of control DTC proposed.
Figures 7 and 8 show the simulation results of the three-level and five-level DTC-ANN control for low-speed operation. DSIM is accelerated from standstill to a low reference speed of 10 rad/s, at time t = 0.5 s; the DSIM is accelerated again to a reference speed of 100 rad/s. The machine is loaded with a nominal load of 11 Nm. Finally, a reversal of the direction of rotation of the machine from 100 rad/s to −10 rad/s is performed at time t = 2 s.
Simulation results of three-level DTC-ANN for low-speed operation.
Simulation results of five-level DTC-ANN for low-speed operation.
The simulation results show that low-speed operation does not affect the performance of the proposed drive. Indeed, the good reference speed tracking is ensured, with advantages brought by the use of five-level DTC-ANN control, the minimization of torque ripple, and stator flux, which is confirmed by the simulation results.
In order to know the best type control of DSIM, a comparative study is essential between the two types (three-level DTC-ANN and five-level DTC-ANN). The following table shows the comparison between the two types (Table 3).
THD (%) | Ripples of torque | Ripples of flux | |
---|---|---|---|
Three-level DTC | 18.73 | Good | Good |
Five-level DTC | 12.82 | Very good | Very good |
The comparison between three-level and five-level DTC-ANN.
In this chapter, we presented two types of DTC control (three-level DTC-ANN and five-level DTC-ANN) of a DSIM fed by two NPC voltage inverters, and the technique of neural networks was applied to the DTC control. The main advantage of this control is to allow control of the flux and torque of the machine without the need to use a mechanical sensor. The direct torque control strategy is an effective and simple way to control an induction machine. In order to improve the performance of the DSIM (torque ripple reductions, flux, response time, and the THD value of the stator current), simulation tests of the control by variation and inversely of the speed have been presented; the results obtained show that the five-level DTC-ANN control with speed control is very efficient. This shows the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Pn = 4.5 Kw
In = 6 A
Rr = 2.12 Ω
Lr = 0.006 H
Rs1 = Rs2 = 1.86 Ω
Ls1 = Ls2 = 0.011 H
Lm = 0.3672 H
J = 0.065 kg.m2
kf = 0.001 Nm/rad.
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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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