Industry 4.0 technologies impact on supply chain sustainability.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2397",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy",title:"Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Spectroscopy is the study of absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation due to the interaction between matter and energy that energy depends on the specific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. This field has proven invaluable research tool in a number of areas including chemistry, physics, biology, medicine and ecology. The spectroscopic field of research is growing day-by-day and scientists are exploring new areas in this field by introducing new techniques. The main purpose of this book is to highlight these new spectroscopic techniques like Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Low Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy, Micro- to Macro-Raman Spectroscopy, Liquid-Immersion Raman Spectroscopy, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Injection and Optical Spectroscopy, and Nano Spectroscopy. This book is divided into five sections including General Spectroscopy, Advanced Spectroscopy, Nano Spectroscopy, Organic Spectroscopy, and Physical Spectroscopy which cover topics from basic to advanced levels which will provide a good source of learning for teaching and research purposes.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0715-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4284-3",doi:"10.5772/2757",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"advanced-aspects-of-spectroscopy",numberOfPages:550,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"bcc83fcd6b4bbfdaa677b37d94bdbdb6",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",publishedDate:"August 29th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2397.jpg",numberOfDownloads:147692,numberOfWosCitations:238,numberOfCrossrefCitations:68,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:207,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:15,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:513,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 9th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 14th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 12th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh is serving as an associate professor of chemistry at Forman Christian College (a chartered university), Pakistan. He has been duly awarded three gold medals for his outstanding academic performance in Chemistry and five gold medals including those from Minister HED and Governor of Punjab for his excellent performance in research and service to society. He has been awarded many international and national awards including the Representative of Pakistan award from UNESCO in Morocco, Young Chemist Award from IUPAC in Italy, Young Scientist Award from TWAS in Egypt and IAP/GYA in Germany, Young Scientist Award from IAP/World Economic Forum in China, Young Researcher Award from the Council for Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, IUPAC-2015 Award for Chemists as an outstanding chemist from developing countries in South Korea, Research Productivity Award in categories A, B, and C, Productive Scientist of Pakistan award, ranked 11th in Pakistan in the Chemistry category, Young Scientist award in 2017 and 2018, and the SATHA Innovation Award 2018 along with the Gold Medal. He has published +110 papers in international/national reputable journals, published/edited 25 books, issued 7 US patents/applications, presented 49 papers in international/national conferences, and gave 60 plenary/invited lectures in 25 countries around the globe. He has won 2 industrial projects and 6 major Research Grants from TWAS, USM, HEC, PSF, and ORIC GCU in the area of nanotechnology. 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After obtaining a master’s degree in Telecommunication Engineering, Dr. Cocco completed his Ph.D. in Information Engineering. From 2019 to 2021, he was a Coordination Board member of MotorVehicle University of Emilia-Romagna (MUNER). 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HBV infection is a hepatocyte infection that is globally considered as a public health concern [1, 2, 3]. There are more than 2 billion persons infected with HBV living today worldwide with 260 million estimated to be chronically infected with the infection and having a carrier rate varying from 9 to 20% in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [4, 5, 6]. Annually, there are close to 900,000 HBV-related deaths, mainly due to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The viral infection is the fourth most common vaccine preventable infection among travelers returning home ill after enteric fever, acute hepatitis A, and influenza [7, 8]. This viral agent can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many infected persons show no symptoms during the initial stage of the infection. Typically, the viral agent has an incubation period of 90 days (range, 60–150 days). The acute HBV infection that is acquired newly only shows symptoms rarely. Signs and symptoms of the viral infection differs with age; most children aged under 5 years old and newly infected immunosuppressed adults often show no symptoms, while about 30–50% of people that are more than 5 years of age are usually symptomatic [7]. When present, the typical signs and symptoms of acute infection include malaise, fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, dark urine, light color (clay-colored) stool, joint pain, and jaundice [8]. The overall case fatality ratio of acute infection due to HBV is approximately 1% [9]. People infected with HBV are susceptible to infection with hepatitis D virus; coinfection increases the risk of fulminant hepatitis and rapidly progressive liver disease [10]. Transmission of HBV is mainly through percutaneous or mucosal exposure to HBV-infected blood or bodily fluids including saliva or semen [2]. There are reports of transmission via sexual contact and contaminated medical equipment and through sharing of infected needles and injecting apparatus [11].
The prevalence of chronic HBV infection is ≥2%, such as in the western Pacific and African regions; expatriates, missionaries, and long-term development workers may be at increased risk for HBV infection in such countries [7, 8]. Serologic markers specific for the viral agent are necessary to diagnose HBV infection and for appropriate clinical management [12]. These markers can differentiate between acute, resolving, and chronic infections. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method can further be use to qualitatively or quantitatively detect the amount of HBV DNA in patients’ specimen after checking the markers of the virus [13]. All travelers should be screened for HBV infection markers, so that they would not be at risk of acquiring the virus during their stay [7].
Hepatitis B virus belongs to the family of
Morphology of hepatitis B virus [
The cardinal feature of HBV replication cycle is the replication of the DNA genome by reverse transcription, when virions bind susceptible cell-surface receptors and IgA receptors on liver cells following of RNA intermediate [18, 20]. The viral genome is transported into the nucleus, and it is then converted into a covalently closed circular double-stranded HBV DNA (cccDNA) molecule which acts as the transcriptional template for the host RNA polymerase II machinery that synthesizes polyadenylated and four capped mRNAs which encode the envelope structural proteins, viral core and the precore; polymerase; and X non-structural viral proteins [20]. A 3.5-kb genome length RNA is one of the major HBV transcripts which is translated to synthesize the viral core and polymerase proteins and also plays role as a pregenomic RNA that is encapsidated with the polymerase by the core protein in the cytoplasm of the liver cells. The replication of the viral agent usually happens entirely within these capsids by reverse transcription of the pregenomic RNA to synthesize a single-strand DNA copy that serves as the template for the second strand DNA produced, synthesizing a circular double-stranded DNA [21]. The viral capsids that contain the double-stranded DNA traffic either to the nucleus where amplification occurs or the viral cccDNA genome to stabilize intranuclear pool of transcriptional templates or to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they acquire the viral envelope proteins, bud into the lumen, and exit the cell as virions that can infect other cells [22, 23].
Hepatitis B virus gets entry into the bloodstream and targets the liver cells [24]. The hepatocytes which are infected are distended, and the cytoplasm assumes a ground appearance that is glassy. The virus is not cytopathic, and injury of the liver in HBV chronic infection is due to immunological responses [8, 25]. Although, the virus has a long incubation period of 45–180 days, replication starts few days after infection. The infection can be acute, an unexpected sickness with a mild-to-severe course followed by comprehensive resolve [26]. On the other hand, if the cell-mediated immune reaction is feeble, the infection does not resolve, and chronic hepatitis arises with an extended course of active disease or silent asymptomatic infection [27].
About 30–80% adults of acute HBV infection shows symptoms (1% fulminant hepatitis), whereas less than 1 year old children shows no symptoms [28]. Symptoms of HBV infection include malaise, dark urine, fever, nausea, jaundice, pale stools, right upper quadrant pain, and anorexia. The risk of chronic infection of HBV is hinged on the duration of acquisition [26]. About 90% of infected neonates, 30–50% of children aged 1–4 years, and 1–10% of acutely infected adults result to persistent infection. There are approximately 15–40% with persistent infection that leads to advanced liver disease, cirrhosis, and/or HCC [8, 29].
Transmission of HBV in travelers is through percutaneous or mucosal exposure to HBV-infected blood or bodily fluids including saliva or semen [30, 31]. There are reports of transmission via sexual contact, contaminated blood and its products, and contaminated medical equipment and through sharing of infected needles and injecting apparatus [31, 32].
In SSA, the viral infection, is often disseminated through perinatal and horizontal route, while in the developed regions, most infections occur in adults of younger ages through injecting drug use or high-risk sexual behavior (e.g., bisexuals and homosexuals) [8, 33]. HBV infection is known to be transmitted from the mother to child and it is a thing of worry [34, 35]. Every year, about 25,000 infants are born to HBV-diagnosed mothers in the United States, and approximately 1000 mothers transmit HBV to their infants. This means that about 90% of HBV-infected newborns will eventually develop to chronic infection, and up to 25% of those infected at birth will eventually die prematurely due to HBV-related complications. Therefore, the standard care for pregnant women includes an HBV testing during each pregnancy, to prevent HBV-positive pregnant women from transmitting the viral agent to her unborn child [34, 35].
Inadequate infection control in healthcare settings also constitutes to a significant mode of HBV transmission. That is why immigrants from many countries are recommended to be tested for HBV [12]. Transmission by blood transfusion is now rare, whereas before screening of donor blood, it was not uncommon [32]. Cord blood is usually negative for the serological markers of HBV, but occasionally intrauterine infection might happen. Fetal blood sampling might enhance this risk, but amniocentesis does not appear to increase the chances of intrauterine transmission [36]. Infection presumably occurs at or soon after birth. It perhaps occurs through breast (feeding) milk, as it is known to carry the virus. Transmission could occur if there was an in apparent breach in the mucosa of the mouth or during teething [37]. Among adults, high-risk sexual activity is one of the most frequent routes of transmission for HBV [38]. Historically, male homosexual contacts have been associated with a high risk for the viral infection [38]. Sexual transmission accounts for a majority of the transmission occurring in adult life [38]. More recently, heterosexual transmission is reported to be the most common cause of acute HBV infection in adults [39]. Transmission may also continue to occur in healthcare settings. It is a result of nonadherence to isolation guidelines in a hemodialysis unit, or direct person-person exposure (e.g., surgeon-to-patient or dentist-to-patient) may transmit the virus [40]. Sharing of clothes and bed spaces could pose jeopardy because the virus could be found in saliva, tears, urine, breast milk, and any other body fluid [13]. Other possible means of transmission include an infected parent kissing the cut finger or scraped knee of his child and sharing of personal items of personal hygiene such as toothbrushes between parents and children [3].
There is insufficient information that depicts predisposing factors to travelers; however, there is scarcity of public reports of HBV infection in travelers, and there is low risk for travelers who are not engaged in high-risk behaviors [7]. The risk of the viral infection might increase in countries/regions that have a 2% prevalence of chronic HBV infection, such as in the African and Western Pacific regions; missionaries, long-term community development workers, and expatriates might be at high risk for the viral agent in such areas [41]. Travelers should take note on how the virus is acquired and take precautionary measures to mitigate transmission. The risk of injury due to accident is much higher for travelers than for people in their own environment. These injuries may involve medical attention that will require injections, IVs, or blood transfusions, thereby enhancing the risk of HBV exposure [7]. Older aged travelers, especially those with heart problems, may also require medical treatments that will require the same risks of exposure.
The global prevalence of HBV indicated by the proportion of chronic HBV carriers in the population that is seropositive for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) varies strongly between different geographical regions [12]. The virus endemicity level is different from one nation to another. The level is mostly lowered in the Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and some South American and Northern African countries (with an HBsAg chronic carrier rate < 2%); intermediate (i.e., 2–8%) in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and some Eastern Asian countries; and high (above 8%) in Alaska, Sub-Saharan African countries, and some Asian countries [12, 42]. Infection with HBV is considered among the commonest immunization preventable infections among immigrants [12, 43]. The prevalence of the virus in travelers is associated with the status of the traveler’s immunity, the duration of travel, and the level of HBV endemicity in the destination country. More so, there are peculiar populations of travelers that might be of higher risk of HBV acquisition which includes those visiting relatives and friends, the expatriates, dental surgery and medical procedure travelers, and those casual sex engagers [7]. Empirical information posited that travelers seeking urgent, unforeseen medical attention are common which makes travelers at risk of the viral agent [44]. There is paucity of empirical evidence to quantify the risk travelers might also be exposed to HBV through activities that involve tattooing, piercings, and acupuncturing [7].
Coppola et al. [42] reported HBsAg seropositivity of 9.6% among undocumented refugees and immigrants in Southern Italy. The study showed that male sex, SSA origin, low level of schooling, and minor parenteral risks for acquiring HBV infection (acupuncture, tattoo, piercing, or tribal practices) were independently associated with ongoing or past HBV infection [42]. A study in Thailand among international backpackers reported that 25% of its population had engaged in casual sex, while traveling and about half of the population did not often use condom [45]. The risk of HBV infection from sex without protection increase with the number of sex partners, and the incidence of unprotected sex was higher among the singles based on a study carried out on Dutch travelers to tropical and subtropical regions [46]. A study among Australian travelers reported that about half of them had indulged in at least one activity with an HBV risk during their last overseas trip to Southeast or East Asia [47]. Travelers without immunity for the virus traveling to high HBV prevalence countries like Nigeria might be at risk of acquiring the infection due to the many potential accidental and uncontrollable exposures during travel. A Netherlands study reported that 9% of all HBV cases between 1992 and 2003 were travel-related with an estimated incidence of HBV infection of 4.5 per 100,000 travelers [48]. In a study carried out between 1997 and 2007, HBV infection was reported in 51 cases of a cohort of ill travelers presenting to GeoSentinel clinics [49]. The study also found out that male sex and older age are associated with HBV acquisition statistically. Findings among travelers have shown that new sexual partners and unprotected sex are common, especially where there is excessive alcohol intake environment [44, 50, 51]. In countries with high HBV endemicity, the monthly estimated incidence of the infection ranges from 25 per 100,000 for symptomatic infections to 80–420 per 100,000 for all HBV infections in susceptible expatriates residing in such country [52]. Development/aid workers, volunteers, and missionaries pose greater risk of the infection due to extension of travel stay and local community close contact [7]. The prevalence of anti-HBc antibody was 5%, doubling that of the general population in a Swedish expatriate’s population. Short duration of travel stay will obviously lower the risk of the infection [53]. Nielsen et al. reported that the incidence per month of HBV infection was 10.2 per 100,000 with 62% of cases traveling for less than 4 weeks [54]. Most research is hinged on travelers becoming sick after travel before testing to occur, so this tends to underestimate the incidence of the viral infection [7, 49].
Many cross-sectional research have find out that travelers have reduced baseline understanding on infections related to travels and put themselves in jeopardy to HBV infection through their actions while in foreign land [47, 55]. Nielsen et al. reported that 5% of short-term and 5% nonimmune travelers were under a great risk of getting infected with HBV via tattooing, injections, and operation activities [44]. About 41% high-risk endeavors were reported among travelers in more than 6 months with most of the endeavors being unintentional and involuntary [44]. In a retrospective study among Australian travelers, 281 (56%) had visited a country with medium to high prevalence of HBV, of whom only 43% had been vaccinated and 162 (33%) undertook activities associated with potential HBV exposure [55]. Medical tourism and transplantation of organs have been identified several times as predictors for the viral agent, which highlights that checking for transmissible infection cannot be guaranteed universally [56, 57]. A study among Australian patients finds out that 2 of 16 who traveled overseas for commercial kidney transplantation developed fulminant hepatitis related to HBV infection and died [58]. Significantly high-incidence rate of HBV infection was reported among patients receiving renal transplantations in India than in Saudi Arabia [59].
Hepatitis B virus until now has been reported to have 10 genotypes (A–J) with identified peculiar distribution based on regions to its high degree of genetic heterogeneity [5, 60, 61, 62]. HBV genotyping is significant in diverse ways. First, it provides global data on the genotypic distribution of the virus including phylogenetic and phylogeographic evidence. Second, it justifies the relationship between the viral strain and course of disease. It makes us understand the role of human migration on the evolution of the virus [63, 64].
One of the three genotypes A, D, and E is predominantly circulating in Africa depending on the country. Genotype A is found in the Southern and Eastern regions, and genotype D is predominantly circulating in the Northern Africa region. Genotype E is more in most of SSA regions including Nigeria; this report excludes Uganda and Cameroon which are predominant with the A genotype [5, 60, 64, 65]. Genotype A is prevalent in Europe and Southeast Asia, including the Philippines [43, 66]. Genotypes B and C are predominant in Asia [67]; genotype D is common in the Mediterranean area, the Middle East, and India; genotype F is common in Central and South America [66]. Genotype G has been identified in Germany and France [67]. Genotype I has been detected in Laos, Vietnam, and China [68, 69], while the newest genotype J was identified in the Ryukyu Island in Japan [70, 71].
HBsAg is the standard diagnostic marker used to screen for HBV infection in travelers. A positive test depicts an acute or chronic infection [2]. Quantifying HBsAg (qHBsAg) is also an essential tool in staging of HBV infection and predicting responses to HBV treatment. This tool depend on both viral and host factors, such as genotype, preS/S gene variability, and hepatic disease stage [72]. The presence of hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) indicates that the virus is actively replicating and typically correlates with higher levels of HBV DNA. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM to hepatitis B core antigen indicates either that the individual has previously been infected or has an ongoing infection. IgG anti hepatitis B core (IgG anti-HBc) will often persists for life. The presence of anti-HBs shows that the individual has obtained immunity either from infection or vaccination [3, 6].
Touching upon the technical procedures behind the tests, tests for serological markers are carried out using different techniques, based on resources availability. Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) is one of those qualitative tests that detect the viral antigen in blood or serum. The technique has a high specificity and sensitivity and is based on the antigenic features (e.g., HBsAg or HBeAg) binding to commercially synthesized antibodies (anti-HB) with chemiluminescence [73]. The light produced in a chemiluminescent reaction can be measured. This method is more sensitive than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [73].
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an advanced technique to detect HBV. It amplifies the nucleic acid and greatly enhances the amount of DNA [3]. This method can qualitatively or quantitatively detect the amount of HBV DNA in patients’ specimen, which reflects the replicative condition of the virus. To monitor and manage HBV infection, then a quantitative detection method is the technique of choice [73]. ALT levels are measured to help determine liver inflammation. ALT is an enzyme that is normally found in the liver, but also present in other body tissue, that is discharged into the circulation system as a consequence to hepatocellular injury [26]. ALT plays a role in characterization of HBV infection phases in synergy with HBV DNA [74]. Different noninvasive diagnoses such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), platelet ratio index (APRI), and transient elastography (FibroScan) still exist. APRI is an index to determine the hepatic fibrosis based on a formula derived from platelet and AST concentrations [3]. FibroScan measures grade of liver fibroses through the detection of liver stiffness. Both methods are recommended by WHO to evaluate cirrhosis presence, but while FibroScan is preferred in a context where availability and cost is not an issue, APRI is used in settings with limited resources. Liver biopsy has been used to assess degree of necroinflammation and fibrosis degrees. However, the method has diverse demerits and constraints [6, 75].
All travelers should be screened for HBV infection markers, so that they will not be at risk of acquiring the virus during stay [74]. Recently updated guidelines also recommend that pregnant women with chronic HBV be referred to a specialist and considered for HBV treatment to further reduce the chance of transmitting the virus [3]. In infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is significantly greater if the mother is positive for HBeAg, has a high viral load, and/or is infected with HIV [33]. Such infants should be given both vaccine and HBIgG (0.5 ml) within 12 hours of delivery. The infants should be evaluated for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc at age 12 months. The presence of anti-HBs depicts vaccine-induced immunity, and detection of both anti-HBs and anti-HBc shows immunoprophylaxis-modified infection, whereas the presence of HBsAg indicates prophylaxis failure [15, 76, 77].
Individuals who have not received the HBV vaccination and are exposed to the virus (through needle stick injury, splashing, or sexual exposure to partners infected with the viral agent) should be vaccinated with HBIG (0.04–0.07 ml/kg) as soon as possible after exposure. Immunization for the newborn babies should start immediately with the initial shot given at a site that is not similar with that for HBIG; an accelerated four dose immunization schedule (0, 1, 2, and 12 months) is required in the maternal-fetal transmission scenario [8, 77]. HBV can also be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated blood and blood products and unprotected sexual exposure. Using condoms has also been shown to reduce the chance of sexually transmitted infections [8].
Several reasons why people did not opt for pre-travel vaccinations include traveler’s pre-knowledge regarding the prevention of diseases during overseas travel, the limited number of healthcare settings that gives immunization, and that some countries have not yet approved the number of vaccines a traveler needs [9, 31].
There are commercially hepatitis B vaccines available currently, for example, recombinant HBV vaccine (Engerix-B®, GlaxoSmithKline, and Recombivax HB®, Merck & Co., Inc.) and the HAV and HBV combined vaccine (Twinrix®, GlaxoSmithKline) [78]. The complete HBV vaccination requires three shots of vaccine. The normal timeline of the three intramuscular injections is to have the second and third injections given 1 and 6 months after the first dose. An accelerated schedule (doses on days 0, 7, and 21 and then a post-travel dose at 12 months) might be required if there is an inadequate time for immunization prior to travel [79, 80]. An HBV vaccine can also be used to treat persons who have been exposed to the virus, in order to prevent disease development [31].
The prevalence of HBV differs between countries and regions, and therefore the number of persons acquiring protective immunity from a previous HBV infection also changes. Therefore, the recommendation of its vaccination should be hinged on likelihood of infection during travel and evidence of previous immunization or recovery from previous infection [74]. In those travelers without evidence of previous HBV immunity, HBV vaccination is recommended in those with HBV exposure risks and traveling to HBV endemic regions [78]. The CDC has recommend HBV vaccination to all persons without evidence of immunization before traveling to areas with intermediate and high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and, irrespective of the traveler’s destination, and based on the traveler’s potential risky activities and exposures [11, 81]. High-risk activities might include unprotected sex with a new partner, getting a tattoo or piercing, or having any medical procedures like surgery [11, 81]. Studies have reported that only 19% of all American travelers and 30% of American travelers planning high-risk activities had received a completed HBV vaccination before departure irrespective of the recommendation made by the CDC [79]. This finding is in consonance with information from Europe that only 15% of international travelers to HBV endemic regions receive a completed HBV vaccination before travel [79]. There is often a very low immunity of HBV to travelers from low endemic regions and those born before the EPI schedules [82, 83]. Obviously, there are no recommendations for HBV serologic examination of international travelers currently. This might be because of the large population of international travelers, thus making it impossible to screen all for the virus. Reports have it that only 3.4–3.9% of the population in low endemic countries will have evidence of the HBV serologic markers prior infection [82, 83]. Vaccination of those populations should be considered when long-term travel is arranged to countries where HBV prevalence is intermediate or hyperendemic [31].
There are several antiviral treatments available for chronic HBV infection, and everyone with chronic HBV should be linked to care, considered for treatment, and checked for liver damage and liver cancer regularly [84]. Therapy of HBV reduces the amount of virus in the system and lowers the chance of developing to serious liver disease and liver cancer. However, most people cannot be cured of the viral agent, and as such therapy is recommended to continue for life [85, 86].
Worthy of note is the fact that there are currently two main antiviral drugs for the treatment of chronic HBV infection [87]. They are nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) and interferon (IFN) including normal IFNs and pegylated IFNs (Peg-IFNs). NA gives a direct antiviral effect by stopping DNA polymerase. It is usually given orally. There are six types of NAs as approved for treatment of HBV by the WHO: Lamivudine (LAM), Adefovir (ADV), Telbivudine (TBV), Entecavir (ETV), Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). IFNs, especially the Peg-IFNs, have a suppressed antiviral effect than the NA therapy, but its persistent effect can be achieved with a finite therapy. It is usually given via subcutaneous injection. There are reports of combination therapy of NA + NA and Peg-IFN + NA [86, 87].
There are serious ongoing clinical trials for the development of more effective treatments and a cure for HBV infection [3, 6].
Early screening and treatment will help mitigate frequent transmission of the viral agent and curb morbidities and mortalities in infected persons [85]. The first line should be to give the exact medical advice and start antiviral treatment, if available. Sadly, undergoing this step is often a problem in developing regions where there is lack of access to good healthcare facilities, and antiviral treatment is often exorbitant [6, 86].
Advocacy of immunization exercise for HBV infection should be key in eliminating the viral agent worldwide which is central to WHO’s agenda [6, 10]. To maximize implementation of the WHO agenda, provision of technical guidance and support to reduce transmission of the disease such as adhering to safer blood transfusion and disposable needles among others. The virus vaccine is very effective in preventing disease progression. It has been reported that only 27% of newborn babies had receive a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine globally [86]. Birth dose vaccination of the viral agent is fundamental to halting mother-to-child transmission as late immunization is not fully effective in destroying the chain of mother-to-child transmission. Coordination between maternal health services and immunization should be effectively established [88].
Self-protection measures are one of the pre-travel counseling given to potential travelers to HBV and other blood-borne pathogen endemic regions [7, 8, 43]. Persons should be guided from contaminated items or equipment used in medical or cosmetic procedures, blood products, injection drug use or any exercise that involve piercing the skin or mucosa, or unprotected sexual activity. Travelers should be advised properly against the use of equipment that is not properly sterilized or disinfected on medical or beautification tourism (such as tattooing or piercing) [8]. The viral agent can be disseminated to others if tools are not sterile or if personnel do not follow proper infection control protocols [89].
Educational awareness and programs that will be targeted towards HBV awareness lowers transmission of the infection [90, 91]. There is a large pool of persons suffering from chronic HBV infection in Sub-Saharan Africa that are not aware of their situation. Educational awareness and implementation of local health measures are pertinent in eradicating the scourge of the infection [2]. These should include training local communities on how to perform safe blood transfusion and establishing efficient screening methods for transfusion of donated bloods. Health education programs should include administration of safe injections (intravenous drug users and healthcare settings) and implementation of safer sex practices (especially the use of condoms). More so, occupational safety trainings should be advocated for health workers [92]. It is also worthy to note that effective communication and emphasizing the role of the virus testing, follow-up visits, and monitoring therapy will help eliminate HBV infection [43].
Enhancing the socioeconomic conditions of a particular population has shown reduction in the rate of HBV infection. Government and non-governmental organization (NGO) bodies should ensure that there is a universal access to portable water and encourage food handling that is safe and hygienic [92]. They should also implement good sanitation systems. Safe disposal practice of medical waste should be advocated in the health settings [43].
There are ongoing development of two novel anti-HBV drugs, namely, Besifovir and Myrcludex-B that will soon be in the market [3]. The infection is one of those preventable infections by immunization in travelers. Therefore, travelers should often be screened and immunized for HBV infection before traveling to endemic countries because immigrants and/or travelers who have the viral infection pose a great risk of HCC and death. They as well serve as transmitters of the viral agent to those not infected when returned from travel. Continuous health surveillance and strict checking of migrants to ascertain previous vaccination evidence will go a long way in mitigating the infection across travelers. There is no single measure strong enough to curb viral hepatitis epidemics, but having a global vision and implementing multiple strategies will go a long way towards eliminating HBV infection and other global disease burden in 2030.
Industry 4.0, often known as smart manufacturing, is built on information technology (IT)-driven industrial processes [1]. It combines smart factories and products with the Internet of Things [2, 3], with the goal of providing real-time information on production, machines, and component flow, and integrating this data to assist managers in making decisions, monitoring performance, and tracking parts and products.
Big data analytics (BDA) is the collecting of real-time data, the use of analytical tools, and the use of computer algorithms to derive relevant insights and patterns for better decision-making using data, text, audio, video [4]. Big Data 6Vs framework describe Volume, a very large amount of data; Velocity, the data are generated very quickly and must be processed in a very short time; Variety, a large number of structured and unstructured data types are processed; Value, the goal is to generate significant value for the organisation; Veracity, reliability of the processed data; and Variability, flexibility to adapt to new data formats by collecting, storing, and processing them. BDA aids in the achievement of long-term corporate success and competitive advantage [5].
Internet of Things (IoT) allows devices to communicate with one another without the need for human involvement [6]. The Internet of Things is based on a network of devices, each of which has its own unique identity to the computer system to which it is attached. IoT-controlled industrial systems are intelligent because they can accurately and efficiently operate all linked equipment from afar [7]. For example, big data has been utilised to enhance product development [8], SC demand forecasts [9], and green production strategies [8, 10].
Blockchain is a distributed data structure—a distributed ledger—in which the data is shared on a peer-to-peer network. The network members and nodes communicate and validate the data following a predefined protocol without a central authority. Distributed ledgers can be either decentralised, giving equal rights to all users or centralised, providing specific users with special rights.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field in computer science encompassing the development of systems capable of performing tasks that normally necessitate human intelligence. The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men. Three main functions are sensing and interacting, learning from the data and decision making.
Autonomous vehicles as more environmentally friendly automobiles are capable of sensing its navigation without human input, thus the costs, emission level and working time can be reduced dramatically. They can be used not only for long distances, but also for operational level of the supply chain.
Additive manufacturing (AM) begins with the creation of a three-dimensional digital model using computer-aided design software, followed by the formation of the finished object using a 3D printer [11]. AM helps to Industry 4.0 goals by generating personalised items in small batches and producing complex and lightweight designs with great precision [3].
Cloud manufacturing is a method of providing a shared network of manufacturing resources and capabilities through the internet by establishing a virtual and global environment. The logic of cloud manufacturing is service-based, which means providers and consumers interact to sell and acquire services such as product design, simulation, production, and assembly [12].
The Cloud computing (CC) is an Internet-based third-party service provider for data or database storage. The cloud is housed at a faraway location, not at the area where production takes place [12]. The CC has the advantages of lower operating costs, faster service, and simple accessibility [13].
Sustainability is a multi-dimensional concept incorporating economic, environmental, and social dimensions of business. Primary goal of any commercial enterprise is to make profit for long tern economic sustainability by balancing costs and revenues in sourcing, production and distribution of goods and services. Due to global pressure, climate change and pollution, environmental sustainability has taken centre stage in today’s business [14]. The focus is to minimise natural resources use, waste and pollution (air, water, land), and increased renewable energy use in production and distribution. Social sustainability includes working environment, employee morale and satisfaction, equity and social integration of communities. Industry 4.0 technologies (I4T) help manufacturing companies achieve long-term goals by reducing lead times, providing customised goods, improving product quality, improving the working environment, and employee morale [15]. Organisations have been compelled to adapt smart production systems which are more adaptable, intelligent, and agile, and allows to address the demands of a dynamic and global market [16].
Sustainable development is crucial necessity for the survival of humankind, which should integrate sustainable production and consumption [17]. Sustainability is three-dimensional concept encompassing economic, environmental and social (triple bottom line). Sustainable supply chain enables the management of material, information and capital flows as well as the cooperation among companies along the supply chain while taking goals from all three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, environmental and social) into account which are derived from customer and stakeholder requirements [18]. One of the key features of Industry 4.0 enabled by CPS, IoT, and big data analytics, is data accessibility and real-time information, which may help companies achieve low cost, high quality, low risk sharing, more flexible SC planning and effective decision making. Industry 4.0 allows for long-term purchase of more personalised items [19]. I40 opens up new and long-term commercial prospects by maximising resource efficiency, enhancing manufacturing flexibility, and reducing time to market [20]. IoT controlled industrial systems are clever as they can accurately and efficiently operate all linked equipment from afar [7]. Various I4T is shown to have a good influence on the organisations’ long-term success. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence in the literature to substantiate the influence of I4T on sustainable operating practices in various industries [15]. I4T contribute to long-term operations management choices and new business models by connecting value chains through data collection and exchange [3, 21]. As a result, long-term operations management decisions help to establish a link between circular economy (CE) principles and Industry 4.0 concepts.
The search for a more sustainable production and consumption system is so important now that the United Nations Organisation (UNO) has made it one of their most important social goals for long-term development [22]. The ultimate goal of implementing sustainability into production is to take the industry to a world-class level of sustainable manufacturing [23]. Moghaddam et al. [24] developed several reference designs for sustainable smart I40 factories to dealt with the production of environmentally friendly products. Nascimento et al. [25] proposed a circular economy (CE) business model using I4T for recycling garbage. Kiel et al. [26] classified Internet of Things (IoT) issues and benefits that centred on the long-term value creation. Waibel et al. [20] investigated the effects of smart production systems in terms of resource efficiency and sustainability. Zambon et al. [27] proposed an Agriculture 4.0 through the virtualization of the Agro-food chain. Ding [28] conducted a literature review to identify the barriers of incorporating sustainability into the pharmaceutical SC and proposed I40 application in SC known as Pharma 4.0. Bag et al. [29] developed a framework incorporating thirteen enablers I40 affecting SC sustainability. Tsai and Lu [30] developed a I40 based production planning and control framework using a carbon price. Ghadimi et al. [31] suggested a multiagent system to automatically analyse and choose suppliers that contribute to sustainable SC. Belaud et al. [32] developed agriculture 4.0 by integrating I40 into a SC and waste valorization using big data to improve sustainability management. Sensing, smart, and sustainable technologies were identified as crucial aspects of future sustainable goods [33]. Bibaud-Alves et al. [34] used I4T to establish a relationship between the development process of new goods, digital transformation, and sustainable development. Paravizo et al. [35] offered a conceptual framework using I40 for developing gamified apps that focus on sustainable manufacturing. Kamble et al. [15] reviewed 85 articles on I40 and established a sustainable industry 4.0 framework. Stock et al. [36] carried out qualitative assessment of I40 that enables ecological and social sustainable development. Hidayatno et al. [37] proposed a conceptual model to assess the effect I40 technology on sustainable energy in Indonesian industries. Bonilla et al. [38] used multiple development scenarios to assess the impact and challenges of I40 implementation on long-term sustainable development. Man and Strandhagen [21] presented I40 and sustainability adoption into various business operations. Luthra and Mangla [39] conducted a literature analysis and categorised eighteen I40 implementation challenges of sustainable SC into four categories: organisational, strategical, legal, and ethical. Ardanza et al. [40] demonstrated a human–machine interface using I40 that enable operators to be more productive and safer. Meng et al. [41] carried out literature review on sustainability and energy efficiency in smart factories, their interaction, benefits and issues. Chaim et al. [42] examined the feasibility of using key performance indicators (KPIs) to assess sustainability in I40 virtual learning environment. Kamble et al. [43] analysed the barriers of I40 adoption in manufacturing industry.
Manavalan and Jayakrishna [44] examined the IoT application for a sustainable SC and suggested software to organise material resources in businesses. Birkel et al. [45] proposed a risk framework using I40 for sustainable manufacturing in SMEs using a long-term strategy. Jabbour et al. [46] identified eleven critical success factors for implementing I40 and environmentally sustainable manufacturing and proposed an integrated framework for future research. Kamble et al. [15] investigated the barriers to I40 adoption in Indian manufacturing and analysed their driving and dependence relationship. Monteleone et al. [47] suggested a water management conceptual model in agricultural 4.0. [48, 49] carried out empirical study of 234 manufacturing firms in Pakistan to investigate the effect of I40 on green practices in manufacturing and logistics, which have substantial effect on sustainability of the firms.
Chalmeta and Santos-deLeón [50] carried out literature review on I40, big data and sustainable SC. Mastos et al. [51] provided IoT application for scrap metal waste management. Strandhagen et al. [52] proposed I40 solutions to shipbuilding supply chains sustainability challenges in a case company. Yadav et al. [53] identified 22 I40 and CE based solutions measures to overcome 28 sustainable SC challenges in an automotive industry using BWM-ELECTRE.
Belhadi et al. [54] carried out empirical study by collecting data from 306 organisations in Europe, Asia and Africa to explore the role of digital business transformation, organisational ambidexterity and circular business models on the relationship between I40 capabilities and sustainable performance. Fatorachian and Kazemi [55] conducted exploratory research based on inductive reasoning and systems theory to explore the impact of I4T on SC performance in terms of integration, information sharing and transparency, processes improvement in procurement, production, inventory management and retailing through digitisation, automation, and analytical capabilities. Kumar et al. [56] analysed critical success factors for I40 implementation in circular SC. Kumar et al. [57] studied the barriers of integrating I40 and CE in the agriculture SC using ISM-ANP and concluded that government policies, support and incentives is major barrier. Kusi-Sarpong et al. [58] adopted I40 initiatives for sustainable supplier selection in circular SC. Mastos et al. [59] used I40 technologies to redesign SC for circular economy with key identified benefits of improved availability of personnel and fleet resources, and SC traceability through the full visibility and automation. Mubarik et al. [60] collected data from 154 electrical and electronics Malaysian firms and found that I40 application impact SC mapping and visibility. Sharma et al. [61] found in the study that the environmental and social factors were the highest-ranked drivers while organisational and environmental dimensions as the highly ranked barriers of I40 adoption with the sustainability context in multi-tier manufacturing SC. Umar et al. [48, 49] studied the effect of I40 on sustainable operations and green SC practices.
Industry 4.0 technologies are intended to play a key role in guiding industrial and social organisations toward long-term sustainability [46]. I4T makes it easier to achieve a high level of process integration, which improves organisational performance across three aspects of sustainability [15]. Braccini and Margherita [62] explored the impact of I40 adoption in a case study of a ceramics manufacturing firm and found that product quality and productivity improvement, energy monitoring and consumption reduction, safe work environment and job satisfaction for workers. Birkel and Muller [63] provided a literature review on potential of I40 on SC triple bottom line of sustainability in planning, sourcing, logistics and recycling logistics. Digital and smart manufacturing processes, machines and devices are likely to offer advantages of manufacturing productivity, resource efficiency, and waste reduction [64].
On the economic front, I4T makes a significant contribution to value creation, production flexibility, and product customization, which lead to higher consumer satisfaction [3]. Automation and digitisation capabilities of I40 help manufacturers achieve shorter lead times, cheaper manufacturing costs, and higher quality [11, 65]. I4T helps in raw material inventory reduction and efficient capacity utilisation [66]. The data offered by cloud manufacturing and IoT may be used to alter the design, production, and logistics choices of sustainable operations management [46]. IoT applications enable the reuse of resources in a remanufacturing process. The data generated by IoT sensors is evaluated using a mathematical model in order to lower expenses and dynamically manage limited resources [67]. Blockchain capabilities can support sustainable supply chains, which can help reduce the product recall and rework, and trace actual footprint of products; and reduce fraud [68]. Dev et al. [69] adopted agent-based modelling and decision trees to facilitate inventory and supply chain reconfiguration issues of a mobile phone supply chain. The information gathered by I40 may be used to improve product life cycle and industry’s economic performance. Using Additive manufacturing (AM) and IoT together can help create a more sustainable manufacturing process by increasing resource efficiency and reducing recovery procedures [70]. Big data technology can influence the SC methods in terms of eco-efficiency and long-term performance. Esmaeilian et al. [71] reviewed capabilities of Blockchain as enabler for the successful implementation of sustainability and circular economy concepts under four main categories of (i) promoting green behaviour through designing specialised tokens, (ii) enhancing the visibility of product lifecycle, (iii) increasing systems efficiency and decreasing development and operational costs, and (iv) enhancing corporate performance reporting and sustainability monitoring capabilities. Digital supply chain may offer benefits of higher operational efficiency, ad-hoc dynamic planning, collaborative planning, collaborative product design, marketing effectiveness, financial flow, and deeper customer integration [72]. CPS, IoT, and big data analytics, enable a flexible supply chain planning and effective decision making, which may help to achieve high quality with low cost and risk in sustainable purchasing [19].
In terms of the environment, real-time data acquired from various value chain partners assists organisations in effectively allocating industrial resources such as materials, energy, water, and products [3, 46]. I4T also support reduced greenhouse gas emissions [73], energy consumption [74], reduced fuel consumption as a result of improved transportation and logistics planning; and the use of advanced tracking and monitoring systems [75]. The Big data offers predictive analytics that improve environmental and social sustainability [76, 77]. The inclusion of sensors in goods enables performance monitoring such as tracking maintenance requirements-allowing businesses to deliver high-quality service to clients on a proactive basis. Further, organisations may invest in extending product life spans by using the 3Rs (reduce, re-use, and recycle) and monitoring items throughout customer usage. Cloud manufacturing and IoT can gather data from processes and things, such as machinery, allowing for the faults detection that might result in waste. Managers may also monitor and regulate the performance of operations based on production and resource consumption criteria, such as energy usage; the use of sensors would allow them to intervene in processes, even during component/product manufacturing. Machine efficiency might also be monitored in real time in order to schedule maintenance and avoid wasting resources [46]. Blockchain offers visibility, transparency, relationship management, and smart contracting which in turn offers environmental as well as economic benefits and plays a positive role in circular economy [78]. Abdella et al. [79] proposed machine learning using a set of environmental, social and governance criteria to predict sustainability performance across the supply chain. The revolution of autonomous vehicles can provide several benefits particularly in transportation part of the supply chain to reduce the damaged products. Automated guided vehicles (AGV) help in efficient materials handling operations improving the environmental and social sustainability. Krueger et al., [80] analysed possibilities of shared autonomous vehicles implementation implemented in a logistic cluster in public transport industry to improve utilisation of assets and reduce environment effect. Additive manufacturing result in less material being used and requires recycling of tiny amounts of trash due to mobility of 3D printers [70]. The usage of AM also helps to improve the sustainability of a manufacturing process by lowering the materials use and energy consumption. I40 help in energy monitoring that will result into increased energy efficiency and lower CO2 emissions [81]. AM and IoT can aid in improving reverse logistics operations, such as tracking and tracing end of use and end of life items and monitoring recycling activities to pave the way for a long-term route toward circular manufacturing [82]. Cloud technology allows for the capture, exchange, and sharing of dynamic life-cycle data, as well as SC partnerships for environmental footprint assessment [83]. Cloud-based service platform can help in improved decision-making and thereby minimise greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation and logistics industries [84]. Big data analytics in process control, for example, might help in pollution control and natural resource management [85]. Cyber-physical systems aid in production without generating waste or consuming unnecessary resources; the IoT enables mass customization and production that meets demand without producing excess inventory; cloud manufacturing enables controlled resource consumption (e.g., raw materials, energy, water); and additive manufacturing proactively maintains products, saves energy, and reduces waste from defective products [2, 20, 86]. By designing goods based on precise consumption data, cyber-physical systems improve customer satisfaction. As a result, using the 5Rs technique (reduce, repair, re-use, recycle, and remanufacture) [86, 87], it is feasible to develop goods with longer life spans. CPS and IoT aid in the planning of energy and carbon-efficient logistics routes, as well as assisting suppliers in managing their own performance in terms of production planning, delivery quality and reliability, and environmental compliance via remote monitoring [88]. In smart factory, communication efficiency, transparency, surveillance, and control will minimise downtime, waste, defect, and risk across production processes [89].
On the social front, I4T provides a plethora of options for employees to learn new technology, boosting morale and motivation [73, 74]. I4T provides employees with a better and safe working environment [15]. AI and data analytics can help in personalised career development programs based on the behaviour, experience, skills, personality, and learning patterns of each employee [90]. I4T will create new jobs in area of informatics, mechatronics, process engineering, and system integration [91]. Industry 4.0 technologies impact on supply chain sustainability is summarised in Table 1. Industry 4.0 sustainability benefits are shown in Table 2.
Industry 4.0 Technology Features | ||
---|---|---|
Automation | Integration | Modularity |
Real-time capability | Flexibility | Interoperability |
Virtualisation | Decentralisation | Data quality and availability |
Servitisation | Product and service customisation | Transparency |
⇩ | ||
Process and Production efficiency | Material and Resource use reduction | Worker’s productivity improvement |
Cost effectiveness | Energy Consumption reduction | Working condition improvement |
Quality improvement | Water Consumption reduction | Worker’s Health and safety improvement |
Scalability | Waste reduction | Equity |
Profit Margin improvement | Air pollution and GHG emission reduction | |
Reverse logistics reduction |
Industry 4.0 technologies impact on supply chain sustainability.
Sustainability Benefits | Herrmann et al. [74] | Peng et al. [84] | Despeisse et al. [70] | Hofmann and Rüsch [88] | Waibel et al. [20] | Zhao et al. [85] | Keil et al. [26] | Fatorachian and Kazemi [92] | Ghobakhloo [93] | Jabbour et al. [46] | Kamble et al. [15] | Luthra & Mangla [39] | Muller et al. [94] | Stock et al. [36] | Stone et al. [90] | Tortorella and Fettermann [64] | Ghobakhloo & Fathi [91] | Braccini & Margherita [62] | Saberi et al. [68] | Dev et al. [82] | Garcia-Muina et al. [95] | Khan et al. [78] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lead time reduction | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Customer specific planning | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Autonomous supplier selection and procurement | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Improved supply chain resilience | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Downtime prediction | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Aligned production and logistics | c | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||
Logistics process efficiency | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
Faster delivery | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
Order accuracy | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Recycling cost reduction | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Repair and maintenance efficiency | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Resource consumption reduction | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
Energy consumption reduction | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
Sustainable Process optimisation | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Environmental monitoring easier | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical prototyping reduction | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Scrap reduction | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Transport optimisation | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Transparency | x | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tracking and tracing of recycling | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||
GHG emission reduction | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Safe working environment | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
Reduction of hazardous tasks and stress | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
Learning and training improved | x | x | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hazardous recycling process reduction | x | x |
Industry 4.0 sustainability benefits.
Industry 4.0 technologies such as AI, ML, IoT, Big data, Block chain technology, VR, AR, CPS, Industrial Autonomous Robotics, Cloud computing etc. are being adopted in manufacturing and supply chain throughout the world but slowly. Researchers and professional managers believe that I40 offers integration, interoperability, real-time capability, quality data, modularity, decentralisation, product customisation, servitisation, collaboration, transparency and virtualisation, which may positively impact sustainability. On economic dimension, I4T adoption in supply chain will improve supply chain efficiency, quality, resilience, customer specific planning, production and logistics alignment, on-time delivery, order accuracy, downtime prediction, and repair and maintenance, supplier selection and procurement, and reduce lead time. Economic sustainability will reduce cost and improve profitability. I40 acts environment friendly as its adoption will lead to reduction of raw materials and resources, energy consumption, GHG emission, scrap and waste, physical prototyping, transparency, tracking and traceability. It will enhance sustainability processes and transportation and environmental monitoring. Regarding social sustainability dimension, I4T can offer safe working environment and flexibility, reduce stress and hazardous tasks, and improve learning and development. It is not free from challenges. Human activities such as inventory tracking, quality control, and even product distribution may be performed by Industrial robots, automated vehicles, and intelligent machines and there would be loss of jobs [96]. At the same time, it will provide opportunity for new jobs in I4T. Most of the studies are theoretical. Hence, it needs to be supported by qualitative and case studies.
Data collection and monitoring, information sharing, tracking, decision-making, and coordination between organisational areas and SC partners are technical and organisational factors that could influence the integration of Industry 4.0 and environmentally sustainable SC decision-making. This paper argues for an integrated approach to the issues that Industry 4.0 technologies may unleash the full potential of ecologically sustainable SC. The impact of Industry 4.0 technologies in economic dimension of triple bottom line is efficiency, flexibility, productivity and quality, which will enhance economic performance. On the environmental dimension, better resources utilisation, more quantity production, reduction of waste and energy will result into environmental performance. Finally on societal dimension, better labour utilisation and safe working conditions due to digitalisation and automation. The goal of this paper is to highlight the convergence of two important subjects; Industry 4.0 and sustainable SC with triple bottom line considerations. These two aspects have mostly been investigated separately. Industry 4.0 has the potential to increase ecologically sustainable production, distribution and consumption by allowing for the creation of green products, green manufacturing processes, and green SCM in ways that have never been possible before. On the other hand, the synergy between Industry 4.0 and ecologically sustainable production and distribution is contingent on a number of important success factors. Industry 4.0 adoption is faces few challenges. I4T need to be connected continuously and massive data centres will increase energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to balance energy savings and additional energy requirement in I40 adoption. I40 device replacement may also create additional waste. In recycling, sharing information about product by manufacturer, product use and transparency is also a matter of concern that needs to be addressed. Initial high investment and return also need to be studied. Major limitation of the study is the theoretical aspect. It is suggested that these theoretical research propositions be further explored, either through qualitative research or further investigated using quantitative methodology.
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However, there have been insufficient findings on the adaptation regarding the eco-village practices in semi-arid areas in particular. This inspired a study to assess the role of eco-village practices in strengthening climate change adaptive capacity and mitigating desertification in semi-arid areas of Chololo village, Dodoma region in central Tanzania. Data were collected using mixed methods, that is, household survey (92), focus group discussions (21), key informants interviews (6), field observation and documentary review. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and content analysis were used in analyzing quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The study found a relatively high level of community awareness on the eco-village initiative; the initiative rehabilitated village forest reserve; improved land productivity for sorghum and pearl millet; increased number of planted trees; and strengthening communities’ adaptation to climate change through improved households’ nutrition, income and reduced water stress.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Fredy S. Mswima and Abiud L. Kaswamila",authors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud L.",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-l.-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud L. Kaswamila"},{id:"415117",title:"Dr.",name:"Fredy S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mswima",slug:"fredy-s.-mswima",fullName:"Fredy S. Mswima"}]},{id:"77741",title:"Characteristic on the Stability of Haloxylon ammodendron Plantation in the Southern Fringe of Gurbantunggut Desert, Northwest China",slug:"characteristic-on-the-stability-of-em-haloxylon-ammodendron-em-plantation-in-the-southern-fringe-of-",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Using chronosequence theory and method, the characteristics of vegetation-soil coupling and structure stability of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations in the southern fringe of Gurbantunggut Desert were analyzed. The results showed, the canopy storey of H. ammodendron plantation experienced three stages, rapid growth (the age of 7 to 20), then slow growth (the age of 20 to 28) and last decline (over the age of 28). The best natural regeneration started from 17-yr-old plantation. Vegetation-soil system coupling degree (C) and coupling coordinative degree (D) of plantations with different age were not one-to-one correspondence. The system of H. ammodendron plantations always stayed in disorder recession, vegetation and soil were prone to loss type during the process of sand-fixation. Five principal components evaluated that the first rank was 42-yr-old plantation. It was inferred that the trend of the vegetation and soil system was from senescence to harmonious development. So the trend of coordinated development between vegetation and soil would be promoted, if the artificial tending and management measures strengthened.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Qinghong Luo, Qimin Chen, Miao He and Na Li",authors:[{id:"340564",title:"Dr.",name:"Qinghong",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"qinghong-luo",fullName:"Qinghong Luo"},{id:"347848",title:"Mr.",name:"Qimin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"qimin-chen",fullName:"Qimin Chen"},{id:"348214",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Miao",middleName:null,surname:"He",slug:"miao-he",fullName:"Miao He"},{id:"348215",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Na",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"na-li",fullName:"Na Li"}]},{id:"77086",title:"Bowing Sand, Dust, and Dunes, Then and Now–A North American Perspective",slug:"bowing-sand-dust-and-dunes-then-and-now-a-north-american-perspective",totalDownloads:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Dune fields of the present day, the Dust Bowl disaster of the 1930s U.S. Great Plains, and contemporary efforts to forecast, simulate, and understand dust storms have a striking, uniform commonality. What these apparently diverse phenomena have in common is that they all result from blowing sand and dust. This review paper unifies these three disparate but related phenomena. Its over-arching goal is to clearly explain these manifestations of windblown sand and dust. First, for contemporary dune fields, we offer reviews of two technical papers that explain the eolian formation and the continuing development of two major dune fields in southeastern California and northwestern Sonora, Mexico: the Algodones Dunes and the Gran Desierto de Altar. Second, historical, geological, meteorological, and socioeconomic aspects of the 1930s Great Plains Dust Bowl are discussed. Third, and last, we return to the present day to summarize two lengthy reports on dust storms and to review two technical papers that concern their forecasting and simulation. The intent of this review is to acquaint the interested reader with how eolian transport of sand and dust affects the formation of present-day dune fields, human agricultural enterprises, and efforts to better forecast and simulate dust storms. Implications: Blowing sand and dust have drastically affected the geological landscape and continue to shape the formation of dune fields today. Nearly a century ago the U.S. Great Plains suffered through the Dust Bowl, yet another consequence of blowing sand and dust brought on by drought and mismanagement of agricultural lands. Today, this phenomenon adversely affects landscapes, transportation, and human respiratory health. A more complete understanding of this phenomenon could (and has) led to more effective mitigation of dust sources, as well as to a more accurate predictive system by which the public can be forewarned.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Peter Hyde and Alex Mahalov",authors:[{id:"348247",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hyde",slug:"peter-hyde",fullName:"Peter Hyde"},{id:"419631",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Mahalov",slug:"alex-mahalov",fullName:"Alex Mahalov"}]},{id:"78428",title:"Jojoba - The Gold of Desert",slug:"jojoba-the-gold-of-desert",totalDownloads:246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is evergreen, perennial and drought resistant shrub belongs to the family of Simmondsiaceae. It is a multipurpose oil seed crop mainly grown in desert regions of world. This plant has unique oil among plant kingdom which is chemically a liquid-wax. The liquid-wax is made up of an ester of long chain fatty acids and alcohols. The liquid-wax is unique in nature because have no traces of glycerine and easily modified via hydrolysis, hydrogenation, halogenation, sulfurization, phosphosulfurization and ozonization techniques. The main uses of liquid-wax in various industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and lubricants. It is a potential seed oil crop for desert region so it is well known as the gold of desert. The main purpose of this chapter is to review the complete information about this plant so that it can produce and utilized maximally. Moreover, the review focuses on biology, biogeography, physico-chemical properties of jojoba oil and propagation techniques of the plant of desert regions.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Raman Bala",authors:[{id:"347678",title:"Dr.",name:"Raman",middleName:null,surname:"Bala",slug:"raman-bala",fullName:"Raman Bala"}]},{id:"78099",title:"Water Source of Six Woody Plants in Different Habitats on Desertified Land of Ordos Plateau, Semi-Arid China",slug:"water-source-of-six-woody-plants-in-different-habitats-on-desertified-land-of-ordos-plateau-semi-ari",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Water and soil erosion and sandy desertification are two mainly land desertification types on eastern and southern Ordos Plateau, north China. Hippophae rhamnoides, Armeniaca sibirica and Pinus tabuliformis are three woody plants for soil and water conservation on loess slope. Sabina vulgaris, Artemisia ordosica and Salix psammophila are three shrubs for sand control on sand dune. Water source of six woody plants were investigated by stable isotope technology. The results showed that the δ18O of shallow soil water was similar to that of rainwater in July and September in two habitats. Both of six woody plants in two habitats mainly used shallow soil water in May. However, three shrubs on sand dune mainly used both of shallow and deep soil water in July and September. Three woody plants on loess slope mainly used rainwater or deep soil water in July and September. Therefore, six woody plants utilized different depths of soil water or rain water based on their availability in different seasons, which is an adaptive strategy to the semiarid climate on Ordos Plateau.",book:{id:"8969",slug:"deserts-and-desertification",title:"Deserts and Desertification",fullTitle:"Deserts and Desertification"},signatures:"Yajuan Zhu",authors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"869",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:315,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. 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Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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