Results of structural equation modeling-model I.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5611",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Radiotherapy",title:"Radiotherapy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Radiotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of many cancer types. This book is intended to bring forward the recent advancements in the field of radiation oncology. It presents the experience of several researchers who dedicate many hours a day to not only treat patients but also assess the physical aspects of newer radiotherapy facilities. This book contains many valuable contributions from radiation oncology physicians and medical physicists who are experts in their fields.",isbn:"978-953-51-3150-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3149-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4833-3",doi:"10.5772/63695",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"radiotherapy",numberOfPages:290,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"717930dc57231d23f495dab6a767fd79",bookSignature:"Cem Onal",publishedDate:"May 17th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5611.jpg",numberOfDownloads:26486,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:22,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 18th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 17th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 15th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"43940",title:"Dr.",name:"Cem",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"cem-onal",fullName:"Cem Onal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43940/images/system/43940.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Onal is founder physician of Baskent University Adana Dr Turgut Noyan Research and Treatment Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, and he is serving as a Professor at the same institute. His main areas of interest are prostate cancer, breast cancer and gynecological malignancies. He has great experience in prostate cancer treatments especially IMRT and IGRT, gynecological tumor brachytherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery. He has approximately 100 international and national papers published in different journals. Also he has approximately 200 international and national abstracts presented at different scientific meetings. He is peer-reviewing in 40 journals. He is giving lectures about new radiotherapy facilities in different course programs conducted by Turkish Society for Radiation Oncology.",institutionString:"Baskent University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1008",title:"Radiology Diagnosis",slug:"radiology-diagnosis"}],chapters:[{id:"53732",title:"New Paradigms of Radiotherapy for Bone Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/66939",slug:"new-paradigms-of-radiotherapy-for-bone-metastasis",totalDownloads:1753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Proper care of patients with bone metastasis requires interdisciplinary treatments. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a central role in the management of painful bone metastasis. External beam RT can provide rapid successful palliation of painful bone metastasis in 50–80% of patients, is associated with very few adverse effects and leads to complete pain relief at the treated site in up to one‐third of patients. Intensity‐modulated RT (IMRT) or stereotactic body RT (SBRT) enables the delivery of higher doses to the target tumor while minimizing the dose to adjacent organs. Reirradiation using IMRT or SBRT is a valuable option for the management of bone metastases. A multidisciplinary team, especially one consisting of a spinal surgeon and rehabilitation physician, is particularly useful for treating patients with spinal bone metastases characterized by spinal instability. Rehabilitation intervention which increases the physical activity level and prevents deconditioning is important. Future developments in surgical procedures and RT will likely improve the management protocols for bone metastases and technology to reduce metal artifacts in radiation planning might improve the efficacy and safety of combination therapy.",signatures:"Yasuo Ejima, Takeaki Ishihara, Daisuke Miyawaki, Kenichiro\nKakutani, Kotaro Nishida, Junichiro Inoue, Yoshitada Sakai,\nTianyuan Wang and Ryohei Sasaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53732",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53732",authors:[{id:"29461",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotaro",surname:"Nishida",slug:"kotaro-nishida",fullName:"Kotaro Nishida"},{id:"77884",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenichiro",surname:"Kakutani",slug:"kenichiro-kakutani",fullName:"Kenichiro Kakutani"},{id:"79300",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisuke",surname:"Miyawaki",slug:"daisuke-miyawaki",fullName:"Daisuke Miyawaki"},{id:"152908",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryohei",surname:"Sasaki",slug:"ryohei-sasaki",fullName:"Ryohei Sasaki"},{id:"177455",title:"Dr.",name:"Tianyuan",surname:"Wang",slug:"tianyuan-wang",fullName:"Tianyuan Wang"},{id:"195938",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuo",surname:"Ejima",slug:"yasuo-ejima",fullName:"Yasuo Ejima"},{id:"195939",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeaki",surname:"Ishihara",slug:"takeaki-ishihara",fullName:"Takeaki Ishihara"},{id:"195940",title:"Dr.",name:"Junichiro",surname:"Inoue",slug:"junichiro-inoue",fullName:"Junichiro Inoue"},{id:"195941",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshitada",surname:"Sakai",slug:"yoshitada-sakai",fullName:"Yoshitada Sakai"}],corrections:null},{id:"53962",title:"Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer",doi:"10.5772/67204",slug:"radiotherapy-in-lung-cancer",totalDownloads:1814,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lung cancer remains one of the top five cancers worldwide. Around 85% are nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and only one‐third present with early stage diseases. Radiotherapy had an important role both in radical and palliative treatment. With advancement in technology, newer techniques of stereotactic body radiotherapy allow delivery of much higher biologically effective dose to tumor achieving similar outcomes to radical surgery in early stage diseases. However, the usually large tumor volume together with preexiting poor lung condition makes radiotherapy challenging to deliver a radical dose to tumor while maintaining normal tissue constrains. In this chapter, different indications and techniques used in treating NSCLC will be discussed and reviewed.",signatures:"Fiona Lim Mei Ying",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53962",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53962",authors:[{id:"193609",title:"Dr.",name:"Mei Ying",surname:"Lim",slug:"mei-ying-lim",fullName:"Mei Ying Lim"}],corrections:null},{id:"54445",title:"Adaptive Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer Using Uniform Scanning Proton Beams",doi:"10.5772/67445",slug:"adaptive-radiotherapy-for-lung-cancer-using-uniform-scanning-proton-beams",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in North America and is one of the major indications for proton therapy. Proton beams provide a superior dose distribution due to their finite ranges, but where they stop in the tissue is very sensitive to anatomical change. To ensure optimal target coverage and normal tissue sparing in the presence of geometrical variations, such as tumor shrinkage and other anatomical changes, adaptive planning is necessary in proton therapy of lung cancer. The objective of the chapter is to illustrate the rationale, process, and strategies in adaptive lung cancer treatment using uniform scanning proton beams. In addition, practical considerations for adaptive proton planning are discussed, such as software limitations, the associated costs and risks, and the criteria on whether and how to adapt a plan.",signatures:"Yuanshui Zheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54445",authors:[{id:"193611",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanshui",surname:"Zheng",slug:"yuanshui-zheng",fullName:"Yuanshui Zheng"}],corrections:null},{id:"54315",title:"Radiation for Gynaecological Malignancies",doi:"10.5772/67202",slug:"radiation-for-gynaecological-malignancies",totalDownloads:1939,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gynaecological malignancies are the most common cancers of women and they contribute to the significant amount of mortality. Women in developing countries are diagnosed in late stages and hence radiation is the common modality of therapy. Radiation is required in managing 80–90% of women with carcinoma cervix, 60% of women with endometrial cancer and 50% of women with carcinoma vulva. The stage of the disease is the most important factor in survival and counselling is essential to ensure complete therapy. Radiation is used as a primary therapy, adjuvant therapy, neo‐adjuvant therapy and as palliation. The techniques include external beam radiation and brachytherapy or the combination of both. The newer techniques include IMRT‐, IGRT‐ and PET‐CT‐guided therapies. Side effects/complications occur as acute during therapy, subacute within 3 months and chronic after 6 months. Management of these side effects is essential for increasing compliance of the patient so as to achieve high cure rates. Management of recurrent disease is a challenge and requires multidisciplinary approach involving Gynaecological Oncologist, Radiation Oncologist and Surgical Oncologist.",signatures:"Papa Dasari, Singhavajhala Vivekanandam and Kandepadu\nSrinagesh Abhishek Raghava",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54315",authors:[{id:"30289",title:"Prof.",name:"Papa",surname:"Dasari",slug:"papa-dasari",fullName:"Papa Dasari"}],corrections:null},{id:"54378",title:"Image‐Guided Adaptive Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Overview and Experience",doi:"10.5772/67382",slug:"image-guided-adaptive-brachytherapy-for-cervical-cancer-using-magnetic-resonance-imaging-overview-an",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been accepted as a novel treatment technique for cervical cancer. During the development of MRI-based IGABT, a very important concept called “High-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV)” was introduced. However, computed tomography (CT)-based IGABT is the most common modality in Japan.",signatures:"Kenji Yoshida, Ryo Nishikawa, Daisuke Miyawaki, Yasuhiko Ebina\nand Ryohei Sasaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54378",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54378",authors:[{id:"71979",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Yoshida",slug:"kenji-yoshida",fullName:"Kenji Yoshida"}],corrections:null},{id:"53723",title:"Re-irradiation for Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer",doi:"10.5772/67060",slug:"re-irradiation-for-recurrent-head-and-neck-cancer",totalDownloads:1782,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"After radical treatment of head and neck cancer about 20–50% of patients are diagnosed with the locoregional recurrence during first two years. The main treatment for recurrent disease is salvage surgery, but in most cases, surgery is not feasible due to the high risk of complications and morbidity, and only 20% of patients are suitable for surgical salvage. Reirradiation is an effective treatment method with acceptable toxicity, but this treatment method is limited to normal tissue tolerance to a total dose. When chemotherapy is administered for recurrence, the response rate is up to 40%, so with the advancement of technical measures, after introduction of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy, fractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy, high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy, proton beam reirradiation, a reirradiation is increasingly more often used for head and neck cancer relapse treatment. In this chapter, we will discuss about reirradiation with curative intent using new different radiation techniques (intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (HDR‐BRT) and proton beam reirradiation (PBRT) for previously irradiated head and neck cancer and present recommendations for retreatment of head and neck cancer relapse using reirradiation alone or with systemic chemotherapy/biologic therapy.",signatures:"Viktoras Rudzianskas and Rita Kupcinskaite‐Noreikiene",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53723",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53723",authors:[{id:"193135",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktoras",surname:"Rudzianskas",slug:"viktoras-rudzianskas",fullName:"Viktoras Rudzianskas"},{id:"195924",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",surname:"Kupcinskaite-Noreikiene",slug:"rita-kupcinskaite-noreikiene",fullName:"Rita Kupcinskaite-Noreikiene"}],corrections:null},{id:"54069",title:"Radiation Therapy with a Simultaneous Integrated Boost",doi:"10.5772/67326",slug:"radiation-therapy-with-a-simultaneous-integrated-boost",totalDownloads:2710,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Radiotherapy has an established role in the treatment of cancer and represents a definitive, less invasive approach for various cancer types. Its main aim is to deliver the maximum dose to the tumor with minimal toxicity on neighboring healthy tissues. Therefore, the precise determination of the target and its spatial relation to critical surrounding organs is of main importance. New imaging modalities such as the CT, MRI, and PET/CT offer more anatomical detail and facilitate the accurate delineation of the target volume and the organs at risk. The recent advances in 3D-CRT and IMRT radiation techniques offer high accuracy in tumor targeting and ensure safe dose escalation. Moreover, the introduction of IGRT offers the opportunity to safely apply a supplementary dose to the macroscopic tumor. In trials conducted, a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) has proved to be feasible in various cancer localizations, to safely increase the total delivered dose, shorten the total treatment time and results in increased tumor control while keeping the side effects low at the same time. However, more trials need to be conducted to establish an acceptable protocol.",signatures:"Despina Katsochi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54069",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54069",authors:[{id:"193364",title:"Dr.",name:"Despina",surname:"Katsochi",slug:"despina-katsochi",fullName:"Despina Katsochi"}],corrections:null},{id:"53798",title:"Low-Dose Radiotherapy of Painful Heel Spur/Plantar Fasciitis as an Example of Treatment Effects in Benign Diseases",doi:"10.5772/67058",slug:"low-dose-radiotherapy-of-painful-heel-spur-plantar-fasciitis-as-an-example-of-treatment-effects-in-b",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Degenerative changes in the plantar fascia may cause the so‐called “painful heel” with typical projections of tenderness. This condition is often associated with a plantar heel spur. Radiotherapy with low doses (LD‐EBRT) has been well known for its anti‐inflammatory potential. In the recent years, several microbiological mechanisms were elucidated to explain immunomodulation by LD‐EBRT. Furthermore, a randomized study proved the clinical efficacy of this therapy in plantar fasciitis. Two other trials defined a fractionation schedule of 6 × 0.5 Gy twice weekly as the new standard therapy. Taken together, LD‐EBRT is an effective and safe therapeutic option for patients over 30 years of age and after exclusion of pregnancy. In case of an insufficient response, a second course can be offered to the patient. There are still open questions concerning target volume definition and fractionation of LD‐EBRT. Furthermore, studies randomizing LD‐EBRT with other conservative therapeutic approaches are missing.",signatures:"Robert Michael Hermann, Frank Bruns and Mirko Nitsche",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53798",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53798",authors:[{id:"192941",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Hermann",slug:"robert-hermann",fullName:"Robert Hermann"},{id:"194730",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",surname:"Nitsche",slug:"mirko-nitsche",fullName:"Mirko Nitsche"},{id:"194927",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Bruns",slug:"frank-bruns",fullName:"Frank Bruns"}],corrections:null},{id:"53753",title:"Predictive Solution for Radiation Toxicity Based on Big Data",doi:"10.5772/67059",slug:"predictive-solution-for-radiation-toxicity-based-on-big-data",totalDownloads:1872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Radiotherapy is a treatment method using radiation for cancer treatment based on a patient treatment planning for each radiotherapy machine. At this time, the dose, volume, device setting information, complication, tumor control probability, etc. are considered as a single-patient treatment for each fraction during radiotherapy process. Thus, these filed-up big data for a long time and numerous patients’ cases are inevitably suitable to produce optimal treatment and minimize the radiation toxicity and complication. Thus, we are going to handle up prostate, lung, head, and neck cancer cases using machine learning algorithm in radiation oncology. And, the promising algorithms as the support vector machine, decision tree, and neural network, etc. will be introduced in machine learning. In conclusion, we explain a predictive solution of radiation toxicity based on the big data as treatment planning decision support system.",signatures:"Suk Lee, Kwang Hyeon Kim, Choi Suk Woo, Jang Bo Shim, Yuan Jie\nCao, Kyung Hwan Chang and Chul Yong Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53753",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53753",authors:[{id:"96630",title:"Prof.",name:"Suk",surname:"Lee",slug:"suk-lee",fullName:"Suk Lee"},{id:"175104",title:"Prof.",name:"Chul Yong",surname:"Kim",slug:"chul-yong-kim",fullName:"Chul Yong Kim"},{id:"175234",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan Jie",surname:"Cao",slug:"yuan-jie-cao",fullName:"Yuan Jie Cao"},{id:"182770",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kwang Hyeon",surname:"Kim",slug:"kwang-hyeon-kim",fullName:"Kwang Hyeon Kim"},{id:"195282",title:"MSc.",name:"Choi",surname:"Suk Woo",slug:"choi-suk-woo",fullName:"Choi Suk Woo"},{id:"196286",title:"MSc.",name:"Jang Bo",surname:"Shim",slug:"jang-bo-shim",fullName:"Jang Bo Shim"},{id:"196287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyung Hwan",surname:"Chang",slug:"kyung-hwan-chang",fullName:"Kyung Hwan Chang"}],corrections:null},{id:"53969",title:"Radiation-Related Heart Disease: Up-to-Date Developments",doi:"10.5772/67325",slug:"radiation-related-heart-disease-up-to-date-developments",totalDownloads:1831,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Approximately 25–30% of patients with cancer undergo thoracic radiation therapy (RT). RT might inadvertently induce heart injury and result in various forms of radiation-related heart disease (RRHD). The main endpoints of RRHD include cardiac death from RT, clinical heart disease (congestive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and myocardial infarction), and subclinical heart disease (cardiac perfusion defects). Advanced RT techniques, such as breath control, intensity-modulated RT, and image-guided RT, as well as limited target volume definition might spare or avoid cardiac doses and/or volume, which may translate into decreased incidence of RRHD. The total delivered radiation dose to cardiac implantable electronic devices was strongly recommended not to exceed 2 Gy. The treatment strategies of RRHD were based on the various recommended consensus of related heart diseases in cardiology. However, the standardized definitions of the cardiac structures, dose-volume limits during radiation planning design, the optimal dose-volume parameters, and the dose-volume effects of various cardiac substructures warrant further investigation. The recognition, prediction, prevention, and management of RRHD require close collaboration between oncologists and cardiologists.",signatures:"Wenyong Tan, Xianming Li and Yong Dai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53969",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53969",authors:[{id:"192949",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenyong",surname:"Tan",slug:"wenyong-tan",fullName:"Wenyong Tan"},{id:"195918",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianming",surname:"Li",slug:"xianming-li",fullName:"Xianming Li"},{id:"195919",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",surname:"Dai",slug:"yong-dai",fullName:"Yong Dai"}],corrections:null},{id:"53865",title:"Radiotherapy Dose Optimization in Target Tissues Using Internal Radiation-Generating Devices and Microspheres",doi:"10.5772/67203",slug:"radiotherapy-dose-optimization-in-target-tissues-using-internal-radiation-generating-devices-and-mic",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Preferentially delivering ionizing radiation to target tissues during radiotherapy procedures is investigated using internal radiation-generating devices and microspheres loaded with radioactive material. This chapter presumes the existence of internal radiation-generating devices and develops their requisite characteristics to permit the selective irradiation of tumors. The feasibility of disrupting a tumor’s vascular structure is also investigated. Calculated absorbed dose profiles for both approaches demonstrate that dose can be successfully localized in a target tissue while minimizing the delivery to healthy tissue.",signatures:"Joseph John Bevelacqua",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53865",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53865",authors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}],corrections:null},{id:"54551",title:"Application of pMOS Dosimeters in Radiotherapy",doi:"10.5772/67456",slug:"application-of-pmos-dosimeters-in-radiotherapy",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The results of a study on pMOS dosimeters manufactured by Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland and their sensitivity on radiation doses used in radiotherapy are presented. Firstly, we deal with analysis of defect precursors created by ionizing radiation, responsible for increase in fixed and switching traps, which are further responsible for threshold voltage shift as a dosimetric parameter. Secondly, influence of some parameters, such as gate bias during irradiation, gate oxide thickness and photons energies, on threshold voltage shift is presented. Fading of irradiated pMOS dosimeters and possible application of commercial MOSFETs in ionizing radiation dosimetry are also presented.",signatures:"Momčilo M. Pejović and Milić M. Pejović",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54551",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54551",authors:[{id:"147994",title:"Dr.",name:"Momčilo",surname:"Pejović",slug:"momcilo-pejovic",fullName:"Momčilo Pejović"},{id:"194077",title:"Dr.",name:"Milić M.",surname:"Pejovic",slug:"milic-m.-pejovic",fullName:"Milić M. Pejovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"53718",title:"A Comparison of Physical vs. Nonphysical Wedge Modalities in Radiotherapy",doi:"10.5772/67057",slug:"a-comparison-of-physical-vs-nonphysical-wedge-modalities-in-radiotherapy",totalDownloads:2297,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the clinical application and implementation of wedge techniques in radiation therapy. Coverage of the target region with a curative dose is critical for treating several cancer types; to that end, wedge filters are commonly used to improve dose uniformity to the target volume. Initially, wedges designed for this purpose were physical and were made of high-density materials such as lead or steel. Subsequently, nonphysical wedges were introduced; these improved the dose uniformity using computer systems in lieu of physical materials. As wedge systems evolve, however, they each continue to have their advantages and disadvantages. When using physical wedges, it is difficult to control the generation of secondary radiation resulting from the collision of the radiation beam with the wedge body; conversely, nonphysical wedges do not create any secondary radiation because there is no physical interference with the beam. On the other hand, nonphysical wedges are less suitable for treating moving tumors, such as those in the lung, and physical wedges have better dose coverage to the target volume than nonphysical wedges. 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In radiotherapy of dynamic tumors, the correct and accurate information of tumor position during the therapeutic irradiation determine the degree of treatment success. In this chapter we investigate quantitatively the effect of tumor motion on treatment quality by considering to possible drawbacks and errors at external surrogate’s radiotherapy as clinical treatment modality. For this aim, tumor motion information of a group of real patients treated with Cybeknife Synchrony system (from Georgetown University Hospital) was taken into account. A fuzzy logic based correlation model was employed for tumor motion tracking. Final results represent graphically the amount of tumor motion estimated by our utilized correlation model on three dimensions with targeting error calculation. It’s worth mentioning that each strategy that can improve targeting accuracy of dynamic tumors may strongly enhance treatment quality by saving healthy tissues against additional high dose. 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\r\n\tCytomegalovirus (CMV) is a serious infection virus that is related to the herpes viruses and causes chickenpox and mononucleosis. CMV can develop in people who are immunocompromised and immunodeficient, called opportunistic infections. Opportunistic infections only occur if your immune system is quite weakened. Most adults carry CMV but are unaware of it because the virus cannot produce disease. In people with severely weakened immune systems, CMV can make a person feel as though they have mono. CMV can also cause serious diseases in different parts of the body. CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, semen, and breast milk. Women who develop an active CMV infection during pregnancy can pass the virus to their neonates, who might then experience symptoms. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces both innate immune responses including Natural Killer cells as well as adaptive humoral and cell-mediated (CD4+ helper, CD8+ cytotoxic and γδ T cell) responses which lead to the resolution of acute primary infection. Therefore, recognition of immunopathology, pathogenesis and immune response against CMV are necessary.
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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Diseases that it lays down can have systemic scope and significantly affect the quality of life of individuals who suffer them. Periodontal disease is one of the oral health problems that most often affect the global population, lack of treatment leads to loss of tooth organs and consequently alters the digestion and nutrition, without considering other relevant aspects as phonation, aesthetics and social or emotional impact. The importance of periodontal disease has raised possible bidirectional relationships with systemic diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We address herein the role of oxidative stress in the etiopathogeny of periodontal disease. In the same context, another disease that has become relevant in our days is the oral cancer. Epidemiological data show that the incidence of this neoplasm has been increasing in several countries. The impact of oral cancer on patients, who suffer it, is devastating. The role of oxidative stress in the development of this disease and some alternatives for its treatment, are topics addressed in this brief review. These two oral diseases are a sample of the plethora of effects that oxidative stress may have at local and systemic level.
\n\t\tPeriodontitis is the second world health problem since it affects between 10 to 15% of the world population [1]. Although the various states in this disease depend on the degree of destruction and inflammation present, the American Dental Association classifies according to a system development based on the severity of the loss of periodontal insertion. The information obtained in clinical and radiographic examination classifies the patient in four typical cases that are:
\n\t\t\tType I: Gingivitis
Type II: Mild Periodontitis
Type III: Moderate Periodontitis
Type IV: Advanced Periodontitis
There are other classifications of the inflammatory process [2]:
\n\t\t\tUlceronecrotic acute gingivitis
Acute gingivitis
Chronic gingivitis
Marginal periodontitis
Superficial marginal periodontitis
Deep marginal periodontitis
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory process involving a set of changes that directly affect tissues that hold the teeth. The etiology plays a role which is essential within the bacterial infection. In fact, within the 300 to 400 species of bacteria located in the oral cavity consider that some of them are exclusive to the periodontal tissues. However in recent years it has been determined that the evolution and spread of the disease will play a decisive role in the host response to bacterial attack. This is reflected in the model of the critical path in the pathogenesis of this disease. Through this one can understand that there are diseases and systemic conditions that have risk factors for periodontal disease, because they are going to modify the host response and favor the development of damage [3].\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\tWhen it is lost in the inclusion of periodontal fibers, usually after puberty, the cases that are reported before this stage are only 5%. Previously it has reported that there was a ratio of two to one in the frequency of periodontal disease, women being the most affected in this order. Currently known, the presence by gender of this involvement is very similar.
\n\t\t\tIn adults with more than 1 mm of affected dental faces periodontal insertion loss increases with age. An epidemiological report in United States mentions that approximately 80-92% of the population between the ages of 35 and 64 years performed, lost more than 1 mm insertion in 20 to 47% of teeth. From 18 to 22% of the population of 35 to 64 years were more 2 mm deep in the probing of the periodontal bags in 11 to 13% of tooth surfaces. Periodontitis occurs when tissue destruction due to the direct effect of bacterial toxins and removal products, in addition, the effects caused indirectly by the harmful organic defense mechanisms. Microorganisms as
Bacteria causes tissue destruction with its deletion, this is a feature of marginal periodontitis products. Destruction of tissues within a radius of 1.5 to 2.5 mm around the plaque has been observed (the so-called
The human immune system can be classified according to their function within the periodontium, follows:
\n\t\t\tSecretory system
Neutrophils, antibodies and complement system
Leukocytes and macrophages
Immune regulation system.
The system formed by neutrophils, antibodies and complement is crucial to the immune defense against periodontal infections. When functional defects of neutrophils occur, it increases the frequency of serious marginal periodontitis [4].
\n\t\tA phenomenon that occurs within the periodontal disease is called oxidative stress. In order to understand the phenomenon of oxidative stress it is important to know what the free radicals (FR) are, where they come from and how to act. A FR is considered that molecule presented an electron unpaired or odd in the orbital external, in its atomic structure giving it a spatial configuration that generates a high instability. In the molecule of oxygen (O2) know the following FR or also called oxygen reactive species: anion superoxide (O2˙ˉ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH˙) and singlet oxygen (1O2). The H2O2 is not strictly a FR but by its ability to generate the OH˙ in the presence of metals such as iron, it incorporates it as such. A fundamental characteristic of the reactions of free radicals is that act of chain reactions, where a radical reaction generates another consecutively.
\n\t\t\tOxygen (O2) that this in the air is fundamental to life, many reactions in which participates the O2 generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), of which some have the chemical character of being free radical (FR), whose biochemical entities in its atomic structure presented an odd or unpaired electron in the outer orbital, giving it a spatial configuration that generates a high instability with an enormous capacity for combined with the diversity of molecules members of the cell structure: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and derivatives of each of them, causing important functional alterations. In this sense, the body has an antioxidant system to counteract the generation of ROS, which maintains a homeostatic balance. However there are pro-oxidant factors that favor the generation of FR, causing an imbalance in favor of the latter, generating so-called oxidative stress (OS) [5].
\n\t\t\tThe tetravalent reduction of oxygen to produce water through the electron transport chain in mitochondria is relatively safe. However, the univalent reduction of oxygen generates ROS. The human organism also has antioxidant system to counteract the generation of ROS, which maintains a homeostatic balance. However, there are pro-oxidant factors that favor the generation of FR, causing an imbalance in favor of the latter, generating OS. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT), as well as proteins carriers of metals (ceruplasmina, transferrin, lactoferrin, etc.), and another micronutrients as vitamins A, C and E, bilirubin, uric acid and selenium, constitute the most important elements of the antioxidant system. Also, between the most important pro-oxidant factors we can highlight the process of aging, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet rays, environmental pollution, cigarette smoke, excess of exercise, intake of alcoholic beverages and inadequate diet [6].
\n\t\t\tThe role of Coenzyme Q10 is the mitochondrial energy coupling. It is an essential part of the cellular machinery used to produce ATP that provides the energy for muscle contraction and other vital cellular functions. Most of the ATP production occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, where the Coenzyme Q10 is located. The most important function is serving as a suppressor of primary free radicals, located in the membranes in the vicinity of unsaturated lipid chains. There are less established functions that include the oxidation/reduction of the control of the origin and transmission of signals in cells that induce the expression of gender, the control of membrane channels, the structure and solubility in lipids [7].
\n\t\t\tFree radicals cause damage to periodontal tissues by a variety of different mechanisms including:
\n\t\t\tDNA damage
Lipid peroxidation
Protein damage
The oxidation of important enzymes (anti proteases)
Stimulation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
ROS covers other reactive species that are not true radicals, but are however capable of react in intra and extracellular environment: peroxide of hydrogen, hypochlorous acid, oxygen, ozone. The living organism has adapted to an existence under a continuous output of radical free flow. Between the different antioxidant defense mechanism adaptation mechanism is of great importance. Antioxidants are "those substances that when they are present in lower concentrations compared to the substrate of an oxidizable, significantly delay or inhibit the oxidation of the substrate". The various possible mechanisms that antioxidants can offer protection against damage from free radicals are:
\n\t\t\tThe prevention of the formation of radical free.
Interception of the radical free to eliminate reactive metabolites and their conversion to less reactive molecules.
Facilitate the repair of the damage caused by free radicals.
Create a favourable environment for the effective functioning of other antioxidants.
Antioxidant defense system is very dynamic and responsive to any disturbance that occurs in the body redox balance. Antioxidants can be regulated and neutralize the formation of radical free that can occur due to oxidative stress, such as the factor transcription factors Activator protein 1 and nuclear-kb are redox sensitive. Redox potential is a measure of the affinity of a substance for electrons [8].
\n\t\t\tThe presence of inflammatory infiltrate is a constant feature in periodontal disease. It is known that these cells release lots of free radicals; it is suspected that these metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The presence of a dense inflammatory infiltrate in periodontal disease leads to the suspicion that the relationship of periodontal leukocyte-tissue has a double aspect. The role of these cells in the containment of the gingival bacteria and their products must be analyzed according to a balance with the destruction of tissue due to the release of the products of its action (FR and proteases). In this way, a defensive mechanism, under the interaction of various factors, can be harmful to periodontal tissues, and they are therefore involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease.
\n\t\t\tThere is numerous evidence pointing to the involvement of FR in periodontal disease. It has been reported in patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis, that the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are functionally activated, produce high levels of O2 and have a high response the luminol-dependent (QL) chemiluminescent. There is an increase of the PMN oxidative response peripherals in patients with localized and generalized juvenile periodontitis, as well as in adult patients with periodontitis (AP). This increase is related to clinical periodontal status and is reversed by therapy.
\n\t\t\tIt has also compared the generation O2 by the activated PMN in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with AP. The PMN activation with phorbolmyristateacetate causes a marked increase in the release of O2 in patients with AP, while the antioxidant activity of the gum is similar to the controls. The effect of the PMN in crevicular fluid of patients is dependent on variations in the rate of formation of O2, relative to the intrinsic antioxidant capacity of the gingival tissue.
\n\t\t\tIn gingival epithelial cells in culture studies have shown the PMN may cause lysis of these through the action of the free myeloperoxidase(MPO), a leukocyte enzyme generating radicals. Its activity has been increased in the crevicular fluid of sites with gingivitis and periodontitis with respect to healthy sites.
\n\t\t\tThere is a close relationship between free radical production by leukocytes and activation of proteases. Altogether these actions could have profound effects on the function and integrity of the gingival epithelium.
\n\t\t\tThe above evidence leads to consider that in the inflammatory periodontal disease, the general etiological factors causing the breakup of physiological systems of inhibition of lipid peroxidation, creates a low level of antioxidant protection of periodontal tissues. In these circumstances, the local factors lead to the migration of neutrophils to the gingiva and gingival fluid. The activation of these leukocytes in phagocytosis, causes the release of ROS, which leads to the outbreak of the lipid peroxidation of the soft tissues of the periodontium and activation of protease. This lipid peroxidation is the mechanism that triggers the development of morphofunctionalchangesin periodontium and their vessels, which results in destruction of collagen and bone resorption.
\n\t\t\tDue to numberless evidences that suggest a participation of the ROS in the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease, it has been raised that the factors that promote a rupture of the antioxidant physiological system, contribute to the development of oxidative mechanisms that initiate the periodontitis. The main cause of lipid peroxidation in the periodontal disease seems to lie in the liberation of ROS by leukocytes in phagocytosis. These concepts emphasize the utility of antioxidants in the prophylaxis and treatment of periodontal disease and therefore justify the search of new antioxidant preparations for this purpose. For example the
The oral cancer occupies 2-5 % of all whole body cancers. This percentage places this neoplasia within the ten most common cancers [10]. Although its magnitude is relatively low, its impact on affected patients and their costs in health systems is high.There is a considerable variation in the incidence and mortality rates around the world. The incidence is greater in south of India, Australia, North of America, many European countries, Brazil, certain countries of Africa and some of central Asia [11]. 90% of oral cancer is of epithelial origin and the rest 10% are distributing in adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, lymphoproliferative disorders, metastasis, melanomas and malignant odontogenic tumors. The intraoral main site of oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) is the posterior lateral border of tongue (Figure 1) and floor of mouth (Figure 2). If the lips are considered within the oral territory, then this site has the highest frequency (Figure 3).Since oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the main malignant neoplasia we focus in it.
\n\t\t\tSquamous cell cancer of the posterior lateral border of the tongue in a 28-year-old woman.She smoked a cigarette per day for 15 years.
Squamous cell cancer of floor of mouth in a 58-year-old woman.She had a history of poorly controlled diabetes type 2 from 42 years. She also has used ill-fitting dentures since age 50. Note the linear lesion with presence of necrosis in the centre of the fissure.
There are premalignant lesions recognized like: leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oralsubmucosal fibrosis, palatal lesions of reverse cigar smoking, oral liken planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, and hereditary disorders likecongenital dyskeratosis and epidermolysisbullosa, but beyond of a clinical standpoint, diverse carcinogenic molecular mechanisms have been postulated.The main target is the DNA, since mutations that occur in it generates a wide range of deleterious effects in the cell. In a very general overview, the balance between tumor suppressor genes and those genes that induce cell cycle is altered.Allowing cells to escape cell cycle control and developing an unpredictable biological behavior. Subsequently, the cells express molecules that allow them to acquire an invasive phenotype, a phenomenon known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Why malignant cells colonize distant sites? Is not yet fully understood, but it is the feature that makes it lethal.
\n\t\t\tSquamous cell cancer of the lip in a 74-year-old man. He was a farmer and consumed alcohol chronically.
Free radicals are products of the oxidation-reduction systems of the cell and its participation in cellular metabolic functions is essential for cell survival. A classic example is the electron transport chain in mitochondria. However, in whatpathologicalconditions, free radicals can become deleterious? In fact, what are the results of its harmful effects? The involvement of free radicals in cancer development has been studied for 3 decades, and there is sufficient evidence that implicates theirs in the multistage theory of carcinogenesis. They are proposed to cause diverse DNA alterations like: punctual mutations, DNA base oxidations, strand breaks, mutation of tumor suppressor genes and can induce overexpression of proto-oncogenes [12].It should be added that oxidative protein damage participates in facilitating the development of cancer.
\n\t\t\tSeveral works explore the levels of oxidative stress in patients with oral cancer [13-15] most of them quantified the products of lipid-peroxidation(mainly malonilaldehyde) and contrast them with the activity of antioxidant enzymes or exogenous antioxidants levels in blood or even saliva. The results agree that there is an imbalance between the high amount of free radicals and insufficient antioxidant system activity.Added to this, some researchers have observed that high levels of lipid-peroxidation combined with low levels of thiols and antioxidant status, correlate with poor survival rate in patients with oral cancer [16].
\n\t\t\tThe OSCC is a multifactorial disease, however, a factor strongly associated, is smoking. 90% of individuals with oral cancer are smokers. It is considered that the smoke from cigarettes have 4000 chemicals, 40 of which have carcinogenic potential. It has been shown that cigarette smoke contains pro-oxidants that are capable of initiating the process of lipid-peroxidation and deplete levels of antioxidants from the diet [17,18].
\n\t\t\tIn contrast, there is epidemiological evidence that demonstrates the protective effect of diet on some populations [19-21].For example in Greece, which has the lowest rates of oral cancer among European countries,its population is exposed to latent risk factors such as alcohol intake and smoking; micronutrients consume such as riboflavin, magnesium and iron correlated inversely with oral cancer [19].
\n\t\t\tConsequently, several authors have proposed the ingestion of diverse exogenous antioxidants; supporting in those epidemiological studies, where the diet offers protection for the development of cancer, and taking into account that the endogenous antioxidant systems have been overwhelmed by oxidative stress.
\n\t\t\tFor example, vitamin C is one of the most extensively evaluated antioxidants in oral cancer alternative co-therapies. Low or even undetectable levels of vitamin C correlate with the presence of oral cancer [17, 22]; in contrast, is one of the micronutrients that have a consistent inverse correlation in different studies [23].Vitamin C acts as a scavenger of free radicals and impedes the detrimental chain reactions triggered by the free radicals.The l-glutamine is another antioxidant that has shown a beneficial modulating effect in patients with oral cancer in stages III and IV. The l-glutamine is administered in the diet as a complementary therapy; the proposal is that restores glutathione cascade system [15].In addition, other antioxidants such as carotene, vitamin E, thiamine, vitamin B6, folic acid, niacin and potassium have shown a convincing protective effect [24]. Even more,when them are administered together during the cycles of radiotherapy [25].
\n\t\tOrganizations competing in dynamic industries are required to be cognizant of challenges and complexity in maintaining a balance between initiating changes through innovations and maintaining stability in their existing processes. Unpredictability within dynamic competitive markets creates a paradox between replicating stable processes or re-allocating resources toward innovation [1]. Hence, organizational success tends to be contingent on organizational commitment and capability to continuously explore a new way of doing things and exploit existing competencies [2]. Markets in dynamic industries tend to exert more significant pressure on competing firms to sense and respond to cues in their environment by creating flexible and adaptable core capabilities. The recent trends toward the adoption and implementation of total quality management have been indicative of competitive challenges in dynamic industries. As competitive advantage tends to erode at an accelerated pace [1], organizations that are responsive to intra-organizational cues and shifts in elements within the immediate organizational environment may have a better chance of success and prosperity [3, 4]. A healthy competitive position in the marketplace requires managers to coordinate among various internal processes, such as continuous improvements, innovations, and efficiency, through enhanced organizational learning capability. Moreover, internal coordination among process improvement, innovation, and organizational learning may lead to equilibria between continuous changes in various constituents in quality management and maintaining stability in existing processes. Integrated total quality management strategies enable managers to explore and implement a novel way of doing things and maintain stable and standard processes by repetition and duplication of high-performing processes. A number of researchers have posited that the performance outcome of quality management strategies tends to be contingent on the managerial capability to coordinate among timely innovations, investment in human capital, enhanced learning capability, and knowledge collaboration among organizational members and subunits [5, 6, 7, 8]. Moreover, integrated quality management enables organizations to exploit the existing core capabilities and channel organizational knowledge into individual and team cognitive energy to gain competitive advantage and enhance organizational performance e.g., [8, 9] and organizational excellence [10]. Moreover, integrated quality management provides a window of opportunity for managers to detect and adapt to the external environment contingencies in a timely fashion [11]. The inconsistency in the causal linkage between desired performance outcome [12, 13] and integrated quality management strategies and practices at the operational level remain inconsistent [14, 15]. Past studies have shown inconsistent results in the relationship between performance and integrated quality management. For example, research by Powell [16] and Westphal et al. [17] revealed no statistical significance between performance and total quality management. In contrast, few researchers have reported a direct and positive association [18, 19]) or a mediated relationship between organizational performance and quality management. Previous researchers have parsed and identified various components of integrated quality management and investigated each component’s relationship with performance.
In this body of work, the financial measure of organizational success [8], human resource capability [20], research and development were explored as firm-specific capability [9]. Furthermore, integrated total quality management draws upon firm-specific resources and capabilities and coordinates a strategic balance between exploring new ideas and exploiting existing firm-specific capabilities [9, 21]. Such capabilities developed within integrated quality management tend to be non-imitable and sources of competitive advantage and higher performance [22, 23]. The causal ambiguity in the relationship between quality management and performance led to failures in the implementation of quality management [16]. Furthermore, causal ambiguity in the quality management-performance relationship has refocused research studies on the interrelationship between constituent elements of quality management and organizational performance. For instance, research by Modarres and Pezeshk indicated that the relationship between total quality management and organizational performance is mediated by organizational learning and innovation performance. Similarly, Huang et al. [6] argued that individual interactions mediate the innovation performance in the quality management method and the degree of the team learning that may result from team member interactions.
Another body of research centered on the interrelationship between investment in human capital and success in the implementation outcome of quality management [7]. Other researchers have discussed that the quality management-performance relationship tends to be contingent on creating a culture of dyadic trust among organizational members and promoting knowledge sharing among the organizational members [6]. Both dyadic trust and knowledge sharing create an internal organizational environment that generates enhanced cognitive learning. Furthermore, knowledge sharing allows accumulated knowledge by members of the organization to become the basis for diverse ideas and explorations of novel routines. Within this body of research, the relationship between quality management and performance tends to be contingent on a culture of employee empowerment within organizations [24]. Such a culture promotes an environment of learning and interaction, mutual trust, and information sharing among organizational members that may lead to the introduction of new products and services and the implementation of new codes in the organization.
Parsing quality management into its constituent parts and their synthetic roles within quality management have partially contributed to our understanding of the performance-quality management relationship. However, previous researchers have provided little information about the interactive effects of quality management with organizational learning and innovations to explain performance variations within corporations. This chapter derives from contingency theory to examine the contingency theory, neglected in recent quality management studies, to examine the interactions between quality management and two important variables, organizational learning, and innovations in explaining variations in organizational performance.
The proposed model (Figure 1) and hypotheses tested both direct and interaction effects between quality management, organizational learning, and innovation on various organizational performance levels. In contrast to parsing the constituent parts and their synthetic roles within quality management, the present research proposes that the interactions between quality management and learning capability and innovation tend to positively impact organizational performance. The present research views quality management as an integrated, gestalt, and adaptive method capable of continuously learning [25] and innovating novel routines and new core competencies. Furthermore, present research argues that integrated quality management allows for incremental modifications and radical reengineering of existing operations and enables managers to be flexible and enable the transformation and enhancement of internal capabilities.
Macro model.
Integrated quality management practices promote cross-functional communication and frequent exchanges of complex information among individuals and teams. Interaction between quality management and learning capability across subunits is likely to result in a novel way of doing things. Such knowledge creation commits top executives to allocate resources to employees’ education, expression of new ideas, and team learning.
Furthermore, the managerial challenge in establishing a stable and reliable process tends to be contingent on creating an organizational culture. Such culture focuses on creating new knowledge and continuous organizational learning and the existing experience curve accumulated through information flow across subunits [6]. Such a seamless flow of information across subunits allows organizational members and managers to explore novel routines and exploit existing knowledge. Integrated quality management enables top managers to invest in continuous education and learning through employees’ interactions. Over time, the accumulated education and learning become the basis for organizational learning capability [25, 26] and the flexibility to explore new routines and continuous process improvement [27]. According to Jerez-Gomez et al. [28], the interactions between top management commitment to employees’ education and employee involvement in strategic directions of the organization enhance learning as one of the organization’s core competencies. Moreover, higher levels of learning and education tend to lead to better implementation of quality management, greater innovation, higher quality of products and services, and higher organizational performance [26].
Moreover, high levels of learning capability within quality management enhance organizational awareness and ability to absorb new knowledge and transform the collective organizational know-how into new products and competitive advantage [9]. In contrast, low adaptive learning and low organizational performance tend to be attributed to parochial organizational practices and the inability to absorb new knowledge [29]. Similarly, the interaction between quality management and organizational innovations is likely to allow exploration for the opportunity to develop new products and services. Innovation tends to be among the success factors that contribute to high corporate performance [9, 22]. Previous researchers have argued that a positive association between innovation and organizational performance tends to be contingent on the flexible structural design that facilitates subunits innovations and interconnectedness, decentralized decision-making, and accumulated organizational learning [13, 30, 31, 32]. According to Singh and Smith [33], quality management practices promote an organic environment within organizations that is conducive to innovation and high levels of learning. Such organic structural design promotes employee interactions and cross-functional links and interactions. Furthermore, the organic structural design creates greater flexibility [34], that facilitates the speed and extent of innovations, and timely adaptation to changes in the firm’s industry environment.
Moreover, quality management practices that promote the timely introduction of products and services to the marketplace can lead to competitive advantage and high organizational performance [8]. Similarly, entrepreneurial mindset within organizations tends to be a key factor in technological and product innovations. Furthermore, entrepreneurial mindset enables managers to respond to environmental changes by reallocating valued resources within the organization toward new products and services and enhancing corporate performance [22, 30, 35, 36]. Finally, quality management creates a culture of collaborations and exchanges of new ideas as employees interact within each function and cross-functionally. Researchers must identify the interrelationship among quality management, learning capability, and innovations to realize a deeper understanding of how employee interaction may lead to higher organizational learning capability and innovations. Furthermore, research studies should explore the interactive effects of quality management, learning capability, and innovation on organizational performance. Given the above, this study hypothesizes the main and intersection effects between integrated quality management, organizational learning, and innovations in the following manner:
A survey method was used for all the variables in the present study. Respondents were asked to indicate their levels of agreement with descriptive statements using a 5-point Likert scale (range, 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
top management support
employee involvement
continuous improvement
customer focus
education and training
supply management
Congruent with the previous research in contingency theory [8], the present research considers quality management as an integrated organizational strategy. As such, the study used structural equation modeling to explore the independent and interaction effects of integrated quality management, innovations, and organizational learning on organizational performance. For parsimony, and to reduce the number of relationships, a hierarchical component model was created. Model I (Table 1, Figure 1) shows the results of the structural equation modeling analysis of the high component model, and standardized regression weights showing integrated quality management association with organizational learning capability, products and services innovations, and organizational performance. The hierarchical analysis of Model I also shows the relationship between each of the four constructs in this study with their sub-constructs.
Standardized regression weight | Standardized bias | t-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Quality management ➔ Organizational learning | 0.95 | 0.08 | 13.41* |
Quality management ➔ Innovation performance | 0.91 | 0.08 | 12.41* |
Quality management ➔ Organizational performance | 0.43 | 0.08 | 1.13 |
Quality management ➔ Education and training | 0.90 | 0.08 | 14.20* |
Quality management ➔ Total management support | 0.72 | 0.08 | 10.41* |
Quality management ➔ Continuous improvement | 0.61 | 0.08 | 8.60* |
Quality management ➔ Supply chain mgt | 0.55 | 0.08 | 7.67* |
Quality management ➔ Customer focus | 0.45 | 0.08 | 6.29* |
Quality management ➔ Employee involvement | 0.41 | 0.08 | 6.21* |
Organizational learning ➔ Management commitment | 0.84 | — | — |
Organizational learning ➔ System perspective | 0.71 | 0.08 | 10.34* |
Organizational learning ➔ Organizational experiment | 0.66 | 0.08 | 9.31* |
Organizational learning ➔ knowledge transfer | 0.83 | 0.08 | 8.21* |
Organizational learning ➔ Organizational performance | 0.58 | 0.08 | 6.89* |
Innovation performance ➔ Product/service | 0.92 | — | — |
Innovation performance ➔ Process innovation | 0.78 | 0.08 | 12.24* |
Innovation performance ➔ Overall organizational innovation | 0.79 | 0.08 | 12.57* |
Innovation performance ➔ Organizational performance | 0.62 | 0.08 | 9.17* |
Innovation performance ➔ Product/service | 0.92 | — | — |
Innovation performance ➔ Process innovation | 0.78 | 0.08 | 12.24* |
Innovation performance ➔ Overall organizational innovation | 0.79 | 0.08 | 12.57* |
Innovation performance ➔ Organizational performance | 0.62 | 0.08 | 9.17* |
Organization Performance ➔ Post TQM financial expectation | 0.65 | — | — |
Organization Performance ➔ Employee participation | 0.63 | — | — |
Organization Performance ➔ Customer satisfaction | 0.59 | 0.08 | 7.79* |
Organizational performance ➔ Employee satisfaction | 0.75 | 0.08 | 8.57* |
Organizational performance ➔ Sustainability | 0.92 | 0.08 | 13.16* |
Results of structural equation modeling-model I.
Chi-square = 247.24; df = 114; GFI = 0.92; AGFI = 0.86; RMSEA = 0.08.
For the accuracy of the constructed model and to make sure the data is presenting accurate and reliable drawing from the population under study the Kolmogrov-Smrinov (KS) test was performed [40, 41]. Table 2 shows that all four variables’ data are normally distributed.
TQM | OLC | INP | OP | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
149 | 149 | 149 | 149 | ||
Normal Parametesa | Mean | 3.62 | 3.37 | 3.34 | 3.38 |
Std. Deviation | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.66 | |
Most Extreme Difference | Absolute | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.076 | 0.057 |
Positive | 0.059 | 0.051 | 0.075 | 0.039 | |
Negative | −0.054 | −0.059 | −0.079 | −0.057 | |
Kolmogrov-Smrinov Z | 0.751 | 0.721 | 0.926 | 0.691 | |
Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) | 0.687 | 0.676 | 0.358 | 0.726 |
One-sample Kolmogrov-Smrinov biased analysis.
Test distribution is normal
In this section of the chapter, complex hierarchical constructs, sub-constructs, and related subset variables are disentangled and discussed.
Table 3 presents the result of an orthogonal (VARIMAX) rotation of the factor matrix underlying the quality management items. Based on the six-independent factor solution suggested by the eigenvalue pattern (i.e., greater than 1.0), 25 items were identified so that each of which loaded at least cleanly on only one of the six factors. A cut-off of 0.50 was used for item-scale selection. These factors accounted for over 78% of the variance in the quality management scale items. Following an inspection of the factor loadings, the six factors were subsequently labeled:
Total management support
customer focus
education and training
continuous improvement and innovation
supply chain management
employee participation
Derived factorsc | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quality managementb | EENb1 | TMSb2 | SMb3 | CIIb4 | CFb5 | EDTb6 |
TMS1 | 0.219 | 0.201 | 0.077 | 0.057 | 0.188 | |
TMS2 | 0.140 | 0.200 | 0.310 | 0.245 | 0.074 | |
TMS3 | 0.217 | 0.194 | 0.115 | 0.113 | 0.176 | |
TMS4 | 0.251 | 0.147 | 0.194 | 0.199 | 0.141 | |
CF5 | 0.037 | 0.141 | 0.196 | 0.051 | 0.136 | |
CF6 | 0.147 | 0.271 | 0.116 | 0.113 | −0.002 | |
CF7 | 0.187 | 0.072 | 0.069 | 0.099 | 0.141 | |
EDT8 | 0.110 | 0.413 | 0.359 | 0.347 | 0.297 | |
EDT9 | 0.057 | 0.131 | 0.222 | 0.287 | 0.065 | |
EDT10 | 0.176 | 0.363 | 0.384 | 0.404 | 0.207 | |
EDT11 | 0.231 | 0.334 | 0.321 | 0.169 | 0.165 | |
CII12 | 0.109 | 0.108 | 0.209 | 0.206 | 0.188 | |
CII13 | 0.002 | 0.193 | 0.156 | 0.15 | 0.158 | |
CII14 | 0.063 | 0.207 | 0.227 | 0.096 | 0.177 | |
SM15 | 0.021 | 0.210 | 0.144 | 0.111 | 0.072 | |
SM16 | 0.010 | 0.303 | 0.204 | 0.004 | 0.146 | |
SM17 | 0.016 | 0.031 | 0.148 | 0.159 | 0.130 | |
SM18 | 0.084 | 0.165 | 0.151 | 0.153 | 0.267 | |
EEN19 | 0.103 | 0.062 | 0.223 | 0.003 | 0.021 | |
EEN20 | 0.199 | 0.035 | 0.020 | 0.135 | 0.009 | |
EEN21 | 0.150 | 0.054 | 0.033 | 0.061 | 0.037 | |
EEN22 | 0.015 | 0.050 | 0.042 | 0.051 | 0.349 | |
EEN23 | 0.025 | 0.126 | 0.199 | 0.154 | 0.018 | |
EEN24 | 0.109 | 0.038 | 0.093 | 0.029 | 0.197 | |
EEN25 | 0.276 | 0.064 | 0.015 | 0.099 | 0.027 | |
Eigenvalue | 9.73 | 3.99 | 1.84 | 1.60 | 1.56 | 1.09 |
Variance explained | 19.35 | 14.78 | 14.09 | 11.40 | 10.61 | 8.67 |
A VARIMAX orthogonal rotation is performed on the initial factor matrix.
Factors derived from quality management.
Loadings above 0.50 are in boldface.
Factors | Cronbach’s alphas | Scales included |
---|---|---|
b1 Employee involvement | 0 | |
b2 Total Management Support | 0 | |
b3 Supply Management | 0 | |
b4 Continuous improvements | 0 | |
b5 Customer Focus | 0 | |
b6 Education Training | 0 |
Factor analysis of quality management scales.a
Table 4 shows an examination of the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin measure of sampling adequacy suggested that the sample was factorable. The results reasonably describe each set of items as being indicative of an underlying factor for quality management.
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | 0.833 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | Approx. Chi-Square | 3485 |
DF | 300 | |
Sig | 0.000 |
KMO and Bartlett’s test of quality management variable.
(KMO = 0.833); χ2 = 3485, df, 300, sig 0.000).
Results of second-order confirmatory factor analysis (Table 3) present the scale reliability on quality management dimensions that reached statistical significance. This indicates that criteria had a significant correlation with appropriate dimensions and scales had convergent validity [42].
Findings (shown in Table 5) also indicated that integrated quality management is positively and significantly associated with human resource development through continuous education and training (
Items | First-order | t-value | Second-order | t-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized | Standardized | |||
loading | loading | |||
Total Quality Management-QM | ||||
1. Top managers’ commitment to training employees in quality management | 0.96 | /a | 0.94 | |
2. Top managers training in best conduct with employees and customers | 0.67 | 10.36* | 13.32* | |
3. Employees knowledge about food industry | 0.95 | 15.66* | ||
4. Managers’ commitment to providing employees essential needs at work | 0.76 | 13.27* | ||
1. Top managers’ commitment to post-implementation of quality management | 0.86 | /a | 0.73 | 8.64* |
2. Top managers’ commitment to long-term investment in quality management | 0.91 | 15.65* | ||
3. Top managers’ support of employee involvement in quality management implementation | 0.88 | 14.51* | ||
4. Top managers’ strategic co-alignment of quality management with changes in market | 0.98 | 16.49* | ||
1. Employees are encouraged to make suggestions about work condition improvements | 0.88 | /a | 0.70 | 8.23* |
2. Employees are encouraged to research to improve products and services | 0.75 | 11.21* | ||
3. Manager’s consideration of suggestions for product/services improvement | 0.94 | 15.44* | ||
1. Coordination with the critical supplier through information sharing | 0.88 | /a | 0.70 | 8.27* |
2. Enhance the quality of suppliers post quality management implementation | 0.86 | 13.84* | ||
3. Establish a win-win relation with suppliers | 0.78 | 11.76* | ||
4. Strategic view on managing supply-chain | 0.86 | 13.83* | ||
1. Center firm activities based on customer satisfaction | 0.84 | /a | .54 | 6.02* |
2. Customer satisfaction and expectation as a top goal | 0.83 | 11.52* | ||
3. Importance of customers in top managers’ decisions | 0.88 | 12.25* | ||
1. Employee training and encouragement to participate in company programs | 0.57 | /a | 0.33 | 3.50* |
2. Creation of work improvement teams | 0.96 | 7.09* | ||
3. Employees suggestions about improving supply-chain | 0.96 | 7.99* | ||
4. Employees responsibility to inspect work outcome | 0.66 | 6.47* | ||
5. Creation of quality circles to assist staff in problem-solving | 0.70 | 6.71* | ||
6. Employee participation in management quality programs | 0.75 | 7.00* | ||
7. Establishing a reward program for novel suggestions by employees | 0.82 | 7.36* |
Results of the first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis of integrated quality management.
Fixed parameter.
Chi-square = 670.02 (
Results of an orthogonal (VARIMAX) rotation of the factor matrix (Table 6) indicate underlying organizational learning capability items. Based on the four-independent factor solution suggested by the eigenvalue pattern (i.e., greater than 1.0), 15 items were identified so that each of which loaded at least cleanly on only one of the four factors. A cut-off of 0.50 was used for item-scale selection. These factors accounted for over 75% of the variance in the organizational learning capability scale items. Following an inspection of the factor loadings, four factors were subsequently labeled “management commitment,” “system perspectives,” “organizational experiment,” and “knowledge transfer initiative.” After the initial component analysis number of items was reduced to 15 which explained the highest variation in organizational learning.
Derived Factorsc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational Learning Capabilityb | MCb1 | SPb2 | OEXb3 | KTIb4 |
MC1 | 0.286 | 0.335 | 0.132 | |
MC2 | 0.174 | 0.317 | 0.152 | |
MC3 | 0.351 | 0.135 | 0.222 | |
MC4 | 0.059 | 0.154 | 0.098 | |
MC5 | 0.295 | 0.269 | 0.080 | |
SP6 | 0.237 | 0.162 | 0.035 | |
SP7 | 0.255 | 0.247 | 0.168 | |
SP8 | 0.199 | 0.226 | 0.199 | |
OEX9 | 0.230 | 0.290 | 0.053 | |
OEX10 | 0.186 | 0.374 | 0.087 | |
OEX11 | 0.344 | 0.052 | 0.246 | |
OEX12 | 0.502 | 0.086 | 0.211 | |
KTI13 | 0.166 | 0.296 | 0.162 | |
KTI14 | 0.296 | 0.164 | 0.010 | |
KTI15 | -0.079 | -0.119 | 0.221 | |
Eigenvalue | 9.73 | 1.76 | 1.50 | 1.24 |
Variance explained | 19.35 | 18.57 | 18.26 | 15.89 |
Factor analysis of organizational learning Scales.a
A VARIMAX orthogonal rotation is performed on the initial factor matrix.
Factors derived from organizational learning capability
MC 0
SP 0
OEX 0
KTI 0
Loadings above 0.50 are in boldface
Factors Cronbach’s alphas Scales included
Table 7 shows the Kiser-Meyer-Olkin, and Bartlett test of sphericity utilized to measure four organizational learning dimensions, with each of the dimensions being measured by responses to several items. The results reasonably describe each set of items as being indicative of an underlying factor for learning capability (KMO > 0.818; χ2 = 1843, df, 120, sig 0.000).
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | 0.818 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | Approx. Chi-Square | 1843 |
Df | 120 | |
Sig | 0.000 |
KMO and Bartlett’s test of organizational learning variable.
Results of second-order confirmatory factor analysis (Table 6) present the scale reliability on organizational learning dimensions that reached statistical significance. This indicates that criteria had a significant correlation with dimensions and scales had convergent validity [42].
Furthermore, results (shown in Table 8) indicated that organizational learning capability positive and significant relationship with management commitment to long-term investment in human resources development and organizational learning (
Items | First-order | t-value | Second-order | t-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized | Standardized | |||
loading | loading | |||
Organizational Learning Capability | ||||
1. Employee participation in management decision making | 0.81 | /a | 0.88 | 0.930* |
2. Invest in employee learning | 0.78 | 10.36* | ||
3. Embracing change to adapt to changing business environment | 0.73 | 9.66* | ||
4. Employee learning as a key success factor in company | 0.77 | 10.33* | ||
5. Rewarding novel ideas | 0.86 | 11.89* | ||
1. Job expansion through creativity and experimentation | 0.85 | /a | 0.80 | 9.0* |
2. Adopting best practices in competitive field | .84 | 12.60* | ||
3. Considering expert views outside company to improve learning | 0.85 | 12.64* | ||
4. Creating a culture of accepting ideas generated by employees | 0.76 | 10.84* | ||
1. Employee knowledge about the strategic direction of company | 0.83 | /a | 0.72 | 7.96* |
2. Divisional participation in company goals | 0.88 | 13.19* | ||
3. Communication among company divisions/departments | 0.94 | 14.30* | ||
1. Discussion about shortcomings and mistakes at all levels | 0.82 | /a | 0.63 | 6.66* |
2. Discussions about ideas, programs, and activities among employees | 0.83 | 10.43* | ||
3. Culture of teamwork | 0.44 | 5.14* | ||
4. Maintenance of work process documentation | 0.78 | 9.90* |
Results of the first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis of organization learning.
Fixed parameter
Chi-square = 235.64 (
(
Table 9 presents the result of an orthogonal (VARIMAX) rotation of the factor matrix underlying organizational innovation items. Based on the three-independent factor solution suggested by the eigenvalue pattern (i.e., greater than 1.0), 17 items were identified so that each of which loaded at least cleanly on only one of three factors. A cut-off of 0.50 was used for item-scale selection. These factors accounted for over 74% of the variance in the organizational innovation scale items. Following the factor loadings, the three factors were subsequently labeled “product/services initiatives,” “product innovation,” and “overall organizational innovation.”
Derived Factorsc | |||
---|---|---|---|
Organizational Innovationb | PSb1 | PRb2 | OOIb3 |
PS1 | 0.229 | 0.303 | |
PS2 | 0.219 | 0.346 | |
PS3 | 0.413 | 0.180 | |
PS4 | 0.339 | 0.447 | |
PS5 | 0.400 | 0.218 | |
PS6 | 0.246 | 0.439 | |
PR7 | 0.459 | 0.155 | |
PR8 | 0.277 | 0.381 | |
PR9 | 0.141 | 0.121 | |
PR10 | 0.170 | 0.358 | |
PR11 | 0.337 | 0.253 | |
PR12 | 0.430 | 0.169 | |
OOI13 | 0.398 | 0.169 | |
OOI14 | 0.299 | 0.261 | 0 |
OOI15 | 0.415 | 0.298 | |
OOI16 | 0.103 | 0.249 | |
OOI17 | 0.241 | 0.162 | |
Eigenvalue | 9.84 | 1.66 | 1.18 |
Variance explained | 25.57 | 25.09 | 24.01 |
Factor analysis of organizational innovation Scalesa.
A VARIMAX orthogonal rotation is performed on the initial factor matrix
Factors derived from organizational innovation
PS 0
PR 0
OOI 0
Loadings above 0.50 are in boldface
Factors Cronbach’s alphas Scales included
Table 10 shows the Kiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett test of sphericity. Results reasonably describe each set of items as being indicative of underlying factors for organizational innovation (KMO > 0.891; χ2 = 2.418E3, df, 136, Sig, 0.000). Furthermore, results are indicative of a relationship among the innovation components, “product innovation,” “process innovation,” and “organizational innovation.”
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | 0.891 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | Approx. Chi-Square | 2.418E3 |
Df | 136 | |
Sig | 0.000 |
KMO and Bartlett’s test of innovation variable.
Table 9 shows the results of second-order confirmatory factor analysis and the scale reliability on organizational innovation dimensions that reached statistical significance. This indicates that criteria had a significant correlation with dimensions and that the scales had convergent validity [42]. Results (Shown in Table 8) were also indicative of a significant and positive correlation between innovation and the introduction of new products and services (
Items | First-order | t-value | Second-order | t-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized | Standardized | |||
loading | loading | |||
Overall Organizational Innovation | ||||
1. Higher rate of innovation in comparison to competitors | 0.79 | /a | 0.92 | 9.88* |
2. Higher production improvement in comparison to competitors | 0.82 | 11.32* | ||
3. Faster acquisition of innovative ideas compare to competitors | 0.94 | 13.55* | ||
4. Knowledge and skill improvement through R&D | 0.72 | 9.56* | ||
5. Production of products that better fit customer needs | 0.92 | 13.21* | ||
6. Introduction of new products to customers faster than competitors | 0.95 | 10.10* | ||
1. Utilizing novel ideas to improve the product quality and speed of deliver | 0.88 | /a | 0.78 | 10.25* |
2. Utilizing quality resources in the production process | 0.80 | 12.61* | ||
3. Flexibility in resources allocation | 0.68 | 9.72* | ||
4. Cost reduction through efficient resource allocation | 0.78 | 11.86* | ||
5. Adoption of human resources management | 0.81 | 12.86* | ||
6. Flexibility in org-structure compare to competitors that allows innovation | 0.89 | 15.42* | ||
1. Best use of organizational resources to implement quality management | 0.77 | /a | 0.77 | 8.28* |
2. Unit cost reduction after implementation of quality management | 0.84 | 11.08* | ||
3. Financial improvement after quality management improvement | 0.81 | 10.61* | ||
4. Increased employee productivity after quality management implementation | 0.79 | 10.18* |
Results of the first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis of organization innovation.
Fixed parameter.
Chi-square = 244.89 (
Table 12 presents the result of an orthogonal (VARIMAX) rotation of the factor matrix underlying organizational performance items. Based on the four-independent factor solution suggested by the eigenvalue pattern (i.e., greater than 1.0), 16 items were identified so that each of which loaded at least cleanly on only one of four factors. A cut-off of 0.50 was used for item-scale selection. These factors accounted for over 77% of the variance in the organizational performance scale items. Following an inspection of the factor loadings, the four factors were subsequently labeled “customer satisfaction,” “employee satisfaction,” “environmental performance,” and “environmental sustainability.”
Derived Factorsc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational Performanceb | CUSb1 | EMSb2 | SORb3 | ENPb4 |
EMS1 | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.279 | |
EMS2 | 0.211 | 0.297 | 0.210 | |
EMS3 | 0.301 | 0.195 | 0.120 | |
EMS4 | 0.400 | 0.089 | 0.319 | |
CUS5 | 0.436 | 0.285 | −0.016 | |
CUS6 | 0.133 | 0.198 | 0.226 | |
CUS7 | 0.090 | 0.542 | 0.095 | |
CUS8 | 0.337 | 0.088 | −0.038 | |
CUS9 | 0.219 | 0.139 | 0.138 | |
ENP10 | 0.163 | 0.157 | 0.202 | |
ENP11 | 0.078 | 0.543 | 0.158 | |
ENP12 | 0.024 | 0.184 | 0.306 | |
SOR13 | 0.310 | 0.362 | 0.203 | |
SOR14 | 0.218 | 0.014 | 0.307 | |
SOR15 | 0.015 | 0.470 | 0.173 | |
SOR16 | 0.270 | 0.267 | 0.196 | |
Eigenvalue | 8.20 | 1.90 | 1.30 | 1.05 |
Variance explained | 22.62 | 22.06 | 18.32 | 14.36 |
Factor analysis of organizational performance Scalesa.
VARIMAX orthogonal rotation is performed on the initial factor matrix
Factors derived from organizational performance
CUS 0
EMS 0
SOR 0
ENP
Loadings above 0.50 are in boldface
Factors Cronbach’s alphas Scales included
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett test of sphericity (shown in Table 13) was utilized to measure four organizational performance dimensions, with each of the dimensions being measured by responses to several items. Results (shown in Table E) reasonably describe each set of items as being indicative of an underlying factor for organizational performance (KMO > 0.862; χ2 = 1.971E3, df, 120, Bartlett’s Test of sphericity with significant of 0.000 (less than 0.05).
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | 0.862 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | Approx. Chi-Square | 1.971E3 |
Df | 120 | |
Sig | 0.000 |
KMO and Bartlett’s test of organizational performance variable.
Table 12 shows the results of second-order confirmatory factor analysis and the scale reliability on organizational performance dimensions that reached statistical significance. This indicates that criteria had a significant correlation with dimensions and that the scale had convergent validity [42].
Results of path analysis indicated top echelon focus on reduced turnover rate by instituting a high remuneration policy and employee satisfaction (
Items | First-order | t-value | Second-order | t-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized | Standardized | |||
loading | loading | |||
Organizational Performance | ||||
1. Employee satisfaction | 0.86 | /a | 0.75 | 10.88* |
2. Ample remuneration for employees | 0.87 | 14.12* | ||
3. Reducing turnover after quality management implementation | 0.88 | 14.37* | ||
4. Reduction of absenteeism after quality management implementation | 0.83 | 12.97* | ||
1. Customer satisfaction | 0.86 | /a | 0.75 | 10.88* |
2. Introduction of new product and services | 0.80 | 10.91* | ||
3. Reduction of product defect returns after quality management implementation | 0.75 | 10.03* | ||
4. Strategies to maintain customer base | 0.82 | 11.41* | ||
5. Higher profitability after quality management implementation | 0.88 | 11.74* | ||
6. Reducing customer complaints after quality management implementation | 0.89 | 12.65* | ||
1. Consideration of environmental projects after implementation of quality management | 0.74 | /a | 0.63 | 7.41* |
2. Sustainability/Reducing production pollution | 0.85 | 9.31* | ||
3. Reducing complains about environmental pollution | 0.75 | 8.56* | ||
1. Sustainability | 0.89 | /a | 0.93 | 10.04* |
Results of the first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis of organizational performance.
Fixed parameter.
Chi-square = 232.06 (
(
A detailed analysis revealed that organizational learning capability is positively and significantly associated with organizational performance (
Findings also supported hypotheses H2 and H3.
As managers attempt to identify factors that influence organizations’ performance, this research argued that it is important to gain a deeper understanding as to how interaction effects of quality management, learning capability, and innovations matter in influencing organizational performance. The hypothesis H4 specified that organizational performance would be affected by an interactive effect of quality management and organizational learning capability. The hypothesis H5 specified that organizational performance would be affected by an interactive effect of quality management and innovation. To test these hypotheses, I employed structural equation modeling analysis to reduce the number of variables and to capture the interrelations of measured variables and latent constructs, as suggested by Tarka [43]. Results indicated that compared to the effects of quality management and organizational performance (
There are several important theoretical and practical implications that emerge from this research. Findings underscore the importance of the interaction of quality management elements. Over the past decade, researchers have systematically underplayed the interaction effects of quality management elements. The present research showed that the dominant impact on organizational performance, beyond external resource considerations, is the intersection of forces associated with quality management, organizational learning capability, and innovations within these organizations. It was argued earlier that within quality management theory and methodology, the need to consider the contingency approach might result in an in-depth understanding of the strategic allocation of resources and managing and coordinating among the interrelated constituent elements within quality management. Results suggested that organizational performance is positively influenced by the interaction of quality management and innovation and learning capability at organizational levels. It is also clear that there are distinct differences between parsed and integrated constituents within quality management with respect to explaining variations in organizational performance. This finding is of some theoretical significance.
As a strategy, quality management appears to have coordination challenges associated with learning capability and application of such learning to innovations of new products and services. This study found that organizational performance is significantly impacted by the interaction between quality management and learning capability. Similarly, findings indicated that interaction between innovation and quality management positively and significantly influences organizational performance. The strength of these findings, particularly in light of incorporating external environmental factors such as sustainability considerations, points to the potential importance of revitalizing the contingency theory perspective pertaining to integrated quality management. Such a revival would not necessarily imply that researchers “pit” internal elements influencing performance against external forces. Instead, more direct integration of contingency variables within quality management is suggested to better balance internal and external perspectives on organizational performance. Nevertheless, any resurrection of this perspective within quality management theory and methodology may require changes in how contingency theory may be employed (e.g., Pfeffer 1997). This study did not limit its focus to examining the main effects of organizational learning capability, innovations, and quality management on performance. As I argued in theoretical development, one cannot easily specify the nature of these main effects. Instead, what may be as, if not more, important to consider is the interaction of these variables as previous organizational researchers have argued that internal and external characteristics of organizations and their members may cluster together in predictable patterns to explain a variety of micro to macro-level organizational processes and relationships [44]. Congruent with Meyer et al.’s findings on organizational learning capability showed top managerial commitment to implement a complex set of policies on the development of human resources. Such policies included learning based on system perspectives, learning associated with experimentation and exploration of a novel way of doing things, and knowledge transfer at various levels of individuals, teams, and organizational subunits. Furthermore, findings revealed managerial efforts to coordinate and co-align subunits’ strategies with the organization at the macro level. Similarly, findings on innovations showed managerial commitment to implementing flexible resource allocation strategies for subunits to explore novel processes and ideas. Findings were congruent with the notion that integrating interrelated constituents of quality management at the micro and macro level require greater structural flexibility and high levels of coordination among organizational activities. While the explicit consideration of interactive variables in quality management theory adds complexity to the understanding and application of contingency theory, this type of complexity is what managers must face. Rarely, is there the luxury of focusing exclusively on one aspect of quality management, as has been the themes of previous research, in isolation from others? For the contingency theory to develop as a theoretical perspective and be relevant to the practical concerns of managers and executives, researchers may need to provide further attention to how constructs in quality management and their subset variables interact to influence organizational performance over time.
Employing contingency theory to conduct future research in the quality management field will also require making more direct connections between the results of studies and the organizational design concerns of managers. One important vehicle for doing this is by considering how quality management research findings can be connected to process considerations at various levels of organization. It is often organizational processes that are of most direct concern to managers adopting quality management practice. Perhaps, the most direct implication relates to the enhanced importance of managing and integrating complex processes within and between each constituent of quality management.
Therefore, it is critical for an organization adopting quality management to develop an organizational capability or competence for managing internal complex and interrelated process models. Without this capability, managerial policies and efforts can become misguided and create greater conflict, thereby undermining the effectiveness of coordination efforts among complex processes to achieve timely policy and strategy adjustments. Successful corporations such as Boeing and car manufacturers recognized the need to employ quality management and, as the corporation evolves, developed organizational capabilities to manage complex processes.
Future researchers may wish to create a matrix that examines the contingent effects of long-term variations in learning capability on innovations and assess variations in long-term innovations on organizational performance.
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De Oliveira, D.A.C. Albuquerque, T.G.S. Cruz, F.M. Yamaji and F.L. Leite",authors:[{id:"1164",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Leite",slug:"fabio-leite",fullName:"Fabio Leite"},{id:"136651",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"ricardo-de-oliveira",fullName:"Ricardo De Oliveira"},{id:"136652",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Diego",middleName:"Aparecido Carvalho",surname:"Albuquerque",slug:"diego-albuquerque",fullName:"Diego Albuquerque"},{id:"136653",title:"Prof.",name:"Tersio",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"tersio-cruz",fullName:"Tersio Cruz"},{id:"136657",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaji",slug:"fabio-yamaji",fullName:"Fabio Yamaji"}]},{id:"49054",doi:"10.5772/60952",title:"Anion Exchange Resins as Effective Sorbents for Removal of Acid, Reactive, and Direct Dyes from Textile Wastewaters",slug:"anion-exchange-resins-as-effective-sorbents-for-removal-of-acid-reactive-and-direct-dyes-from-textil",totalDownloads:3168,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:47,abstract:"Coloured wastewaters are a consequence of batch processes in both dye-manufacturing and dye-consuming industries. Dyes are widely used in a number of industries, such as textile and leather dyeing, food, cosmetics, paper printing, gasoline, with the textile industry as the largest consumer. Dyeing as a fundamental operation during textile fibre processing causes the production of more or less coloured wastewaters, depending on the degree of fixation of dyes on substrates, which varies with the nature of substances, desired intensity of coloration, and application method. Dye bearing effluents are considered to be a very complex and inconsistent mixture of many pollutants ranging from dyes, dressing substances, alkalis, oils, detergents, salts of organic and inorganic acids to heavy metals.Thus after dyeing wastewaters are characterized not only by intensive and difficult for removal colour but also by high pH, suspended and dissolved solids, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Ion exchange is a very versatile and effective tool for treatment of aqueous hazardous wastes including dyes. The role of ion exchange in dye effluents treatment is to reduce the magnitude of hazardous load by converting them into a form in which they can be reused, leaving behind less toxic substances in their places or to facilitate ultimate disposal by reducing the hydraulic flow of the stream bearing toxic substances. Another significant feature of the ion exchange process is that it has the ability to separate as well as to concentrate pollutants. Taking into account high capacity and selectivity of ion exchange resins for different dyes, they seem to be proper materials for dyes sorption from textile effluents. The aim of the paper is to study the removal of the acid, reactive and direct textile dyes such as C.I. Acid Orange 7, C.I. Reactive Black 5 and C.I. Direct Blue 71 on the commercially available anion exchangers (Lewatit MonoPlus MP 62, Lewatit MonoPlus MP 64, Lewatit MonoPlus MP 500, Lewatit MonoPlus M 500, Amberlite IRA 67, Amberlite IRA 478RF, Amberlite IRA 458 and Amberlite IRA 958) differing not only in basicity of the functional groups but also in composition and structure of the matrix. Comparison of the sorption parameters obtained by the batch method taking into account influence of phase contact time, dyes initial concentration and solution pH were discussed in detail. Desorption conditions depending on the dyes sorption mechanism were also presented. Influence of the auxiliaries typically present in textile effluents such as inorganic electrolytes and different surfactants on the amounts of dyes retained by the anion exchangers was presented. The adsorption behaviour of the polyacrylic Amberlite IRA 958 demonstrates that it can be a promising adsorbent for the textile wastewater treatment. The results obtained with raw textile wastewaters purification confirmed this statement.",book:{id:"4599",slug:"ion-exchange-studies-and-applications",title:"Ion Exchange",fullTitle:"Ion Exchange - Studies and Applications"},signatures:"Monika Wawrzkiewicz and Zbigniew Hubicki",authors:[{id:"141883",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Hubicki",slug:"zbigniew-hubicki",fullName:"Zbigniew Hubicki"},{id:"173310",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Wawrzkiewicz",slug:"monika-wawrzkiewicz",fullName:"Monika Wawrzkiewicz"}]},{id:"25422",doi:"10.5772/28293",title:"Electrochemical Polymerization of Aniline",slug:"electrochemical-polymerization-of-aniline",totalDownloads:11451,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"607",slug:"electropolymerization",title:"Electropolymerization",fullTitle:"Electropolymerization"},signatures:"Milica M. Gvozdenović, Branimir Z. Jugović, Jasmina S. Stevanović, Tomislav Lj. Trišović and Branimir N. Grgur",authors:[{id:"73400",title:"Dr.",name:"Milica",middleName:null,surname:"Gvozdenović",slug:"milica-gvozdenovic",fullName:"Milica Gvozdenović"},{id:"78801",title:"Dr.",name:"Branimir",middleName:null,surname:"Jugović",slug:"branimir-jugovic",fullName:"Branimir Jugović"},{id:"78807",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasmina",middleName:null,surname:"Stevanović",slug:"jasmina-stevanovic",fullName:"Jasmina Stevanović"},{id:"120374",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:null,surname:"Trišović",slug:"tomislav-trisovic",fullName:"Tomislav Trišović"},{id:"120376",title:"Prof.",name:"Branimir",middleName:null,surname:"Grgur",slug:"branimir-grgur",fullName:"Branimir Grgur"}]},{id:"52110",doi:"10.5772/64935",title:"Electrodeposition from Deep Eutectic Solvents",slug:"electrodeposition-from-deep-eutectic-solvents",totalDownloads:3473,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Deep eutectic solvents constitute a class of compounds sharing many similarities with properly named ionic liquids. The accepted definition of ionic liquid is a fluid (liquid for T<100 °C) consisting of ions, while DES are eutectic mixtures of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases. Their most attractive properties are the wide potential windows and the chemical properties largely different from aqueous solutions. In the last few decades, the possibility to electrodeposit decorative and functional coatings employing deep eutectic solvents as electrolytes has been widely investigated. A large number of the deposition procedures described in literature, however, cannot find application in the industrial practice due to competition with existing processes, cost or difficult scalability. From one side, there is the real potential to replace existing plating protocols and to find niche applications for high added-value productions; to the other one, this paves the path towards the electrodeposition of metals and alloys thermodynamically impossible to be obtained via usual aqueous solution processes. The main aim of this chapter is therefore the critical discussion of the applicability of deep eutectic solvents to the electrodeposition of metals and alloys, with a particular attention to the industrial and applicative point of view.",book:{id:"5381",slug:"progress-and-developments-in-ionic-liquids",title:"Ionic Liquids",fullTitle:"Progress and Developments in Ionic Liquids"},signatures:"R. Bernasconi, G. Panzeri, A. Accogli, F. Liberale, L. Nobili and L.\nMagagnin",authors:[{id:"188210",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Magagnin",slug:"luca-magagnin",fullName:"Luca Magagnin"},{id:"194387",title:"MSc.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bernasconi",slug:"roberto-bernasconi",fullName:"Roberto Bernasconi"},{id:"194388",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Panzeri",slug:"gabriele-panzeri",fullName:"Gabriele Panzeri"},{id:"194389",title:"MSc.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Accogli",slug:"alessandra-accogli",fullName:"Alessandra Accogli"},{id:"194390",title:"MSc.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Liberale",slug:"francesco-liberale",fullName:"Francesco Liberale"},{id:"194391",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Nobili",slug:"luca-nobili",fullName:"Luca Nobili"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52110",title:"Electrodeposition from Deep Eutectic Solvents",slug:"electrodeposition-from-deep-eutectic-solvents",totalDownloads:3469,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Deep eutectic solvents constitute a class of compounds sharing many similarities with properly named ionic liquids. The accepted definition of ionic liquid is a fluid (liquid for T<100 °C) consisting of ions, while DES are eutectic mixtures of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases. Their most attractive properties are the wide potential windows and the chemical properties largely different from aqueous solutions. In the last few decades, the possibility to electrodeposit decorative and functional coatings employing deep eutectic solvents as electrolytes has been widely investigated. A large number of the deposition procedures described in literature, however, cannot find application in the industrial practice due to competition with existing processes, cost or difficult scalability. From one side, there is the real potential to replace existing plating protocols and to find niche applications for high added-value productions; to the other one, this paves the path towards the electrodeposition of metals and alloys thermodynamically impossible to be obtained via usual aqueous solution processes. The main aim of this chapter is therefore the critical discussion of the applicability of deep eutectic solvents to the electrodeposition of metals and alloys, with a particular attention to the industrial and applicative point of view.",book:{id:"5381",slug:"progress-and-developments-in-ionic-liquids",title:"Ionic Liquids",fullTitle:"Progress and Developments in Ionic Liquids"},signatures:"R. Bernasconi, G. Panzeri, A. Accogli, F. Liberale, L. Nobili and L.\nMagagnin",authors:[{id:"188210",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Magagnin",slug:"luca-magagnin",fullName:"Luca Magagnin"},{id:"194387",title:"MSc.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Bernasconi",slug:"roberto-bernasconi",fullName:"Roberto Bernasconi"},{id:"194388",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Panzeri",slug:"gabriele-panzeri",fullName:"Gabriele Panzeri"},{id:"194389",title:"MSc.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Accogli",slug:"alessandra-accogli",fullName:"Alessandra Accogli"},{id:"194390",title:"MSc.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Liberale",slug:"francesco-liberale",fullName:"Francesco Liberale"},{id:"194391",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Nobili",slug:"luca-nobili",fullName:"Luca Nobili"}]},{id:"74147",title:"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): A Review Study of Basic Aspects of the Corrosion Mechanism Applied to Steels",slug:"electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy-eis-a-review-study-of-basic-aspects-of-the-corrosion-mechanis",totalDownloads:2526,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"AC impedance measurements have been applied for over twenty years in electrochemistry and physics to investigate the electrical properties of conductive materials and their interfaces using an external electrical impulse (VOLTAGE, V or CURRENT, I) as driving force. Furthermore, its application has recently appeared to be destined in the Biotechnology field as an effective tool for rapid microbiologic diagnosis of living organism in situ. However, there is no doubt that the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is still one of the most useful techniques around the world for metal corrosion control and its monitoring. Corrosion has long been recognized as one of the most expensive stumbling blocks that concern many industries and government agencies, because it is a steel destructive phenomenon that occurs due to the chemical interaction with aqueous environments and takes place at the interface between metal and electrolyte producing an electrical charge transfer or ion diffusion process. Consequently, it is experimentally possible to determine through the EIS technique the mechanism and control that kinectics of corrosion reactions encounter. First, EIS data is collected through a potentiostat/galvanostat apparatus. After, it is fitted to a mathematical model (i.e. an equivalent electrical circuit, EEC) for its interpretation and analysis, fundamentally seeking a meaningful physical interpretation. Finally, this review reports some basic aspects of the corrosion mechanism applied to steels through the experimental EIS response using Nyquist or Bode plots. Examples are given for different applied electrochemical impedance cases in which steel is under study intentionally exposed to a corrosive aqueous solution by applying a sinusoidal potential at various test conditions.",book:{id:"10054",slug:"electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy",title:"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy",fullTitle:"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy"},signatures:"Héctor Herrera Hernández, Adriana M. Ruiz Reynoso, Juan C. Trinidad González, Carlos O. González Morán, José G. Miranda Hernández, Araceli Mandujano Ruiz, Jorge Morales Hernández and Ricardo Orozco Cruz",authors:[{id:"114381",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Hernandez",slug:"jorge-morales-hernandez",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Hernandez"},{id:"215540",title:"Dr.",name:"Araceli",middleName:null,surname:"Mandujano Ruiz",slug:"araceli-mandujano-ruiz",fullName:"Araceli Mandujano Ruiz"},{id:"268773",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera Hernandez",slug:"hector-herrera-hernandez",fullName:"Hector Herrera Hernandez"},{id:"268774",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos O.",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Moran",slug:"carlos-o.-gonzalez-moran",fullName:"Carlos O. Gonzalez Moran"},{id:"314695",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana Mercedes",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz Reynoso",slug:"adriana-mercedes-ruiz-reynoso",fullName:"Adriana Mercedes Ruiz Reynoso"}]},{id:"62242",title:"Oxygen Reduction Reaction",slug:"oxygen-reduction-reaction",totalDownloads:3993,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"In this chapter, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is one of the most important reactions in energy conversion systems such as fuel cells, including its reaction kinetics, is presented. Recent developments in electrocatalysts for ORR in fuel cells, including low and non-Pt electrocatalysts, metal oxides, transition metal macrocycles and chalgogenides, are discussed. Understanding of the interdependence of size, shape and activity of the electrocatalysts is evaluated. The recent development of ORR electrocatalysts with novel nanostructures is also reported. The mechanism catalysed by these electrocatalysts is presented. Finally, the perspectives of future trends for ORR are discussed.",book:{id:"6778",slug:"electrocatalysts-for-fuel-cells-and-hydrogen-evolution-theory-to-design",title:"Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Evolution",fullTitle:"Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Evolution - Theory to Design"},signatures:"Lindiwe Khotseng",authors:[{id:"236596",title:"Dr.",name:"Lindiwe Eudora",middleName:null,surname:"Khotseng",slug:"lindiwe-eudora-khotseng",fullName:"Lindiwe Eudora Khotseng"}]},{id:"40709",title:"The Role of Ion Exchange Chromatography in Purification and Characterization of Molecules",slug:"the-role-of-ion-exchange-chromatography-in-purification-and-characterization-of-molecules",totalDownloads:12930,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2549",slug:"ion-exchange-technologies",title:"Ion Exchange Technologies",fullTitle:"Ion Exchange Technologies"},signatures:"Hidayat Ullah Khan",authors:[{id:"140538",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidayat",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"hidayat-khan",fullName:"Hidayat Khan"}]},{id:"49055",title:"Ion Exchange Method for Removal and Separation of Noble Metal Ions",slug:"ion-exchange-method-for-removal-and-separation-of-noble-metal-ions",totalDownloads:3004,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Ion exchange has been widely applied in technology of chemical separation of noble metal ions. This is associated with dissemination of methods using various ion exchange resins which are indispensable in many fields of chemical industry. Due to small amounts of noble elements in nature and constant impoverishment of their natural raw materials, of particular importance are physicochemical methods of their recovery from the second sources e.g. worn out converters of exhausted gases, chemical catalysts, dental alloys, anodic sludges from cooper and nickiel electrorefining as well as waste waters and running off waters from refineries containing trace amount of noble metals. It should be stated that these waste materials are usually pyro- and hydrometallurgically processed. Recovery of noble metals, from such raw materials requires individual approach to each material and application of selective methods for their removal. Moreover, separation of noble metals, particularly platinum metals and gold from geological samples, industrial products, synthetic mixtures along with other elements is a problem of significant importance nowadays. In the paper the research on the applicability of different types of ion exchangers for the separation of noble metals will be presented. The effect of the different parameters on their separation will be also discussed. The examples of the removal of noble metals chlorocomplexes will also be presented in detail.",book:{id:"4599",slug:"ion-exchange-studies-and-applications",title:"Ion Exchange",fullTitle:"Ion Exchange - Studies and Applications"},signatures:"Zbigniew Hubicki, Monika Wawrzkiewicz, Grzegorz Wójcik, Dorota\nKołodyńska and Anna Wołowicz",authors:[{id:"141883",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Hubicki",slug:"zbigniew-hubicki",fullName:"Zbigniew Hubicki"},{id:"173610",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Kołodyńska",slug:"dorota-kolodynska",fullName:"Dorota Kołodyńska"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"505",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81502",title:"Investigation of Synthesis Methods for Improved Platinum-Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells",slug:"investigation-of-synthesis-methods-for-improved-platinum-ruthenium-nanoparticles-supported-on-multi-",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104541",abstract:"This book chapter reports on various catalyst synthesis methods (impregnation, polyol, modified polyol, and microwave-assisted modified polyol methods) to determine which method would result in the most electrochemically active platinum-ruthenium (PtRu) electrocatalyst supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for methanol oxidation reaction in an acidic medium. Different techniques were used to characterize the synthesized catalysts, including the high-resolution transmission electron microscope used for morphology and calculating particle sizes, and X-ray diffraction for determining crystalline sizes. The electroactive catalyst surface area, ECSA of the electrocatalysts was determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), while the electroactivity, electron kinetics, and stability of the electrocatalysts towards methanol oxidation were evaluated using CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry, respectively. The microwave-assisted modified polyol method produced the PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalyst with the most enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared to other PtRu/MWCNT catalysts produced by the impregnation, polyol, and modified polyol methods.",book:{id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment - Fundamentals and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg"},signatures:"Adebare Nurudeen Adewunmi, Sabejeje Akindeji Jerome, Su Huaneng and Lindiwe Eudora Khotseng"},{id:"79547",title:"Nickel Foam Electrode with Low Catalyst Loading and High Performance for Alkaline Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells",slug:"nickel-foam-electrode-with-low-catalyst-loading-and-high-performance-for-alkaline-direct-alcohol-fue",totalDownloads:149,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100287",abstract:"Nickel foam has a unique three-dimensional (3-D) network structure that helps to effectively utilize catalysts and is often used as an electrode support material for alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells. In this chapter, first, the effect of nickel foam thickness on cell performance is explored. The results show that the thickness affects both mass transfer and electron conduction, and there is an optimal thickness. The thinner the nickel foam is, the better the conductivity is. However, the corresponding three-dimensional space becomes narrower, which results in a partial agglomeration of the catalyst and the hindrance of mass transfer. The cell performance of 0.6 mm nickel foam electrode is better than that of 0.3 and 1.0 mm. Secondly, to fully exert the catalytic function of the catalyst even at a lower loading, a mixed acid-etched nickel foam electrode with lower Pd loading (0.35 mg cm−2) is prepared then by a spontaneous deposition method. The maximum power density of the single alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell (ADEFC) can reach 30 mW cm−2, which is twice the performance of the hydrochloric acid treated nickel foam electrode. The performance improvement is attributed to the micro-holes produced by mixed acids etching, which enhances the roughness of the skeleton and improves the catalyst electrochemical active surface area.",book:{id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment - Fundamentals and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg"},signatures:"Qian Xu, Jiajia Zhang and Chunzhen Yang"},{id:"77862",title:"Characterization, Photoelectric Properties, Electrochemical Performances and Photocatalytic Activity of the Fe2O3/TiO2 Heteronanostructure",slug:"characterization-photoelectric-properties-electrochemical-performances-and-photocatalytic-activity-o",totalDownloads:108,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98759",abstract:"The Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized on FTO subtract via hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, morphology, band structure of the heterojunction, behaviors of charge carriers and the redox ability were characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, absorption spectra, PL, cyclic voltammetry and transient photocurrent spectra. The as-prepared Fe2O3/TiO2 photocatalysts with distinctive structure and great stability was characterized and investigated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solution. The ability of the photocatalyst for generating reactive oxygen species, including O2− and.OH was investigated. It was revealed that the combination of the two oxides (Fe2O3 and TiO2) nano-heterojunction could enhance the visible response and separate photogenerated charge carriers effectively. Therefore, the remarkable photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3/TiO2 nanostructures for MB degradation was ascribed to the enhanced visible light absorption and efficient interfacial transfer of photogenerated electrons from to Fe2O3 to TiO2 due to the lower energy gap level of Fe2O3/TiO2 hybrid heterojunctions as evidenced by the UV–Vis and photoluminescence studies. The decrease of the energy gap level of Fe2O3/TiO2 resulted in the inhibition of electron–hole pair recombination for effective spatial charge separation, thus enhancing the photocatalytic reactions. Based on the obtained results, a possible mechanism for the improved photocatalytic performance associated with Fe2O3/TiO2 was proposed. The Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposite has a specific capacity of 82 F.g−1 and shows a higher capacitance than Fe2O3.",book:{id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment - Fundamentals and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg"},signatures:"Salah Kouass, Hassouna Dhaouadi, Abdelhak Othmani and Fathi Touati"},{id:"76150",title:"Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction to Value Added Products",slug:"heterogeneous-electrocatalysts-for-co-sub-2-sub-reduction-to-value-added-products",totalDownloads:222,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97274",abstract:"The CO2 that comes from the use of fossil fuels accounts for about 65% of the global greenhouse gas emission, and it plays a critical role in global climate changes. Among the different strategies that have been considered to address the storage and reutilization of CO2, the transformation of CO2 into chemicals and fuels with a high added-value has been considered a winning approach. This transformation is able to reduce the carbon emission and induce a “fuel switching” that exploits renewable energy sources. The aim of this chapter is to categorize different heterogeneous electrocatalysts which are being used for CO2 reduction, based on the desired products of the above mentioned reactions: from formic acid and carbon monoxide to methanol and ethanol and other possible by products. Moreover, a brief description of the kinetic and mechanism of the CO2 reduction reaction) and pathways toward different products have been discussed.",book:{id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment - Fundamentals and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg"},signatures:"M. Amin Farkhondehfal and Juqin Zeng"},{id:"74671",title:"C-H Activation/Functionalization via Metalla-Electrocatalysis",slug:"c-h-activation-functionalization-via-metalla-electrocatalysis",totalDownloads:222,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95517",abstract:"In conventional methods, C−H activations are largely involved in the use of stoichiometric amounts of toxic and expensive metal & chemical oxidants, conceding the overall sustainable nature. Meanwhile, undesired byproducts are generated, that is problematic in the scale up process. However, electrochemical C−H activation via catalyst control strategy using metals as mediators (instead electrochemical substrate control strategy) has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalizations. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more pleasant, and less side reactions can occur. Herein, we summarize the metalla-electrocatalysis process for activations of inert C−H bonds and functionalization. These Metalla-electrocatalyzed C−H bond functionalizations are presented in term of C−C and C−X (X = O, N, P and halogens) bonds formation. The electrooxidative C−H transformations in the presence of metal catalysts are described by better chemoselectivities with broad tolerance of sensitive functionalities. Moreover, in the future to enhance sustainability and green chemistry concerns, integration of metalla-electrocatalysis with flow and photochemistry will enable safe and efficient scale-up and may even improve reaction times, kinetics and yields.",book:{id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment - Fundamentals and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg"},signatures:"Guilherme M. Martins, Najoua Sbei, Geórgia C. Zimmer and Nisar Ahmed"},{id:"74780",title:"Recent Trends in Development of Metal Nitride Nanocatalysts for Water Electrolysis Application",slug:"recent-trends-in-development-of-metal-nitride-nanocatalysts-for-water-electrolysis-application",totalDownloads:252,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95748",abstract:"Nanocatalysts for sustainable water electrolysis is strongly desirable to promote the commercialization of H2 as the alternate clean energy source for the future. The goal is cheaper hydrogen production from sea and low grade water by minimizing the energy consumption and using low cost cell components & non-noble metal catalysts. The conductivity of metal nitrides and their ability to carry out Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction at relatively low overpotential render these one of the frontline candidates to be potentially utilized as the catalyst for low cost H2 production via electrolysis. In this chapter, the potential of metal nitride catalyst towards fulfilling the above objective is discussed. The synthesis of various metal nitride catalysts, their efficiency towards electrode half reactions and the effectiveness of these class of nanocatalyst for electrolysis of sea water is elaborated. A review of recent literature with special reference to the catalyst systems based on non-noble metals will be provided to assess the likelihood of these nanocatalyst to serve as a commercial grade electrode material for sea water electrolysis.",book:{id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment - Fundamentals and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg"},signatures:"Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha and Umaprasana Ojha"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"208123",title:"Dr.",name:"Mari-Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Uribe",slug:"mari-carmen-uribe",fullName:"Mari-Carmen Uribe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. 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