Main coordinates of the clinical interventions of Sky Fast & Fixed
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1734",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cardiotoxicity of Oncologic Treatments",title:"Cardiotoxicity of Oncologic Treatments",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The possibility of getting a cardiovascular disease or cancer increases with advancing age. At the same time, relevant improvements in cancer therapy have resulted in the improvement of quality of life and the increasement of the survival rate of such patients. As a result we have larger number of patients that experience the cardiac side effects of chemotherapy. The extent of cardiotoxicity is variable, depending on the type of drug used, combination with other drugs, prior mediastinal radiotherapy and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors or history of heart disease. Early detection of the patients proneness for developing cardiotoxicity is the key issue to decrease morbidity and mortality. It also facilitates more tailored therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the collaboration and interaction of cardiology and oncology may contribute to reducing the cardiovascular adverse effects and improving the results in the treatment of patients with cancer.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0273-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6893-5",doi:"10.5772/2170",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cardiotoxicity-of-oncologic-treatments",numberOfPages:196,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"230472e71b2dd84c0a88f75165b37604",bookSignature:"Manuela Fiuza",publishedDate:"March 28th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1734.jpg",numberOfDownloads:20085,numberOfWosCitations:31,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:81,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 18th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 22nd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 21st 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"98648",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Fiuza",slug:"manuela-fiuza",fullName:"Manuela Fiuza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/98648/images/system/98648.jpg",biography:"Manuela Fiuza was born in Lisbon, Portugal in 1956. She attended Lisbon Medical University and graduated in 1981. She did the fellowship of cardiology at the Hospital Santa Maria in Lisbon and graduated in 1991. During that time she developed special interest in echocardiography and intensive care. Dr. Fiuza is currently working at the Department of Cardiology of Hospital Santa Maria. Since 1999 she has been working as a senior cardiologist at the Echocardiography Laboratory. In 2000, she received her Ph.D. from Lisbon Medical University. While holding a position as a Professor of Cardiology, she also coordinated several pre- and post- graduated projects. She received several awards for scientific research. Her latest research interests are focused on cardio-oncology. Dr. Fiuza is a member of several scientific societies and is fellow of the European Society of Cardiology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"983",title:"Cardiac Electrophysiology",slug:"cardiac-electrophysiology"}],chapters:[{id:"32608",title:"Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Produced by Natural Toxins and Their Possible Therapeutic Implications",doi:"10.5772/35079",slug:"cardiovascular-pathophysiology-produced-by-natural-toxins-and-their-possible-therapeutic-implication",totalDownloads:2357,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Robert Frangež, Marjana Grandič and Milka Vrecl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32608",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32608",authors:[{id:"102916",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Frangez",slug:"robert-frangez",fullName:"Robert Frangez"},{id:"112178",title:"Prof.",name:"Milka",surname:"Vrecl",slug:"milka-vrecl",fullName:"Milka Vrecl"},{id:"139679",title:"Ms.",name:"Marjana",surname:"Grandič",slug:"marjana-grandic",fullName:"Marjana Grandič"}],corrections:null},{id:"32609",title:"Role of Nitric Oxide in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction",doi:"10.5772/34505",slug:"role-of-nitric-oxide-in-isoproternol-induced-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:2896,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Victoria Chagoya de Sánchez, Lucía Yañez-Maldonado, Susana Vidrio-Gómez, Lidia Martínez, Jorge Suárez, Alberto Aranda-Fraustro, Juan Carlos Torres and Gabriela Velasco-Loyden",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32609",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32609",authors:[{id:"100474",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria Chagoya De",surname:"Sanchez",slug:"victoria-chagoya-de-sanchez",fullName:"Victoria Chagoya De Sanchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"32610",title:"Cardiac Complications of Cancer Treatment",doi:"10.5772/34214",slug:"cardiotoxicity-of-therapeutics-used-in-oncology",totalDownloads:1976,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Beata Mlot and Piotr Rzepecki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32610",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32610",authors:[{id:"99224",title:"Dr",name:"Beata",surname:"Mlot",slug:"beata-mlot",fullName:"Beata Mlot"},{id:"105984",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",surname:"Rzepecki",slug:"piotr-rzepecki",fullName:"Piotr Rzepecki"}],corrections:null},{id:"32611",title:"Neuregulin1-ErbB Signaling in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity",doi:"10.5772/33485",slug:"neuregulin1-erbb-signaling-in-doxorubicin-induced-cardiotoxicity",totalDownloads:2318,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"David Goukassian, James Morgan and Xinhua Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32611",authors:[{id:"95789",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhua",surname:"Yan",slug:"xinhua-yan",fullName:"Xinhua Yan"},{id:"136086",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Goukassian",slug:"david-goukassian",fullName:"David Goukassian"},{id:"136087",title:"Prof.",name:"James",surname:"Morgan",slug:"james-morgan",fullName:"James Morgan"}],corrections:null},{id:"32612",title:"Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Injury of Cardiomyocytes - Do We Have Right Strategies for Prevention?",doi:"10.5772/34692",slug:"doxorubicin-induced-oxidative-injury-of-cardiomyocytes-do-we-have-right-strategies-for-prevention-",totalDownloads:3615,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:21,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vukosava Milic Torres and Viktorija Dragojevic Simic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32612",authors:[{id:"101249",title:"Dr.",name:"Vukosava",surname:"Milic Torres",slug:"vukosava-milic-torres",fullName:"Vukosava Milic Torres"},{id:"115381",title:"Prof.",name:"Viktorija",surname:"Dragojevic-Simic",slug:"viktorija-dragojevic-simic",fullName:"Viktorija Dragojevic-Simic"}],corrections:null},{id:"32613",title:"Trastuzumab and Cardiotoxicity",doi:"10.5772/34093",slug:"trastuzumab-and-cardiotoxicity",totalDownloads:2885,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"M. Fiuza and A. Magalhães",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32613",authors:[{id:"98648",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",surname:"Fiuza",slug:"manuela-fiuza",fullName:"Manuela Fiuza"},{id:"105531",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreia",surname:"Magalhaes",slug:"andreia-magalhaes",fullName:"Andreia Magalhaes"}],corrections:null},{id:"32614",title:"Early Detection and Prediction of Cardiotoxicity - Biomarker and Echocardiographic Evaluation",doi:"10.5772/33561",slug:"early-detection-and-prediction-of-cardiotoxicity-biomarker-and-echocardiographic-evaluation",totalDownloads:4039,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elena Kinova and Assen Goudev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32614",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32614",authors:[{id:"96165",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Kinova",slug:"elena-kinova",fullName:"Elena Kinova"},{id:"127060",title:"Prof.",name:"Assen",surname:"Goudev",slug:"assen-goudev",fullName:"Assen Goudev"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"358",title:"Advances in Electrocardiograms",subtitle:"Methods and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a61fed85204779463e6e483483601fdf",slug:"advances-in-electrocardiograms-methods-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Richard M. Millis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45295",title:"PhD.",name:"Richard",surname:"Millis",slug:"richard-millis",fullName:"Richard Millis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"23",title:"Modern Pacemakers",subtitle:"Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"modern-pacemakers-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Mithilesh Kumar Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/23.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mithilesh",surname:"M Das",slug:"mithilesh-m-das",fullName:"Mithilesh M Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1291",title:"Advances in Electrocardiograms",subtitle:"Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"956bc1bdc0de1de4908abbee641a17aa",slug:"advances-in-electrocardiograms-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Richard M. Millis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45295",title:"PhD.",name:"Richard",surname:"Millis",slug:"richard-millis",fullName:"Richard Millis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7445",title:"Cardiotoxicity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90d1dca21a942e95b62075a222238625",slug:"cardiotoxicity",bookSignature:"Wenyong Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7445.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192949",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenyong",surname:"Tan",slug:"wenyong-tan",fullName:"Wenyong Tan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"129",title:"Ventricular Assist Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b6b9dbd504cdf6ed9c20a742e3f2a9d",slug:"ventricular-assist-devices",bookSignature:"Jeffrey Shuhaiber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/129.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22152",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Shuhaiber",slug:"jeffrey-shuhaiber",fullName:"Jeffrey Shuhaiber"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"312",title:"New Aspects of Ventricular Assist Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e87f2ee94ce52fb291dfcaaeb0dd147",slug:"new-aspects-of-ventricular-assist-devices",bookSignature:"Guillermo Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/312.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21175",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Reyes",slug:"guillermo-reyes",fullName:"Guillermo Reyes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"290",title:"Cardiac Pacemakers",subtitle:"Biological Aspects, Clinical Applications and Possible Complications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d336ffc14d9ab1745072534d4448305f",slug:"cardiac-pacemakers-biological-aspects-clinical-applications-and-possible-complications",bookSignature:"Mart Min",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",surname:"Min",slug:"mart-min",fullName:"Mart Min"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5764",title:"Interpreting Cardiac Electrograms",subtitle:"From Skin to Endocardium",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"643f7c4a2e6b3307a7bcfed8f752836f",slug:"interpreting-cardiac-electrograms-from-skin-to-endocardium",bookSignature:"Kevin A. Michael",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5764.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61996",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Michael",slug:"kevin-michael",fullName:"Kevin Michael"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5239",title:"Cholesterol Lowering Therapies and Drugs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0db17451da651dc6ff8e6c13e9e177a",slug:"cholesterol-lowering-therapies-and-drugs",bookSignature:"Chunfa Huang and Carl Freter",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5239.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178352",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunfa",surname:"Huang",slug:"chunfa-huang",fullName:"Chunfa Huang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2225",title:"Current Issues and Recent Advances in Pacemaker Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ed7d1556bff8c564197efc99c15c7f7",slug:"current-issues-and-recent-advances-in-pacemaker-therapy",bookSignature:"Attila Roka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2225.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63271",title:"Dr.",name:"Attila",surname:"Roka",slug:"attila-roka",fullName:"Attila Roka"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74918",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-co",title:"Corrigendum to: A Hybrid Control Approach Based on the Combination of PID Control with LQR Optimal Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74918.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74918",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74918",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74918",chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:"June 16th 2021",book:{id:"9887",title:"Control Based on PID Framework",subtitle:"The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",fullTitle:"Control Based on PID Framework - The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",slug:"control-based-on-pid-framework-the-mutual-promotion-of-control-and-identification-for-complex-systems",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",bookSignature:"Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"326786",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",fullName:"Ibrahim Mohammed",slug:"ibrahim-mohammed",email:"ibrahim.mohammed@uoninevah.edu.iq",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:"June 16th 2021",book:{id:"9887",title:"Control Based on PID Framework",subtitle:"The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",fullTitle:"Control Based on PID Framework - The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",slug:"control-based-on-pid-framework-the-mutual-promotion-of-control-and-identification-for-complex-systems",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",bookSignature:"Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"326786",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",fullName:"Ibrahim Mohammed",slug:"ibrahim-mohammed",email:"ibrahim.mohammed@uoninevah.edu.iq",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9887",title:"Control Based on PID Framework",subtitle:"The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",fullTitle:"Control Based on PID Framework - The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",slug:"control-based-on-pid-framework-the-mutual-promotion-of-control-and-identification-for-complex-systems",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",bookSignature:"Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7605",leadTitle:null,title:"Advances in Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tMicrofluidics and lab-on-a-chip have seen rapid growth since the seminal work of polydimethylsiloxane device published in the 1990s. Integrating science and technology, microfluidics has steadily grown into a vibrant industry and active multidisciplinary field full of imagination, ingenuity and enthusiasm from researchers with diverse backgrounds and applications. IntechOpen has published two books in Microfluidics in recent years. This book will be the third one in this topical area. This book intends to capture the significant technical development and applications of microfluidics in the past few years highlighting its indispensable usage in human health care and sensors. Meanwhile, it is worth noting the strong growth of microfluidics in material synthesis, energy materials, and integration with MEMS. As a branch of physical sciences, microfluidics has also been increasingly explored in fundamental research besides more applied engineering applications. This book will consist of book chapters that serve as recent reviews of each topic authored by experts in the area with recent publications.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"1ded761b5b68f7137ac4f30c469a200e",bookSignature:"Dr. Xiao-Ying Yu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7605.jpg",keywords:"Point of care devices, Single cell analysis, Droplet fluidics, Emulsion, Sensor, Circuits, Internet of things (IOT), Fuel cell, Battery, Computational fluid dynamics",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 5th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 26th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 27th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 14th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"24996",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"xiao-ying-yu",fullName:"Xiao-Ying Yu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24996/images/system/24996.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yu was trained as a physical chemist and kineticist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. She did her postdoctoral research at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Colorado State University, USA. She has been a senior scientist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since 2006. She has led the development of a novel mesoscale imaging tool based on microfluidics at PNNL since 2009, which has resulted in two issued patents, a prestigious R&D 100 Awards, and a Federal Laboratory Consortium Technology Transfer Excellence Award. Dr. Yu has developed new concepts in aerosol sampling and led and participated in many field studies for in situ measurements of aerosols. Dr. Yu is the chair of the Department of Energy chemical exposure working group and a member of the TEEL Advisory Group for consequence assessment.",institutionString:"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5099",title:"Advances in Microfluidics",subtitle:"New Applications in Biology, Energy, and Materials Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd857fbb862f64969eb6ba55b35f5ff4",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-new-applications-in-biology-energy-and-materials-sciences",bookSignature:"Xiao-Ying Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5099.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24996",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ying",surname:"Yu",slug:"xiao-ying-yu",fullName:"Xiao-Ying Yu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1022",title:"Municipal and Industrial Waste Disposal",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2114315becb3e0021cde9c0fdd92aaab",slug:"municipal-and-industrial-waste-disposal",bookSignature:"Xiao-Ying Yu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1022.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24996",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ying",surname:"Yu",slug:"xiao-ying-yu",fullName:"Xiao-Ying Yu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"47715",title:"Minimally Invasive Implant Treatment Alternatives for the Edentulous Patient — Fast & Fixed and Implant Overdentures",doi:"10.5772/59369",slug:"minimally-invasive-implant-treatment-alternatives-for-the-edentulous-patient-fast-fixed-and-implant-",body:'Edentulism, defined as the loss of all natural teeth, is a severe chronic irreversible medical condition that associates extensive oral changes and has a negative impact on general health, psychological comfort, social functioning and on the overall quality of life. Despite the efforts made, edentulism still has a high prevalence, about 7 to 69% in the adult population worldwide, projections displaying a high rate of occurrence in the next decades, especially in the elderly population [1,2].
The most common treatment option for complete edentulism is still the conventional complete denture, an alternative which rather often does not fulfill patients’ needs and is regarded as having multiple shortcomings, mainly in relation to its instability. The use of implant prostheses, fixed or removable, provides a better treatment outcome, with a significant improvement of oral function and quality of life [3].
Implant prosthesis in edentulous patients, despite their increasing use, still register low prevalence, which is most probably linked to oral, systemic and social factors. Frequently, the edentulous patients are elderly and face barriers to treatment access (e.g., limited financial means, transportation difficulties, communication problems linked to loss of hearing or visual acuity) [4,5]. They show less willingness to accept complex treatment options, with major surgical interventions, such as bone grafting, or sometimes even implant placement. Often elderly have systemic comorbidities that are sometimes risk factors for developing complications. Considering the previous, simpler treatments with high predictability and easy maintenance procedures are preferred.
Despite these factors that limit usage of implant prosthetic rehabilitations in edentulous patients, due to their better treatment outcome compared to conventional dentures or root overdentures, in the future most likely they will be standard treatment options widely used. Supporting the previous, McGill consensus states that two-implant overdenture is the minimum standard of care for mandibular edentulism, taking into account performance, patient satisfaction, cost and clinical time [6]. Implant use for prosthetic rehabilitation will probably increase over time in relation to the advancement of research and technology in the dental field, combined with decrease of the implant treatment costs and increase of the acceptance for this treatment option by the general public.
Out of the variety of implant prosthetic options that can be used, the minimally invasive implant treatment alternatives may be more appropriate for the aged edentulous patients, considering their oral and systemic status, needs, expectations and barriers [7-9]. Usage of fewer and less invasive surgical procedures (e.g., avoiding bone grafting; using flapless technique for implant placement; using a reduced number of implants) is beneficial due to a shorter healing period and a decreased patient discomfort, represented by either pain or stress [10]. Additionally, the possibility of immediate implant loading with the regain of functionality, the decreased clinical time needed for their execution and the relatively moderate treatment burden are all positive aspects that should be considered [11-13].
Subsequently, two minimally invasive implant treatment options for the edentulous patient, one fixed, namely Sky Fast & Fixed (concept derived from All-on-4), and one removable, namely implant overdentures, will be presented. These are perceived as being minimally invasive compared to other implant treatment options, with regards to the limited surgical interventions (they usually don’t require bone grafting; a reduced number of implants are placed; when appropriate, flapless technique is used) and reduced clinical time, favoring rapid healing and functionality regaining through immediate implant loading. Both fixed and removable treatment option were chosen considering patient’s needs and expectations. Therefore, fixed prosthetic restorations are more appropriate for younger patients, who usually don’t easily accept removable prosthesis, and have better dexterity that is needed in order to properly maintain the oral hygiene. The implant overdentures are more appropriate for older edentulous patients, especially for the ones dissatisfied with the conventional dentures, ensuring a satisfying performance and esthetic rehabilitation, requiring simpler procedures for oral hygiene maintenance [14].
The main characteristics of Sky Fast & Fixed treatment concept are presented below:
It is designed for complete edentulism, as current or imminent condition.
It can be applied in one or both jaws.
This treatment concept uses 6 implants in the maxilla and 4 implants in the mandible. The distal implants are placed tilted, and the other implants are placed axial. Placement of the distal implants tilted is due to several aspects. It associates a decrease of clinical time and number of appointments, through avoiding extensive bone grafting, frequently needed in the posterior area of the jaws in order to have sufficient bone for implant placement and to avoid maxillary sinus or the inferior alveolar nerve injury. An increase of the prosthesis’ implant bearing area occurs-as prosthesis’ dental arch length, that reduces the need of using cantilever extremities, and as the occlusal tooth-surface areas that ensures good load distribution to the dental arch. Tilted position of the distal implants associates an increase of the osseointegration surface and using longer implants favors a good primary stability [18,19].
A rigid fixed provisional prosthesis, without cantilever extensions, is used through immediate implant loading. Therefore, for the dentate patients, edentulism treated by removable prosthesis can be avoided-teeth extraction, implant placement and provisional prosthesis are done during one appointment. The prosthesis is usually designed as a shortened dental arch, comprising the anterior teeth and the premolars.
A rigid fixed prosthesis that splints the implants, provides cross arch stabilization, designed with or without cantilever extensions, is used for definitive restoration [20]. Usually it is designed as a shortened dental arch, comprising the anterior teeth, the premolars and the first molars.
Treatment implementation requires a well-trained team, with knowledge of the treatment concept that must include a dentist with clinical experience in prosthodontics and implantology, and a dental technician.
Sky Fast & Fixed implies the use of some specific materials, components and instruments of Bredent Medical, some of them developed especially for this concept, such as the implants and the abutments. The distal implants that are meant to be placed tilted are designed with length of 14 or 16 mm and diameters over 4 mm. The axial implants should have a length of at least 10 mm and a diameter over 3.5mm. For implant divergence, compensation abutments are designed with angulations of 0°, 17.5° and 35°, and an outer cone of 17.5° Also, the abutments have an unique platform of 4mm and are designed for variable gingiva heights, from 0.9 mm to 3.6 mm.
Ensures a simpler and fast oral rehabilitation, with limited surgical procedures performed during one single appointment and with reduced costs, compared to conventional fixed-prosthetic implant restorations.
Time sequence of the main phases of Sky Fast & Fixed can be observed in figure 1.
Sky Fast & Fixed – time sequence of the main treatment phases
Diagnostic procedures | \n\t\t\t• oral and systemic health assessment • facial esthetic evaluation • analyze of radiographs and computed tomography • wax-up • informed consent | \n\t\t
Preoperative interventions and instructions | \n\t\t\t• instruction and motivation on maintaining a proper oral hygiene (antibacterial mouthwash, such as Chlorhexidine 0.12%, is recommended) • record of maxillomandibular relations and occlusion • impression used for fabricating the provisional prosthesis • surgical template (guide) • medication - antibiotics (amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, administered for 5-7 days, starting 1 hour prior to surgical intervention) and sometimes sedatives | \n\t\t
Anesthesia | \n\t\t\t• local anesthesia is usually required | \n\t\t
Preprosthetic surgery | \n\t\t\t• teeth extraction, bone leveling, removal of infected tissue • alveolectomy, when ridge crest is displayed during smiling • bone grafting procedures | \n\t\t
Implant placement | \n\t\t\t• implant number, position and design (diameter, length) • usually, first the mesial implants are placed and last the distal implants • exposure of implant site - flap or flapless technique | \n\t\t
Additional surgical procedures | \n\t\t\t• bone grafting (socket grafting; with autograft and synthetic alternatives; with or without membrane) • suture | \n\t\t
Interim prosthesis | \n\t\t\t• abutments selection (angulation) • impression and record of maxillomandibular relationship • design - dental arch length (number of teeth) • materials – as acrylic or Visio.lign | \n\t\t
Postoperative instructions | \n\t\t\t• radiological exam • instructions for oral hygiene, diet (soft diet, for at least 10 weeks) and medication (antibiotics, analgesic drugs) • informing about the need to make an appointment if bleeding, pain, implant mobility, detachment or damage of the prosthesis occur • establishing the next appointment | \n\t\t
Definitive prosthesis | \n\t\t\t• design – dental arch length (number of teeth, usage of cantilever extremities); occlusion scheme; fixation type, as occlusal screw-retained • materials | \n\t\t
Maintenance | \n\t\t\t• regular check-ups • addressing complications | \n\t\t
Main coordinates of the clinical interventions of Sky Fast & Fixed
Oral examination must consider, among others, the initial dental condition (as dentulous or edentulous), maxillomandibular relationship, the vertical interarch space (restorative space), bone features (quality, quantity, anatomical limitations) and plaque control. Dentate patients, compared to the edentulous ones, present an increased treatment time, linked to the procedures performed previous to implant placement (teeth extraction, bone leveling, removal of infected tissue), that may have specific complications. Even so, it may be a more favorable clinical situation considering implants associate a reduction of bone resorption, it is possible to register the maxillomandibular relationship and identify some of the patient’s natural esthetic particularities. In edentulous patients, severity of bone resorption and its consequences (e.g., deficient lip support), particularities of maxillomandibular relationship are important to be correctly acknowledged in order to obtain an aesthetic and functional outcome. Additionally to alveolar ridge particularities (bone width, vertical ridge orientation and aspect of the surface-uniform or with irregularities), the characteristics of the mucosa, such as resilience and amount of keratinized mucosa, may be decision-factors for using either a flap or a flapless technique for implant placement. In dentate patients, registration of maxillomandibular relations for the implant prosthesis can be eased by initial records or preservation of posterior occluding teeth. Bone assessment is essential for establishing if this treatment option is viable, and if it is, it’s very important for treatment planning, as for deciding upon implant number, position and design (diameter and length). In this respect, a quantitative and qualitative bone evaluation is required, which includes aspects like ridge width, ridge height, anatomical limitations and bone density, additional to panoramic radiographies, computed tomography being highly recommended. Considering that oral hygiene is an important prognosis factor for all implant prosthesis, patient’s behavior in this respect should be assessed and deficiencies of it addressed by mechanisms as awareness, motivation and training.
Facial appearance with this type of prosthetic restoration must be assessed and predicted, in order to provide an adequate esthetic result. The analysis should start with the evaluation of initial situation (natural teeth or prosthetic rehabilitation), acknowledging also patient’s perception and preferences. Difficulties in this regard are mainly found in edentulous patients that have severe facial changes related to tooth loss and bone resorption, especially in the maxilla due to the centripetal bone resorption. Assessment of facial and lip support can be done comparing the facial appearance with and without the dentures or using a wax try-in without the buccal flange [21]. In patients with severe ridge resorption, if between the ideal artificial teeth location and the ridge there is an increased sagittal discrepancy, in order to obtain a satisfactory esthetic outcome, a removable denture with a buccal flange may be more appropriate. For a natural appearance, vertical bone loss is addressed also through the use of pink acrylic or ceramic.
Implementing this treatment concept should be done in patients with good overall health, considering the inherent risks of the surgical intervention, but also the considerable physical and psychological stress related to the increased number of clinical procedures done in only one day. Therefore, acknowledgement of patient general health status is needed and constant monitoring of the blood pressure and pulse rate in the dental office is recommended.
Preprosthetic surgery aims to obtain optimal conditions for implant placement and for the prosthetic reconstruction (Figure 2). Teeth extraction and related interventions, alveolectomy, bone grafting, excision of hyperplasic lesions and bone leveling may be included.
Implant placement may be done using a flap or flapless technique. Flap technique is usually selected, due to the better assessment of available bone and thickness of the crestal area, but flapless surgery has also numerous advantages related to preservations of circulation and bone tissue volume at implant site, decrease of surgical time and accelerated healing [22]. In edentulous patients that do not require preprosthetic surgery and a flapless technique is used, the interim prosthesis can be done prior to the surgical phase, and minor adjustment are needed, contributing to a considerable decrease of the clinical time.
Implant placement should be done according to the treatment plan; for a more accurate position a surgical template can be used. Usually, the axial implants are placed first (Figure 3), and then the tilted ones (Figure 4). For verifying implant angulation, parallelizing pins can be used.
Immediate implant loading requires a good primary stability for achieving a successful osseointegration. This is related to multiple factors, such as bone density, implant diameter and length and insertion torque of 45 N cm or more. Using the long titled implants favors a good primary stability due to the fact that they follow a dense bone structure-the anterior wall of the sinus [23].
After the selected abutments are placed, the sutures follow. Therefore, there is no need for another surgical phase, as there is in the case of using healing abutments.
Preprosthetic surgery that included teeth extraction and bone leveling
Axial implant are placed first
Tilted implants are placed second
Manufacturing the interim prosthesis basically follows the same steps as other fixed-prosthetic implant restoration. After placement of abutments and suture, an impression is taken with a closed or open tray (Figure 5). The impression copings are attached to the implant abutment without splinting, that associates the risk of positional errors that are reflected as deficiencies on all forthcoming laboratory phases. After that, maxillomandibular relationship is recorded.
The dental technician manufactures the interim prosthesis, the procedure being simpler, faster and better adapted to patient’s features (e.g., maxillomandibular relationship) when a wax-up is previously made. For shortening of the laboratory phase and obtaining a better esthetic outcome, composite or acrylic prefabricated veneers can be used. The prefabricated veneers are used for a wax set-up, followed by manufacturing a positioning template for them, through the use of a silicone impression. Finishing of the interim prosthesis is achieved by transferring the set-up, adding rigid acrylic material, and fixation of only one implant coping (Figure 6).
Interim prosthesis – clinical phases
Interim prosthesis – laboratory phases
After manufacturing of the interim prosthesis by the dental technician, fixation of the remaining implant copings and adjustments are made in the dental office. All implant copings except one are fixed insitu, directly intraorally by the dentist, in order to address coping errors and to ensure passive fit and tension-free placement. Only after that occlusal adjustments are made.
Therefore, during the osseointegration phase, a comfortable fixed interim restoration is used, that ensures esthetic and functional rehabilitation, which can be used for a moderate period of time. Also, during this interim phase, the patient has the time to analyze and form his own opinion about the esthetic outcome, and declare his own requirements about the changes desired for the definitive prosthesis.
Clinical phase of definitive prosthesis manufacture are similar to those used for fixed-prosthetic implant restorations (Figure 7). If desired, implant abutments can be replaced with others, with different angulation or gingival height. Special attention must be given to accurately register the implant abutment position. In this respect, a preliminary impression is taken in order to fabricate an acrylic splint and a custom tray. The acrylic splint manufactured in the dental laboratory is sectioned in the area between the implants and then splinted intraorally with acrylic resin. Using this procedure for custom tray impression ensures an accurate tension-free registration of implant abutment position.
Definitive prosthesis execution
Definitive prosthetic design, as the length of dental arch and decision upon using cantilever extensions depends on the site of the most distal implant abutment and patient features, as number of teeth exposed during smile. It is best to use cantilever extension with reduced length, below 6-8 mm in the maxilla and 10 mm in the mandible [25].
Definitive prostheses are screw-retained, the screw-access opening being placed on the occlusal or the lingual side of the prosthesis. Through this method of retention, removal of prosthesis and professional hygiene procedures are easy to perform.
Metal or zirconium-based ceramic, metal-based acrylic or composite, are all options that can be used for manufacturing the definitive prosthesis. In the mandible, metal based acrylic and composite restorations are preferred when opposed by maxillary ceramic prosthesis, as prevention factor of negative complication that may appear in relation to occlusal or parafuctional forces. In order to obtain a natural aspect, pink material is used for replacing the lost hard and soft tissue and for restoring the artificial gingival contour.
Using this specific treatment concept is limited to cases with severe ridge resorption in the anterior region of the jaws, in patients for whom extensive bone grafting procedures are not an option.
As an immediately-loaded implant-prosthesis, it ensures immediate functional and esthetic rehabilitation, with a positive impact on patient’s wellbeing and quality of life. Even more, for the dentate patients it is possible to avoid the edentulism condition treated by removable prosthesis, the imminence of this situation being frequently a major stressor for patients.
Compared to conventional fixed implant prosthesis, Sky Fast & Fixed is considered to be less invasive. The surgical procedure used is simpler, by avoiding extensive bone grafting, placement of fewer implants, using when appropriate a flapless technique, no need for a second stage implant surgery. Also, there is only one-day of surgery. Minor preprosthetic surgery, if required, is done in the same appointment with implant placement, and there is no need of a second stage implant surgery. Correspondently, the less the surgical trauma is, the faster the healing and recovery of the patient is.
Using a reduced number of implants, avoiding some procedures like bone grafting, the possibility of using metal-based acrylic prosthesis, decrease of the number of clinical appointments required, are all factors that may contribute to a decrease of the treatment cost. This may be an important aspect for the edentulous patient that is often aged and has limited financial means.
This treatment concept has advantages also for the dental team. Aspects like the standardized treatment protocol, the reduced number of clinical appointments, the relatively easy way of manufacturing and placement of the interim prosthesis, patient’s satisfaction, all have a positive impact.
The acrylic interim prosthesis can fracture, this occurring mainly after the ten week period of recommendation of eating soft diet, when patients fell confident to chew harder food. If unmanaged, it can lead to implant failure, due to the alteration of the splinting process. Therefore, the interim prosthesis should not be reinforced, because it may mask the fracture and delay the patient’s addressing to the dental office.
If chipping of the ceramic of the definitive prosthesis occurs, this being a relative frequent complication, the interim prosthesis can be used for the time needed for laboratory repairing.
One important risk factor for all implant prosthesis, including this treatment option, that is linked to sometimes severe complications, is the correctness of the registration of maxillomandibular relations (respecting the coincidence of maximal intercuspal position and centric relation, and the functional vertical dimension of occlusion). Acknowledging that, in a dentate patient with posterior occluding teeth it is recommended their preservation until after the interim prosthesis is manufactured, in order to ensure a correct registration.
An increased usage of this treatment option occurred as a reaction to the relatively frequent retention and stability deficiencies of complete dentures that are addressed at more affordable costs compared to the ones of fixed implant prosthesis [29]. Moreover, nowadays two implant overdentures are considered the minimum standard of care for mandibular edentulism, taking into account performance, patient satisfaction, cost and clinical time [6]. Most probably, overdenture use will increase even more, in relation to its indications, being most appropriate for the aged population segment that is estimated to be increasing.
Implant overdenture treatment concept has the following main features:
It is designed for complete edentulism, as interim or definitive removable prosthesis, and can be applied in one or both jaws.
Overdenture has, with regards to their role, three structural elements: the infrastructure (the implants), the mesostructure (the connector between implants and overdentures, the attachment system) and the superstructures (the partial or complete overdentures).
The use of implants and attachment system aims to improve overdenture retention (1), or retention and stability (2), or retention, stability and support (3).
Implant overdentures can be supported exclusively by implants (1), by implants and soft tissue (2), or only by the soft tissue (3).
There are different types of implants that can be used for implant overdentures (e.g., conventional diameter, narrow or mini dental implants; narrow implants with one-piece or two-piece design). These are available in different lengths, diameters and sometimes have different attachment systems (Figure 8).
Different type of implants, according to their diameter and attachment system
The number of dental implants placed in the case of implant overdentures vary between 1 to 4 for mandibular overdenture, and 2 to 6 for maxillary overdenture.
Selection of the dental implant, as type, diameter and length and establishing their number and position must consider the bone features (ridge width and length; bone density) and treatment objectives (e.g., enhance only overdenture retention, or retention and support). Usually, implant placement without bone grafting can be done anteriorly to the mental foramen in the mandible, and anteriorly to the maxillary sinus in the maxilla. Frequently, for the implants placed in the posterior area of the jaws, bone grafting is required. In order to avoid bone grafting, narrow dental implants can be used in narrow ridges, and short dental implants can be used in reduced ridge height. Bone density, according to Misch classification, should be D1, D2 or D3, not D4 because it is usually accompanied by implant failure [30].
Depending on patient’s features and the material and treatment option chosen, implant placement can be done with or without a flap, using one-stage or two-stage implantation protocol.
Implants can be unsplinted (e.g., with ball as attachment system) or splinted (e.g., with bar as attachment system). In the first case, implant problems can be more easily addressed by implant replacement or by placing an additional implant. In case of implants splinted by a bar, implant failure may be followed by treatment failure. There is no difference between splinted and unsplinted implant overdentures regarding the peri-implant outcome and patients’ satisfaction. Therefore, considering unsplinted implants prostheses have simpler manufacturing and repairing procedure, these may be more indicated for aged edentulous patients [31].
There are many types of attachment system that can be used for implant overdentures, e.g., ball, bar, locator, magnets, telescope, TiSiSnap. Selecting the attachment system must consider their role, such as only improving overdenture retention (e.g., ball attachment), or retention and stability (e.g., round bar attachment with non-rigid anchorage), or retention, stability and support (e.g., milled bars with rigid anchorage). Aspects related to patient’s features (bone resorption, interarch vertical space, patient ability to perform maintenance procedures and expectations), situation of the opposite jaw (dentate or edentulous patient, treated by fixed or removable conventional or implant prosthesis), financial costs, should be all considered.
The overdenture design is related to the other features of the implant prosthesis. Namely, if ball attachment system are used, that only improve overdenture retention, overdenture is best to be designed as a conventional denture, with complete coverage of the support area, until the anatomical and functional borders, with complete peripheral seal. If an implant-supported overdenture is used, an open palate overdenture can be used, and if desired can be screw-retained, similar to a fixed implant restoration.
Overdenture reinforcement, in order to prevent its fracture, is mainly indicated when more than two unsplinted implants are used and in bars (considering the costs of the repairing procedure are higher, sometimes being necessary to renew the overdenture).
In previous denture wearers, sometimes the old denture can be modified and used as the overdenture.
Oral hygiene maintenance for implant overdentures is relatively easy to perform, considering that by removal of the prosthesis patients can have good access to the peri-implant tissue.
Usually performing an implant overdenture requires reduced clinical time and number of appointments, additional to those usually required for a complete denture. In immediate loaded implant ball-retained overdentures, implant placement and overdenture adjustment can be done in one day, being accompanied by an immediate functional rehabilitation. In other cases, a delayed loading is required.
Regular check-ups are most important during the osseointegration phase and in the first year of functioning, considering this is the period when most severe complications usually occur.
There are many treatment planning options when considering treatment of edentulism with implant overdentures, some being more invasive than other. Selection of one of them depends mainly on patient’s preferences and needs, and on oral and general health status and particularities.
Among implant overdenture treatment options, those requiring easier and less invasive interventions for execution and maintenance will be detailed further on. There will be addressed mainly the alternatives that require the minimum necessary surgery (mainly implant placement, according to the anatomical limitations), preferably with immediate implant loading (ensures rapid functional reestablishment), and unsplinted implants (give more flexibility in managing future complications, that usually are less severe; maintenance is simpler). These overdentures mainly improve the retention of the prosthesis, and are implemented at moderate biological, financial and time costs.
Patient’s needs, expectations and chief complaints related to the previous prosthetic treatment should be well-acknowledged. Most often, previous complete denture wearers are dissatisfied by its retention, aspect that is usually well addressed by implant overdentures. Dentate patients are often frightened by the idea of removable denture, and have psychological difficulties in accepting it. Therefore, explaining to the patient the main treatment options, with their benefits, limitations and cost, is mandatory.
Considering that often edentulous patients are aged, with multiple comorbidities, less invasive surgery is beneficial. Therefore, bone offer needs to be accurately analyzed, in order to establish implants type, position, diameter and length. Frequently, sufficient natural bone for implant placement is found anteriorly to the mental foramen in the mandible, and anteriorly to the maxillary sinus in the maxilla. In the mandible, bone deficiencies are mostly related to severe ridge resorption and decreased ridge width. In the maxilla, bone deficiencies are mostly related to decreased ridge height and reduced bone density. Consequently, when conventional dental implants cannot be applied without bone grafting, narrow or mini dental implants may be used in the mandible, and an increased number of conventional diameter implants are recommended in the maxilla [32]. In the mandible, two conventional diameter implants (diameter greater than 3.5mm), two narrow diameter implants (diameter below 3.5mm), or four mini dental implants (diameter below 3mm) are usually placed. In the maxilla four conventional diameter implants, four narrow diameter implants or six mini dental implants, of minimum 10 mm length are usually placed.
Thickness of keratinized mucosa should be evaluated in order to properly select the implant and attachment system that are usually designed with alternatives for different gingiva height.
Treatment planning should consider the condition and treatment of the opposite jaw. For example, planning an implant overdenture in the mandible should consider if teeth or fixed restoration, or edentulism treated by conventional denture are found in the maxilla. If teeth or fixed prosthesis are found in the maxilla, it is recommended to increase the number of mandibular implants and special consideration should be given to the vertical prosthetic space that is frequently reduced. If a complete denture is found in the maxilla, signs of combination syndrome may appear due to anterior movement of the masticatory field, favoring the instability of the maxillary denture and the increased bone resorption rate in the anterior maxilla. Consequently, this iatrogenic effect can be managed by using implant overdenture also in the maxilla [33].
Previous denture analysis may offer diagnostic data and further on, depending on their correctness, can be transformed or not into the future overdenture. Aspects like registration of an increased vertical dimension of occlusion or errors in artificial teeth mounting should lead to the decision of manufacturing a new denture, because these may become risk factors for implant overdenture complications.
Preprosthetic surgery aims towards obtaining favorable conditions for denture execution and improving the treatment prognosis. It may include intervention on the bone (for exostosis, tori) or the soft tissue (for frenum, hyperplasia). Sometimes, major surgical interventions, such as bone grafting, sinus lift or mental nerve relocation, are needed. Decision regarding the preprosthetic surgical intervention used is linked to patient features and treatment parameters (e.g., using narrow dental implants usually requires less invasive preprosthetic surgical interventions compared to conventional diameter implants). Preprosthetic surgery can be performed before or during implant placement.
Implant placement, as implant number and position, is done according to the treatment plan previously established. In order to obtain the desired implant position and angulation, a surgical guide or template can be used.
Surgical steps of implant placement vary according to patient’s features, implant placement protocol and implant type, respecting the manufacturer’s instructions.
Case particularities are determinant for choosing a specific treatment conduct. Alveolar ridge width and height, bone density, cortical bone thickness, mucosal resilience and width of keratinized mucosa are decision factors for using flap or flapless technique, one-stage or two-stage implantation protocol with immediate or delayed loading [30].
Implant surgical protocol is achieved using the main following steps, with variation depending on the implant type used (e.g., mini, narrow or conventional diameter implant). Firstly, a surgical exposure of the implant site is done, through flap elevation or mucosal punch, with a flapless technique. Using a flap technique has the advantage of a better assessment of available bone and thickness of the crestal area, information deficiently acknowledged when only clinical examination and panoramic radiographs are used. Flapless technique is mostly used for narrow dental implants (Figure 9). It has the advantage of reduced bleeding and decrease of the clinical time required (avoiding incision and flap elevation in the beginning, and suture in the end), is less invasive compared to the previous therefore promoting a shortened healing period. Afterwards, initial osteotomy is done with the marking or trepan drill, this aiming to pierce the cortical bone and define the implant site. With the same or another drill, usually called pilot drill, the implant osteotomies is initiated, in this stage being important to verify the implant angulation with a parallel pin. Implant placed with an unfavorable divergent angle may associate difficulties related to abutment and attachment system selection and exertion of excessive pressure on the implant during overdenture placement or removal. Osteotomy depth varies according to bone density, being approximately 2/3 of implant length in low bone density (D3) and as implant length in increased bone density (D1, D2). The implant osteotomy is enlarged as necessary using the twist drills. All previous drilling procedures need to be accompanied by irrigation with refrigerated sterile saline. Consequently, implant is placed with the ratchet and handpiece. After that, depending on the implant type and the treatment plan, if the surgical phase is over, placement of cover screw, healing abutment or prosthetic abutment, with suturing flap, are necessary. The surgical appointment usually ends with giving the patient the postoperative instructions regarding care (hygiene, diet and medication), also being scheduled for the next appointment. When needed, a second stage implant surgery is applied for removal of the cover screw and abutment placement [34,35].
Flapless surgical technique used for placement of mini and narrow dental implants
Considering that generally edentulous patients are aged, with systemic comorbidities and less availability to complex surgical intervention, simpler one-stage surgical interventions are usually preferred [36].Considering that, mini or narrow dental implants may be preferred for increasing the denture retention, due to the simpler and shorter medical intervention [37-39].
Overdentures that aim only towards improvement of retention, should be designed as a conventional denture, with proper support, retention and stability. If previous dentures are preserved, their correctness should be assessed in order to decide to either keep or replace them.
Using an implant overdenture associates more frequently a less accurate extension of overdenture bearing area, due to the misconception that the attachment system will provide all the retention needed. Overextended flanges dislodge the overdenture during chewing or speaking. Short flanges enhance food and plaque accumulation and retention. Existence of a space between the overdenture and the oral mucosa in the implant site is a risk factor for peri-implantitis or peri-implant mucositis. Therefore, a complete coverage of the overdenture support area, reaching the anatomical and functional borders, with complete peripheral seal should be obtained. For the maxillary denture, complete palatal coverage, with posterior palatal seal is recommended. In order to correctly register the functional limits of the denture bearing area, a mucodynamic functional impression technique can be used.
The worn denture was modified as overdenture, and used as an interim prosthesis during the osseointegration period
Registration of maxillomandibular relations aims towards recording the correct functional vertical dimension of occlusion and centric relation. Correctness of this clinical procedure has a major impact of the treatment outcome. Registration of an increased vertical dimension of occlusion can lead to prosthesis intolerance and implant loss, consecutive to the high pressure exerted on them.
In order to obtain a good esthetic outcome, the overdenture can be manufactured first, according to the esthetic principles and patient wishes, followed by implant placement using a surgical template.
For implant overdentures, immediate or delayed implant loading protocols can be used. Delayed implant loading is mainly used for conventional diameter implants. After implant placement, the healing abutments are placed for 10 to 13 weeks; in this period it is important to verify the denture, in order not to exert excessive pressure on implant site and interfere with implant osseointegration. Immediate implant loading is always used for one-piece mini dental implants, and sometimes used for narrow and conventional diameter implants. Using it requires a good primary stability of the implant, linked to a high insertion torque, of 35-40 Ncm. When the value of insertion torque is reduced, immediate implant loading can be done using soft acrylic or silicone materials [40]. In this respect, there are silicone materials especially developed to be used as matrices, such as Retension.Sil (Bredent), that offer three retention levels, i.e., 200, 400, 600 gf (Figure 11).
Immediate implant loading with silicone materials.
Attachment systems ensure stable balance (support, retention, stability) of the overdenture. The usual attachment systems used are: round, ovoid or parallel wall shaped bar; ball; Locator; magnets; telescopes. Selection of the attachment system depends on oral and prosthesis features, such as:
overdenture type (partial or complete) and the role of connection systems (to improve support, stability and/or retention of the prosthesis);
the implant number, site, angulation and their parallelism (two implant overdenture can be splinted with a bar, or used unsplinted with ball attachment; the selection of the attachment system must take into account the parallelism of the implants, ball attachments can be used up to 30° divergence while Locator allows up to 40° divergence);
prosthetic conditions: interarch vertical space, resilience of the mucosa, magnitude of occlusal forces, functional particularities, the need for retention;
patient manual dexterity may be related to selecting a more or less retentive system (dexterity is relevant for denture handling and oral hygiene maintenance, and elderly patients frequently have reduced dexterity);
biomechanical treatment features (splinting the implants with a bar ensures a more uniform distribution of stress on the implants, but damage to one implant can cause the loss of the entire attachment system; screw of the connection system must be performed at a torque lower than the one used for implant insertion);
financial and clinical time costs of the treatment (selecting the treatment option should not be based only on finances, but some of them are more expensive than others, e.g., costs of bar attachments are superior to those for ball attachments).
Placement of the metal matrices in the overdenture base
The implants’ failure, as lack of osseointegration or peri-implantitis, can be linked to factors that affect healing of the bone, such as diabetes, steroids or bisphosphonates treatment, and smoking, to inadequate bone site and poor quality of the bone, to implant trauma exercised by the denture, to poor oral hygiene and decreased patient compliance. Prosthetic complications occur mainly within the first year of functioning [42]. Biomechanical or technical complications of the overdentures or attachment system used can be encountered, such as overdenture fracture, retention loss, aging of the material, teeth wear and attachment system loosening, loss or damage.
Addressing overdenture complications should take into account their nature, etiology and severity. Acknowledgement of patient’s general and local features, respecting the removable implant prosthodontic principles, additional to regular check-ups, represent the basis of their prevention and control.
Sky Fast & Fixed is one of the less invasive fixed-prosthetic implant restoration for edentulism. It is a relatively simple and quick approach to the patient’s medical problem, implemented through a decreased number of appointments, using limited surgery and reduced number of implants. The interim prosthesis is fixed, applied in the same day as implant placement, therefore the removable prosthesis is avoided. This rapid, less invasive, cost-effective fixed implant restoration usually ensures rapid regaining of functionality and resumption of social activities.
The implant overdenture is acknowledged as having a high predictability and numerous advantages compared to the most widely used treatment alternative, namely complete denture. It is important to identify the simpler and less invasive options of implant overdenture when considering the trends of decreasing tooth loss that associate an increasing of the age when edentulism occurs. Elderly patients require prosthetic rehabilitations that ensure good functionality, but considering their multiple systemic comorbidities and reduced availability to complex medical interventions, less invasive treatments with limited surgery, with easy maintenance procedures and that are cost-effective are more realistic and appropriate to their expectations. Therefore, the frequent problem of ill-fitting dentures can be relatively simply approached through placement of a reduced number of conventional diameter, narrow, or even mini implants, this requiring one clinical appointment, a relatively simple medical procedure and moderate costs.
Identifying and presenting to the reluctant edentulous patient the less invasive implant treatment strategies, fixed and removable, with their advantages, disadvantages and limitation, may help overcome their misconceptions and fears towards the implant prosthesis and lead to applying a treatment with a better outcome that promotes higher satisfaction and improved quality of life.
Across all subspecialties, pain is the most encountered problem. It is particularly difficult to deal with in patients with organ dysfunction such as acute or chronic kidney failure, due to the fact that most medications depend on kidneys for clearance. Moreover, pharmacokinetics becomes almost unpredictable due to fluctuations in kidney function depending on patient factors such as volume status, other medication actions, or enzyme build of certain individual.
\nThe prevalence of pain in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown in many epidemiologic studies, and all of them unanimously demonstrate that pain is more common in CKD patients than the general population.
\nMurtagh et al., in a cross-sectional survey of symptoms prevalence in stage 5 chronic kidney disease managed without dialysis, found that pain was present in 53% (42–63%) of total 66 patients with a mean age of 82 ± 6.6 years [1].
\nDavison et al. have analyzed publications from 1992 to 2009 and concluded that 58% of CKD patients are suffering from pain, 49% of those patients rated their pain as moderate to severe [2].
\nAs quality of life is greatly diminished by any kind of pain, it has been studied in CKD patients as part of symptom burden, for example [3], older patients found musculoskeletal symptoms, including pain in bones/joints (69% of 283 CKD Stage 1–5 patients), are more disturbing and bothersome, while younger patients found that reduced concentration is more intrusive. Perlman et al. also demonstrated that the presence of pain was associated with lower quality-of-life scores in a multicenter cross-sectional analysis of 634 patients with CKD [4].
\nAdditionally, in prospective cohort study of 205 Canadian hemodialysis (HD) patients, 50% of them reported pain which was related to those who was on longer HD therapy, 52.5 months with pain versus 37.7 months for those without pain.
\nThe etiology of pain was multiple in 18.4% of patients with pain, among which musculoskeletal was the most frequent (50.5%); same study found that almost one third of all patients with pain were not on any painkillers, and authors concluded that pain management was ineffective in 74.8 of patients [5].
\nPain in CKD patients is an important factor, which immensely affects quality of life. Weisbord et al. showed clear correlation between symptom excess and severity with diminished quality of life. If they had considered pain-related symptoms such as muscle cramps, headache, and chest pain in pain group, the prevalence would have increased to 50–85% [6].
\nMoreover, CKD patients with pain tend to decide to withdraw from HD more often; as shown by Davison and Jhangri, they also were more depressed and suffered sleep disturbances [7].
\nIt is very important to identify the degree of IKF and the nature of CKD and on what stage it is, because these factors will guide the management of pain and to some extent predict pain medication pharmacokinetics.
\nDefinition for CKD must have the following criteria:
Kidney damage for 3 months or more, represented by structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney, with or without decreased GFR and manifested by following:
Pathological abnormalities
Markers of kidney damage, such as abnormalities in the composition of the blood or urine, or abnormalities in imaging tests
GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for more than 3 months with or without kidney damage [8]
Evaluation of kidney function is more dependent on GFR or the presence of other markers of kidney damage rather than a single serum creatinine reading.
\nStages of CKD according to GFR are described in Table 1.
\nStages | \nGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | \nTerms/uremic symptoms | \n
---|---|---|
Stage 1 | \n90 or more | \nNormal function/asymptomatic | \n
Stage 2 | \n60–89 | \nMild/asymptomatic | \n
Stage 3 | \n30–59 | \nModerate/mild symptoms | \n
Stage 4 | \n15–29 | \nSevere/mild to moderate symptoms | \n
Stage 5 | \n15 or less | \nEnd-stage renal disease/moderate to severe symptoms, may require dialysis | \n
Stages of chronic kidney disease according to glomerular filtration rate [8].
The cause for acute pain is mainly acute injury such as surgery, procedures, and childbirth. It can be caused by acute inflammation or ischemia as well, for example, acute abdomen, colic, and ischemic heart diseases. Treatment should be directed to reduce the pain as soon as possible with multiple modalities; at the same time, the primary cause should be addressed.
\nBlocking the pain along different parts of pain pathway allows reducing the required doses and diminishing side effects. This approach has been defined as multimodal analgesia.
\nMultimodal analgesia can be achieved by combining systemic paracetamol, NSAID, opioids, and local anesthetics according to patient’s condition. All these medications may require dose adjustment, and locoregional anesthesia may raise a concern of hematoma formation due to reduced platelet activity and anticoagulant use in patients receiving hemodialysis [9].
\nChoice and dosage of medications depend on the condition of the kidneys; here the staging can roughly guide physicians to correct regimen.
\nFor example, in stages 1 and 2, kidney function is preserved well enough to excrete the medications and their metabolites. But still, kidney function tests should be frequently done so not to miss any deterioration due to trauma, dehydration, and surgical stress during perioperative period. In young patients who are not taking other nephrotoxic medications and in stage 1, acetaminophen plus short course of NSAIDs could be used. NSAIDs should not be used in stage 2 with GFR 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2. Locoregional anesthesia must be used when applicable, especially for postoperative pain and trauma patients. In cases of moderate to severe pain, opioids should be added including tramadol, with or without gabapentinoids (Gabapentin or Pregabalin) to supplement for neuropathic pain, especially in trauma [9].
\nIn stages 3 and 4, kidney function significantly reduced (GFR between 15 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m2) which mandate all the pain medications to be dose adjusted and NSAIDs to be avoided. Acetaminophen should be used in regular doses for mild pain, reduced dose tramadol may be added, and for stronger pain, opioid such as fentanyl or hydromorphone may be useful. Morphine and codeine are not recommended. Regional anesthesia proves to be a valuable modality to avoid opioids and their undesired properties, especially in this stage, but should be avoided in individuals with impaired platelet function and/or coagulation. Reduced doses of gabapentinoids are considered in neuropathic pain, and caution should be taken when patients receive concomitant opioids. A decrease in around 50% of the dose for each 50% decline in GFR or CCr and an increase in the time interval between the doses are recommended [9, 10].
\nAcute pain management in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients follows the same abovementioned principles; in addition to it, more than half of them may already have been experiencing chronic pain as well. Moreover, these patients are usually malnourished and have many other multiple concomitant diseases. If they are already undergoing dialysis, sudden drop in serum concentration of pain medications and exacerbation of pain is expected. Acetaminophen may be used in regular doses of 4 g/day, but general condition of patient and other organ system diseases may require dose reduction. NSAIDs should be avoided in ESRD; even if nephrotoxicity is not of a concern, they cause gastrointestinal damage, electrolyte disturbances, and hypertension. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors are also considered unsafe as they contribute to already existent multiple risk factors for myocardial ischemia in this group of patients [11].
\nMorphine, codeine, and meperidine produce active metabolites, in which clearance depends on kidney function. In ESRD patients, the accumulation of active metabolites of opioids produces excessive somnolence, as well as more dangerous complications such as respiratory depression, seizures, myoclonus, and exacerbation of acidosis. Safe alternative to these long-acting opioids are fentanyl, alfentanil, and adjusted dose of hydromorphone [12]. These can be best given as PCA in acute pain cases if strong opioids are required.
\nChronic pain is defined by Treede et al. as pain that persists past normal healing time [13] and hence lacks the acute warning function of physiological nociception [14]. It may be due to prolonged tissue injury with persistent activation of nociceptors or other undefined mechanisms [15].
\nRecommendations of the WHO for cancer pain and its three-step approach can be tailored to manage pharmacologic treatment of chronic pain in CKD patients [2, 15, 16]. In patients with mild pain, acetaminophen may suffice, and if NSAIDs are required, care should be taken to avoid other medications which worsen the hemodynamics (compounds that affect the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system). NSAIDs should be avoided in patients with impaired cardiac output or with dehydration.
\nFor moderate pain, weak opioid tramadol may be added, but codeine and dihydrocodeine should not be prescribed. Tramadol dose is adjusted according to CKD stage, given in regular doses for stages 1 and 2, but is reduced by 50% in advanced stages of CKD.
\nSevere pain requires the use of strong opioids, preferably those without active metabolites such as methadone, fentanyl, and oxycodone. Although, oxycodone is mainly metabolized in the liver, around 20% is eliminated by kidneys. For that reason, it may be wise to reduce the dose according to CKD stage; in mild renal failure, up to 50% of normal dose should be given, and in advanced stages, 25% of normal dose and increase in dosing interval should be done. In patients with consistent pain, fentanyl patch can be a good option [15, 16].
\nIn all steps of WHO ladder, adjuvant medications should be added and tailored to a particular type of pain. If patient is experiencing neuropathic pain, antidepressants and anticonvulsants should be added to pain regimen. Musculoskeletal pain may have spastic component; thus muscle relaxants are beneficial. Bisphosphonates are considered adjuvant for bone pain due to malignancy. There is at least one meta-analysis to support the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as an effective adjunct for joint pain (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease) [17].
\nPharmacologic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain for adults should be done in a stepwise approach. The first line is tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), followed by selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs). Gabapentinoids are next to use.
\nTopical lidocaine should be considered alone or in combination with one the first-line therapies for localized peripheral neuropathic pain.
\nOpioid analgesics or tramadol could be used alone or in combination with one of the first-line therapies.
\nIn painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, gabapentinoids are recommended.
\nAcetaminophen, chemical name N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, is used as a first-line medication for mild and moderate pain. It is very well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, mainly in the small intestine, via passive transport, and its serum concentration peaks around 2 hours. Any factors suppressing gastric emptying will slow paracetamol absorption, because negligible amount is absorbed in the stomach. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, and most antipyretic and analgesic actions are executed in the central nervous system.
\nMechanism of action on receptors is not entirely made clear, but it has proposed actions on serotonergic pathways, potentiation of cannabinoid receptors, and inhibition of cyclooxygenase−3 and central prostaglandin production. Recent studies have questioned its biological activity regarding cyclooxygenase inhibition in peripheral tissues, and at least two recent studies experimentally proved that paracetamol possessed peripheral cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition [18, 19, 20].
\nAcetaminophen has been regarded as pain medication with very favorable side effect profile, when used within therapeutic range doses. But recently, some authors started to question its safety, especially possible association with kidney damage. In this study [21], CKD patients who were regularly taking acetaminophen were more likely to progress to ESRD, especially with increasing exposure. In another population-based, case-control study in Sweden, 926 patients were newly diagnosed with renal failure and acetaminophen was regularly consumed by 25% of them and only 12% of controls, and authors have concluded that the regular use of paracetamol increased the risk of CKD by 2.5 times from any cause [22]. Roberts et al. conducted systematic review of observational studies looking at acetaminophen’s side effects, and they found increased relative rate of mortality from 0.95 to 1.63 and for cardiovascular adverse events risk ratio of all events increased from 1.19 to 1.68 and also that gastrointestinal adverse events or bleeds were found to increase from 1.11 to 1.49; moreover, kidney damage odds ratio increased more than 30% [23]. Another notable paper published on acetaminophen’s cardiovascular side effect could only demonstrate small association with major cardiovascular events and short-term use of acetaminophen (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.42) [24].
\nAcetaminophen’s well-known hepatotoxicity occurs when the liver’s glucuronide and sulfate stores are used up, forcing it to enter minor pathway, which is oxidation by CYP 450 enzymes and formation of N-acetyl-
The exact mechanisms for acetaminophen’s renal toxicity have not been identified, whereas experimental research proposed that kidneys must be saturated and push acetaminophen via CYP 450 pathway for tubular damage to occur. Diminished glutathione reserve also exacerbated kidney toxicity [25]. Another possible mechanism is the formation of arylating intermediates by p-aminophenol, which is formed by deacetylation of acetaminophen [26]. Clinical manifestation of kidney injury appears as acute tubular necrosis, with corresponding urinary changes, such as granular casts, maybe with hematuria or pyuria, urine sodium increase, and azotemia as well [27]. Toxicity is exacerbated by factors such as fall in glutathione levels (any cachectic state, alcoholism) or induction of CYP 450 enzymes.
\nIn normal conditions, plasma half-life of acetaminophen is 1.5–2.5 hours, large portion of which is metabolized and excreted in urine as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, and minor pathway comprising less than 5% produces mercapturic and cysteine conjugates. Approximately 4% is excreted as unchanged drug. All of these processes will vary with age and dose administered. Urine flow rate is the main factor determining the clearance of acetaminophen by kidneys, but glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are not dependent of urine flow, most of the time surpassing glomerular filtration rate [28]. In CKD patients, it has been proved that glucuronide and sulfate metabolites are significantly accumulated, for example, in moderate stage of CKD, they have half-life around 21.8–30.5 hours as opposed to 3 hours in a normal person [29]. In ESRD patients undergoing dialysis, acetaminophen is removed by hemodialysis, but not by peritoneal dialysis.
\nNonetheless, acetaminophen is still a preferred drug for mild to moderate pain, and no dose reductions are mandatory.
\nNSAIDs as a group are highly unfavorable for any patient with kidney damage; nevertheless, many epidemiologic researchers have identified them as popular analgesics among CKD patients.
\nNSAIDs can be classified according to their chemical structure. They are divided into propionic acid derivatives (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen), fenamates (diclofenac, ketorolac, tolmetin), enolic acid derivatives (meloxicam, piroxicam, nabumetone), and acetic acid derivatives (indomethacin, etodolac, sulindac). All these group medications inhibit the formation of prostaglandins in the peripheral tissues and, centrally, from arachidonic acid [30], hence exhibiting to different degrees analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The action is achieved by blocking the cyclooxygenase (COX), which has two isoforms. COX-1 produces the group of prostaglandins which are necessary to maintain various physiological processes such as kidney function, maintenance of the gastrointestinal mucosa, and platelet aggregation. Yet, COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, production of which is prompted by inflammatory mediators (lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, and growth factors) by upregulating the expression of the enzyme up to 20-fold following the insult. Despite the fact that COX-2 is regarded as an inducible enzyme of inflammation process, the recent findings show that it plays an important role in normal physiology as well. It was found as an integral part of developing kidneys and brain, being a necessary enzyme for maturation and function. COX-2 maintains water electrolyte balance, contributes to arterial pressure regulation, and is mainly expressed in the thick ascending loop of Henle, macula densa of the nephron. The same enzyme is thought to play an important role in various tumor developments; especially it is overexpressed in intestinal adenomas, supporting many epidemiologic studies on the role of NSAIDs for colorectal cancer risk reduction.
\nSome authors believe that classification of NSAIDs should be according to their COX-2-to-COX-1 ratio, to better reflect their side effect profile [31], but along with inconsistent laboratory data, epidemiologic studies also show discrepancies in side effect profile of many NSAIDs. Instead, tabulating them according to half-life is of much clinical importance, which lets us to schedule medicine around the clock and avoid long-acting representatives in certain patients, including CKD patients. If the use of NSAIDs is required in CKD patients, preference should be given to those with short to medium half-life, such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, ketoprofen, and indomethacin, which have half-life less than 6 hours. Long-acting NSAIDs as naproxen, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac, diflunisal, and meloxicam (with half-life more than 10 hours) should be avoided.
\nMost of the NSAIDs have good bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract, and their hepatic clearance is low. They also have almost equivalent efficacy, and most studies have demonstrated even comparable efficacy between nonspecific NSAIDs (nsNSAIDs) and coxibs [32]. Detailed pharmacokinetics of each NSAID is beyond the scope of this chapter; instead we will review their comparable side effect profile and application in CKD patients.
\nAll NSAIDs possess to some extent of gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular toxicities and fluid retention or aggravation of hypertension. Gastrointestinal toxicity is exacerbated by various additional risk factors such as preexisting
The recent meta-analysis found that cardiovascular complications were significantly increased by both coxibs (rate ratio (RR) 1.37) and diclofenac (RR 1.41); the same analysis found ibuprofen increased coronary events significantly (RR 2.22), but naproxen was not found to contribute to major vascular events (RR 0.93). Heart failure risk was approximately increase by twofold by all representatives [33].
\nAll NSAIDs, including coxibs, adversely affect kidney physiology, which is expected considering the important role that prostaglandins play in regulation of renal perfusion and filtration. These effects manifest as hypertension, fluid retention, and in severe cases acute kidney failure [30]. Exacerbating factors are preexisting kidney dysfunction and dehydration. But it is not clear if the chronic use of NSAIDs leads to CKD or worsens its course. Several recent epidemiologic studies tried to elucidate this matter. In one meta-analysis [35], authors have concluded that regular-dose NSAIDs were not found to exacerbate the advancement of CKD (OD = 0.96), but CKD accelerated with increased-dose NSAID use (OD = 1.26). And authors have concluded that it was acceptable to use NSAIDs in moderate to severe CKD, but doses must be tailored to minimal and effective at the same time.
\nIn general, NSAIDs should be used in the short term and avoided in elderly, and precautions for gastric protection should be undertaken.
\nDespite well-known side effects and warnings, most of the CKD patients continue frequent consumption of NSAIDs, because these medications are easily available over the counter.
\nThe extent of opioid use among CKD patients is not well established. In recent review, it was reported to range around 18–36% [36].
\nAs mentioned above, the use of opioids is highly undesirable in CKD patients, but in practice physicians are obliged to, due to the severity and poor pain control with non-opioid medications.
\nIn CKD patients accumulation of metabolites produces delayed suppression of respiratory drive; at the same time, other bothersome side effects such as pruritus can be challenging to manage. Morphine removed with hemodialysis up to 47%, but its metabolite, morphine-6-glucoronide, is fat-soluble and retained even after dialysis. It might be the cause of rebound phenomenon observed after dialysis.
\nStarting dose of morphine depends on glomerular filtration rate and should be around quarter to half of normal doses if it is 10–50 mL/min range and must be avoided at all if GFR is less than 10 mL/min.
\nWhen prescribing any opioid, all clinicians must follow safety precautions, explaining to patient treatment goals, using lowest dose to reach pain relief, following the patient regularly and frequent questioning of opioid need.
\nNon-pharmacological approach to pain management starts with working on psychological components of the pain. Devine et al. analyzed 191 studies and confirmed significance of psychological and educational care of surgical patients and its role in managing acute postoperative pain. It included providing patients with proper information about procedures and the expected level of pain, instructing them on proper coughing and breathing techniques, and providing emotional support [39].
\nTransition from acute to chronic pain conditions also involves several psychological factors such as depressive state, somatization, or significant distress [40].
\nMany kinds of questionnaires and tests were developed to be applied in chronic pain, discussion of which is beyond the scope of this chapter. Generally, psychological management of chronic pain patients should be carried out with the help of certified psychologist or psychiatrist.
\nConsidering the burden of musculoskeletal pain in CKD patients, therapies to reduce muscle tension and myofascial release should be applied, such as bed rest, bracing, traction, manipulation and mobilization, exercise, and heat/cold applications. Acupuncture was proven to be effective in lower back pain and knee pain; therefore, along with mindfulness, meditation and relaxation techniques prove to be safe and applicable to CKD patients too [41].
\nA considerable number of CKD patients experience acute pain at some point of their life, and even bigger portion of this population suffer from chronic pain. It is apparent from epidemiologic studies that pain can be experienced by more than 50% of CKD patients and greatly affects their quality of life. Moreover, poor pain control may lead to exacerbation of other psychological symptoms and contribute to further patient deterioration. If it is relatively clear how to manage acute pain in hospitalized patients, chronic pain remains mostly understudied and not fully understood. WHO stepwise approach to treating cancer pain may be tailored to CKD patients considering disturbances of pharmacodynamics of most medications in renal impairment. When there is a need to prescribe opioids, all precautions for side effects and addiction prevention must be taken. Pain practitioners should actively advocate non-pharmacological pain management techniques in appropriate patients.
\nNothing to declare.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11500",title:"Multi-Objective Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"221a460c3b8962d71cab3475f0b22e93",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11500.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11501",title:"Qualitative and Computational Aspects of Dynamical Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9d21a5db7515233f254abc02d89c2be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kamal Shah, Dr. . Eiman and Dr. Arshad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11501.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11502",title:"Manifolds - Recent Developments and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eca1aa784f719310820d6bb2cf5a7b20",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11502.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11503",title:"Functional Calculus - Recent Advances and Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea3923dea83de1bec4d3fc5e43173856",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hammad Khalil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11503.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"411171",title:"Dr.",name:"Hammad",surname:"Khalil",slug:"hammad-khalil",fullName:"Hammad Khalil"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11504",title:"Kalman Filter - Engineering Applications\ufeff",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c3e68adcaeaa44f9fbfe9bb19bdd55b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuri Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11505",title:"Time Series Analysis - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"29054c3869e21230a405c4aef0904dfd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rifaat Abdalla and Dr. Mohammed El-Diasty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11505.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222877",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifaat",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"rifaat-abdalla",fullName:"Rifaat Abdalla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11863",title:"Inverse Problems - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"778be380846c917e320eceaf5d7a5983",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ivan Kyrchei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11863.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226980",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Kyrchei",slug:"ivan-kyrchei",fullName:"Ivan Kyrchei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11864",title:"Game Theory - From Idea to Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17db7dc9ca5813b2e1c7cd9d8ded210d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Branislav Sobota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11864.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"109378",title:"Dr.",name:"Branislav",surname:"Sobota",slug:"branislav-sobota",fullName:"Branislav Sobota"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11865",title:"Operator Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"acb2875b3bfc189c9881a9b44b6a5184",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abdo Abou Jaoudé",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11865.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",surname:"Abou Jaoudé",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11952",title:"Response Surface Methodology - Research Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a22fd44ae22d422a792470bb5c441a81",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12017",title:"Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1912acc4811b724cc0a15dba11f5af79",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12017.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12018",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48eee82290a62159304dbf1689e3aeca",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12018.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:16},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1071",title:"Urogynecology",slug:"urogynecology",parent:{id:"189",title:"Obstetrics and Gynecology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:233,numberOfWosCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitations:48,numberOfDimensionsCitations:95,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1071",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10722",title:"Pelvic Floor Dysfunction",subtitle:"Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa669d0f9c768ec43040a30b98ca239f",slug:"pelvic-floor-dysfunction-symptoms-causes-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Ran Pang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10722.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ran",middleName:null,surname:"Pang",slug:"ran-pang",fullName:"Ran Pang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6278",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e53630ad8f02658c6ca31163f9d68193",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",bookSignature:"Raheela M. Rizvi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185970",title:"Dr.",name:"Raheela",middleName:"Mohsin",surname:"Rizvi",slug:"raheela-rizvi",fullName:"Raheela Rizvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6152",title:"Debatable Topics in PCOS Patients",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c47a69bf2dac1f402c7f1b5751f1ea7e",slug:"debatable-topics-in-pcos-patients",bookSignature:"Neeraj Kumar Agrawal and Kiran Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6152.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136647",title:"Dr.",name:"N.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"n.k.-agrawal",fullName:"N.K. Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5728",title:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4232ee2dc701c710f42172d09afdc8f",slug:"colposcopy-and-cervical-pathology",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5728.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",middleName:null,surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4641",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2a63bba8f7b17c10aff3d6d59ea0d08",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",bookSignature:"Zouhair O. Amarin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4641.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Amarin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"684",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1f5625375189846e4fa04200c135afcc",slug:"endometriosis-basic-concepts-and-current-research-trends",bookSignature:"Koel Chaudhury and Baidyanath Chakravarty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83747",title:"Prof.",name:"Koel",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhury",slug:"koel-chaudhury",fullName:"Koel Chaudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"707",title:"Hysterectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"219d88512350b2e1d01cfd8faf81aa9c",slug:"hysterectomy",bookSignature:"Ayman Al-Hendy and Mohamed Sabry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54087",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Hendy",slug:"ayman-al-hendy",fullName:"Ayman Al-Hendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1900",title:"In Vitro Fertilization",subtitle:"Innovative Clinical and Laboratory Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"212b5ed00828501488c8d7025d84a188",slug:"in-vitro-fertilization-innovative-clinical-and-laboratory-aspects",bookSignature:"Shevach Friedler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111647",title:"Prof.",name:"Shevach",middleName:null,surname:"Friedler",slug:"shevach-friedler",fullName:"Shevach Friedler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35165",doi:"10.5772/38592",title:"The Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Endometrial Receptivity Following Assisted Reproductive Treatments",slug:"the-role-of-ultrasound-in-the-evaluation-of-endometrial-receptivity-following-assisted-reproductive-",totalDownloads:8198,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1900",slug:"in-vitro-fertilization-innovative-clinical-and-laboratory-aspects",title:"In Vitro Fertilization",fullTitle:"In Vitro Fertilization - Innovative Clinical and Laboratory Aspects"},signatures:"Mitko Ivanovski",authors:[{id:"118205",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mitko",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanovski",slug:"mitko-ivanovski",fullName:"Mitko Ivanovski"}]},{id:"36768",doi:"10.5772/29357",title:"Pathomechanism of Infertility in Endometriosis",slug:"pathomechanism-of-infertility-in-endometriosis",totalDownloads:2839,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"684",slug:"endometriosis-basic-concepts-and-current-research-trends",title:"Endometriosis",fullTitle:"Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends"},signatures:"Hendi Hendarto",authors:[{id:"77444",title:"Dr.",name:"Hendi",middleName:null,surname:"Hendarto",slug:"hendi-hendarto",fullName:"Hendi Hendarto"}]},{id:"36753",doi:"10.5772/29909",title:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Perineal Endometriosis",slug:"diagnosis-and-treatment-of-perineal-endometriosis",totalDownloads:4707,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"684",slug:"endometriosis-basic-concepts-and-current-research-trends",title:"Endometriosis",fullTitle:"Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends"},signatures:"Lan Zhu, Na Chen and Jinghe Lang",authors:[{id:"79859",title:"Dr.",name:"Lan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"lan-zhu",fullName:"Lan Zhu"}]},{id:"36774",doi:"10.5772/29063",title:"Imaging Tools for Endometriosis: Role of Ultrasound, MRI and Other Imaging Modalities in Diagnosis and Planning Intervention",slug:"role-of-imaging-in-the-diagnosis-of-endometriosis",totalDownloads:6953,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"684",slug:"endometriosis-basic-concepts-and-current-research-trends",title:"Endometriosis",fullTitle:"Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends"},signatures:"Shalini Jain Bagaria,\r\nDarshana D. Rasalkar and Bhawan K. Paunipagar",authors:[{id:"70915",title:"Prof.",name:"Shalini",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"shalini-jain",fullName:"Shalini Jain"},{id:"76390",title:"Dr.",name:"Darshana",middleName:null,surname:"Rasalkar",slug:"darshana-rasalkar",fullName:"Darshana Rasalkar"},{id:"126379",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawan",middleName:null,surname:"Paunipagar",slug:"bhawan-paunipagar",fullName:"Bhawan Paunipagar"}]},{id:"54747",doi:"10.5772/68011",title:"The Role of miRNAs in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment Prediction in Cervical Cancer",slug:"the-role-of-mirnas-in-diagnosis-prognosis-and-treatment-prediction-in-cervical-cancer",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Cervical cancer represents one of the major problems of health women worldwide, especially in the developing countries. If discovered in its earliest stages, cervical cancer is successfully treatable; however, due to lack of proper implementation of screening programs, the majority of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed in advanced stages, which dramatically influence their outcome. Almost a half of these patients will suffer recurrence or metastasis in the following 2 years after therapy. If there are no immediate prospects in terms of developing new or more effective therapies, identifying new tools for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment prediction remains a big challenge for cervical cancer. miRNAs have been validated to be key players in cell physiology, alterations in miRNA expression being associated with cancer progression and response to therapy. Cervical cancer studies have showed that alterations of miRNA expression can be identified in tumor tissues, exfoliated cervical cells and patients serum and that their transcription pattern is regulated by the present HPV genotype. Furthermore, miRNAs have been associated with patients response to therapy, therefore suggesting their potential to be used as biomarkers for cervical cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response.",book:{id:"5728",slug:"colposcopy-and-cervical-pathology",title:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology",fullTitle:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology"},signatures:"Ovidiu Balacescu, Loredana Balacescu, Oana Baldasici, Oana\nTudoran and Patriciu Achimas‐Cadariu",authors:[{id:"195763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ovidiu",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"ovidiu-balacescu",fullName:"Ovidiu Balacescu"},{id:"196758",title:"Dr.",name:"Loreadana",middleName:null,surname:"Balacescu",slug:"loreadana-balacescu",fullName:"Loreadana Balacescu"},{id:"196761",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Tudoran",slug:"oana-tudoran",fullName:"Oana Tudoran"},{id:"196770",title:"Prof.",name:"Patriciu",middleName:null,surname:"Achimas",slug:"patriciu-achimas",fullName:"Patriciu Achimas"},{id:"203875",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Baldasici",slug:"oana-baldasici",fullName:"Oana Baldasici"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48951",title:"Peripartum Hysterectomy",slug:"peripartum-hysterectomy-",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Peripartum hysterectomy is uncommon in modern obstetrics. It is mostly performed as an emergency procedure to control life-threatening haemorrhage. Despite recent technical advances in medicine, it is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Peripartum hysterectomy constitutes a life-saving procedure.",book:{id:"4641",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",fullTitle:"Approaches to Hysterectomy"},signatures:"Zouhair O. Amarin",authors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Amarin"}]},{id:"60935",title:"Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"pathophysiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1753,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pelvic organ support is provided by interaction between the pelvic floor muscle, ligaments and its connective tissues. Failure of anatomical support may result in pelvic organ prolapse. Therefore in managing anterior, posterior, or apical compartments prolapse, conceptual understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is essential for the surgeons. To appropriately treat these entities, comprehension of the various theories of the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is of paramount importance. DeLancey has described vaginal connective tissue support of the pelvis at three levels that has helped us to understand various clinical manifestations of pelvic organ support dysfunction. Pelvic floor disorder is frequently associated with etiological risk factors which include aging, parity, obesity, connective tissue disorder, increased intra-abdominal pressure and hysterectomy. A better understanding of pathophysiology of muscular, collagen, and neuronal components of the pelvic organs and their support would provide an insight of site specific defects and its prevention.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Lubna Razzak",authors:[{id:"212077",title:"Dr.",name:"Lubna",middleName:null,surname:"Razzak",slug:"lubna-razzak",fullName:"Lubna Razzak"}]},{id:"49153",title:"B-Lynch Compression Suture as an Alternative to Paripartum Hysterectomy",slug:"b-lynch-compression-suture-as-an-alternative-to-paripartum-hysterectomy",totalDownloads:2687,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Obstetrics haemorrhage is a major killer of women of all categories of class, religion, social and economic status. Women of third world countries suffer the most adversity because of poor resources and infrastructure. In major substandard care, haemorrhage emerges as the major cause of severe maternal morbidity in almost all ‘near miss’ audits in both developed and developing countries [1, 2, 24].",book:{id:"4641",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",fullTitle:"Approaches to Hysterectomy"},signatures:"Christopher Balogun-Lynch and Tahira Aziz Javaid",authors:[{id:"176667",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Balogun-Lynch",slug:"christopher-balogun-lynch",fullName:"Christopher Balogun-Lynch"},{id:"176773",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahira Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Javaid",slug:"tahira-aziz-javaid",fullName:"Tahira Aziz Javaid"}]},{id:"61034",title:"Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"recurrent-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The treatment of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse is challenging. The pelvic floor symptom needs to be treated, a high quality of life has to be ensured and complications have to be minimized. There is a wide range of surgical options that may be used. The surgeon should be able to discuss and offer native tissue procedures for prolapse. In addition, for the clinically challenging situations of recurrent prolapse, mesh augmented procedures may need to be discussed with the patient. A thorough knowledge of mesh and graft options, as well as knowledge of prolapse recurrence and adverse events rate, can help guide clinicians in counseling their patients effectively. Ultimately, this will allow surgeons to choose a personalized treatment option that best align with a woman’s lifestyle and treatment goals. In this chapter the anatomical concepts of supports of vagina are elaborated. The pelvic diaphragm, lateral attachment of vagina to arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, intrinsic and extrinsic sphincter control mechanisms are elaborated. The surgical techniques of suspending the vaginal vault with autologous tissue and synthetic mesh are discussed. Finally, the role of minimally invasive surgery of pelvic floor is discussed as an integral part of management of recurrent vaginal prolapse.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Nidhi Sharma and Sudakshina Chakrabarti",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}]},{id:"61308",title:"Effects of Posture and Gravity on Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"effects-of-posture-and-gravity-on-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1226,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Female pelvic floor dysfunction occurs when the integrity of the pelvic floor muscles is compromised and impacts the position and function of the pelvic organs. Physicians use international guidelines to evaluate and treat women for POP taking into account that posture and gravity impact pelvic organ position, and degree of prolapse. Our clinical focuses on the description of surface anatomy. This examination alone is insufficient. Although imaging is recommended, the modalities currently available are recognized to have flaws. MRI is performed in the supine position regardless the effect of posture and gravity on POP. A literature search was performed using databases, searching MEDLINE and PubMed using the key terms ultrasound, MRI, and CT. We describe use of a new protocol and advanced technique to evaluate the changes of POP in different positions using open MRI (MRO). POP patients underwent MRO imaging of the pelvic floor using a 0.5 T MRO scanner. The extent of displacement of prolapsed organs was determined using validated reference lines drawn on the mid-sagittal images. Manual segmentation and surface modeling were used to construct the 3D models. MRO offers new levels of anatomic detail; 3D sequences based on 2D images are an additional refinement.",book:{id:"6278",slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Marwa Abdulaziz, Lynn Stothers and Andrew Macnab",authors:[{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab"},{id:"183155",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:null,surname:"Stothers",slug:"lynn-stothers",fullName:"Lynn Stothers"},{id:"209987",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marwa",middleName:"Mohammed",surname:"Abdulaziz",slug:"marwa-abdulaziz",fullName:"Marwa Abdulaziz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1071",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79866",title:"Ruminal Microbiome Manipulation to Improve Fermentation Efficiency in Ruminants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101582",signatures:"Yosra Ahmed Soltan and Amlan Kumar Patra",slug:"ruminal-microbiome-manipulation-to-improve-fermentation-efficiency-in-ruminants",totalDownloads:215,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78998",title:"Effect of Various Feed Additives on the Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Based on an Ammoniated Palm Frond Feeds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100142",signatures:"Mardiati Zain, Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat, Heni Suryani and Novirman Jamarun",slug:"effect-of-various-feed-additives-on-the-methane-emissions-from-beef-cattle-based-on-an-ammoniated-pa",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus Between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:45,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80388",title:"Social Resilience in Local Food Systems: A Foundation for Food Security during a Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101998",signatures:"Tanya Zerbian, Mags Adams and Neil Wilson",slug:"social-resilience-in-local-food-systems-a-foundation-for-food-security-during-a-crisis",totalDownloads:52,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80098",title:"Bundling Weather Index Insurance with Microfinance: Trekking the Long Road between Expectations and Reality. A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101742",signatures:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",slug:"bundling-weather-index-insurance-with-microfinance-trekking-the-long-road-between-expectations-and-r",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79696",title:"How to Build Food Safety Resilience in Commercial Restaurants?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101481",signatures:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas and Elke Stedefeldt",slug:"how-to-build-food-safety-resilience-in-commercial-restaurants",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79604",title:"Perspective Chapter: Food System Resilience - Towards a Joint Understanding and Implications for Policy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99899",signatures:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters, Emma Termeer, Deborah Bakker, Hubert Fonteijn and Herman Brouwer",slug:"perspective-chapter-food-system-resilience-towards-a-joint-understanding-and-implications-for-policy",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Emeje",slug:"martins-emeje",fullName:"Martins Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.jpg",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 9th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfPublishedChapters:86,numberOfPublishedBooks:8,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},subseries:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",annualVolume:11418,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",annualVolume:11419,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",annualVolume:11420,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",annualVolume:11421,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",annualVolume:11422,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/1722",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"1722"},fullPath:"/profiles/1722",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()