Estimated demand of baked goods, dairy and other food & beverage enzymes in million dollars from 2000 to 2020.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5139",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Materials, Mechanisms and Applications",title:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis",subtitle:"Materials, Mechanisms and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Photocatalysis is a hot topic because it is an environmentally friendly approach toward the conversion of light energy into chemical energy at mild reaction environments. Also, it is well applied in several major areas such as water splitting, bacterial inactivation, and pollutants elimination, which is a possible solution to energy shortage and environmental issues. The fundamental knowledge and the frontier research progress in typical photocatalytic materials, such as TiO2-based and non-TiO2-based photocatalysts, are included in this book. Methods to improve the photocatalytic efficiency and to provide a hint for the rational design of the new photocatalysts are covered.",isbn:"978-953-51-2483-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2484-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4189-1",doi:"10.5772/61384",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"semiconductor-photocatalysis-materials-mechanisms-and-applications",numberOfPages:676,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"ddd35bd632c061ec2e69a0886a817443",bookSignature:"Wenbin Cao",publishedDate:"August 24th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5139.jpg",numberOfDownloads:55495,numberOfWosCitations:196,numberOfCrossrefCitations:94,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:273,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:10,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:563,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 10th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 1st 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 31st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 16th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 15th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"48383",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenbin",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenbin-cao",fullName:"Wenbin Cao",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/48383/images/3409_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Wenbin Cao, Professor in Materials Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China, works intensively in two research fields supported by China national research projects. First, he is interested in developing practical, cheap and environmentally friendly methods to synthesize ceramic powders at low cost, including the preparation of SiC powders and whiskers by microwave heating, through which the synthesis temperature and reaction time have been decreased significantly. Secondly, he is focused on the preparation and application of semiconductor photocatalyst. Large scale production of visible light active nanocrystalline photocatalyst under mild conditions has been worked out and some of the developed techniques have been transferred to the industry successfully.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Science and Technology Beijing",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"50375",title:"TiO2- and ZnO-Based Materials for Photocatalysis: Material Properties, Device Architecture and Emerging Concepts",doi:"10.5772/62774",slug:"tio2-and-zno-based-materials-for-photocatalysis-material-properties-device-architecture-and-emerging",totalDownloads:2989,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:24,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Numerous kinds of photocatalysts such as oxide-, nitride- or sulfide-based semiconductors, conducting polymers or graphene oxide–based materials have emerged since the discovery of water splitting on TiO2 electrodes in 1972. Yet, metal-oxides are still largely the main family of materials promoted into photocatalytic applications.",signatures:"Olga M. Ishchenko, Vincent Rogé, Guillaume Lamblin and Damien\nLenoble",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50375",authors:[{id:"178256",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",surname:"Lenoble",slug:"damien-lenoble",fullName:"Damien Lenoble"},{id:"178888",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",surname:"Lamblin",slug:"guillaume-lamblin",fullName:"Guillaume Lamblin"},{id:"178889",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",surname:"Rogé",slug:"vincent-roge",fullName:"Vincent Rogé"},{id:"178890",title:"MSc.",name:"Olga",surname:"Ishchenko",slug:"olga-ishchenko",fullName:"Olga Ishchenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"50566",title:"Influences of Doping on Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst",doi:"10.5772/63234",slug:"influences-of-doping-on-photocatalytic-properties-of-tio2-photocatalyst",totalDownloads:5463,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:80,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As a kind of highly effective, low‐cost, and stable photocatalysts, TiO2 has received substantial public and scientific attention. However, it can only be activated under ultraviolet light irradiation due to its wide bandgap, high recombination, and weak separation efficiency of carriers. Doping is an effective method to extend the light absorption to the visible light region. In this chapter, we will address the importance of doping, different doping modes, preparation method, and photocatalytic mechanism in TiO2 photocatalysts. Thereafter, we will concentrate on Ti3+ self‐doping, nonmetal doping, metal doping, and codoping. Examples of progress can be given for each one of these four doping modes. The influencing factors of preparation method and doping modes on photocatalytic performance (spectrum response, carrier transport, interfacial electron transfer reaction, surface active sites, etc.) are summed up. The main objective is to study the photocatalytic processes, to elucidate the mechanistic models for a better understanding the photocatalytic reactions, and to find a method of enhancing photocatalytic activities.",signatures:"Fei Huang, Aihua Yan and Hui Zhao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50566",authors:[{id:"178389",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",surname:"Huang",slug:"fei-huang",fullName:"Fei Huang"},{id:"185126",title:"Dr.",name:"Aihua",surname:"Yan",slug:"aihua-yan",fullName:"Aihua Yan"},{id:"185127",title:"Ms.",name:"Hui",surname:"Zhao",slug:"hui-zhao",fullName:"Hui Zhao"}],corrections:null},{id:"50987",title:"Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanostructured Arrays Prepared by Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Method",doi:"10.5772/63237",slug:"photocatalytic-activity-of-tio2-nanostructured-arrays-prepared-by-microwave-assisted-solvothermal-me",totalDownloads:1895,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:21,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of metal-oxide-semiconductor nanostructures as photocatalytic materials has been an area of intense research over the last decade, and in this field, titanium dioxide (TiO2) receives much attention. TiO2 is an attractive material since it is stable, insoluble, non-toxic, resistant to corrosion and relatively inexpensive. In this chapter, we will demonstrate the influence of different solvents on the synthesis of TiO2 nanostructures considering a solvothermal method assisted by microwave radiation and their photocatalytic behaviour. The TiO2 nanostructured arrays were synthesized on seeded polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates with different solvents: water, 2 – propanol, ethanol and methanol. TiO2 thin films deposited by spin-coating were used as seed layer for the nanostructures growth. Structural characterization of the microwave synthesized materials has been carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The optical properties have also been investigated. The TiO2 nanostructures arrays were tested as photocatalytic agents in the degradation of pollutant dyes like methylene blue (MB) in the presence of UV radiation. Expressive differences between the different solvents were detected, in which methanol demonstrated higher MB degradation for the conditions tested.",signatures:"Ana Pimentel, Daniela Nunes, Sónia Pereira, Rodrigo Martins and\nElvira Fortunato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50987",authors:[{id:"5882",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Martins",slug:"rodrigo-martins",fullName:"Rodrigo Martins"},{id:"175097",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvira",surname:"Fortunato",slug:"elvira-fortunato",fullName:"Elvira Fortunato"},{id:"177983",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Pimentel",slug:"ana-pimentel",fullName:"Ana Pimentel"},{id:"178405",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Nunes",slug:"daniela-nunes",fullName:"Daniela Nunes"},{id:"185860",title:"MSc.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Pereira",slug:"sonia-pereira",fullName:"Sonia Pereira"}],corrections:null},{id:"50601",title:"First Principle Evaluation of Photocatalytic Suitability for TiO2-Based Nanotubes",doi:"10.5772/63236",slug:"first-principle-evaluation-of-photocatalytic-suitability-for-tio2-based-nanotubes",totalDownloads:1730,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water splitting under the influence of solar light on semiconducting electrodes Immersed in aqueous electrolyte is a potentially clean and renewable source for hydrogen fuel production. Its efficiency depends on relative position of the band gap edges (the visible light interval between infrared and ultraviolet (UV) ranges of electromagnetic spectrum corresponds to gap widths 1.5–2.8 eV) accompanied by a proper band alignment relative to both reduction (H+/H2) and oxidation (O2/H2O) potentials (−4.44 eV and −5.67 eV on energy scale for vacuum, respectively) which must be positioned inside the band gap. Its width for TiO2 anatase-structured bulk is experimentally found to be 3.2 eV, which corresponds to photocatalytic activity under UV light possessing only ~1% efficiency of sunlight energy conversion. Noticeable growth of this efficiency can be achieved by by adjusting the band gap edges for titania bulk through nanoscale transformation of its morphology to anatase-type nanotubes (NTs) (formed by folding of (001) or (101) nanothin TiO2 sheets consisting of 9 or 6 atomic layers and possessing either (n,0) or (−n,n) chiralities, respectively) accompanied by partial substitution of pristine atoms by CO, FeTi, NO and SO single dopants as well as NO+SO codopants. In the latter case, the band gap can be reduced down to 2.2 eV while the efficiency is achieved up to ~15%. The energy differences between the edges of band gap (VB and CB), the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied impurity levels inside the band gap (HOIL and LUIL, respectively) induced in doped NTs, while preserving the proper disposition of these levels relatively to the redox potentials, so that εVB<εHOIL<εO2/H2O<εH+/H2<εLUIL<εCB, thus reducing the photon energy required for dissociation of H2O molecule. In this chapter, we analyze applicability of large-scale first principle calculations on the doped single-wall titania NTs of different morphologies with the aim of establishment of their suitability for photocatalytic water splitting.",signatures:"Yuri F. Zhukovskii, Sergey Piskunov, Oleg Lisovski, Andrei\nChesnokov and Dmitry Bocharov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50601",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50601",authors:[{id:"178391",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Zhukovskii",slug:"yuri-zhukovskii",fullName:"Yuri Zhukovskii"},{id:"185181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Piskunov",slug:"sergey-piskunov",fullName:"Sergey Piskunov"},{id:"185182",title:"MSc.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Lisovski",slug:"oleg-lisovski",fullName:"Oleg Lisovski"},{id:"185183",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrei",surname:"Chesnokov",slug:"andrei-chesnokov",fullName:"Andrei Chesnokov"},{id:"185184",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Bocharov",slug:"dmitry-bocharov",fullName:"Dmitry Bocharov"}],corrections:null},{id:"50258",title:"Pulsed Laser-Deposited TiO2-based Films: Synthesis, Electronic Structure and Photocatalytic Activity",doi:"10.5772/62637",slug:"pulsed-laser-deposited-tio2-based-films-synthesis-electronic-structure-and-photocatalytic-activity",totalDownloads:1658,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Active under visible light, photocatalysts based on doped titania were obtained via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. To find out the crystalline structure, optical properties, and electronic structure, the following techniques such as X-ray diffraction, electronic spectroscopy, electrical conductivity measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used. Photocatalytic activity is monitored by applying the photoreduction of dichromate ions under UV and visible light. The influence of zirconium ions and its content and synthesis conditions on the efficiency of nitrogen incorporation into titania structure that, in turn, determines the electronic structure and photocatalytic ability of the semiconductive materials are discussed. A substitutional nitrogen (Ti–N) rather than an interstitial one (Ti–O–N) is mainly responsible for the observed photoactivity. It is pointed that substitutional nitrogen is responsible for bandgap narrowing or formation of intragap localized states within semiconductor bandgap. The bandgap energy values are sharply decreased, while the relative intensity of substitutional nitrogen XPS peaks is increased. Pulsed laser synthesis of TiO2 films in N2/CH4 atmosphere not only leads to nitrogen incorporation but also to the formation of defects including oxygen vacancies and Ti3+ states which are all contributing to light absorption. An appropriate ratio of gas mixture, optimum zirconia content, suitable pressure, and temperature during synthesis was found for the synthesis of highly active semiconductive films. The highest photocatalytic conversion yields are obtained for nitrogen-doped 10% ZrO2/TiO2 synthesized in N2:CH4 = 5:1 at 100 Pa and at 450°C under both UV and visible light.",signatures:"Oksana Linnik, Nataliia Chorna, Nataliia Smirnova, Anna Eremenko, Oleksandr Korduban, Nicolaie Stefan, Carmen Ristoscu, Gabriel Socol, Marimona Miroiu and Ion N. Mihailescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50258",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50258",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. Mihailescu"},{id:"30871",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Eremenko",slug:"anna-eremenko",fullName:"Anna Eremenko"},{id:"37792",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",surname:"Linnik",slug:"oksana-linnik",fullName:"Oksana Linnik"},{id:"60531",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen-Georgeta",surname:"Ristoscu",slug:"carmen-georgeta-ristoscu",fullName:"Carmen-Georgeta Ristoscu"},{id:"178413",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataliia",surname:"Smirnova",slug:"nataliia-smirnova",fullName:"Nataliia Smirnova"},{id:"178416",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleksandr",surname:"Korduban",slug:"oleksandr-korduban",fullName:"Oleksandr Korduban"},{id:"178417",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolaie",surname:"Stefan",slug:"nicolaie-stefan",fullName:"Nicolaie Stefan"},{id:"178419",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Socol",slug:"gabriel-socol",fullName:"Gabriel Socol"},{id:"178420",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimona",surname:"Miroiu",slug:"marimona-miroiu",fullName:"Marimona Miroiu"},{id:"178422",title:"Ms.",name:"Nataliia",surname:"Chorna",slug:"nataliia-chorna",fullName:"Nataliia Chorna"}],corrections:null},{id:"50368",title:"Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Performance by Nanostructured Semiconductors with Glancing Angle Deposition Method",doi:"10.5772/62890",slug:"enhanced-visible-light-photocatalytic-performance-by-nanostructured-semiconductors-with-glancing-ang",totalDownloads:1728,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The glancing angle deposition (GLAD) method in physical vapor deposition is proved to be a versatile tool to fabricate nanostructured TiO2 as the photocatalyst on specific substrates to form self-standing structures, which are much easier to be recycled. And novel designs of doping, decorating photocatalytic active substance, are brought in to make TiO2 respond to visible light. In this chapter, we introduce our previous works such as TiO2 nanorods with CdS quantum dots, noble metallic nanoparticles, coating TiO2 via atomic layer deposition (ALD), and so on.",signatures:"Shuang Shuang, Zheng Xie and Zhengjun Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50368",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50368",authors:[{id:"178099",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhengjun",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhengjun-zhang",fullName:"Zhengjun Zhang"},{id:"184376",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuang",surname:"Shuang",slug:"shuang-shuang",fullName:"Shuang Shuang"},{id:"184377",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng",surname:"Xie",slug:"zheng-xie",fullName:"Zheng Xie"}],corrections:null},{id:"50208",title:"Insights into the Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds on TiO2 by Using In-situ DRIFTS",doi:"10.5772/62581",slug:"insights-into-the-mechanism-of-photocatalytic-degradation-of-volatile-organic-compounds-on-tio2-by-u",totalDownloads:1629,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photocatalytic degradation is a cost-effective technology for the removal of volatile organic compounds. However, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of volatile organic compounds on TiO2 is still a challenging issue. Fortunately, infrared spectroscopy is a powerful technique, able to provide information about adsorption/desorption, intermediates/products, and interfacial reaction. The aim of this chapter is to review several aspects of our current understanding of the role of TiO2 in the degradation of volatile organic compounds, by using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. We firstly review the state of photocatalytic degradation of volatile organic compounds briefly. This is followed by a summary of in situ infrared techniques. The interaction of TiO2 surfaces with vapor organic molecules and other species is then reviewed with the representative works in recent years. It ends with a brief future outlook on the mechanism of photocatalytic air purification of TiO2.",signatures:"Song Sun and Fan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50208",authors:[{id:"178075",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",surname:"Sun",slug:"song-sun",fullName:"Song Sun"},{id:"184982",title:"Dr.",name:"Fan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"fan-zhang",fullName:"Fan Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50311",title:"Typical Non–TiO2-Based Visible-Light Photocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/62889",slug:"typical-non-tio2-based-visible-light-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:2475,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Photocatalysis has received much attention as a potential solution to the worldwide energy shortage and for counteracting environmental degradation. However, the traditional photocatalyst, TiO2, cannot make use of visible light that accounts for 45% of solar spectrum because of a large bandgap (3.2 eV). Therefore, it is urgent to develop visible-light-driven photocatalysts. On the one hand, some modification technologies were explored to extend the light absorption of TiO2 to visible-light region, such as doping of metal and non-metal elements, dye sensitization, and so on. On the other hand, much effort has been directed toward the development of new visible-light photocatalysts. The good news is, some novel and efficient non-TiO2-based photocatalysts have been discovered, such as WO3, Ag3PO4, BiVO4, g-C3N4. In this chapter, these four typical visible light–driven semiconductor photocatalysts were highlighted. WO3 is a visible light–responsive photocatalyst that absorbs light up to ca. 480 nm. Besides that, WO3 has some advantages, such as low cost, harmlessness, and stability in acidic and oxidative conditions. Preparation of WO3 films with the deposition of noble metal is considered to be a promising approach for the photocatalytic applications. In addition, the characteristic morphology and improved photocatalytic performance of Ag3PO4-based and BiVO4-based have been raised up. New methods for fabrication Ag3PO4 with exposed high-energy facets and novel heterogeneous Ag3PO4 co-catalysts have been developed. Monoclinic BiVO4 is a promising photo-anode material for photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen. Co-catalysts loaded on BiVO4 could improve the surface charge transfer efficiency. Furthermore, g-C3N4 is a promising visible-light photocatalyst due to its unique electronic structure. To date, g-C3N4-based photocatalysis has become a very hot research topic. The synthesis, bandgap engineering, and semiconductor composites of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts are highlighted.",signatures:"Pengyu Dong, Xinguo Xi and Guihua Hou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50311",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50311",authors:[{id:"177926",title:"Dr.",name:"Pengyu",surname:"Dong",slug:"pengyu-dong",fullName:"Pengyu Dong"},{id:"184954",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinguo",surname:"Xi",slug:"xinguo-xi",fullName:"Xinguo Xi"},{id:"184955",title:"Dr.",name:"Guihua",surname:"Hou",slug:"guihua-hou",fullName:"Guihua Hou"}],corrections:null},{id:"50175",title:"Some Unitary, Binary, and Ternary Non-TiO2 Photocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/62583",slug:"some-unitary-binary-and-ternary-non-tio2-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Among all kinds of green earth and renewable energy projects underway, semiconductor photocatalysis has received wide interest because it provides an easy way to directly utilize the energy of either natural sunlight or artificial indoor illumination. TiO2, the most widely used photocatalyst, due to its wide band gap, can only be activated under UV irradiation, and thus, the development of novel semiconductor photocatalysts makes a significant advancement in photocatalytic functional materials. One of the effective strategies to overcome this shortcoming is photosensitizing these wide band gap semiconductors with narrow band gap semiconductors which have proper energy levels. This method can not only improve the photocatalytic activity, due to increasing visible-light-harvesting efficiency, but also can decrease the recombination of the charge carriers, because the formation of n–n or n–p heterojunctions between the combined semiconductors can induce internal electric fields between them. In this regard, this review presents some unitary, binary, and ternary non-TiO2 photocatalysts used for the degradation for organic pollutants and for water splitting.",signatures:"Martyna Marchelek, Magdalena Diak, Magda Kozak, Adriana\nZaleska-Medynska and Ewelina Grabowska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50175",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50175",authors:[{id:"178435",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ewelina",surname:"Grabowska",slug:"ewelina-grabowska",fullName:"Ewelina Grabowska"}],corrections:null},{id:"50196",title:"BiOX (X = Cl, Br, and I) Photocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/62626",slug:"biox-x-cl-br-and-i-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:2286,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photocatalysis technology has been wildly used to remove the most pollutants for environmental remediation under light irradiation. This chapter summarized the applications of BiOX (X = Cl, Br, and I) photocatalysts, including synthesis, photocatalytic performance without modification, enhanced VLD photocatalytic activity with the modification, and photocatalytic stability. Photocatalytic degradation (PCD) removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), contaminated chemicals, organic pollutants, and biological substances were introduced in this chapter. On the other hand, the morphologies, bismuth-rich effects, facet effects, and photocatalytic mechanisms of BiOX were discussed to provide effective methods for designing highly visible-light-driven (VLD) photocatalytic activity BiOX photocatalysts. The unsatisfactory points and future research directions also were briefly discussed at the end.",signatures:"Liqun Ye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50196",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50196",authors:[{id:"178439",title:"Prof.",name:"Liqun",surname:"Ye",slug:"liqun-ye",fullName:"Liqun Ye"}],corrections:null},{id:"51077",title:"Metal Organic Frameworks as Emerging Photocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/63489",slug:"metal-organic-frameworks-as-emerging-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:3544,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Increasing number of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently been recognised as a new generation of emerging porous photocatalysts in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, since their intrinsic coordination structure between the metal cluster and organic ligands offers MOFs great flexibility to tune their semiconducting property for enhanced light harvesting. In order to improve their performance substantially and achieve widespread application of MOF photocatalysts, it is necessary to develop effective synthesis strategies and understand their semiconducting crystal structure, photocatalytic mechanism in depth. This chapter firstly provides a brief introduction of the MOF materials; this chapter addresses the crystallinity, porosity and electronic semiconducting structures that are essential in solar energy conversion. Established and innovative syntheses strategies of MOFs are then categorised and illustrated, followed by various characterisations techniques applied to investigate their structural and semiconducting properties (band structure and charge transfer), including X-ray Diffraction XRD, small angle X-ray Diffraction SAXRD, adsorption/desorption, UV-Vis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), extended fine Auger structures (EXFAS), inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR)TEM and electrochemical measurements. The photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic application of MOFs are introduced addressing their unique photocatalytic mechanism. The perspectives of MOF photocatalysts are finally presented to encourage the future development. The content of this chapter suits the users including beginners, postgraduates and professionals.",signatures:"Ahmad Alshammari, Zheng Jiang and Kyle E. Cordova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51077",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51077",authors:[{id:"178523",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Alshammari",slug:"ahmad-alshammari",fullName:"Ahmad Alshammari"}],corrections:null},{id:"50719",title:"Indium-Containing Visible-Light-Driven (VLD) Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion and Environment Remediation",doi:"10.5772/63233",slug:"indium-containing-visible-light-driven-vld-photocatalysts-for-solar-energy-conversion-and-environmen",totalDownloads:1965,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Indium-containing visible-light-driven (VLD) photocatalysts including indium-containing oxides, indium-containing sulfides, indium-containing hydroxides, and other categories have attracted more attention due to their high catalytic activities for oxidation and reduction ability under visible light irradiation. This chapter will therefore concentrate on indium-containing nano-structured materials that demonstrate useful activity under solar excitation in fields concerned with the elimination of pollutants, partial oxidation and the vaporization of chemical compounds, water splitting, and CO2 reduction processes. The indium-containing photocatalysts can extend the light absorption range and improve the photocatalytic activity by doping, heterogeneous structures, load promoter, and morphology regulation. A number of synthetic and modification techniques for adjusting the band structure to harvest visible light and improve the charge separation in photocatalysis are discussed. In this chapter, preparation, properties, and potential applications of indium-containing nano-structured materials used as photocatalysis will be systematically summarized, which is beneficial for understanding the mechanism and developing the potential applications.",signatures:"Xiangchao Zhang, Duan Huang, Kaiqiang Xu, Difa Xu, Fang Liu and\nShiying Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50719",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50719",authors:[{id:"177907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Xiangchao",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiangchao-zhang",fullName:"Xiangchao Zhang"},{id:"184998",title:"MSc.",name:"Duan",surname:"Huang",slug:"duan-huang",fullName:"Duan Huang"},{id:"184999",title:"MSc.",name:"Kaiqiang",surname:"Xu",slug:"kaiqiang-xu",fullName:"Kaiqiang Xu"},{id:"185000",title:"Dr.",name:"Difa",surname:"Xu",slug:"difa-xu",fullName:"Difa Xu"},{id:"185001",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunlong",surname:"Li",slug:"yunlong-li",fullName:"Yunlong Li"},{id:"185002",title:"Prof.",name:"Shiying",surname:"Zhang",slug:"shiying-zhang",fullName:"Shiying Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50378",title:"β-FeOOH/TiO2 Heterojunction for Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Inactivation of E. coli",doi:"10.5772/62893",slug:"-feooh-tio2-heterojunction-for-visible-light-driven-photocatalytic-inactivation-of-e-coli",totalDownloads:1659,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, we report on the photocatalytic properties of β-FeOOH/TiO2 heterojunction material for the inactivation of Escherischia coli. XRD, HRTEM, EELS, ELNEFS were used to characterize the as-prepared material. A log reduction of the initial bacterial population was achieved after 45 min of irradiation in the presence of 0.1 mL of hydrogen peroxide. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was due to the effective charge transfer between Ti4+, Fe3+, and O2+ as shown from the EELS analysis of the heterojunction structure. The role of various reactive species formed due to the photocatalytic reaction was also investigated. Presence of •OH radicals in the bulk solution was the key factor in the photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli.",signatures:"Mahabubur Chowdhury, Ncumisa Mpongwana, Franscious\nCummings, Veruscha Fester and Seteno Ntwampe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50378",authors:[{id:"99148",title:"Prof.",name:"Veruscha",surname:"Fester",slug:"veruscha-fester",fullName:"Veruscha Fester"},{id:"161195",title:"Prof.",name:"Seteno",surname:"Ntwampe",slug:"seteno-ntwampe",fullName:"Seteno Ntwampe"},{id:"172353",title:"BSc.",name:"Ncumisa",surname:"Mpongwana",slug:"ncumisa-mpongwana",fullName:"Ncumisa Mpongwana"},{id:"178588",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahabubur",surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"mahabubur-chowdhury",fullName:"Mahabubur Chowdhury"},{id:"185371",title:"Dr.",name:"Franscious",surname:"Cummings",slug:"franscious-cummings",fullName:"Franscious Cummings"}],corrections:null},{id:"50369",title:"Alternative Approaches in Development of Heterogeneous Titania-Based Photocatalyst",doi:"10.5772/62891",slug:"alternative-approaches-in-development-of-heterogeneous-titania-based-photocatalyst",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Three alternative approaches for the development of heterogeneous photocatalysts are comparatively evaluated, namely (i) the use of molecular imprinting concept for the development of heterogeneous catalysts employing rhodamine B as template and sol–gel as synthesis route; (ii) the impregnation of TiCl4 on mixed nano- and micro-metric silicas, followed by calcination; (iii) the use of industrial and academic chemical residues as source of potential photocatalyst species impregnated on supports. All tests were carried on with rhodamine B as target molecule. For comparative reasons, photocatalytic tests were carried out with commercial titania (P25). The solids were characterized by nitrogen porosimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), zeta potential (ZP), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region (DRS-UV), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transmission spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). The supported catalysts resulting from silica nanoparticles and residue of the petrochemical industry achieved higher percentage of the dye degradation under ultraviolet (68.0 and 66.8%, respectively) radiation. The industrial waste reached the highest photocatalytic activity under visible (61%) radiation, while the commercial P25 achieved 82.0and 12.3% for ultraviolet and visible radiation, respectively. The textural and structural characteristics of the supported catalyst prepared with fumed silica and petrochemical waste (SiPe), namely the low-energy bandgap (1.8 eV), large surface area (280 m2 g−1), high pore volume (1.9 cm3 g−1), and high zeta potential value (−36.4 mV), may have been responsible for their high activity.",signatures:"Yolice P. Moreno, Cicero C. Escobar, William L. da Silva and João H.Z. dos Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50369",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50369",authors:[{id:"178200",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao Henrique",surname:"Zimnoch Dos Santos",slug:"joao-henrique-zimnoch-dos-santos",fullName:"Joao Henrique Zimnoch Dos Santos"},{id:"185057",title:"Mrs.",name:"Yolice",surname:"Moreno Ruiz",slug:"yolice-moreno-ruiz",fullName:"Yolice Moreno Ruiz"},{id:"185058",title:"MSc.",name:"Cicero",surname:"Escobar",slug:"cicero-escobar",fullName:"Cicero Escobar"},{id:"185059",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"william-da-silva",fullName:"William Da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"50285",title:"Metal–Semiconductor Hybrid Nano-Heterostructures for Photocatalysis Application",doi:"10.5772/62636",slug:"metal-semiconductor-hybrid-nano-heterostructures-for-photocatalysis-application",totalDownloads:2498,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will address the development of colloidal synthesis of hybrid metal–semiconductor nanocrystals and their application in the field of photocatalysis. Despite the plethora of examples of different-shaped metal–semiconductor nanostructures that have been reported, metal-tipped semiconductor nanorods are perhaps the most intensively studied, and their use as a photocatalyst will be the focus of the chapter. First, we will discuss different wet-chemical synthesis techniques to control the synthesis of these metal–semiconductor hybrid structures. Afterward, we will discuss their unique physicochemical properties that are a combination of semiconductor and metal properties. Finally, we will showcase several examples from the literature demonstrating the possible application of these unique hybrid structures in photocatalysis.",signatures:"Nimai Mishra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50285",authors:[{id:"178561",title:"Dr.",name:"Nimai",surname:"Mishra",slug:"nimai-mishra",fullName:"Nimai Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"50877",title:"Fabrication of Semiconductor with Modified Microstructure for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Under Visible Light",doi:"10.5772/63487",slug:"fabrication-of-semiconductor-with-modified-microstructure-for-efficient-photocatalytic-hydrogen-evol",totalDownloads:1965,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since sustainable energy and environment emerging as one of the top issues and challenges for humanity, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light has attracted increasing attention. Basically the separation and transmission of photogenerated charge carriers are the two main steps of a photocatalytic reaction. They should be key aspects in the design of efficient photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.",signatures:"Tao Yang, Xinmei Hou, Junhong Chen and Kuo‐Chih Chou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50877",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50877",authors:[{id:"178072",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinmei",surname:"Hou",slug:"xinmei-hou",fullName:"Xinmei Hou"}],corrections:null},{id:"51436",title:"Photocatalytic Activity of Quantum Dots",doi:"10.5772/63435",slug:"photocatalytic-activity-of-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:2437,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, nanoscale semiconductors have attracted great interest due to their unique structural, optical and electronic properties, which arise due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement effect. Quantum dots (QDs) as zero-dimensional semiconductor nanomaterials, which are confined to a size of 2–8 nm in three dimensions, are defined as particles with physical dimensions smaller than the exciton Bohr radius. One of the attractive research fields in recent years is the synthesis of various sizes and shapes of semiconductor material nanoparticles as doped with different dopants. The aim of this chapter is to focus on the photocatalytic activity of QDs as new, green and efficient nanophotocatalysts.",signatures:"Hamid Reza Rajabi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51436",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51436",authors:[{id:"178126",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",surname:"Rajabi",slug:"hamid-reza-rajabi",fullName:"Hamid Reza Rajabi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50296",title:"Graphene Materials to Remove Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals from Water: Photocatalysis and Adsorption",doi:"10.5772/62777",slug:"graphene-materials-to-remove-organic-pollutants-and-heavy-metals-from-water-photocatalysis-and-adsor",totalDownloads:2999,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:24,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since graphene was isolated from graphite, different researches have been developed around it. The versatility of graphene properties and their derivates, such as graphene oxide or doped and functionalized graphene materials have expanded the possible applications of these nanostructures. The areas studied of graphene include the following: nanocomposites, drug delivery, transistors, quantum dots, optoelectronic, storage energy, sensors, catalyst support, supercapacitors, among others. However, other important field of these materials is their applications in environment, mainly in the removal of pollutants in water. In this context, there are two possible alternatives to use graphene materials in water purification: photocatalysis and adsorption. In the first case, the key is related to the bandgap and semiconductors properties of these materials, also the versatility of different graphene structures after the oxidation or functionalization, play an important role to get different arrangements useful in photocatalysis and avoid recombination, one of the problems of typical semiconductors photocatalysts. In the second case, surface area and useful chemical groups in carbon material give different options to produce efficient adsorbents depending on different synthesis conditions. Thus, this book chapter covers a review of the photocatalytic activity of graphene materials with emphasis in the removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals from water, in the next topics: graphene-based semiconductor photocatalyst and graphene oxide as photocatalyst. On the other hand, the chapter also discusses the research related to the removal of organic compounds and heavy metals using graphene materials as adsorbents, the topics in this second part are as follows: graphene and graphene oxide as adsorbent of heavy metals from water, graphene, and graphene oxide as adsorbent of organic pollutants from water, functionalized graphene materials as adsorbent of water pollutants, carbon nanomaterials vs. graphene as adsorbents. Therefore, the book chapter presents a review and the discussion of the keys that play an important role in the advances in the research of graphene materials as photocatalysts. In addition, the isotherms and kinetic that produce these materials as adsorbents are also reviewed and discussed, because adsorption process in these materials is important to remove pollutants from water, but also for adsorption is a first step to achieve photocatalyst. The future of this topic in graphene materials is also analyzed.",signatures:"Eduardo E. Pérez-Ramírez, Miguel de la Luz-Asunción, Ana L.\nMartínez-Hernández and Carlos Velasco-Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50296",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50296",authors:[{id:"178665",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos"},{id:"178667",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",surname:"Martínez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martínez-Hernandez"},{id:"178668",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo Enrique",surname:"Perez-Ramirez",slug:"eduardo-enrique-perez-ramirez",fullName:"Eduardo Enrique Perez-Ramirez"},{id:"178669",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",surname:"De La Luz-Asunción",slug:"miguel-de-la-luz-asuncion",fullName:"Miguel De La Luz-Asunción"}],corrections:null},{id:"50207",title:"Photocatalytic Membranes for Efficient Water Treatment",doi:"10.5772/62584",slug:"photocatalytic-membranes-for-efficient-water-treatment",totalDownloads:3129,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Membrane processes which combine the physical separation through filtration and pollutant degradation or antibacterial properties achieved by photocatalysis in a single unit are gaining popularity as wastewater treatment alternatives. There has been considerable progress in the development of photocatalytic membranes through incorporation of metal-oxide photocatalysts to enhance the performance of the membranes. An optimum amount of the photocatalyst should be incorporated into the membrane in order to realise reasonable photocatalytic activity with minimal consequences on water flux. Besides TiO2 loading, membrane performance is also affected by light intensity and irradiation time. This chapter highlights some of the recent progresses in photocatalytic membrane fabrication, reactor configuration and membrane application in disinfection and pollutant removal from wastewater.",signatures:"Alex T Kuvarega and Bhekie B Mamba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50207",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50207",authors:[{id:"177912",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Kuvarega",slug:"alex-kuvarega",fullName:"Alex Kuvarega"},{id:"178092",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhekie",surname:"Mamba",slug:"bhekie-mamba",fullName:"Bhekie Mamba"}],corrections:null},{id:"50218",title:"Degradation of Lignin Derivatives by Photocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/62585",slug:"degradation-of-lignin-derivatives-by-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:2024,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photocatalytic degradation experiments were done with lignin sulfonate in a circulating reactor. Catalysts (TiO2-P25-SiO2 + Pt, TiO2-P25-SiO2, TiOSO4_30.6 wt%, ZnO + TiO2-P25-SiO2), synthesized via the sol–gel method, were immobilized on porous glass support material. A comparative study was done regarding morphology of coatings, degradation rates, reaction rates, dissolved carbon (DC), formation of peaks, and fluorescence of products formed from the photocatalytic degradation of lignin sulfonate obtained from a local paper plant. Through simultaneous reaction–extraction pathways applying dialysis filtration and highly porous polystyrene divinylbenzene adsorbent resin (HR-P) for solid-phase extraction (SPE), an attempt was been made to isolate smaller molecules produced from photocatalytic degradation. Moreover, relatively high lignin sulfonate (0.5 g/L) concentrations are used in the reactions. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed a faster reduction in the concentration values for the aliphatic moiety compared to the aromatic moiety. Peaks were observed by both fluorescence spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromotography (HPLC), suggesting the production of new substances and fluorophores.",signatures:"Colin Awungacha Lekelefac and Peter Czermak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50218",authors:[{id:"178577",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Czermak",slug:"peter-czermak",fullName:"Peter Czermak"},{id:"178578",title:"Dr.",name:"Colin",surname:"Awungacha Lekelefac",slug:"colin-awungacha-lekelefac",fullName:"Colin Awungacha Lekelefac"}],corrections:null},{id:"50373",title:"Photocatalytic Removal of Organics over BiVO4-Based Photocatalysts",doi:"10.5772/62745",slug:"photocatalytic-removal-of-organics-over-bivo4-based-photocatalysts",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Organic compounds, such as organic dyes and phenols, are the main pollutants in wastewater. In the past years, a large number of studies on the fabrication and photocatalytic organics degradation of BiVO4 and its related materials have been reported in the literature. In this chapter, we shall focus on the advancements in the synthesis and photocatalytic applications of several kinds of BiVO4-based photocatalysts: (i) well-defined morphological BiVO4 photocatalysts, (ii) porous BiVO4 photocatalysts, (iii) heteroatom-doped BiVO4 photocatalysts, (iv) BiVO4-based heterojunction photocatalysts, and (v) supported BiVO4 photocatalysts. We shall discuss the structure–photocatalytic performance relationship of the materials and the involved photocatalytic degradation mechanisms. In addition, we also propose the research trends and technologies for practical applications of the BiVO4-based photocatalytic materials.",signatures:"Kunfeng Zhang, Jiguang Deng, Yuxi Liu, Shaohua Xie and\nHongxing Dai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50373",authors:[{id:"178116",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongxing",surname:"Dai",slug:"hongxing-dai",fullName:"Hongxing Dai"},{id:"178119",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunfeng",surname:"Zhang",slug:"kunfeng-zhang",fullName:"Kunfeng Zhang"},{id:"178120",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiguang",surname:"Deng",slug:"jiguang-deng",fullName:"Jiguang Deng"},{id:"178121",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuxi",surname:"Liu",slug:"yuxi-liu",fullName:"Yuxi Liu"},{id:"178122",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaohua",surname:"Xie",slug:"shaohua-xie",fullName:"Shaohua Xie"}],corrections:null},{id:"50510",title:"Photocatalytic Properties of Commercially Available TiO2 Powders for Pollution Control",doi:"10.5772/62894",slug:"photocatalytic-properties-of-commercially-available-tio2-powders-for-pollution-control",totalDownloads:2373,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide have been widely studied over recent decades since the discovery of water photolysis by TiO2 electrodes in 1972. Titanium dioxide has three main crystal polymorphs; anatase, rutile and brookite and rutile is the most common as the metastable polymorph. Each polymorph has different band gap positions. Anatase’s band gap is 3.2 eV, higher than rutile’s which is 3.0 eV. This difference in the band gap will determine their optimum UV wavelength range to promote a photocatalytic process. There are different methods to assess the photocatalytic activity of a material. The most commonly used method is the degradation of a dye in aqueous solution under UV light, due to its simplicity. Under these conditions the decomposition rate of a suitable organic dye is used as a measure of activity. Physical properties such as particle size and surface area will determine the effective area that will interact and absorb the dye prior to degradation. The physical mechanisms involved in such aqueous based methods differ from gas phase reactions. More advanced techniques use mass spectrometers to evaluate photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide in the gas phase. An effective photocatalyst for heterogeneous reactions in the gas phase is one which is efficient at creating radicals as a result of an absorbed photon.",signatures:"Manuel Nuño, Richard J. Ball and Chris R. Bowen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50510",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50510",authors:[{id:"127810",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris R.",surname:"Bowen",slug:"chris-r.-bowen",fullName:"Chris R. Bowen"},{id:"136048",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard J.",surname:"Ball",slug:"richard-j.-ball",fullName:"Richard J. Ball"},{id:"178619",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Nuño",slug:"manuel-nuno",fullName:"Manuel Nuño"}],corrections:null},{id:"51009",title:"A New Frontier of Photocatalysis Employing Micro-Sized TiO2: Air/Water Pollution Abatement and Self-Cleaning/ Antibacterial Applications",doi:"10.5772/62892",slug:"a-new-frontier-of-photocatalysis-employing-micro-sized-tio2-air-water-pollution-abatement-and-self-c",totalDownloads:2294,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the use of a commercial micro-sized TiO2 powder as an alternative to the traditional nano-powders as semiconductors in photocatalytic processes. Results of the photocatalytic efficiency towards the photodegradation of the traditional pollutant molecules both in gas phase (nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) and in water phase (phenol) are presented and compared to the results obtained with two nano-sized reference powders. Micro-sized TiO2 is also industrially coated at the surfaces of porcelain grés tiles (Active Clean Air and Antibacterial Ceramic™). The possibility to have a photocatalytic material, strongly stuck at the surface of a vitrified tile, increases the use of photocatalysis in real conditions: no problem of filtration of the semiconductor from the liquid medium after use and no risks of leakage of nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Tests were performed using reactors equipped with UV-A lamps and with suitable analytical systems, depending on the final purpose. Characterization data from both powders and coated tiles are put in correlation with the photocatalytic results to understand the semiconductor action during the photocatalytic process. Polluting molecules were chosen in order to cover all the common aspects of environmental pollution: NOx and some VOCs represent the model molecules to test the efficiency of the micro-sized TiO2 (degradation from the pristine molecule to CO2 or inorganic salts) in gas phase. As for the water pollution, phenol was chosen as common pollutant in worldwide rivers. Moreover, tests on self-cleaning and antibacterial properties are also reported. The positive results of micro-sized TiO2 both in powder and coated onto the surface of porcelain grés tiles open the way to new photocatalytic products that do not make use of nanoscale powders avoiding problems to human safety caused by the inherent toxicity of the nanoparticles.",signatures:"Claudia L. Bianchi, Carlo Pirola, Marta Stucchi, Benedetta Sacchi, Giuseppina Cerrato, Sara Morandi, Alessandro Di Michele,\nAlessandra Carletti and Valentino Capucci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51009",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51009",authors:[{id:"29523",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",surname:"Pirola",slug:"carlo-pirola",fullName:"Carlo Pirola"},{id:"45124",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Letizia",surname:"Bianchi",slug:"claudia-letizia-bianchi",fullName:"Claudia Letizia Bianchi"},{id:"185334",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppina",surname:"Cerrato",slug:"giuseppina-cerrato",fullName:"Giuseppina Cerrato"},{id:"185335",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",surname:"Stucchi",slug:"marta-stucchi",fullName:"Marta Stucchi"},{id:"185336",title:"BSc.",name:"Benedetta",surname:"Sacchi",slug:"benedetta-sacchi",fullName:"Benedetta Sacchi"},{id:"185337",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Morandi",slug:"sara-morandi",fullName:"Sara Morandi"},{id:"185338",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",surname:"Carletti",slug:"alessandra-carletti",fullName:"Alessandra Carletti"},{id:"185339",title:"Mr.",name:"Valentino",surname:"Capucci",slug:"valentino-capucci",fullName:"Valentino Capucci"},{id:"185340",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Di Michele",slug:"alessandro-di-michele",fullName:"Alessandro Di Michele"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2226",title:"The Development and Application of Microwave Heating",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2add3e48f564713712c1ee2af88eee9d",slug:"the-development-and-application-of-microwave-heating",bookSignature:"Wenbin Cao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2226.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48383",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenbin",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenbin-cao",fullName:"Wenbin Cao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"397",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Production, Properties and Functional Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"934fe33b73b2ecba961c67d5a90021ec",slug:"nanofibers-production-properties-and-functional-applications",bookSignature:"Tong Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tong",surname:"Lin",slug:"tong-lin",fullName:"Tong Lin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1045",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65d477e855685ea85913e5aba0c5217e",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1045.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3200",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97487143b896780afaf08cfd67cd1eec",slug:"nanofibers",bookSignature:"Ashok Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3200.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7718",title:"Professor",name:"Ashok",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3077",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38dd4fb088a27b2552bf3d371e8c2872",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",bookSignature:"Satoru Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30519",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"satoru-suzuki",fullName:"Satoru Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"191",title:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc3407e602cdd348af663727baebe3d",slug:"advances-in-nanocomposite-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3558",title:"Advances in Graphene Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3a2158260a79c0fc8a4298864aa7dcd",slug:"advances-in-graphene-science",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"861",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f32b97a9aa541939cb212373d471d477",slug:"nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3156",title:"Nanowires",subtitle:"Science and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1916d90306aa50f0cae870c88e7550fa",slug:"nanowires-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Nicoleta Lupu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3156.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6995",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicoleta",surname:"Lupu",slug:"nicoleta-lupu",fullName:"Nicoleta Lupu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-the-development-biology-authentic-learning-of-mahasarakham-university-demonstration-s",title:"Corrigendum to: The Development Biology Authentic Learning of Mahasarakham University Demonstration School (Secondary), Thailand",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81439.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81439",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81439",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81439",chapter:{id:"78086",slug:"the-development-biology-authentic-learning-of-mahasarakham-university-demonstration-school-secondary",signatures:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",dateSubmitted:"April 27th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 13th 2021",datePublished:"February 9th 2022",book:{id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Theory and Practice",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342787",title:"Dr.",name:"Wutthisak",middleName:null,surname:"Bunnaen",fullName:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",slug:"wutthisak-bunnaen",email:"wutthisakcomplete@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"78086",slug:"the-development-biology-authentic-learning-of-mahasarakham-university-demonstration-school-secondary",signatures:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",dateSubmitted:"April 27th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 13th 2021",datePublished:"February 9th 2022",book:{id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Theory and Practice",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342787",title:"Dr.",name:"Wutthisak",middleName:null,surname:"Bunnaen",fullName:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",slug:"wutthisak-bunnaen",email:"wutthisakcomplete@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Theory and Practice",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11578",leadTitle:null,title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe use of antibiotics in food animals is largely in practice for decades. Poultry, as well as animal producers, use sub-therapeutic levels of antimicrobials in feed to get maximum production. Furthermore, in serval countries, non-judicial use of antimicrobials while using for therapeutic purposes is also been observed. However, research has evidence that the use of antibiotics in food animals has many deleterious effects on the animals, the environment, and human beings. One of the prime examples of antimicrobials' side-effects is the development of antimicrobial resistance that results in a reduction of treatment options in human and animal medicine. Nowadays, scientists are looking for viable alternatives to antibiotics including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms that are helpful for digestion and health. They are also capable to reduce harmful bacteria in the gut when supplemented in the diet. Many available studies show that probiotic supplementation in poultry, fish, livestock, and pet animals led to improved production, health, immunity, and meat quality.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-588-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-587-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-589-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3731c009f474c6ed4293f348ca7b27ac",bookSignature:"Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",keywords:"Beneficial Microorganisms, Probiotic Role in Health and Immunity, Supplementation of Probiotics in Poultry, Dietary Supplementation of Yeast in Farm Animals, Gut Health, Probiotic and Mucosal Immunity, Probiotics and Intestinal Architecture, Probiotics and Nutrient Absorption, Ban of Antibiotics in Food Animals, Regulatory Issues of Antibiotic Use in Farm Animals, Alternatives to Antibiotic in Animal Production, Consequences of Antimicrobials Use in Animals",numberOfDownloads:12,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A well-known researcher in the area of Veterinary Sciences with a key interest in Veterinary Microbiology and immunology. Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh completed his Ph.D. in Veterinary Science from Nanjing Agricultural University, China. He has published more than 100 research and review articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals. He is an editor/editorial board member of many scholarly journals in the area of animal health and production.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225390/images/system/225390.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh was born in Mehrabpur, Sindh, Pakistan. He completed his studies in Veterinary Medicine and Masters in Veterinary Microbiology in 2003 and 2007 respectively, with distinguished grades. In 2009, he was awarded an overseas scholarship by the Government of Pakistan and proceeded to China for doctoral studies. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. He has edited two books and published more than 100 research and review articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals. He has supervised/co-supervised more than 35 M.Phil students. He is also the author of many books and book chapters. In addition, he is an editor/editorial board member of many scholarly journals in the area of animal health and production.",institutionString:"Sindh Agriculture University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Sindh Agriculture University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"25",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science"}],chapters:[{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8470",title:"Poultry",subtitle:"An Advanced Learning",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88f09746e2b424573c8dc0bd927e9dbb",slug:"poultry-an-advanced-learning",bookSignature:"Asghar Ali Kamboh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41661",title:"Enzymes in Bakery: Current and Future Trends",doi:"10.5772/53168",slug:"enzymes-in-bakery-current-and-future-trends",body:'The use of enzymes dates from much longer than their ability to catalyze reactions was recognized and their chemical nature was known. The first completely enzymatic industrial process was developed in the years 1960 [1]. Starch processing, which is undertaken in two steps, involves liquefaction of the polysaccharide using bacterial α-amylase, followed by saccharification catalyzed by fungal glucoamylase.
After the Second World War, enzyme applications rose due to advances in industrial microbiology and biochemical engineering [1]. Nowadays, enzymes are employed in many different areas such as food, feed, detergent, textiles, laundry, tanning, as well as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and fine-chemicals industries. Industrial applications account for over 80% of the global market of enzymes [2]. At least 50% of the enzymes marketed today are obtained from genetically modified organisms, employing genetic and protein engineering. Food enzymes are the most widely used and still represent the major share in enzyme market.
Developments in process technology allied to the use of recombinant techniques during the last decades allowed for considerably improved yields by fermentation, increased stability, and altered specificity and selectivity of enzymes [3-5]. Those techniques thrust forward and are continuing to broaden the applications of enzymes in food technology and many different areas.
There are two scenarios regarding the use of enzymes, either the enzymes are used to convert the raw material into the main product, or the enzymes are used as additives to alter a functional characteristic of the product. In the first case, the enzymatic process is undertaken in optimized and controlled conditions to enhance the catalytic potential of the enzyme, whereas in the second situation it is more difficult to assure optimal conditions and to control the enzymatic reaction [1]. An example of the first case is the use of immobilized glucose isomerase for the production of high-fructose syrups (HFS), and an example of the second scenario is the use of fungal proteases in dough making [1,6,7].
Enzymes are an important ingredient used in most bakery products. More recently enzymes have assumed an even greater importance in baking, due to the restrictions on the use of chemical additives, especially in the manufacture of bread and other fermented products [8].
The aim of this review is to discuss current applications of enzymes in the bakery industry and to explore future trends in this sector of food industry.
The development of bread process was an important event in mankind. After the 19th century, with the agricultural mechanization, bread’s quality was increased while its price was reduced; thereby white bread became a commodity within almost everyone´s reach [9]. An important aspect that contributed to evolution of the baking market was the introduction of industrial enzymes in the baking process, where bakery enzymes represent a relevant segment of the industry.
Among the main industrial enzyme producers, according to Novozymes S/A report 2011 [10], Novozymes S/A occupies 47% of the market, DuPont 21%, DSM 6% and the rest is occupied by other players. Furthermore, in that year, food and beverage enzymes represented 29% of enzyme business and biobusiness sales by the industry [10].
The world enzyme market is in evolution and a growth of 6.8% per year is expected [11]. The world food and beverage enzymes demand requires attention, because it represented $1,220 million dollars in 2010, around 36.5% of the total world industrial enzyme demand, estimated in $3,345 million dollars. Moreover, the world food and beverages enzymes demand is expected to be responsible for 40.1% of the world industrial enzyme demand in 2020, accounting for $2,520 of $6,280 million dollars of the world industrial enzyme market (Figure 1) [11].
Table 1 summarizes the world bakery and enzyme demand between 2000 and 2020, segmented according to products. It is possible to observe that the enzymes market for baked goods is expected to increase from 420 million dollars in 2010 to 900 million dollars in 2020, although maintaining its representativeness in this segment, varying from 34.4 in 2010 to 35.7% in 2020 [11].
Estimated world food and beverage enzyme demand participation on the world industrial enzymes in million dollars from 2000 to 2020.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||||
2000 | \n\t\t\t2005 | \n\t\t\t2010 | \n\t\t\t2015 | \n\t\t\t2020 | \n\t\t|
World food and beverage enzyme demand | \n\t\t\t520 | \n\t\t\t760 | \n\t\t\t1220 | \n\t\t\t1770 | \n\t\t\t2520 | \n\t\t
Baked goods | \n\t\t\t140 | \n\t\t\t250 | \n\t\t\t420 | \n\t\t\t625 | \n\t\t\t900 | \n\t\t
Dairy | \n\t\t\t180 | \n\t\t\t260 | \n\t\t\t360 | \n\t\t\t465 | \n\t\t\t610 | \n\t\t
Other foods and beverage | \n\t\t\t200 | \n\t\t\t250 | \n\t\t\t440 | \n\t\t\t680 | \n\t\t\t1010 | \n\t\t
Estimated demand of baked goods, dairy and other food & beverage enzymes in million dollars from 2000 to 2020.
Source: Adapted from The Freedonia Group Inc., World Enzymes to 2015.
Baking is a common name for the production of baked goods, such as bread, cake, pastries, biscuits, crackers, cookies, pies and tortillas, where wheat flour is both the most essential ingredient and key source of enzyme substrates for the product [12]. Even though based on cereals other than wheat, baked goods such as gluten-free products or rye bread are also considered to be baked products [8]. Baked goods formulations vary significantly depending on the desired final product, and typical ingredients, apart from starch, can include wheat flour (8-16% protein, 71-79% carbohydrate), fats, sugars, eggs, emulsifiers, milk and/or water [13].
Bread is usually made from wheat flour as raw material, which is a mixture of starch, gluten, lipids, non-starch polysaccharides and enzymes. After flour, yeast and water are mixed, complex biochemical and biophysical processes begin, catalyzed by the wheat enzymes and by the yeast, characterizing the dough phase. These processes go on in the baking phase, giving rise to bread. Extra enzymes added to the dough improve control of the baking process, allowing the use of different baking processes, reducing process time, slowing-down staling, compensating for flour variability and substituting chemical additives [14]. Starch is the main component of products such as bread and other bakery goods and is added to different foods, acting as a thickener, water binder, emulsion stabilizer, gelling agent and fat substitute [15]. It is the most abundant constituent and most important reserve polysaccharide of many plants, including cereals, occurring as intracellular, semi-crystalline granules. On a molecular level, its major components are the glucose polymers amylose and amylopectin [16]. Amylose is an essentially linear molecule, consisting of up to 6000 glucose units with α-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds (Figure 2). On the other hand, amylopectin is a highly branched polysaccharide constituted of short α-1,4 linked linear chains of 10–60 glucose units and α-1,6 linked side chains with 15–45 glucose units (Figure 3), containing on average 2 million glucose units [17].
Structure of amylose chain, assumed as a left-handed spiral due to α(1→4) glycosidic bonds (n = 500 - 6000 α-D-glucopyranosyl units).
Partial structure of amylopectin with amylolytic enzymes action sites represented by arrows: (a) α-amylases; (b) amyloglucosidases; (c) β-amylases; (d) isoamylases and pullulanases. Both α(1→4) glycosidic linkages between the glucose units in the linear chain and one α(1→6) glycosidic linkage to a side chain of the polysaccharide are represented.
Even though many flour components such as starch, arabinoxylans and lipids affect dough rheological properties [16,18-20], gluten provides dough with extensibility, viscosity, elasticity, cohesiveness and contributes to its water absorption capacity [21]. The unique ability of wheat flour to form visco-elastic dough with gas-holding properties is mostly due to the gluten proteins, the major storage proteins of wheat, which have an essential role in breadmaking [22].
Gluten proteins can be divided into monomeric gliadins and polymeric glutenins, based on solubility in 70% aqueous ethanol solutions [23]. Gliadins are globular proteins with molecular weights ranging from 30,000 to 80,000, and are further classified into three groups: α-, γ- and ω-gliadins [24,25]. Except for the ω-gliadins which lack cysteine residues, gliadins contain intramolecular disulfide bonds [21]. Glutenins consist of a heterogeneous mixture of linear polymers with a broad molecular weight range from ca. 80,000 up into the millions [22], made up of disulfide cross-linked glutenin subunits which are biochemically related to the gliadins. The intermolecular disulfide bonds stabilize the glutenin polymers [21]. Gliadins mainly impart the plasticity, extensibility and viscous properties to wheat flour dough whereas glutenins are mostly responsible for the elasticity and cohesive strength of dough (Figure 4) [21,22]. Aspects such as the glutenin polymer structure, size distribution and subunit composition, as well as the gliadin/glutenin ratio are important to determine gluten quality and, consequently, the breadmaking potential of wheat flour [25-29].
Schematic drawing of gluten proteins structure, where gliadins are represented by spheres and glutenins by filaments. The bulkier structure in the upper part shows the gas retained in the gluten network and consequent dough volume expansion observed in the baking process. The slimmer structure in the lower part represents plasticity, extensibility and viscous properties of the gluten matrix.
Cereal non-starch polysaccharides are dietary fibre constituents, mostly composed of arabinoxylans, β-glucan and arabinogalactan-peptides. Arabinoxylans make up the largest non-starch polysaccharide fraction of cell walls of many cereals, such as wheat and rye [22,30]. They are polydisperse polyssacharides with similar structural properties, which are present in water-extractable (WE-AX) and water-unextractable (WN-AX) forms [16]. Arabinoxylans consist of a β-1,4 linked D-xylopyranosyl backbone substituted with α-L-arabinofuranose residues at the C(O)3 and/or C(O)2 positions [31-33]. Arabinose residues can be further coupled at the C(O)5 to ferulic acid through an ester linkage [34] (Figure 5). Even though minor flour constituents, arabinoxylans have the capacity to significantly affect the properties of dough and the final baked product [18]. Arabinoxylans and arabinogalactans possess important functional properties for the cereal industry. They can improve dough development and dough stability, by enhancing the water absorption capacity of the dough. These polysaccharides also confer viscosity and may increase gas permeability by contributing to the elasticity of the protein film around them. Additionally, during breadmaking they improve loaf volume, crumb firmness, reduce retrogradation and therefore, enhance the shelf life and storage stability of bread [35].
Partial structure of an arabinoxylan: a linear main chain formed by xylan (a pentosan consisting of D-xylose units connected by β(1→4) linkages), randomly attached to L-arabinofuranose residues by α(1→3) or α(1→2) linkages.
In addition to starch, gluten proteins and wheat flour non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans, lipids and enzymes can considerably improve the breadmaking performance [16,18,22,36,37]. Lipids are important components in breadmaking because they provide a variety of beneficial properties during processing and storage. In bread, lipids come from multiple ingredients, largely wheat flour, shortening and surfactants in a typical bread formula [38]. Wheat flour contains about 2% lipids [23], which occur free and bound to other wheat constituents. They are classified as starch lipids and free and bound non-starch lipids, based on their solubility in solvents of different polarities [39]. The bound non-starch lipids are mainly associated with flour protein and consist predominantly of non-polar lipids, while free non-starch lipids comprise mostly polar glyco- and phospholipids [40].
Bread processing can be divided into three basic operations mixing, fermentation (resting and proofing) and baking. Through baking the mainly fluid dough or batter is transformed into a predominantly solid baked product. Indirectly, baking alters the sensory properties, improving palatability, and extending the range of tastes, aromas and textures of foods produced from raw materials [41].
Although baking has been practiced for a very long time, the whole process is not completely understood, possibly due to the occurrence of several coupled complex physical [42] and molecular processes [43]. The baking process therefore results in a series of physical, chemical and biochemical changes in the product. These changes include volume expansion, evaporation of water, formation of a porous structure, denaturation of protein, gelatinization of starch, crust formation and browning reactions [44].
Bread consists of an unstable, elastic, solid foam structure, containing a continuous phase made up of an elastic network of cross-linked gluten protein molecules and of leached starch polymer molecules, mainly amylose, uncomplexed and complexed with polar lipid molecules, and also a discontinuous phase of entrapped, gelatinised, swollen, deformed starch granules [45]. The nature and properties of the final product are influenced by physical and mechanical mixing, chemical reactions (including enzyme-catalyzed reactions), and thermal effects (baking time and temperature).
The simplest breadmaking procedure is a straight-dough system where all bread formula ingredients are mixed into developed dough [46]. A second process is the sponge and dough method where mixing of ingredients is performed in two steps. Leavening agent is prepared in the first step, by mixing together the yeast and certain quantity of water and flour. The mixture is left to develop for a few hours and then it is mixed with the other ingredients [42]. A third procedure is the Chorleywood method in which all the ingredients are mixed for a few minutes in an ultrahigh mixer [47].
In conventional breadmaking, the most commonly used leavening agent is the yeast
The breadmaking process begins with the formation of dough through mixing of flour, water, yeast, sugar, salt, shortening and other ingredients. Flour particles are hydrated and sheared during mixing, and dough develops when gluten proteins form a continuous cohesive network in which the starch granules are dispersed [40]. Depolymerisation and polymerisation reactions possibly give rise to the gluten network, mostly made up of glutenin [50]. Incorporation of air during dough mixing is extremely important, affecting the final crumb structure because the carbon dioxide produced by yeast during fermentation diffuses to pre-existing air bubbles [40,51]. An optimal gluten network confers dough machinability, good gas retention, high bread volume and fine crumb structure [29]. After resting, the dough is divided into loaf-sized pieces, rounded, moulded, placed on a baking tray, proofed and baked.
The combined effects of heat, moisture and time induce starch gelatinisation and pasting which together with heatsetting of gluten proteins occur during baking, giving rise to the typical solid foam structure of baked bread [22]. The partially crystalline starch is converted into amorphous, transient, gelatinised starch networks. The swollen gelatinised starch granules are deformed, part of the starch polymers leach out of the granules and form a continuous network in the bread crumb [40,52]. Besides accumulation of amylose outside the granules, the presence of an amylose-rich region in the centre of gelatinised starch granules was found after baking [22,52].
During baking the transient gluten network formed in dough is transformed into a continuous, permanent network probably due to modifications in protein surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl/disulfide interchanges and formation of new disulfide cross-links [22,38,50,53]. Moreover, heat-induced sulfhydryl-disulfide exchange reactions can lead to incorporation of α- and γ-gliadins into the glutenin network [54]. Gas cell opening occurs, and besides becoming gluten continuous the bread is also gas-continuous [38,40].
Macroscopic changes during baking include further expansion of the dough and crust formation and browning [40]. The oven spring is due to continued production of carbon dioxide by yeast, its expansion by heating and vaporisation of ethanol and water. The bread bakes from the outside to the inside, resulting in a baked crumb [38].
The crust browning is directly related to the reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose, etc.) formed by hydrolysis of starch and complex sugars of the flour, during dough making and leavening. Under heating, the sugars can undergo caramelisation, and/or the reducing sugars can react with the free amino acid groups of proteins in the Maillard reaction [54,55]. Besides, different flavour compounds are produced, giving bread its appealing smell and taste [55].
Additional interactions between biopolymers in the bread crumb occur during cooling. Amylose chains form helices, self-associate and crystallise [22,52,57]. Moreover, amylose may form more inclusion complexes with polar lipids. As a consequence, a permanent and in part crystalline amylose network is formed, providing a soft crumb in fresh bread. The gluten network organized during baking and the amylose network developed while cooling thus account for the plasticity of freshly baked bread [22].
Fresh bread consists mainly of a continuous gluten network, which forms a compressed matrix between the swollen, gelatinised starch granules, and the starch network, consisting of entangled, gelatinised starch polymers [22]. It usually presents an appealing brownish and crunchy crust, a pleasant aroma, fine slicing characteristics, a soft and elastic crumb texture, and a moist mouthfeel [47]. However, when a loaf of bread is removed from the oven after baking, a series of undesirable changes called staling starts, eventually leading to deterioration of quality [46].
Staling implies a relatively short shelf life for fresh bakery products. The loss of freshness is paralleled by an increase in crumb firmness and a decrease in flavour and aroma, leading to loss of consumer acceptance. Loss of moisture and starch retrogradation are accepted as two of the basic mechanisms in the firming of the crumb [58]. This subject has been extensively reviewed and discussed in [16,22,45]. In this context, mechanization, large scale production and increase in consumer demand for consistent product quality and longer shelf life of baked goods have led to the use of a wide range of additives (bread improvers) in the baking industry, which include emulsifiers, soy flour, chemical redox agents and enzymes [29,42,59].
Baking comprises the use of enzymes from three sources: the endogenous enzymes in flour, enzymes associated with the metabolic activity of the dominant microorganisms and exogenous enzymes which are added in the dough [60].
The supplementation of flour and dough with enzyme improvers is a usual practice for flour standardization and also as baking aids. Enzymes are usually added to modify dough rheology, gas retention and crumb softness in bread manufacture, to modify dough rheology in the manufacture of pastry and biscuits, to change product softness in cake making and to reduce acrylamide formation in bakery products [8]. The enzymes can be added individually or in complex mixtures, which may act in a synergistic way in the production of baked goods [60-62], and their levels are usually very low.
Enzymes as technological aids are usually added to flour, during the mixing step of the breadmaking process. The enzymes most frequently used in breadmaking are the α-amylases from different origins [63].
The industrial processing of starch is usually started by α-amylases (α-1,4-glucanohydrolase). Most of the starch-converting enzymes belong to the α-amylase family or family 13 glycosyl hydrolases (GH), based on amino acid sequence and structural similarities [64,65,66,67].
α-Amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) are endoenzymes that catalyze the cleavage of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds in the inner part of the amylose or amylopectin chain. The end products of α-amylase action are oligosaccharides, with an α-configuration and varying lengths, and α-limit dextrins, which are branched oligosaccharides [17]. These enzymes can be obtained from cereal, fungal, bacterial and biotechnologically altered bacterial sources. Differences in the number of binding sites and location of catalytic regions determine substrate specificity of α-amylases, the length of the oligosaccharide fragments released after hydrolysis and, consequently, the carbohydrate profile of the final product. The different forms of α-amylases also have diverse thermal stability profiles [15].
Also part of the GH13 family are the exoenzymes maltogenic α-amylase (glucan 1,4-α-glucanhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.133) and other maltooligosaccharide forming amylases (EC 3.2.1.60, for instance). While maltogenic α-amylase mainly releases maltose from starch, maltooligosaccharide producing amylases give rise to maltotetraose or maltohexaose, among others. On the other hand, debranching enzymes, such as pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) and isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68), grouped as well in the GH13 family, hydrolyse α-(1,6)-bonds removing the side-chains from amylopectin [16,17].
β-Amylases (EC 3.2.1.2) and glucoamylases (EC 3.2.1.3) are encompassed in the GH14 and GH15 families, respectively. Both are exoamylases that employ the inverting mechanism to cleave α-glycosidic bonds at the non-reducing ends of amylose and amylopectin, producing low molecular weight carbohydrates in the β-anomeric form [15,68]. β-Amylases are unable to cleave α-1,6-linkages and the final products consist of maltose and β-limit dextrin. Therefore hydrolysis of amylopectin is incomplete, resulting in only 50-60% conversion to maltose. In the case of amylose, the maximum degree of hydrolysis is 75-90% due to the slightly branched structure of this polysaccharide [15]. On the other hand, glucoamylase has a limited activity on α-1,6-linkages and would possibly be able to catalyse total conversion of starch into β-glucose [16].
Malt and microbial α-amylases have been widely used in the baking industry. The malt preparation led the way for the commercial use of many other enzymes in baking [69]. Fungal α-amylases or malt are usually added to optimize amylase activity of the flour, initially aiming to increase the levels of fermentable and reducing sugars. In view of their lower thermostability, fungal α-amylases are more appropriate than malt amylases for flour standardization. The α- and β-amylases have different but complementary functions during the breadmaking process [70]. The supplemented α-amylases break down damaged starch particles into low molecular weight dextrins during the dough stage, while endogenous β-amylase converts these oligosaccharides into maltose which is used as fermentable sugar by the yeast or sourdough microorganisms [15,16]. The increased levels of reducing sugars lead to the formation of Maillard reaction products, intensifying bread flavour and crust colour. In addition, these enzymes can improve the gas-retention properties of fermented dough and reduce dough viscosity during starch gelatinization, with consequent improvements in product volume and softness [8,22,71].
Certain amylases are able to decrease the firming rate of bread crumb, acting as anti-staling agents. Amylase-containing anti-staling products typically consist of bacterial or fungal α-amylases with intermediate thermostability [16,22]. In this context, one of the most effective anti-staling amylases is the
Proteases can be subdivided into two major groups according to their site of action: exopeptidases and endopeptidases. Exopeptidases cleave the peptide bond proximal to the amino or carboxy termini of the substrate, whereas endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds distant from the termini of the substrate [77]. Most of the proteolytic activity of wheat and rye flours corresponds to aspartic proteases and carboxypeptidases, which are both active in acid pH. Additionally, aspartic proteases of wheat are partly associated with gluten [78]. Nevertheless, the proteolytic activity of sound, ungerminated grain is normally low [79].
Proteases are used on a large commercial scale in the production of bread, baked goods, crackers and waffles [80]. These enzymes can be added to reduce mixing time, to decrease dough consistency, to assure dough uniformity, to regulate gluten strength in bread, to control bread texture and to improve flavour [16,60]. In addition, proteases have largely replaced bisulfite, which was previously used to control consistency through reduction of gluten protein disulfide bonds, while proteolysis breaks down peptide bonds. In both cases, the final effect is a similar weakening of the gluten network [79].
In bread production, a fungal acid protease is used to modify mixtures containing high gluten content. When proteases are mixed in the blend, it undergoes partial hydrolysis becoming soft and easy to pull and knead [7,60]. Proteases are also frequently added to dough preparations. These enzymes have great impact on dough rheology and the quality of bread possibly due to effects on the gluten network or on gliadin [7].
Proteases are also applied in the manufacture of pastries, biscuits and cookies. They act on the proteins of wheat flour, reducing gluten elasticity and therefore reducing shrinkage of dough or paste after moulding and sheeting [8,81]; for instance, hydrolysis of glutenin proteins, which are responsible for the elasticity of dough, has considerable improving effects on the spread ratio of cookies [81].
Hemicellulases are a diverse class of enzymes that hydrolyse hemicelluloses, a group of polysaccharides comprising xylan, xylobiose, arabinoxylan and arabinogalactan [82]. This group includes xylanase or endo-1,4-β-xylanase (4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8), a glycosidase that catalyses the endohydrolysis of 1,4-β-D-xylosidic linkages in xylan and arabinoxylan.
Xylanase, also designated endoxylanase, was originally termed pentosanase [83]. A wide variety of xylanases have been reported from a plethora of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea and fungi [84]. These enzymes are mainly classified in the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11 [16,64,65], although putative xylanase activities have been reported in GH families 5, 7, 8 and 43 [84,85]. GH10 xylanases are regarded to have broader substrate specificity and release shorter fragments compared to GH11 xylanases, while the latter enzymes are more susceptible to steric hindrance by arabinose substituents [86,87]. In addition, different endogenous xylanase inhibitors occur in cereals:
The complete hydrolysis of arabinoxylans requires the concerted action of different enzymes. The xylan backbone will be cleaved randomly by endo-1,4-β-xylanases, the main arabinoxylan hydrolysing enzymes, yielding arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides. β-D-xylosidases (EC 3.2.1.37) cleave xylose monomers from the non-reducing end of arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides. The arabinose residues are removed by α-L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55), while ferulic acid esterases (EC 3.1.1.73) cleave ester linkages between arabinose residues and ferulic acid [30,83].
Xylanases were introduced to the baking segment in the years 1970 and are most often used combined with amylases, lipases and many oxidoreductases to attain specific effects on the rheological properties of dough and organoleptic properties of bread [85]. These enzymes have also been used to improve the quality of biscuits, cakes and other baked products [71].
The most favourable xylanases for breadmaking are those that preferentially act on WU-AX and are poorly active on WE-AX, because they remove the insoluble arabinoxylans which interfere with the formation of the gluten network, giving rise to high molecular weight solubilised arabinoxylans, resulting in increased viscosity and thus enhancing dough stability [92-94]. As a consequence, a more stable, flexible and easy to handle dough is obtained, resulting in improved oven spring, larger loaf volume, as well as a softer crumb with improved structure [43]. Moreover, the addition of xylanases during dough processing is expected to increase the concentration of arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides in bread, which have beneficial effects on human health [95].
The potential of GH family 8 xylanases as technological aids in baking was shown for a psychrophilic enzyme from
Recently, a purified GH11 xylanase from
Lipases (EC 3.1.13) or triacylglycerol acylhydrolases hydrolyse triacylglycerols (TAG) producing monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), glycerol and free fatty acids. These enzymes are widely found in nature [97]. Besides TAG lipases there are phospholipases A1 (EC 3.1.1.32), A2 (EC 3.1.1.4), C (EC 3.1.4.3), D (EC 3.1.4.4) and galactolipases (EC 3.1.1.26). Even though they are present in all cereal grains; lipase activity of white flour is usually low enough to avoid rancidity due to hydrolysis of native lipids and of baking fat [71,79,98].
The use of lipases in the baking segment is much more recent in comparison to α-amylases and proteases. The first generation of commercial lipase preparations was introduced to the market in the years 1990 and recently a third generation became available [59]. The latter are protein engineered enzymes, claimed to give a better effect in high speed mixing and no-time dough processes. Moreover, third generation lipases have lower affinity for short chain fatty acids, which reduces the risk for off-flavour formation on account of prolonged storage of the baked goods and the use of butter or milk fat in baked products [12].
Lipases (TAG lipases) of the first generation are 1,3-specific, removing preferentially fatty acids from positions 1 and 3 in TAG. These enzymes can improve dough rheology, increase dough strength and stability, thus improving dough machinability [62,99,100]. In addition, lipases lead to an increase in volume which results in an improved, more uniform crumb structure; hence a softer crumb is obtained [99].
The second generation lipases act simultaneously on TAG, diacylgalactolipids and phospholipids, producing more polar lipids, providing a greater increase in volume, better stability to mechanical stress on the dough, and a fine, uniform bread crumb structure compared to the first generation lipases [43,59,101]. Moreover, a third generation lipase was found to increase expansion of the gluten network, increase the wall thickness and reduce cell density, enhancing volume and crumb structure of high fibre white bread [102].
The surface active properties of the hydrolysis reaction products (MAG, DAG, monoacylgalactolipids and lysophospholipids), along with modifications on the interactions between lipids and gluten proteins caused by the lipases, as well as the effect of these enzymes on the incorporation of air during mixing are possible mechanisms by which they affect bread volume [101]. In this context, the roles of lipids and surfactants in breadmaking have been extensively reviewed elsewhere [38,45].
The addition of lipases has been claimed to retard the rate of staling in baked products [8,103,104]. The effect of these enzymes has been attributed to
The effect of a third generation lipase on the quality of high-fibre enriched brewer’s spent grain breads has been evaluated. The enzyme produced beneficial effects during bread making, positively affecting loaf volume, staling rate and crumb structure [102].
A recent study compared three generations of lipase enzymes with the emulsifier, diacetyl tartaric esters of monoglycerides (DATEM), on white wheat flour bread. Lipases and DATEM improved most aspects of bread quality. In shorter fermentation times, DATEM, a second generation (Lipopan F-BG) and a third generation (Lipopan Xtra-BG) lipase were more effective. In longer fermentations, unlike the third generation lipase (Lipopan Xtra-BG), moderate amounts of the second generation lipase (Lipopan F-BG) significantly increased the bread volume [59].
The application of lipase and MAG to produce fiber enriched pan bread using the straight dough method was assessed. The use of lipase dosages up to 50 ppm and MAG up to 2% indicated the possibility of replacement of MAG by lipases in fiber enriched pan bread [105].
Recently, the effects of two lipases and DATEM on the rheological and thermal properties of white and whole wheat flour doughs were compared. Lipases were able to cause modifications in the dough components (gluten proteins and starch). The enzymes improved dough handling properties to a similar or greater extent than DATEM, increasing dough stability, maximum resistance to extension and hardness, and decreasing softening degree and stickiness. The possible role of lipases in delaying starch retrogradation was indicated by the greater extent of formation of amylose-lipid complexes promoted by lipases in comparison to DATEM [106].
Lipoxygenase (linoleate oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12) is a non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase, found in a wide variety of plant and animal tissues, which with molecular oxygen catalyses the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing a
The main commercial sources of lipoxygenases are enzyme-active soybean flour and, to lower extent, flour from other beans, such as fava beans [12]. Wheat lipoxygenase catalyses the oxidation of PUFA in the free or MAG forms [110] while soybean or horse bean lipoxygenases also catalyse the oxidation of PUFA present in TAG [111]. The transient alkyl, peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals formed during lipoxygenase catalysed reactions are able to oxidise carotenoid pigments and sulfhydryl groups in peptides and proteins present in the dough, mainly giving rise to hydroxyacids [112].
In fact, the initial application of lipoxygenases in doughs was based on their ability to bleach fat-soluble carotenoid flour pigments, through co-oxidation of carotenoids with PUFA [113,114]. However, since the endogenous lipoxygenase content of wheat flour is insufficient to give enough bleaching effect, enzyme-active soybean or fava bean flour is added [114].
Lipoxygenases are also employed to improve mixing tolerance and dough handling properties [115]. In this case, the effect of these enzymes may be explained by oxidation of thiol groups of gluten proteins which can lead to rearrangement of intra- or inter-chain disulfide bonds [21] and also to formation of tyrosine cross-links [116], with consequent strengthening of the gluten network. As a result, improvement in dough rheology occurs, with increase in dough strength through proofing and baking, finally leading to improved loaf volume.
On the other hand, the action of lipoxygenase can lead to undesirable flavors in bread [79,114]. These flavors are possibly due to some of the breakdown products (ketodienes) formed during the anaerobic reaction [117,112].
Glucose oxidase (β-D-glucose:oxygen: 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.3.4) catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to D-glucono-δ-lactone and hydrogen peroxide [118,119]. This enzyme has been obtained from different fungal sources, mainly from genus
Glucose oxidase has been used successfully to remove residual glucose and oxygen in foods and beverages aiming to increase their shelf life. The hydrogen peroxide generated by this enzyme presents antimicrobial properties, and is easily removed by catalase utilization, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water [12,124-127]. Glucose oxidase can be used as alternative oxidizing agent instead of potassium bromate in breadmaking. Potassium bromate is an oxidizing agent that was traditionally used in baking, and its use was prohibited in many countries after it was recognized as carcinogenic [128,129].
Although the mechanism of action of glucose oxidase is still not completely understood, a possible explanation is that the hydrogen peroxide formed during catalysis promotes, indirectly, the formation of either disulfide bonds or dityrosine crosslinks, or both, in the gluten network [116,130,131]. Therefore, the increase in disulfide crosslinking and/or promotion of gelative oxidation on the gluten matrix confers dough machinability, good gas retention, high bread volume and fine crumb structure [54,132-134]. Addition of increasing glucose oxidase concentrations to wheat flour dough produced significant changes on dough rheology and bread quality; and the extent of the effect was highly dependent on the amount of enzyme and the original wheat flour quality [130]. Furthermore, glucose oxidase was able to recover the breadmaking ability of damaged gluten [135]. Another possibility to explain the improvements on crumb properties, in both bread and croissants, as a result of glucose oxidase catalysed reactions would be the crosslinking of the albumin/globulin fraction with both disulfide and non-disulfide bonds, and the slight occurrence of non-disulfide crosslinking in the gluten proteins [131].
Among the enzymes which have attracted attention for use in bakery is asparaginase. Differently from other enzymes, its use is not associated with improved bread volume, crumb softening or reduced staling. Instead, asparaginase is claimed to have a high potential of reducing formation of acrylamide during baking [136-138]. Asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolases, EC 3.5.1.1) catalyses the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonium, removing the precursor of acrylamide formation [139]. Acrylamide, classified as a probable human carcinogen, is formed in heated foods via Maillard reaction between asparagine and a carbonyl source [137,138,140,141]. Although asparaginase can be found among living organisms, including animals, plants and microorganisms, filamentous fungi as
Transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13) from microbial sources also have potential for application in bakery products. Food proteins can be modified through cross-linking by transglutaminases, resulting in textured products, protecting lysine in food proteins from undesired chemical reactions, encapsulating lipids and lipid-soluble materials, forming heat and water resistant films, improving elasticity and water-holding capacity, modifying solubility and functional properties, and producing food proteins of higher nutritive value [29,145-153].
Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) is a copper containing enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of a wide variety of phenolic compounds via one-electron removal, generating reactive phenolic radicals [29,154]. This enzyme is very interesting for baking due its ablity to cross-link the esterified ferulic acid on the arabinoxylan fraction of dough, resulting in a strong arabinoxylan network [155]. It was also reported that laccase may improve crumb structure and softness of baked products. Futhermore, increases in strength and stability, as well as reduced stickness of dough, which confers improvement of machinability, have been described [149,155-157].
A summary of the main applications of different classes of enzymes in the baking industry is presented in tables 2, 3 and 4.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
α-Amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) or α-(1,4)-glucanhydrolases | \n\t\t\tAmylose and amylopectin | \n\t\t\tα(1→4)-D-glycosidic [endo], | \n\t\t\tGeneration of fermentable compounds; Increase in bread volume; Reduction in fermentation time; Improvement in dough viscosity, rheology and bread softness; Improvement in bread texture; Formation of reducing sugars and subsequent Maillard reaction products, intensifying bread flavor and color; Decrease of bread crumb firming rate; Anti-staling effects. | \n\t\t\t[16,17,22,48,74,174] | \n\t\t
β-Amylases (EC 3.2.1.2) | \n\t\t\tAmylose and amylopectin | \n\t\t\tα(1→4)-D-glycosidic [exo], | \n\t\t\t[16,17,22,175] | \n\t\t|
Glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) or amyloglucosidase | \n\t\t\tAmylose and amylopectin | \n\t\t\tα(1→4)- and α(1→6)-D-glucosidic | \n\t\t\t[16,17,22] | \n\t\t|
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) | \n\t\t\tAmylopectin | \n\t\t\tα(1→6)-D-glycosidic | \n\t\t\t[16,17,22] | \n\t\t|
Isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68) | \n\t\t\tAmylopectin | \n\t\t\tα(1→6)-D-glycosidic | \n\t\t\t[16,17,22] | \n\t\t|
Maltogenic α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.133) | \n\t\t\tAmylose and amylopectin | \n\t\t\tα(1→4)-D-glycosidic, liberating maltose | \n\t\t\t[16,17,22,74,175] | \n\t\t|
Maltooligosaccharides forming amylases ( glucan 1,4-α-maltotetraohydrolase) (ex., EC.3.2.1.60) | \n\t\t\tAmylose and amylopectin | \n\t\t\tLiberation of maltotetraose or maltohexaose | \n\t\t\t[16,17,22,175] | \n\t\t|
Transferases Amylomaltases (EC 2.4.1.25) Amylosucrases (EC 2.4.1.4) Ciclodextrin glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4.1.19) | \n\t\t\tAmylose, amylopectin and dextrins | \n\t\t\tHydrolysis of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds and transference of a reducing group to a non-reducing acceptor (monosaccharide unit) | \n\t\t\t[17] | \n\t\t
Applications of starch modifying enzymes in baking.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) | \n\t\t\tCellulose and β-glucan | \n\t\t\tβ(1→4)-D-glycosidic [endo] | \n\t\t\tRemoval of insoluble arabinoxylans, contributing to gluten network formation; Increase in dough viscosity, stability, with better moldable form; Improvements on rheological properties of dough; Reduction in fermentation time; Increase of bread volume; Synergistic action of glucanases on xylanolytic attack of cereals structure, providing more soluble dietary fiber in bread products; Production of prebiotic oligosaccharides in bread. | \n\t\t\t[30,71,83,95] | \n\t\t
Lamarinase (EC 3.2.1.6) | \n\t\t\tβ-glucans | \n\t\t\tβ(1→3)- and β(1→4)-D-glycosidic | \n\t\t\t[71] | \n\t\t|
Lichenase (EC 3.2.1.73) | \n\t\t\tβ-glucans | \n\t\t\tβ(1→3)- and β(1→4)-D-glycosidic | \n\t\t\t[30,71,83] | \n\t\t|
Endo β(1,4)-D-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) or endoxylanase | \n\t\t\tArabinoxylan | \n\t\t\tβ(1→4)-D-xylosidic bonds | \n\t\t\t[71,83,85,95,165,176,177] | \n\t\t|
α-L-Arabinosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) | \n\t\t\tArabinoxylan | \n\t\t\tTerminal α-L- Arabinofuranoside residues | \n\t\t\t[71,83,95,102] | \n\t\t|
β-D-Xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) | \n\t\t\tArabinoxylan | \n\t\t\tβ(1→4)-D-xylosidic bonds (non- reducing end) | \n\t\t\t[83,95] | \n\t\t
Applications of cellulases and hemicellulases in baking.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Proteases (EC 3.4.) | \n\t\t\tGluten proteins Gliadin and glutenin | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tReduction of dough mixing time; Control of dough rheology or viscoelastic properties of gluten strength in bread; Enhance dough extensibility; Increase loaf or bread volumes; Formation of aminoacids and flavors; Crispness feature on bread crust; Production of gluten-free products. | \n\t\t\t[78,79,101,178,179,180] | \n\t\t
Transglutaminases Protein-glutamine γ-glutamyl-transferase (EC 2.3.2.13) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAcyl-transfer reaction between γ-carboxyamide and primary amines | \n\t\t\tCross-link between gluten and other peptides, forming a new protein network; Increase volume and improve structure of breads, better retention of gas; Improve bread crumb strength, height increase in puff pastry and croissants volume; Improve dough stability; Improve properties of gluten-free breads; Protect frozen doughs from damage. | \n\t\t\t[29,145-150] | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t |
Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) | \n\t\t\tTriacylglycerols | \n\t\t\tLiberation of free fatty acids | \n\t\t\tImprovement in bread volume and dough stability; Formation of emulsifiers; Retard staling; Development of flavors. | \n\t\t\t[59,106,158] | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t |
Glicose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) β-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase | \n\t\t\tβ-D-glucose | \n\t\t\tOxidation of β-D-glucose to gluconic acid | \n\t\t\tControl on browning for Maillard reaction; Improvements in crumb properties. | \n\t\t\t[130,131,181] | \n\t\t
Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) linoleate:oxygen 13-oxidoreductase | \n\t\t\tPolyunsaturated fatty acids | \n\t\t\tOxidation of fatty acids | \n\t\t\tBleaching of fat-soluble flour pigments; Hydroperoxides formed can oxidize sulfhydryl groups in proteins. | \n\t\t\t[79,182] | \n\t\t
Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) or benzene-diol:oxygen oxidoreductase | \n\t\t\tFeruloyl esters of arabinoxylans; sulfhydryl groups in gluten proteins | \n\t\t\tOxidation of phenol groups | \n\t\t\tDough strength, stability and reduced stickiness; Increase in volume; Improved crumb structure and softness. | \n\t\t\t[155,163] | \n\t\t
Sulfhydryl oxidase | \n\t\t\tSulfhydryl groups in proteins | \n\t\t\tOxidation of sulfhydryl groups | \n\t\t\tHelp gluten network formation and increase dough stability. | \n\t\t\t[79,162] | \n\t\t
Applications of proteases, transglutaminases, lipases and esterases, and oxidoreductases in baking.
It is common practice to use mixtures of enzymes, some of which are commercially available. The enzymes may act individually or present a synergistic effect. The trend is to choose and control the use of complex mixtures of enzymes which may act in a synergistic way and can exert a better effect (than the individually used) on the different flour components [60]. Recent advances in understanding of the dough forming and overall baking processes at the molecular level have focused attention on improvements that can be achieved by application of more specially tailored enzymes alone or in combinations. Usually, integrated experimental design and optimization followed by chemical analyses, rheological experiments and baking trials are necessary in order to provide answers to the more complicated questions [158].
The use of a combination of enzymatic preparations of amylases, xylanases and lipases has been reported by different authors [60,102,159]. This specific mixture is claimed to increase bread volume and shelf-life. The use of α-amylase and glucose oxidase to replace bromate led to a significant improvement in dough extensibility and bread volume [160]. Addition of commercial enzyme mixtures, containing α-amylase and lipase activities to produce bread samples, using the straight dough method, had a beneficial effect on bread keeping properties and resulted in the formation of a more thermostable amylose-lipid complex compared to the control bread [161]. Amylopectin retrogradation was inhibited by the use of the enzyme combinations and this effect was strongly related to a decrease in crumb-firming rates.
The combined use of different enzymes, classified as gluten degrading (like proteases) or adjuvants, such as amylases and xylanases, with a group of crosslink promoting enzymes, such as transglutaminases and glucose oxidase, was also studied [149]. Better shaped bread could be obtained after the use of gluten degrading or adjuvant enzymes, and association with transglutaminase resulted in improvements on texture and rheological properties. The crumb firmness which can further lead to staling, can result from transglutaminase action, but it may be reversed with opposite amylase, xylanase and protease effects.
In a similar way, combinations of enzymes classified as carbohydrate degrading, including amylases and xylanases (pentosanases), and crosslink promoting enzymes, like transglutaminases and oxidases, including glucose oxidase, laccase [149], lipoxygenase and sulfhydryl oxidase [79,162] were evaluated. The most frequent associations contained xylanases and glucose oxidase, but addition of laccase and transglutaminase was also employed. The hydrogen peroxide formed by glucose oxidase catalysis may interfere in gluten network, via oxidized glutathione reaction, leading to gluten disulfide bonds formation [43], and it also interferes in the formation of a soluble pentosan gel (from xylans) that increased dough consistency [146]. Because both oxidases and xylanases influence the xylan properties, xylanases and oxidases could be used advantageously in combination, resulting in a mesh of gluten and gelified xylans matrix, which increases gas retention, dough stability and bread volume. Laccase is reported to catalyze dimerization of feruloylated esters in feruloylated arabinoxylans in doughs [163,164], forming a xylan network, contributing to increase strength of dough and volume.
Lipoxygenases oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids during dough mixing. The hydroperoxides formed can oxidize the sulfhydryl groups of gluten proteins and thus be advantageous in the formation of the gluten network of dough. Sulfhydryl oxidase combined to glucose oxidase and xylanases has been used to strengthen weak doughs [79,162].
The use of a combination of commercial preparations of glucolipase, hemicellulase and hexose oxidase in formulations of frozen pre-baked French bread, substituted with whole wheat flour, improved parameters such as proofing time, oven spring and cut opening and cut height [158]. An interaction among the three enzymes was observed for most of the parameters, because the responses of each enzyme to variations in dosing were influenced by the doses of the other two.
Besides the demand for replacement of chemical additives by others from natural sources, there is an increasing concern among the consumers and consequently an increased demand for preservation and/or enrichment of foods with products that have beneficial effects on human health. Regarding baked goods, the use of enzymes to obtain dietary fiber enriched bread [102,165], for the development of gluten free products [145], to obtain products with increased contents of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides with prebiotic potential [165], has been reported.
Several aspects can be pointed out for the development of enzyme preparations able to provide the desired effects or with adequate characteristics for use under process conditions. Some of the possible strategies include selection of novel enzymes from different sources [166], especially from microorganisms obtained from the vast biodiversity of the planet, production of recombinant proteins from genetically modified organisms [167], as well as protein engineering.
Psychrophilic enzymes usually have higher optimal activity and stability at lower temperatures than their mesophilic counterparts [168]. Due to the fact that the temperatures most frequently used in dough mixing and proofing are around or below 35 °C, it has been suggested that psychrophilic enzymes would be advantageous candidates for use as additives in the baking industry [83,85]. In this context, researchers have shown that much lower dosages of psychrophylic xylanases than of the mesophilic enzymes could be used to attain maximal bread volumes [85,169,170].
Directed evolution is a powerful tool of protein engineering to design and modify the properties of enzymes [171]. This technology can be employed for a wide range of proteins, most of which are of interest for biocatalytic processes. Within a decade, directed evolution has become a standard methodology in protein engineering and can be used in combination with rational protein design and other standard techniques to meet the demands for industrially applicable biocatalysts capable of withstanding process conditions such as high substrate concentrations, high temperatures and long-term stability, as well as presenting desired specificity and/or selectivity [172]. For instance, a recent study reported the combined use of directed evolution and high-throughput screening to improve the perfomance of a maltogenic α-amylase from
In the field of cutting-edge remote media communication, the Internet of Things (IoT) is quickly establishing itself as a new paradigm. In the Internet of Things, people, data, processes, and things are connected to make network connections that are more relevant and useful than ever before. With the rapid advancement of IoT, it is exposed to numerous risks and challenges, such as handling huge amounts of data, processing energy efficiently, responding to security threats, and encrypting/decrypting huge amounts of data. The concept refers to a system of interlinked computing items, such as RFID tags, sensors, actuators, and cell phones; digital machines; and people, allowing the sharing of data over a network without the need for human-to-human interactions. In an IoT world, massive amounts of raw data will be continuously collected, requiring real-time sensor data streams as well as techniques for converting this raw data into useful information. Furthermore, data privacy and security will be a serious concern. A cryptographic algorithm designed for a device with incredibly low resources will have different design criteria than one commonly used. Modern cryptography has evolved from this very specific area into lightweight cryptography. The low energy requirement of these algorithms makes them resistant to physical attacks.
The storage space requirements of multimedia applications are more challenging due to the size of multimedia data, the need for real-time processing, transmission delay, and security protection. Many new applications have emerged in the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing fields, where multiple devices and servers perform thousands of operations at the same time. Multimedia applications require real-time processing, resulting in a critical role for encryption and decryption speed. A variety of technological fields, including smart cities and homes, have benefited from the Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT). Most multimedia contents require large storage discs to be uploaded and streamed to different devices. As a result, video data or media content can be thoroughly analyzed if an issue occurs. IoT devices are low-powered and small in size, so they have been needed a cloud platform or third-party storage device to store, operate, and process information collected.
A majority of encryption is related to encrypting and decrypting text messages or documents, but images are also a prime bearer of crucial information, therefore, they have been needed to be encrypted. The encryption process involves modifying the pixels of an image so they had no longer representative of the original image. Once the receiver receives the encrypted image, it must be decrypted to reconstruct the image. Having encrypted images ensures that even if an interceptor gets access to a picture during transmission they had incomprehensible to them. Another practical use of encrypted images is for the security of biometric data. Fingerprint and retina scans involving biometric identification have become increasingly common, so these data must be securely shared and stored. When data is encrypted, it can be unintelligible to the intruder even if it is accessed maliciously.
IoT security has been emphasized by many organizations and research agencies. Open Web Application Security Project has identified privacy issues, inadequate authentication/authorization, lack of transport encryption, and poor physical layer security as the main causes of cyber-attacks on IoT. Identifying a device, validating its identity, authorizing it, establishing keys and managing them, as well as establishing trust and reputation are the five features in IoT security. Cryptographic primitives can help accomplish all of these objectives, including authentication, access control, non-repudiation, confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Figure 1 shows the Thrust area in IoT security.
The thrust area in IoT security [
This chapter is organized in the following manner: in Section 2, I have presented a literature review. In Section 3, I have discussed the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and have described its detailed architecture framework. Section 4 presents the compared the current algorithms and approaches. Section 5 presents the results and discussion, while I have discussed the conclusions and provided further suggestions.
Several systems and approaches have been proposed to address the challenges and restrictions involved with the encrypted transmission of big multimedia data. Moreover, the security of multimedia data needs to be researched further. This section presents studies that have been previously conducted in different categories.
In their study, Shadi Aljawarneh, Muneer Bani Yassein & We’am Adel Talafha [2], the encryption of big multimedia data, developed and designed a multithreaded encryption algorithm system. An advanced encryption standard (AES), genetic algorithms, and the Feistel Encryption Scheme (FEES) are used in this system. The system was evaluated concerning computational run time and throughput for the encryption and decryption process to analyze the performance of the system on actual medical data and benchmarked against the RC6, MARS, 3-DES, DES, and Blowfish algorithms. They have been also implemented the encryption system with a multithreaded programming approach to improve efficiency and performance. Finally, they have been tested their system against the sequential version to evaluate its resource efficiency. Comparing our system to other available encryption algorithms, their results showed that our system took the least amount of time to run and delivered a higher throughput. Furthermore, they have been also able to achieve a 75% improvement in computation run time and a 4-fold increase in throughput versus their sequentially structured version. Based on the security objectives, our algorithm performed better than existing algorithms in achieving the Avalanche Effect, and they could therefore include it in any encryption/decryption process of large, plain, multimedia data.
Haidar Raad Shakir [3], a new method that combines the Haar wavelet transformation with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), as well as pixel shuffling based on chaotic logistic maps. This method calculates the Haar wavelet transform from the original image and uses the fields of the approximation coefficient (LL) and detail confidences (LH, HL, and HH) to derive the different frequency domains of the image. Using the AES algorithm, the approximation part (LL) is encrypted, and the Haar wavelet transformation inverse is then applied. In addition to the chaotic logistic map, a shuffled image is used to impede malicious image reconstruction attempts to strengthen the encryption. Several representative methods from the literature were examined and compared to the method. According to the test results, it achieved better levels of encryption and less image degradation across a variety of images.
Yong Zhang [4], designed a C program that uses AES in cipher block chaining mode for image encryption. He presented an image cryptosystem that is compared with existing chaos-based image cryptosystems based on encryption/ decryption speed and security performance. In simulations, AES is shown to apply to image encryption, which argues against the commonly held perception that AES is not suited to image encryption. As a result of this paper, He recommends using AES-based image encryption as a benchmark for the speed of image encryption algorithms. And all other encryption algorithms whose speeds are lower should be discarded in practical communications.
Yong Zhang, Xueqian Li, Wengang Hou [5], According to their study, AES cannot cryptograph images in CBC mode. However, AES in CBC mode could be used to encrypt images. AES can be used to encrypt an image and generate an initial vector (IV). AES is secured by far, so the tested image cryptosystem is secure. Simulation results indicate the AES-based image cryptosystem is faster than some chaotic systems-based image cryptosystems. The tested system can thus be used as a reference for comparing other newly offered image cryptosystems. Cryptosystems for images that perform encryption and decryption slower than AES in the same computer need to be enhanced.
Sohel Rana. Saddam Hossain, Hasan Imam Shoun, Dr. Mohammod Abul Kashem [6], propose a lightweight cryptographic algorithm with 16.73% lower power usage than the existing cipher. Modern electronics and the internet will enable resource-constrained devices to become daily necessities for everyone, so data security will be an important consideration. Those devices will be communicating with one another incessantly, so information must be protected at all times. The implementation shows promising performance making the algorithm an ideal candidate for resource-constrained devices.
Charanjit Lal Chowdhary, Pushpam Virenbhai Patel, Krupal Jaysukhbhai Kathrotia, Muhammad Attique, Kumaresan Perumal, and Muhammad Fazal Ijaz [7], an analysis to decrypt and encrypt images using hybridization of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Hill Cipher (HC), ECC and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), and ElGamal and Double Playfair Cipher (DPC). The measurements used in this analysis are (i) encode and decrypt times, (ii) entropy of the encrypted image, (iii) intensity loss of the decrypted image, (iv) Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), (v) Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), and (vi)Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI). ECC and ElGamal cryptosystems offer asymmetric key cryptography, while HC, AES, and DPC provide symmetric key cryptography. Hybrid processes combine the speed and ease of implementation of symmetric algorithms with the security of asymmetric algorithms. According to the metric measurement with test cases, ECC and HC have a good overall solution for image encryption with smaller image sizes when using AES with ECC.
Bing Ji, LLijunWang an, d Qinghua Yang [8], an improved AES-ECC hybrid encryption system that has good flexibility and versatility and optimized ECC multiplication unit design according to the characteristics of wireless sensor networks. It was capable of generating and authenticating digital signatures at a faster rate. It also fully met wireless sensor networks’ reliability, processing power, and power consumption requirements. AES encryption module is currently undergoing high-performance enhancements (increase throughput, decrease logic unit occupancy) and optimizations of ECC cryptographic module random point multiplications are currently being implemented. There are three properties of the scheme: (1) it provides better security with relatively low resource requirements, (2) it is straightforward to administer keys, and (3) it is resistant to some attacks and a digital signature can be generated and verified quickly and easily.
Alireza Jolfaei(B), Xin-Wen Wu, and Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy [9], method encrypts texture images via bit masking and permutation procedures using Salsa20/12 stream cipher as part of a novel texture encryption scheme that complements the existing methods for 3D object encryption. As a result, the method has very low overhead and meets the security requirements, and protects the 3D surface geometry from partial disclosure by keeping the texture patterns hidden. Compared to full encryption and selective encryption (using the 4 most significant bits), the scheme has a higher speed-security profile. The schemes are implemented and tested with 500 sample texture images. Comparing the experimental results with full/selective encryption by 128-bit AES, the scheme demonstrated better encryption performance.
M. Sankari P. Ranjana [10], To protect the image data in the mobile cloud through privacy-preserve lightweight image encryption (PLIE), they have been introduced a method that keeps metadata on mobile while maintaining user privacy. Mobile data is split, distributed, and scrambled (SDS) to maintain user privacy and store it in the cloud. As a result, the throughput increases, the encryption time is sped-up, and the complexity is minimized. Using the PLIE method implemented in Python language, the encryption time was approximately 50% shorter than that of AES. They have been measured the performance of the existing method (AES) versus the method (PLIE) using various parameters. Furthermore, they have been evaluate the security level by presenting some security attacks.
The AES encryption algorithm is symmetric in the group, and there are three different key lengths: 128 bits, 196 bits, and 256 bits, with the packet size being 128 bits. The algorithm is reasonably flexible in its application. The AES algorithm is widely used in software and hardware. In the three key lengths, the 128bit key length is commonly used. The internal algorithm performs a ten-time iterative process when the key length is under. The five sections of the final round are joined by the Sub Bytes, S-box, Shift Rows, Mix Columns, and Add Round Key. AES has five different units of measurement: bits, bytes, characters, groups, states. A round of AES is composed of byte replacement (Sub Bytes), line displacement (Shift Rows), mixed column displacement (Mix Columns), key replacement (Add Round Key), and so on. AES algorithm design should meet three criteria during all phases of the data packet transformation, in the beginning, and ending stages of encryption:
Can resist all known attacks.
Fast and coding compaction.
Simple in design.
Figure 2 shows the process of AES Encryption and Decryption. It relies on the packet size and the length of the key, and it is controlled by the key. The iteration round of the number is controlled by the key and the length of the block.
Process of AES encryption and decryption.
As a Figure 2, a cryptographic algorithm is shown on the left and a cryptographic algorithm is shown on the right of the figure. A key expansion algorithm is shown in the middle of the figure. It consists of N iterations having four different steps: byte replacements (Sub Bytes), line displacements (Shift Rows), mixed column shifts (Mix Columns), and key shifts (Add Round Key). There are no mixed column transformations in the final round. The decryption algorithm is the opposite of encryption (inverse byte substitution, inverse shift rows, and inverse mix columns).
For full encryption, the data is passed through Nr rounds (Nr = 10, 12, 14). These rounds are governed by the following transformations:
Add Round Key transformation uses a sub-key for every round, which corresponds to the number of bytes from the initial key. For example, AES-128 converts to 44 bytes per word, and every word are indexed as W[index] = [0…43]. The first set of columns (W0, W1, W2, and W3) are all full with the given cipher key and the columns in locations that are multiples of four (W4, W8, W12, …, W40) are all generated using the following three operations:
Rot Word: Rot Word rotates a word to the left for one rotation.
Sub Word: With Sub Word, individual bytes are replaced.
Word Wi-4 and a defined constant from the Recon matrix are XOR’d with the result of Rot Word and Sub Word operations.
In refs. [8, 9, 10], by comparing three papers, I presented them in my study, which compared their results.
In ref. [8], three hybrid methods have been proposed for image encrypting and decrypting. This section describes the key generation, background process, and algorithm for image encryption and decryption. The algorithms are mentioned below:
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with Hill Cipher,
ECC with AES,
ElGamal with Double Play fair Cipher.
In this section I will explain two things:
How does the ECC generate the key?
ECC with AES for Image Encryption and Decryption.
Here is an overview of the elliptical curve cryptography method. Elliptical curves are used over a finite prime field.
Where Fp is the finite field over a prime number p with generator G. a, b are curve parameters.
Whenever you multiply a point with different scalars, it creates every point on the curve. This is the generator of the curve G. To generate keys for elliptic curve cryptography, they have been defined the order of elliptic curve n as the smallest integer which when multiplied by generator G gives the zero point at infinity, that is, nG = O. Figure 3 shows how does the ECC key generates.
Key generation of ECC [
For the encryption and decryption of images, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is used in combination with AES. AES-128, AES-192, or AES-256 encryption and decryption are performed using the Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode. The initialization vector (IV) must be the same length and it should be a multiple of 16 or 24 or 32 bits, respectively. The initialization vector (IV) is not required for the Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode. AES encrypted bytes are converted to large integers to reduce operating costs by encrypting 2 × group size number of bytes in one ECC operation. This is because Base 256 represents values from 0 to 255 on the XY plane, and ECC encryption uses a point addition formula to encrypt any point on the XY plane. The algorithm is working with an 8-bit image whose pixel intensities range from 0 to 255. The benefit of performing such an operation is to eliminate the need to create a mapping table, which would otherwise be computationally impossible if an extremely large prime number was used to generate the finite field and share it between users. Decrypting is achieved by reflecting the SSK coordinates for the x-axis and taking modulus p. The reflected point is then added to the x-axis using the point addition formula for performing the inverse operation. Figure 4 shows an AES-ECC hybrid encryption system.
AES-ECC hybrid encryption system [
In ref. [9], Using Salsa20/12 for the upper nibble image encryption, the bitstreams of the lower nibble image are scrambled by permuting a zigzag pattern on the bitstream. They have been called our encryption mechanism ‘Salsa Dance’ since it is consistent with (Latin American) Salsa movement. Infer the steps of the encryption algorithm, P being the plain image, N being the nibble image, and C being the cipher image. If RGB is a 24-bit representation, each flat image, nibble image, or cipher image is represented by three M * N matrices, so R, G, and B color layers. For any pair of x (1 ≤ x ≤ M) and y (1 ≤ y ≤ N), multiply p (x, y) by n (x, y) and the result is the flat image, nibble image, or cipher image. P (x, y) and c (x, y) are the entry values for the plain-images, nibble images, and cipher images, respectively; n (x, y) ∈ {0, 1, …, 15}.
A 24-bit texture image with one color layer has the encryption procedure described below. For the other color layers, the procedure is similar. By splitting every entry into upper and lower nibbles, we could break the plain image into two nibble images that correspond to x and y. For any x (1 ≤ x ≤ M) and y (1 ≤ y ≤ N), n1 (x, y) and n2 (x, y) are defined as follows:
Figure 5 shows a zigzag path for scanning an image with the dimensions 3 * 4 in Figure 5a if mod(s, 12) = 7. In this case, entry scanning starts at the 7th entry and ends at the 9th entry, which is the entry immediately before the initial one. Scanning involves the placement of bits, column by column, in a matrix sequentially as they have been encountered. Permutation affects both bit-plane image bits (diffusion) as well as the values of nibbles (confusion). A mod (s, 12) = 7, the permutation result of the test bit-plane image can be seen in Figure 5b. Following the permutation process, when the scrambled bit-plane image is combined with every 4 consecutive columns, the encrypted lower nibble-image with size M * N can be reconstructed.
(a) A zigzag path to scramble bits of a bit-plane image, and (b) permutation result [
The final step is to create the cipher image by combining the encrypted upper and lower nibble images. To summarize, the whole encryption process is as follows:
Where,
PK (plain image), N1, N2 (lower nibble image), and C (upper nibble image) refer to plain, lower, and upper nibble images, respectively. In decryption, cipher images are further divided into upper and lower nibble images. In 24-bit texture images, there is a close correlation between different layers of color in the image. The upper and lower nibbles are decrypted with the same keystream used in encryption, while the inner nibble is decrypted by inverse permutation. To meet this requirement, Salsa20/12 uses a 64-bit nonce each time the color layer is encrypted. The same message will never be encrypted twice in the same way so that there is always a different ciphertext. If the same nonce and key are used on two different plaintexts, then you can cancel the keystream out by masking the ciphertexts together.
In ref. [10], this method ensures image data security using three different processes, of splitting, distributing, and scrambling the images. In addition, it ensures user privacy by keeping metadata in the mobile device, and finally storing it on the cloud. A split image file is broken into two parts: the header and the contents. The header contains several privacy-protecting features, including the image type, size, date of creation, chunk size, height, width, and resolution. There are many chunks of content. For distribution, chunks may be divided based on a pattern, such as a key, a predefined function, or an individual chunk. PLIE categorizes patterns as odd chunks (file1) and even chunks (file2) that are sequentially repeated. The maximum number of chunks is m = (image size/chunk size)—header size, where the image size is the size in bytes of the image file, and chunk size is the size of the chunks.
After studying the previous papers, I will be compared by showing them the different performance results. Table 1 shows the different results.
In reviewing the results in the table, we note that the time taken for coding in the first and second papers is greater than that spent on coding in the third paper.
The following parameters were considered in the comparative analysis: ECC with AES, test samples [7].
PSNR measures signal-to-noise ratio in decibels between two images. It is used to determine whether the original image is better than the compressed image. For the egg (grayscale), egg (colored), Mona Lisa (grayscale), and Mona Lisa (colored), the PSNR values are between 8 and 9.5.
The NPCR metric value (%) is the expected change in the cipher image’s pixels (when only one pixel of the plain image is changed) when the number of pixels from the input image is varied in the encrypted image. Based on the result of the Eggs (Grayscale), Eggs (Colored), Mona Lisa (Grayscale), and Mona Lisa (Colored) tests, it indicates that there is a significant number of pixels that differ from the original image in the encrypted image.
The average value of the UACI (%) is 30% for varying numbers of pixels in the encrypted image from the input image. The UACI measure shows how secure an algorithm is against differential attacks, such as plaintext attacks or cipher-only attacks. Higher values indicate that this image is more resistant to such attacks. Values obtained for Eggs (Grayscale), Eggs (Colored), Mona Lisa (Grayscale), and Mona Lisa (Colored) range from 26 to 30%.
Square error: in a decrypted image, the square error represents the discrepancy between the decrypted image pixels and the original pixels. For a good algorithm, the square error should be close to zero.
The PSNR, NPCR, UACI, and Mean Squared Error (MSE) metrics for Mona Lisa and Egg image are shown in Table 2.
Performance analysis | Size of input image encrypt | Size of output image decrypt | Algorithm used | Encryption time (seconds) | Decryption time (seconds) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In ref. [8], Eggs (Grayscale 256 × 256 Pixels) Image | 256 × 256 pixels | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-256 with ECC | 2.82401 | 2.75127 |
In ref. [8], Eggs (colored 256 × 256 Pixels) Image | 256 × 256 pixels | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-256 with ECC | 2.52632 | 2.50829 |
In ref. [8], Mona Lisa (Grayscale 256 × 256 Pixels) Image | 256 × 256 pixels | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-256 with ECC | 2.84150 | 2.7866 |
In ref. [8], Mona Lisa (Colored 256 × 256 Pixels) Image | 256 × 256 pixels | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-256 with ECC | 2.53642 | 2.52728 |
In ref. [9], Selective AES | M × 4 N | M × 4 N | ECB mode of AES-128 | 2.47 | Not Calculated |
In ref. [9], Full AES | M × 4 N | M × 4 N | ECB mode of AES-128 | 4.95 | Not Calculated |
In ref. [9], (Salsa Dance) | M × 4 N | M × 4 N | ECB mode of AES-128 | 1.00 | Not Calculated |
In ref. [10], Baby | 256 × 256 pixels. That used file sized 4.9 KB | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-128 | 0.0007 | Not Calculated |
In ref. [10], Leaf | File size 5.7 KB | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-128 | 0.0009 | Not Calculated |
In ref. [10], Wheel | File size 6.5 KB | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-128 | 0.00113 | Not Calculated |
In ref. [10], Ball | File size 8.7 KB | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-128 | 0.00113 | Not Calculated |
In ref. [10], People | File size 13.3 KB | 256 × 256 pixels | AES-128 | 0.0011 | Not Calculated |
Comparison of performance analysis.
Evaluation metrics for | Mean squared error (MSE) in decrypted image | PSNR (dB) | NPCR (%) | UACI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eggs (grayscale) | 0.0000 | 9.129 | 99.60632 | 28.90828 |
Eggs (colored) | (0, 0, 0) | (8.86691, 8.54116, 7.9478) | (99.63379, 99.64142, 99.6109) | (29.60341, 30.65091, 32.69575) |
Mona Lisa (grayscale) | 0.0000 | 8.62078 | 99.58191 | 30.37332 |
Mona Lisa (colored) | (0, 0, 0) | (9.39128, 8.98602, 8.7218) | (99.646, 99.63684, 99.62463) | (28.15297, 29.32043, 30.11092) |
Metric measures.
Based on the test image in Figure 7a, Table 3 offers the PSNR values for the encrypted images. Given the test image in Figure 7a, it is apparent that encryption using slightly different secret keys results in different Salsa Dance or AES cipher images. Salsa Dance, however, generates more dissimilar cipher-images than selective/full AES although the secret key is only changed by one bit. Thus, the method is highly sensitive to changes in the key, making the adversary’s analysis of Salsa Dance even harder in terms of finding any relationship between the keys used.
Encryption schemes | Selective AES | Full AES | (Salsa Dance) |
---|---|---|---|
Between the original and encrypted image with the original key | 6.0403 dB | 6.0345 dB | 6.0839 dB |
Between the original and encrypted image with 1-bit different key | 6.2709 dB | 6.1846 dB | 6.0821 dB |
Between the encrypted images using the original and modified keys | 8.5122 dB | 8.3964 dB | 7.7680 dB |
Comparison of the PSNR values.
According to the first paper [8], Compression of the image uses techniques that use less space to provide the same information, which solves the computation and high protection problem. The result is a low bandwidth, reduced storage space, and shortened computation times due to the compression.
According to the second paper [9], This paper describes a technical solution for meeting the confidentiality requirements associated with texture images that overcome the limitations of current techniques, in addition, large data volumes and high application requirements, including real-time performance, complexity, and security, are common.
According to the third paper [10], to reduce resource consumption, throughput, increase processing speed and reduce complexity, the PLIE method is an excellent choice for image encryption on mobile devices, It has been shown by a variety of performance measurements to maintain privacy for users in mobile and to reduce encryption time by nearly 50% compared to existing methods such as AES.
For the study, input and output images include Mona Lisa (Grayscale 256 * 256 Pixels), Mona Lisa (Colored 256 * 256 Pixels), and Eggs (Grayscale 256 * 256 Pixels). Representative input and output images, with encryption and decryption algorithms, are provided [8]. Figure 6 shows Sample input and output for hybrid algorithms.
Sample input and output for hybrid algorithms [
An example texture image and its encryption results are shown in Figure 7. Salsa Dance seems to disrupt the correlation between entries of the image while both full and selective encryption using AES fail to destroy the coarse pattern.
Encryption results of a sample texture image: (a) original image, and (b) encrypted [
Nowadays, all smartphones, laptops, and other communication devices connect to the cloud, making data accessible to everyone. IoT network is a group of various devices interconnected over the internet that exchange data between themselves and other services. It has a wide application range from smart applications to a variety of industrial applications. Encryption is one of the best techniques to guarantee end-to-end security in the IoT network, as the volume of data transferred is so high. Because nodes in an IoT network have limited resources, classical cryptography methods are costly and inefficient, so lightweight block ciphers are one of the most sophisticated ways to overcome security shortcomings in this environment. When we have compared the systems, we have found that these modifications were made to the original AES algorithm, while the original algorithm security remains robust, the modified AES algorithm remains lightweight and faster, providing more satisfaction for embedding in IoT devices and sensors that consume little power. Especially this algorithms that compared, improved AES-ECC hybrid encryption system that has good flexibility and versatility and optimized ECC multiplication unit design according to the characteristics of wireless sensor networks. It was capable of generating and authenticating digital signatures at a faster rate. It also fully met wireless sensor networks’ reliability, processing power, and power consumption requirements. Salsa 20/12 method that encrypts texture images via bit masking and permutation procedures using Salsa20/12 stream cipher as part of a novel texture encryption scheme that complements the existing methods for 3D object encryption. Therefore, mobile data is split, distributed, and scrambled (SDS) to maintain user privacy and store it in the cloud. As a result, the throughput increases, the encryption time is sped-up, and the complexity is minimized. Using the PLIE method implemented in Python language, the encryption time was approximately 50% shorter than that of AES.
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Diana Kitala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12176",title:"Oligonucleotides - Overview and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365b4a84e87d26bcb24b7183814fba04",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arghya Sett",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"301899",title:"Dr.",name:"Arghya",surname:"Sett",slug:"arghya-sett",fullName:"Arghya Sett"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12177",title:"Epigenetics - Regulation and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ee9205fd23aa48cbcf3c9d6634db42b7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tao Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12177.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"461341",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",surname:"Huang",slug:"tao-huang",fullName:"Tao Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12214",title:"Phagocytosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79d7747d6e3aa6a3623ab710a7634588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12214.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12332",title:"Resveratrol - Recent Advances, Application, and Therapeutic Potential",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c796885b34b6727cb8fb36badef827f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Imran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12332.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235082",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Imran",slug:"ali-imran",fullName:"Ali Imran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12424",title:"X-linked Recessive Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"994eb9ea3fd11da881d369c3325b0d24",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12424.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:73},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"200",title:"Public Health",slug:"medicine-public-health",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:90,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2528,numberOfWosCitations:1767,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1309,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2959,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"200",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10561",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life",subtitle:"Measurement Tools, Predictors and Modifiers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceab01f2adff820de3b93dcf2879ee4",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-measurement-tools-predictors-and-modifiers",bookSignature:"Jasneth Mullings, Sage Arbor and Medhane Cumbay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",middleName:null,surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245319/images/system/245319.png",biography:"Sage Arbor is a computational biologist whose research includes fields ranging from drug design, systems biology, and epigenetic database creation to fitness app development. His work spans a broad biomedical spectrum from drug design to clinical trial analysis, including being a medical school professor and researcher, project management of developers/analysts of globally distributed labs, electronic medical record data mining (SQL and NoSQL), Python/pandas coding, data segmentation, 6σ improvement, pathway mapping, and computational drug design and synthesis. Having worked at multiple academic institutions (Duke, Marian University) and companies (e.g., Pfizer and Dupont), his research has been on both proprietary and open-access datasets for publication to the wider scientific community. His recent publication topics include quality of life modifiers, therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer\\'s disease, bioethical versus religious standards, and scientific training in those deciding public policy.",institutionString:"Duke University School of Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duke University School of Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4e637d9f2cbc9ba038719e9c6894f34",slug:"primary-health-care",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10633",title:"Biotechnology to Combat COVID-19",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d834c746c5b159a201a9cdadfc473486",slug:"biotechnology-to-combat-covid-19",bookSignature:"Megha Agrawal and Shyamasri Biswas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193723",title:"Dr.",name:"Megha",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"megha-agrawal",fullName:"Megha Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9810",title:"Rural Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d76f29adf436c7bf1412bed141472c8",slug:"rural-health",bookSignature:"Umar Bacha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"244265",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",middleName:null,surname:"Bacha",slug:"umar-bacha",fullName:"Umar Bacha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9811",title:"Ultimate Guide to Outpatient Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c3d55096c4d4c1f1109b1c655d1a723",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-outpatient-care",bookSignature:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10705",title:"Healthcare Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8e9561a91e5f7771932aa5d49c3b687",slug:"healthcare-access",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal and Srinivas Kosgi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10705.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10470",title:"Current Perspectives on Viral Disease Outbreaks",subtitle:"Epidemiology, Detection and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c14777459bf484d53004a121bf8c761e",slug:"current-perspectives-on-viral-disease-outbreaks-epidemiology-detection-and-control",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10223",title:"Role of Obesity in Human Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c202a2b74cd9a2c44b1c385f103ac65d",slug:"role-of-obesity-in-human-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao and Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10223.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10571",title:"Global Women's Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6e4958a3dcb6623d2b8035bad5f3276",slug:"global-women-s-health",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10571.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10706",title:"Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a5246f0b6ba4f0e9ad1fbfa4134c598",slug:"fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",bookSignature:"Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10535",title:"SARS-CoV-2 Origin and COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Globe",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"043fa3e57c1448a9cf8155587a8cac3d",slug:"sars-cov-2-origin-and-covid-19-pandemic-across-the-globe",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10535.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:90,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"27687",doi:"10.5772/29869",title:"Heavy Metals and Human Health",slug:"heavy-metals-and-human-health",totalDownloads:18966,totalCrossrefCites:87,totalDimensionsCites:197,abstract:null,book:{id:"1012",slug:"environmental-health-emerging-issues-and-practice",title:"Environmental Health",fullTitle:"Environmental Health - Emerging Issues and Practice"},signatures:"Simone Morais, Fernando Garcia e Costa and Maria de Lourdes Pereira",authors:[{id:"13875",title:"Prof.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Morais",slug:"simone-morais",fullName:"Simone Morais"},{id:"79715",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-pereira",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Pereira"},{id:"87294",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia E Costa",slug:"fernando-garcia-e-costa",fullName:"Fernando Garcia E Costa"}]},{id:"36935",doi:"10.5772/37886",title:"Gender Differences in Food Choice and Dietary Intake in Modern Western Societies",slug:"gender-differences-in-food-choice-and-dietary-intake-in-modern-western-societies",totalDownloads:17762,totalCrossrefCites:47,totalDimensionsCites:120,abstract:null,book:{id:"1811",slug:"public-health-social-and-behavioral-health",title:"Public Health",fullTitle:"Public Health - Social and Behavioral Health"},signatures:"Claudia Arganini, Anna Saba, Raffaella Comitato, Fabio Virgili and Aida Turrini",authors:[{id:"114665",title:"Dr.",name:"Aida",middleName:null,surname:"Turrini",slug:"aida-turrini",fullName:"Aida Turrini"},{id:"116008",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Arganini",slug:"claudia-arganini",fullName:"Claudia Arganini"},{id:"116171",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Saba",slug:"anna-saba",fullName:"Anna Saba"},{id:"116173",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Virgili",slug:"fabio-virgili",fullName:"Fabio Virgili"},{id:"116174",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Comitato",slug:"raffaella-comitato",fullName:"Raffaella Comitato"}]},{id:"55808",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69127",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5426,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:109,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]},{id:"29979",doi:"10.5772/25344",title:"The Therapeutic Benefits of Essential Oils",slug:"the-therapeutic-benefits-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:24091,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:103,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Abdelouaheb Djilani and Amadou Dicko",authors:[{id:"63044",title:"Prof.",name:"Jilani",middleName:null,surname:"AbdelWahab",slug:"jilani-abdelwahab",fullName:"Jilani AbdelWahab"},{id:"116762",title:"Prof.",name:"Amadou",middleName:null,surname:"Dicko",slug:"amadou-dicko",fullName:"Amadou Dicko"}]},{id:"29974",doi:"10.5772/29471",title:"Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds and Structure-Activity Relationship Evidence",slug:"antioxidant-and-prooxidant-effect-of-polyphenol-compounds-and-structure-activity-relationship-eviden",totalDownloads:8699,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:81,abstract:null,book:{id:"1419",slug:"nutrition-well-being-and-health",title:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health",fullTitle:"Nutrition, Well-Being and Health"},signatures:"Estela Guardado Yordi, Enrique Molina Pérez, Maria João Matos and Eugenio Uriarte Villares",authors:[{id:"78010",title:"MSc.",name:"Estela",middleName:null,surname:"Guardado Yordi",slug:"estela-guardado-yordi",fullName:"Estela Guardado Yordi"},{id:"79173",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Molina Perez",slug:"enrique-molina-perez",fullName:"Enrique Molina Perez"},{id:"97576",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenio",middleName:null,surname:"Uriarte Villares",slug:"eugenio-uriarte-villares",fullName:"Eugenio Uriarte Villares"},{id:"120476",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Joao Matos",slug:"maria-joao-matos",fullName:"Maria Joao Matos"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"69876",title:"Leadership Styles in Nursing",slug:"leadership-styles-in-nursing",totalDownloads:3122,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Recent developments in the field of management-organization and organizational behavior and new concepts have also led to the emergence of new leadership styles in leadership. Leadership in health services is important for following innovations and adapting to current situations. Nurses working together with other health personnel in hospitals providing health services constitute an important group in leadership. Nursing, which is a key force for patient safety and safe care, is a human-centered profession, and therefore leadership is a key skill for nurses at all levels. The leadership styles of nurse managers are believed to be an important determinant of job satisfaction and persistence of nurses. The need for nurses with leadership skills and the need for nurses to develop their leadership skills are increasing day by day. There are several leadership styles defined in nursing literature. These leadership styles are examined under the titles of relational leadership style, transformational leadership, resonant leadership, emotional intelligence leadership, and participatory leadership. The task-focused leadership style is explored under the headings of transactional and autocratic leadership, laissez-faire leadership, and instrumental leadership.",book:{id:"9047",slug:"nursing-new-perspectives",title:"Nursing",fullTitle:"Nursing - New Perspectives"},signatures:"Serpil Çelik Durmuş and Kamile Kırca",authors:null},{id:"58916",title:"Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Women toward Family Planning",slug:"factors-affecting-the-attitudes-of-women-toward-family-planning",totalDownloads:8541,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Everyone has the right to decide on the number and timing of children without discrimination, violence and oppression, to have the necessary information and facilities for it, to access sexual and reproductive health services at the highest standard. Deficient or incorrect family planning methods, wrong attitudes and behaviors toward the methods and consequent unplanned pregnancies, increased maternal and infant mortality rates are the main health problems in most countries. Individuals’ learning modern family planning methods and having positive attitude for these methods may increase the usage of these methods and contributes the formation of healthy communities. It is considered important to examine the current attitudes and determinants in order to spread the choice of effective method.",book:{id:"6142",slug:"family-planning",title:"Family Planning",fullTitle:"Family Planning"},signatures:"Nazli Sensoy, Yasemin Korkut, Selcuk Akturan, Mehmet Yilmaz,\nCanan Tuz and Bilge Tuncel",authors:[{id:"216377",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazli",middleName:null,surname:"Sensoy",slug:"nazli-sensoy",fullName:"Nazli Sensoy"},{id:"216589",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Korkut",slug:"yasemin-korkut",fullName:"Yasemin Korkut"},{id:"216595",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcuk",middleName:null,surname:"Akturan",slug:"selcuk-akturan",fullName:"Selcuk Akturan"},{id:"216596",title:"Dr.",name:"Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Tuz",slug:"canan-tuz",fullName:"Canan Tuz"},{id:"216598",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilge",middleName:null,surname:"Tuncel",slug:"bilge-tuncel",fullName:"Bilge Tuncel"},{id:"216599",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"mehmet-yilmaz",fullName:"Mehmet Yilmaz"}]},{id:"69631",title:"Cultural Practices and Health Consequences: Health or Habits, the Choice Is Ours",slug:"cultural-practices-and-health-consequences-health-or-habits-the-choice-is-ours",totalDownloads:889,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human beings are social animals with an innate desire to conform to socially accepted norms and values. Over periods of time, some of these norms become standards that all members of the community are expected to adhere to. Deviance from these standards is seen as absurd, wrong, or frankly abnormal. However, many of these cultural mores have no scientific basis and, some of them actually promote behaviors with negative health consequences. This chapter examines the cultural practices of some communities in Africa and their health consequences and, explores ways to address the challenges.",book:{id:"9138",slug:"public-health-in-developing-countries-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Public Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"Public Health in Developing Countries - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Radiance Ogundipe",authors:[{id:"302308",title:"Dr.",name:"Radiance",middleName:null,surname:"Ogundipe",slug:"radiance-ogundipe",fullName:"Radiance Ogundipe"}]},{id:"55808",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5425,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:109,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"200",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82616",title:"The Quantum Theory of Reproduction. How Unique is an Individual?",slug:"the-quantum-theory-of-reproduction-how-unique-is-an-individual",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105769",abstract:"Our understanding of nature’s way is founded on quantum mechanics. In its existence of over 80 years, quantum theory has been describing the physical world. The attraction of studying quantum mechanics is the perception of the conceptual structure of nature. This is aided by the mathematical structure that exposes the internal logic of the subject by inventing a notation that embeds the philosophy of the question. To describe how unique each individual is. A calculation method was applied. The uniqueness of an individual is one in two nonillion, octillion, septillion, sextillion, quintillion, quadrillion, trillion, billion, million and thousand. Individuals are indefinitely unique.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Zouhair O. Amarin"},{id:"81930",title:"Smoking and Its Consequences on Male and Female Reproductive Health",slug:"smoking-and-its-consequences-on-male-and-female-reproductive-health",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104941",abstract:"Smoking contributes to the death of around one in 10 adults worldwide. Specifically, cigarettes are known to contain around 4000 toxins and chemicals that are hazardous in nature. The negative effects of smoking on human health and interest in smoking-related diseases have a long history. Among these concerns are the harmful effects of smoking on reproductive health. Thirteen percent of female infertility is due to smoking. Female smoking can lead to gamete mutagenesis, early loss of reproductive function, and thus advance the time to menopause. It has been also associated with ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Even when it comes to assisted reproductive technologies cycles, smokers require more cycles, almost double the number of cycles needed to conceive as non-smokers. Male smoking is shown to be correlated with poorer semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation. Not only active smokers but also passive smokers, when excessively exposed to smoking, can have reproductive problems comparable to those seen in smokers. In this book chapter, we will approach the effect of tobacco, especially tobacco smoking, on male and female reproductive health. This aims to take a preventive approach to infertility by discouraging smoking and helping to eliminate exposure to tobacco smoke in both women and men.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Amor Houda, Jankowski Peter Michael, Micu Romeo and Hammadeh Mohamad Eid"},{id:"81468",title:"The Knowledge and Use of Intra-Uterine Device by Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinic at Enugu State Teaching Hospital, Parklane",slug:"the-knowledge-and-use-of-intra-uterine-device-by-women-attending-ante-natal-clinic-at-enugu-state-te",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104097",abstract:"Intrauterine contraception has been recognized globally as one of the modern long-term reversible contraceptive methods suitable for women of all reproductive ages. It represents the most cost-effective method for preventing unwanted pregnancies, scientifically proven for its safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness and is known to last longer in preventing pregnancy than other methods. This study assessed the knowledge of mothers attending ESUT teaching hospital, Parklane on intrauterine contraceptive device, the use as well as the common side effects experienced by the users. A descriptive survey research design was used to sample 175 mothers. A structured researcher developed questionnaire was used for data collection. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents have good knowledge of intrauterine device but only 23 (14%) respondents make use of it. The commonly experienced side effects identified were irregular bleeding (75%) and vaginal discharge (62.5%). Although, the respondents had good knowledge of intrauterine device, their uptake of the method was poor. Therefore, there is a need to improve contraceptive counseling to ensure that women understand the relative effectiveness of IUDS. The study also recommended the need for better education for both clients and providers to improve the accessibility and acceptability of intrauterine device.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Chukwuasokam Caleb Aniechi and Uloma Cynthia Ezuma"},{id:"81003",title:"Perspective Chapter: Modern Birth Control Methods",slug:"perspective-chapter-modern-birth-control-methods",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103858",abstract:"This chapter focuses on various modern birth control methods, including combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only pills, progestogen-only injectables, progestogen-only implants, intrauterine devices, barrier contraceptives, and emergency contraceptive pills. Each contraceptive method is covered in detail, including mechanism of action, effectiveness, health benefits, advantages, disadvantages, risks, and side-effects.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Rahma Al Kindi, Asma Al Salmani, Rahma Al Hadhrami, Sanaa Al Sumri and Hana Al Sumri"},{id:"80084",title:"Contraceptive Implants",slug:"contraceptive-implants",totalDownloads:174,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101999",abstract:"Contraceptive implants or implantable contraceptive are five subdermal implants, rods the size of pencil lead that are embedded just under the skin on the inside of the upper arm. The rods contain etonogestrel, the metabolite of desogestrel, an equivalent progestin. Implants are often used during breastfeeding without an impact on milk production. It was identified that age does not affect the use of contraceptive implants but educational status is significant to its usage; there is an association between the age at first birth and the use of contraceptive implants; the number of liveborn children has a significant impact or influence on the use of implants; etc. This chapter focuses on types of contraceptive implants and its mechanism of action; global statistics on contraceptive implants; side effects; health benefits and positive characteristics of contraceptive implants; those who can and cannot use contraceptive implants; reasons women are not interested in contraceptive implants and factors influencing its usage.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Paul Hassan Ilegbusi"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11983",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing - Advanced Imaging Technology and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11983.jpg",hash:"81ebecb28b5cad564075e6f5b2dc7355",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11984",title:"Current Advances in Nanomedicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11984.jpg",hash:"3d98881cc9e323438670710d3aaaf71d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",slug:"benzimidazole",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pravin Kendrekar and Vinayak Adimule",hash:"e28c770013e7a8dd0fc37aea6aa9def8",volumeInSeries:34,fullTitle:"Benzimidazole",editors:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11406,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"306970",title:"Mr.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Tamadon",slug:"amin-tamadon",fullName:"Amin Tamadon",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002oHR5wQAG/Profile_Picture_1623910304139",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81972",title:"The Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa; Current Understanding of the Host Immune System and New Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105086",signatures:"Kwame Kumi Asare",slug:"the-submicroscopic-plasmodium-falciparum-malaria-in-sub-saharan-africa-current-understanding-of-the-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/171876",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"171876"},fullPath:"/profiles/171876",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()