Different classifications of TBI.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3629",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mobile and Wireless Communications Physical Layer Development and Implementatiom",title:"Mobile and Wireless Communications",subtitle:"Physical Layer Development and Implementatiom",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mobile and Wireless Communications have been one of the major revolutions of the late twentieth century. We are witnessing a very fast growth in these technologies where mobile and wireless communications have become so ubiquitous in our society and indispensable for our daily lives. The relentless demand for higher data rates with better quality of services to comply with state-of-the art applications has revolutionized the wireless communication field and led to the emergence of new technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Wimax, Ultra wideband, OFDMA. Moreover, the market tendency confirms that this revolution is not ready to stop in the foreseen future.\r\n\r\nMobile and wireless communications applications cover diverse areas including entertainment, industrialist, biomedical, medicine, safety and security, and others, which definitely are improving our daily life. Wireless communication network is a multidisciplinary field addressing different aspects raging from theoretical analysis, system architecture design, and hardware and software implementations. While different new applications are requiring higher data rates and better quality of service and prolonging the mobile battery life, new development and advanced research studies and systems and circuits designs are necessary to keep pace with the market requirements. \r\n\r\nThis book covers the most advanced research and development topics in mobile and wireless communication networks. It is divided into two parts with a total of thirty-four stand-alone chapters covering various areas of wireless communications of special topics including: physical layer and network layer, access methods and scheduling, techniques and technologies, antenna and amplifier design, integrated circuit design, applications and systems. These chapters present advanced novel and cutting-edge results and development related to wireless communication offering the readers the \r\nopportunity to enrich their knowledge in specific topics as well as to explore the whole field of rapidly emerging mobile and wireless networks. We hope that this book will be useful for students, researchers and practitioners in their research studies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-043-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5865-3",doi:"10.5772/157",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mobile-and-wireless-communications-physical-layer-development-and-implementatiom",numberOfPages:292,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi",publishedDate:"January 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3629.jpg",numberOfDownloads:47555,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:22,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"3125",title:"Dr.",name:"Salma",middleName:null,surname:"Ait Fares",slug:"salma-ait-fares",fullName:"Salma Ait Fares",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3125/images/system/3125.jpg",biography:"Salma Ait Fares received the B.S. degree from Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco, in 1999, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees, respectively, in electrical engineering from University of Quebec in Trois Rivieres, in 2003, and in telecommunication from INRS-EMT, University of Quebec, Montreal, Qc, Canada, in 2007. She is currently JSPS postdoctoral dellow with Wireless Signal Processing & Networking Laboratory, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Her research interests include cooperative relay network, OFDMA resource allocation, adaptive antenna arrays, sensor networks, and signal processing for telecommunication applications.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Tohoku University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"121594",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Adachi",slug:"fumiyuki-adachi",fullName:"Fumiyuki Adachi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/121594/images/system/121594.jpg",biography:"Fumiyuki Adachi received the B.S. and Dr. Eng. degrees in electrical engineering\nfrom Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, in 1973 and 1984, respectively. In April 1973, he\njoined the Electrical Communications Laboratories of Nippon Telegraph & Telephone\nCorporation (now NTT) and conducted various researches on digital cellular mobile\ncommunications. From July 1992 to December 1999, he was with NTT Mobile\nCommunications Network, Inc. (now NTT DoCoMo, Inc.), where he led a research group on\nWideband CDMA for 3G systems. Since January 2000, he has been with Tohoku University,\nSendai, Japan, where he is a Professor at the Dept. of Communications Engineering, Graduate\nSchool of Engineering. His research interest is in the area of wireless signal processing (multiaccess,\nequalization, antenna diversity, adaptive transmission, channel coding, etc.) and\nnetworking.\nHe is an IEICE Fellow and an IEEE Fellow. He was a recipient of the IEEE Vehicular\nTechnology Society Avant Garde Award 2000, IEICE Achievement Award 2002, Thomson\nScientific Research Front Award 2004, Ericsson Telecommunications Award 2008, Telecom\nSystem Technology Award 2009, Prime Minister Invention Award 2010, British Royal\nAcademy of Engineering Distinguished Visiting Fellowship 2011, KDDI Foundation\nExcellent Research Award 2012, VTS Conference Chair Award 2014, and C&C Prize 2014. \nHe is listed in Highly Cited Researchers (http://highlycited.com/isihighlycited.htm#table).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Tohoku University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"536",title:"Mobile Computing",slug:"communications-and-security-mobile-computing"}],chapters:[{id:"9004",title:"Wireless Transmission in Tunnels",doi:"10.5772/7700",slug:"wireless-transmission-in-tunnels",totalDownloads:2569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Samir F. Mahmoud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9004",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9004",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9005",title:"Wireless Communications and Multitaper Analysis: Applications to Channel Modelling and Estimation",doi:"10.5772/7696",slug:"wireless-communications-and-multitaper-analysis-applications-to-channel-modelling-and-estimation",totalDownloads:2114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sahar Javaher Haghighi, Serguei Primak, Valeri Kontorovich and Ervin Sejdic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9005",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9006",title:"High Altitude Platforms for Wireless Mobile Communication Applications",doi:"10.5772/7693",slug:"high-altitude-platforms-for-wireless-mobile-communication-applications",totalDownloads:5662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zhe Yang and Abbas Mohammed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9006",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9006",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9007",title:"Performance of Wireless Communication Systems with MRC over Nakagami-m Fading Channels",doi:"10.5772/7694",slug:"performance-of-wireless-communication-systems-with-mrc-over-nakagami-m-fading-channels",totalDownloads:2229,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tuan A. Tran and Abu B. Sesay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9007",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9007",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9008",title:"Sequential Blind Beamforming for Wireless Multipath Communications in Confined Areas",doi:"10.5772/7695",slug:"sequential-blind-beamforming-for-wireless-multipath-communications-in-confined-areas",totalDownloads:2124,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Salma Ait Fares, Tayeb Denidni, Sofiene Affes and Charles Despins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9008",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9008",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9009",title:"Space-Time Diversity Techniques for WCDMA High Altitude Platform Systems",doi:"10.5772/7692",slug:"space-time-diversity-techniques-for-wcdma-high-altitude-platform-systems",totalDownloads:2317,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abbas Mohammed and Tommy Hult",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9009",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9009",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9010",title:"High-Rate, Reliable Communications with Hybrid Space-Time Codes",doi:"10.5772/7690",slug:"high-rate-reliable-communications-with-hybrid-space-time-codes",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Joaquin Cortez and Miguel Bazdresch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9010",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9010",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9011",title:"MIMO Channel Characteristics in Line-of-Sight Environments",doi:"10.5772/7691",slug:"mimo-channel-characteristics-in-line-of-sight-environments",totalDownloads:2793,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Leilei Liu, Wei Hong, Nianzu Zhang, Haiming Wang and Guangqi Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9011",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9011",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9012",title:"Iterative Joint Optimization of Transmit/Receive Frequency-Domain Equalization in Single Carrier Wireless Communication Systems",doi:"10.5772/7689",slug:"iterative-joint-optimization-of-transmit-receive-frequency-domain-equalization-in-single-carrier-wir",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xiaogeng Yuan, Osamu Muta and Yoshihiko Akaiwa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9012",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9012",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9013",title:"An Enhanced Iterative Flipping PTS Technique for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals",doi:"10.5772/7688",slug:"an-enhanced-iterative-flipping-pts-technique-for-papr-reduction-of-ofdm-signals",totalDownloads:2300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Byung Moo Lee and Rui J. P. de Figueiredo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9013",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9014",title:"Downlink Resource Scheduling in an LTE System",doi:"10.5772/7687",slug:"downlink-resource-scheduling-in-an-lte-system",totalDownloads:10333,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of allocating resources to multiple users on the downlink of a Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular communication system is discussed. An optimal (maximum throughput) multiuser scheduler is proposed and its performance is evaluated. Numerical results show that the system performance improves with increasing correlation among OFDMA subcarriers. It is found that a limited amount of feedback information can provide a relatively good performance. A sub-optimal scheduler with a lower computational complexity is also proposed, and shown to provide good performance. The sub-optimal scheme is especially attractive when the number of users is large, as the complexity of the optimal scheme may then be unacceptably high in many practical situations. The performance of a scheduler which addresses fairness among users is also presented.",signatures:"Raymond Kwan, Cyril Leung and Jie Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9014",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9014",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9015",title:"Joint Cooperative Diversity and Scheduling in OFDMA Relay System",doi:"10.5772/7685",slug:"joint-cooperative-diversity-and-scheduling-in-ofdma-relay-system",totalDownloads:1930,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Salma Ait Fares, Fumiyuki Adachi and Eisuke Kudoh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9015",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9015",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9016",title:"Performance Modelling and Analysis of Mobile Wireless Networks",doi:"10.5772/7686",slug:"performance-modelling-and-analysis-of-mobile-wireless-networks",totalDownloads:2444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Carmen B. Rodriguez-Estrello, Genaro Hernandez Valdez and Felipe A. Cruz Perez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9016",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9016",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9017",title:"A Unified Data and Energy Model for Wireless Communication with Moving Senders and Fixed Receivers",doi:"10.5772/7683",slug:"a-unified-data-and-energy-model-for-wireless-communication-with-moving-senders-and-fixed-receivers",totalDownloads:1884,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Armin Veichtlbauer and Peter Dorfinger",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9017",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9018",title:"Towards Performance Enhancement of Short Range Wireless Communications in Reliability and Delay-Critical Applications",doi:"10.5772/7684",slug:"towards-performance-enhancement-of-short-range-wireless-communications-in-reliability-and-delay-crit",totalDownloads:1684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yang Liu and Ye Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9018",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9019",title:"Capacity Dimensioning for Wireless Communications System",doi:"10.5772/7681",slug:"capacity-dimensioning-for-wireless-communications-system",totalDownloads:3831,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xinsheng Zhao and Hao Liang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9019",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9019",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3628",title:"Mobile and Wireless Communications",subtitle:"Network Layer and Circuit Level Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"mobile-and-wireless-communications-network-layer-and-circuit-level-design",bookSignature:"Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3628.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3125",title:"Dr.",name:"Salma",surname:"Ait Fares",slug:"salma-ait-fares",fullName:"Salma Ait Fares"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1636",title:"Telecommunications Networks",subtitle:"Current Status and Future Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3cd52027cd1f450d5770cede2b712b46",slug:"telecommunications-networks-current-status-and-future-trends",bookSignature:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1636.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97704",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús Hamilton",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesús Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"858",title:"Recent Developments in Mobile Communications",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9051720bd0c3f7ff7f171bcbbb599f0",slug:"recent-developments-in-mobile-communications-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Juan P. Maícas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66181",title:"Dr",name:"Juan P.",surname:"Maícas",slug:"juan-p.-maicas",fullName:"Juan P. Maícas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"856",title:"Mobile Multimedia",subtitle:"User and Technology Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e415ab7b4b8bec2caabd9e3daf961ef",slug:"mobile-multimedia-user-and-technology-perspectives",bookSignature:"Dian Tjondronegoro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70836",title:"Dr.",name:"Dian",surname:"Tjondronegoro",slug:"dian-tjondronegoro",fullName:"Dian Tjondronegoro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"189",title:"Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed2f8e92a107244ca4c22888843e374f",slug:"novel-applications-of-the-uwb-technologies",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/189.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1902",title:"Mobile Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5351aa9d45ae2f6c117f48979caa469a",slug:"mobile-networks",bookSignature:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1902.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97704",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús Hamilton",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesús Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6498",title:"Mobile Computing",subtitle:"Technology and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad8ae044b3a753dcd905348a5219549c",slug:"mobile-computing-technology-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mutamed Khatib and Nael Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6498.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22273",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutamed",surname:"Khatib",slug:"mutamed-khatib",fullName:"Mutamed Khatib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1937",title:"Advances and Applications in Mobile Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6849926929e1a2a8dbc973860c55e882",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-mobile-computing",bookSignature:"Adem Karahoca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1937.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1586",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Adem",surname:"Karahoca",slug:"adem-karahoca",fullName:"Adem Karahoca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8678",title:"Mobile Computing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c2cf4e62010e495199b294278d852c4",slug:"mobile-computing",bookSignature:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8678.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"283288",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hamilton",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65666",slug:"erratum-metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia",title:"Erratum - Metrology Organic Solvents in the Shoes Industry to Sfax City (Tunisia)",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65666.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65666",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65666",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65666",chapter:{id:"62241",slug:"metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia-",signatures:"Imed Gargouri and Moncef Khadhraoui",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 30th 2019",book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"186371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Imed",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",fullName:"Imed Gargouri",slug:"imed-gargouri",email:"imed.gargouri@fmsf.rnu.tn",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"230836",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadhraoui",middleName:null,surname:"Moncef",fullName:"Khadhraoui Moncef",slug:"khadhraoui-moncef",email:"montunisia@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62241",slug:"metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia-",signatures:"Imed Gargouri and Moncef Khadhraoui",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 30th 2019",book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"186371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Imed",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",fullName:"Imed Gargouri",slug:"imed-gargouri",email:"imed.gargouri@fmsf.rnu.tn",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"230836",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadhraoui",middleName:null,surname:"Moncef",fullName:"Khadhraoui Moncef",slug:"khadhraoui-moncef",email:"montunisia@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7104",leadTitle:null,title:"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease",subtitle:"Theory and Research",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a very common, global clinical problem. It affects any age group, both males and females, and is seen mainly in developed countries, especially among obese individuals. GERD needs to be treated to prevent nuisance symptoms and long-term complications. The book deals with the diagnosis of GERD, including clinical presentations and diagnostic investigations, and describes the different available conservative, medical, surgical and endoscopic treatments. The book also covers gastroesophageal disease in children, its presentation and treatment. It also deals with the refractory type of gastroesophageal disease including different theories. It is very useful for gastroenterologists and upper gastrointestinal surgeons.",isbn:"978-1-78984-481-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-480-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-105-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73897",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-theory-and-research",numberOfPages:74,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"738f7a3225a21396cd5d58099b8b2d87",bookSignature:"Ali Ibrahim Yahya",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7104.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:4944,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 26th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 1st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 30th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 18th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 17th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"222438",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Yahya",slug:"ali-ibrahim-yahya",fullName:"Ali Ibrahim Yahya",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/222438/images/system/222438.jfif",biography:"Dr. Ali Ibrahim Yahya is dean of Zliten Medical School. \r\nHis previous positions include teaching medical students at Misrata University Medical School till 2007, teaching medical students at Al Mergeb Medical School from 2007 and holding the professor of surgery position at Al Mergeb University under Koms medical school. In 2017, dr. Yahya\\'s academic file was transferred to Al Asmarya University and he has begun acting as dean of Zliten Medical School which started in 2013.",institutionString:"Al Asmarya University for Islamic Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"181",title:"Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology"}],chapters:[{id:"65991",title:"Introductory Chapter: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease",slug:"introductory-chapter-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease",totalDownloads:861,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"222438",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali Ibrahim",surname:"Yahya",slug:"ali-ibrahim-yahya",fullName:"Ali Ibrahim Yahya"}]},{id:"63453",title:"Challenges to Unravel Mechanisms of GERD",slug:"challenges-to-unravel-mechanisms-of-gerd",totalDownloads:853,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"59239",title:"Dr.",name:"Shouji",surname:"Shimoyama",slug:"shouji-shimoyama",fullName:"Shouji Shimoyama"}]},{id:"63508",title:"Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Symptoms",slug:"refractory-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd-symptoms",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"250058",title:"Dr.",name:"Xia",surname:"Chen",slug:"xia-chen",fullName:"Xia Chen"}]},{id:"65881",title:"Clinical Picture of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Children",slug:"clinical-picture-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-children",totalDownloads:1001,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"252446",title:"Prof.",name:"Annamaria",surname:"Staiano",slug:"annamaria-staiano",fullName:"Annamaria Staiano"},{id:"252449",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Quitadamo",slug:"paolo-quitadamo",fullName:"Paolo Quitadamo"}]},{id:"63589",title:"The Role of Increased Gastric Acid Secretion and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathophysiology of Reflux Esophagitis",slug:"the-role-of-increased-gastric-acid-secretion-and-reactive-oxygen-species-in-the-pathophysiology-of-r",totalDownloads:923,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"217733",title:"Dr.",name:"Hichem",surname:"Sebai",slug:"hichem-sebai",fullName:"Hichem Sebai"},{id:"259950",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed-Amine",surname:"Jabri",slug:"mohamed-amine-jabri",fullName:"Mohamed-Amine Jabri"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6164",title:"Metagenomics for Gut Microbes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"672dc229a6318cc2b7b7ef16b314e046",slug:"metagenomics-for-gut-microbes",bookSignature:"Ranjith N. Kumavath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6164.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",surname:"Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7959",title:"Digestive System",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13733cf2ed3652affb7832d133815bcd",slug:"digestive-system-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Xingshun Qi and Sam Koruth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7863",title:"Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8ee85f9459f901eba51628f45db7c80",slug:"pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5210117ff0a6e5c3863f1075ac38be5",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10719",title:"Diverticular Disease of the Colon",subtitle:"Recent Knowledge of Physiopathology, Endoscopic Approaches, Clinical and Surgical Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"624e74d5b757f0d975221fdb8bf19606",slug:"diverticular-disease-of-the-colon-recent-knowledge-of-physiopathology-endoscopic-approaches-clinical-and-surgical-treatments",bookSignature:"José Joaquim Ribeiro da Rocha and Marley Ribeiro Feitosa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10719.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34505",title:"Prof.",name:"José Joaquim",surname:"Ribeiro Da Rocha",slug:"jose-joaquim-ribeiro-da-rocha",fullName:"José Joaquim Ribeiro Da Rocha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10318",title:"Recent Advances in Pancreatitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4660cc6cfdbc562d1f25e6e05b6b77f1",slug:"recent-advances-in-pancreatitis",bookSignature:"Qiang Yan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10318.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"247970",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiang",surname:"Yan",slug:"qiang-yan",fullName:"Qiang Yan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10316",title:"Doubts, Problems and Certainties about Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5a667ba20185b3a039de5c53772da49",slug:"doubts-problems-and-certainties-about-acute-appendicitis",bookSignature:"Angelo Guttadauro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10316.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239365",title:"M.D.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Guttadauro",slug:"angelo-guttadauro",fullName:"Angelo Guttadauro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10314",title:"Esophagitis and Gastritis",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"018c77c0b435770edd232fbdf706d573",slug:"esophagitis-and-gastritis-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri and Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10315",title:"Crohn’s Disease",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ddf7dda3ec43e99aefd9d1ac1ecc35e",slug:"crohn-s-disease-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10309",title:"Endoscopy in Small Bowel Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c515b4add9ecf0a5de381a72d145e5",slug:"endoscopy-in-small-bowel-diseases",bookSignature:"Mahesh Goenka, Usha Goenka and Gajanan A. Rodge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"292494",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahesh",surname:"Goenka",slug:"mahesh-goenka",fullName:"Mahesh Goenka"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"67558",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Principle and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86491",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-principle-and-applications",body:'\nPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) was invented by Mullis in 1983 and patented in 1985. Its principle is based on the use of DNA polymerase which is an in vitro replication of specific DNA sequences. This method can generate tens of billions of copies of a particular DNA fragment (the sequence of interest, DNA of interest, or target DNA) from a DNA extract (DNA template). Indeed, if the sequence of interest is present in the DNA extract, it is possible to selectively replicate it (we speak of amplification) in very large numbers. The power of PCR is based on the fact that the amount of matrix DNA is not, in theory, a limiting factor. We can therefore amplify nucleotide sequences from infinitesimal amounts of DNA extract. PCR is therefore a technique of purification or cloning. DNA extracted from an organism or sample containing DNAs of various origins is not directly analyzable. It contains many mass of nucleotide sequences. It is therefore necessary to isolate and purify the sequence or sequences that are of interest, whether it is the sequence of a gene or noncoding sequences (introns, transposons, mini or microsatellites). From such a mass of sequences that constitutes the matrix DNA, the PCR can therefore select one or more sequences and amplify them by replication to tens of billions of copies. Once the reaction is complete, the amount of matrix DNA that is not in the area of interest will not have varied. In contrast, the amount of the amplified sequence(s) (the DNA of interest) will be very big. PCR makes it possible to amplify a signal from a background noise, so it is a molecular cloning method, and clone comes back to purity.
\nThere are many applications of PCR. It is a technique now essential in cellular and molecular biology. It permits, especially in a few hours, the “acellular cloning” of a DNA fragment through an automated system, which usually takes several days with standard techniques of molecular cloning. On the other hand, PCR is widely used for diagnostic purposes to detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence of this or that organism in a biological fluid. It is also used to make genetic fingerprints, whether it is the genetic identification of a person in the context of a judicial inquiry, or the identification of animal varieties, plant, or microbial for food quality testing, diagnostics, or varietal selection. PCR is still essential for performing sequencing or site-directed mutagenesis. Finally, there are variants of PCR such as real-time PCR, competitive PCR, PCR in situ, RT-PCR, etc.
\nAt present, the revolutionary evolutions of the molecular biological research are based on the PCR technique which provides the suitable and specific products especially in the field of the characterization and the conservation of the genetic diversity. Several applications are possible in downstream of the PCR technique: (1) the establishment of a complete sequence of the genome of the most important livestock breeds; (2) development of a technology measuring scattered polymorphisms at loci throughout the genome (e.g., SNP detection methods); and (3) the development of a microarray technology to measure gene transcription on a large scale. The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high throughput molecular technology, high speed and computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills.
\nPCR makes it possible to obtain, by in vitro replication, multiple copies of a DNA fragment from an extract. Matrix DNA can be genomic DNA as well as complementary DNA obtained by RT-PCR from a messenger RNA extract (poly-A RNA), or even mitochondrial DNA. It is a technique for obtaining large amounts of a specific DNA sequence from a DNA sample. This amplification is based on the replication of a double-stranded DNA template. It is broken down into three phases: a denaturation phase, a hybridization phase with primers, and an elongation phase. The products of each synthesis step serve as a template for the following steps, thus exponential amplification is achieved [1].
\nThe polymerase chain reaction is carried out in a reaction mixture which comprises the DNA extract (template DNA), Taq polymerase, the primers, and the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) in excess in a buffer solution. The tubes containing the mixture reaction are subjected to repetitive temperature cycles several tens of times in the heating block of a thermal cycler (apparatus which has an enclosure where the sample tubes are deposited and in which the temperature can vary, very quickly and precisely, from 0 to 100°C by Peltier effect) [1, 2]. The apparatus allows the programming of the duration and the succession of the cycles of temperature steps. Each cycle includes three periods of a few tens of seconds. The process of the PCR is subdivided into three stages as follows:
\nIt is the separation of the two strands of DNA, obtained by raising the temperature. The first period is carried out at a temperature of 94°C, called the denaturation temperature. At this temperature, the matrix DNA, which serves as matrix during the replication, is denatured: the hydrogen bonds cannot be maintained at a temperature higher than 80°C and the double-stranded DNA is denatured into single-stranded DNA (single-stranded DNA).
\nThe second step is hybridization. It is carried out at a temperature generally between 40 and 70°C, called primer hybridization temperature. Decreasing the temperature allows the hydrogen bonds to reform and thus the complementary strands to hybridize. The primers, short single-strand sequences complementary to regions that flank the DNA to be amplified, hybridize more easily than long strand matrix DNA. The higher the hybridization temperature, the more selective the hybridization, the more specific it is.
\nThe third period is carried out at a temperature of 72°C, called elongation temperature. It is the synthesis of the complementary strand. At 72°C, Taq polymerase binds to primed single-stranded DNAs and catalyzes replication using the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates present in the reaction mixture. The regions of the template DNA downstream of the primers are thus selectively synthesized. In the next cycle, the fragments synthesized in the previous cycle are in turn matrix and after a few cycles, the predominant species corresponds to the DNA sequence between the regions where the primers hybridize. It takes 20–40 cycles to synthesize an analyzable amount of DNA (about 0.1 μg). Each cycle theoretically doubles the amount of DNA present in the previous cycle. It is recommended to add a final cycle of elongation at 72°C, especially when the sequence of interest is large (greater than 1 kilobase), at a rate of 2 minutes per kilobase [1, 2, 3]. PCR makes it possible to amplify sequences whose size is less than 6 kilobases. The PCR reaction is extremely rapid, it lasts only a few hours (2–3 hours for a PCR of 30 cycles).
\nTo achieve selective amplification of nucleotide sequences from a DNA extract by PCR, it is essential to have least one pair of oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides, which will serve as primers for replication, are synthesized chemically and must be the best possible complementarity with both ends of the sequence of interest that one wishes to amplify. One of the primers is designed to recognize complementarily a sequence located upstream of the fragment 5′–3′ strand DNA of interest; the other to recognize, always by complementarity, a sequence located upstream complementary strand (3′–5′) of the same fragment DNA. Primers are single-stranded DNAs whose hybridization on sequences flanking the sequence of interest will allow its replication so selective. The size of the primers is usually between 10 and 30 nucleotides in order to guarantee a sufficiently specific hybridization on the sequences of interest of the matrix DNA [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
\nDNA polymerase allows replication. We use a DNA polymerase purified or cloned from of an extremophilic bacterium,
The volumes of reaction medium vary between 10 and 100 μl. There are a multitude of reaction medium formulas. However, it is possible to define a standard formula that is suitable for most polymerization reactions. This formula has been chosen by most manufacturers and suppliers, who, moreover, deliver a ready-to-use buffer solution with Taq polymerase. Concentrated 10 times, its formula is approximately the following: 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.0; 15 mM MgCl2, 500 mM KCl [2, 4].
\nIt is possible to add detergents (Tween 20, Triton X-100) or glycerol in order to increase the conditions of stringency that make it harder and therefore more selective hybridization of the primers. This approach is generally used to reduce the level of nonspecific amplifications due to the hybridization of the primers on sequences without relationship with the sequence of interest. We can also reduce the concentration of KCl until eliminated or increase the concentration of MgCl2 [1, 5]. Indeed, some pairs of primers work better with solutions enriched with magnesium. On the other hand, with high concentrations of dNTP, the concentration of magnesium should be increased because of stoichiometric interactions between magnesium and dNTPs that reduce the amount of free magnesium in the reaction medium. dNTPs (deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates) provide both the energy and the nucleotides needed for DNA synthesis during the chain polymerization. They are incorporated in the reaction medium in excess, that is, about 200 μM final. Depending on the reaction volume chosen, the primer concentration may vary between 10 and 50 pmol per sample. Matrix DNA can come from any organism and even complex biological materials that include DNAs from different organisms. But to ensure the success of a PCR, it is still necessary that the DNA matrix is not too degraded. This criterion is obviously all the more crucial as the size of the sequence of interest is large. It is also important that the DNA extract is not contaminated with inhibitors of the polymerase chain reaction (detergents, EDTA, phenol, proteins, etc.) [6, 7]. The amount of template DNA in the reaction medium initiate that the amplification reaction can be reduced to a single copy. The maximum quantity may in no case exceed 2 μg. In general, the amounts used are in the range of 10–500 ng of template DNA. The amount of Taq polymerase per sample is generally between 1 and 3 units. The choice of the duration of the temperature cycles and the number of cycles depends on the size of the sequence of interest as well as the size and the complementarity of the primers. The durations should be reduced to a minimum not only to save time but also to prevent risk of nonspecific amplification. For denaturation and hybridization of primers, 30 seconds are usually sufficient. For elongation, it takes 1 minute per kilobase of DNA of interest and 2 minutes per kilobase for the final cycle of elongation. The number of cycles, generally between 20 and 40, is inversely proportional to the abundance of DNA matrix [6, 7, 8].
\nThe product of a PCR consists of one or more DNA fragments (the sequence or sequences of interest). The detection and analysis of the products can be very quickly carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis (or acrylamide). The DNA is revealed by ethidium bromide staining [2, 3, 5]. Thus, the products are instantly visible by ultraviolet transillumination (280–320 nm). Very small products are often visible very close to the migration front in the form of more or less diffuse bands. They correspond to primer dimers and sometimes to the primers themselves. Depending on the reaction conditions, nonspecific DNA fragments may be amplified to a greater or lesser extent, forming net bands or “smear” [6, 7, 8, 9]. On automated systems, a fragment analyzer is now used. This apparatus uses the principle of capillary electrophoresis. Fragment detection is performed by a laser diode. This is only possible if the PCR is performed with primers coupled to fluorochromes [10].
\nMicrosatellites are hypervariable; on a locus, they often show dozens of different alleles from each other in the number of repetitions. They are still the markers of choice for studies on the diversity, paternity analysis and mapping of quantitative effects loci (QTL), although this could change, in the near future, through the elaboration inexpensive SNP assay methods. Minisatellites have the same characteristics as microsatellites, but repetitions range from ten to a few hundred base pairs. Micro- and minisatellites are also known as variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms.
\nMicrosatellites are now the most used markers in genetic characterization studies of farmed animals [11]. The high mutation rate and codominant nature favor the estimation of intra and interracial diversity, and the genetic mixing between races, even if they are very close. Challenges have surrounded the choice of a mutation model—the infinite or progressive allele mutation model [12] for the analysis of microsatellite data. However, simulation studies have indicated that the infinite allele mutation model is generally valid for the evaluation of intraracial diversity [13]. The low number of alleles per population and observed and expected heterozygosity are the most commonly used parameters for assessing intraracial diversity. The simplest parameters for evaluating interracial diversity are genetic differentiation or fixation indices. Several estimators have been proposed (e.g., FST—fixation index and GST—glutathione S transferase), and the most widely used is FST [14], which measures the degree of genetic differentiation of subpopulations by calculation standardized variances of allele frequencies of populations. Statistical significance is calculated for FST values between population pairs to test the null hypothesis of a lack of genetic differentiation between populations and, consequently, the partitioning of genetic diversity [15]. Microsatellite data are also commonly used to assess genetic relationships between populations and subjects through the estimation of genetic distances [16, 17, 18, 19]. The measure of genetic distance used most often is the standard genetic distance of Nei [20]. In another case, the modified Cavalli-Sforza distance is recommended [21] for the closest populations, where genetic drift is the main factor of genetic differentiation. The genetic relationship between breeds is often visualized by the reconstruction of a phylogeny, most often using the “neighbor-joining” method [22]. However, the main problem in the reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree is that the evolution of the lines is presumed to be uncrosslinked that is to say that the lines can deviate, but can never come from interbreeding. This assumption is rarely valid for farm animals, as new breeds are often derived from crosses between two or more ancestral breeds. The visualization of breed evolution by phylogenetic reconstruction must therefore be interpreted with great attention.
\nSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are used as an alternative to microsatellites in genetic diversity studies. Several technologies are available to detect the type of SNP markers [23]. As biallelic markers, SNPs have relatively low amounts of information, and to reach the information level of a standard panel of 30 microsatellite loci, larger amounts must be used. However, ever-evolving molecular technologies increase automation and reduce the cost of typing SNPs, which will likely allow, in the near future, the parallel analysis of a large number of markers at a reduced cost. In this perspective, large-scale projects are being implemented for several livestock species to identify millions of SNPs [24] and validate several thousands and identify haplotype in the genome. As with sequence information, SNPs allow for direct comparison and joint analysis of different experiments. SNPs are likely to be interesting markers for future use in genetic diversity studies because they can be easily used in the assessment of functional or neutral variation. However, the preliminary phase of SNP discovery or selection of SNPs from databases is critical. SNPs can be generated through various experimental protocols, such as sequencing, single-stranded coformational polymorphism (SSCP) or denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) or in silico, aligning and comparing multiple sequences from the same region from public databases on genomes and sequential expression tags (ESTs). If the data were obtained randomly, the standard population genetic parameter estimators cannot be applied. A common example is when SNPs initially identified in a small sample (panel) of individuals are then typed into a larger sample of chromosomes. By preferably performing sampling of SNPs at intermediate frequencies, such a protocol will affect the distribution of allele frequencies with respect to the probable values for a random sample. SNPs present a modern tool in the context of genetic analyzes of the population; however, it is necessary to develop statistical methods that will take into account each SNP operating method and their locations [25, 26].
\nAFLPs are dominant biallelic markers [27]. Variations on many loci can be arranged simultaneously to detect single nucleotide variations of unknown genomic regions, where a given mutation may often be present in undetermined functional genes. The disadvantage is that they show a dominant mode of inheritance, which reduces their power during genetic analyses of the population on intraracial diversity and consanguinity. However, AFLP profiles are highly informative in the evaluation of race relations [28, 29, 30, 31, 32] and related species [33].
\nRestriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are identified using restriction enzymes that cut DNA only at specific “restriction sites” (e.g., EcoRI cuts at the site defined by the palindrome GAATTC sequence). At present, the most common use of RFLPs is downstream PCR (PCR-RFLP) to detect alleles that differ in sequence at a given restriction site. A gene fragment is first amplified using PCR and then exposed to a specific restriction enzyme that cuts only one of the allelic forms. The digested amplicons are usually resolved by electrophoresis. Microsatellites or SSRs (simple sequence repeats) or STRs (short tandem repeats) consist of a few nucleotides—2–6 base pair DNA sequence—epeated several times in tandem (e.g., CACACACACACACACA). They are spread on a eukaryotic genome. Microsatellites are relatively small in size and, therefore, are easily amplified using DNA PCRs extracted from different sources, such as blood, hair, skin, or even feces. Polymorphisms can be visualized on a sequencing gel, and the availability of automated DNA sequencers allows high-throughput analysis of a large number of samples [34, 35].
\nMitochondrial DNA polymorphisms (mtDNA) have been widely used in analyzes of phylogenetic and genetic diversity. The haploid mtDNA transported by the mitochondria of the cellular cytoplasm has a maternal mode of inheritance (the animals inherit the mtDNA from their mothers and not from their fathers) and a high mutation rate; it does not recombine. These features allow biologists to reconstruct intra and interracial evolutionary relationships by evaluating mtDNA mutation patterns. mtDNA tags can also provide a quick way to detect hybridization between farmed species and subspecies [36]. Polymorphisms in the hypervariable region of the D-loop or the mtDNA control region have largely contributed to the identification of wild ascendants of domestic species and to the establishment of geographical models of genetic diversity.
\nThis is one of the most remarkable applications of PCR. It makes it possible to isolate, that is to say, to purify a gene without resorting to traditional methods of molecular cloning which consist in inserting a DNA library in a plasmid vector which is then used to transform a bacterial strain whose clones after selection are screened. The realization is much faster and much less random using PCR. Acellular cloning is used when using PCR because it is useless to use a cellular system (bacteria, yeast, and animal or plant cell) to amplify the clone. The realization of molecular cloning by PCR depends on two major criteria: the choice of DNA extract (matrix DNA) and primers. It is indeed essential to have more or less reliable data on the sequence of the gene that is to be cloned and/or flanking sequences in order to synthesize the sets of primers necessary for its amplification in whole or in part. On the other hand, is it still necessary to perform the PCR on the appropriate matrix DNA [37, 38]. We can choose the genomic DNA that includes the total sequence of the genome and therefore all the genes of the species. In this case, the genes include both exons and introns and their amplification results in the cloning of the complete gene sequence and even, depending on the primers that have been chosen, regulatory regions. But we can also choose to extract the messenger RNA (mRNA), that is to say the only coding sequences of the gene—the transcripts. Since RNAs are unstable, messenger RNAs are transformed into complementary DNA (cDNA) by RT-PCR (see below), a variant of PCR that uses reverse transcriptase and allows changing the RNA sequences into DNA. It is on this cDNA library that PCR is then performed to clone the gene of interest. In this case, the deal is more complex. The presence of the gene transcript in the extract depends on the cell type, tissue, or organ from which the mRNA extraction was performed. Indeed, transcription is specific to the cell type. More serious, the expression of a gene is often regulated by physiological factors, environmental, in this case the gene of interest is not necessarily transcribed and the cDNA library may not contain it. Finally, it must be said that transcription is itself regulated and is often accompanied by alternative splicing. This phenomenon leads to exon elimination at the time of excision of the introns and leads to the expression of different proteins from the same gene. It follows that depending on the cell type and regulatory profiles, we may not be dealing with the same transcript. It is nevertheless very interesting to clone a transcript since its nucleotide sequence corresponds to the amino acid sequence resulting from the translation. On the other hand, with a cDNA, it is easier to carry out the expression of the gene and thus the functional evaluation of the corresponding protein or proteins in a cellular model of expression. Very frequently, PCR cloning is practiced in parallel on genomic DNA (genomic library) and different cDNA libraries so as to determine the complete sequence of the gene, its expression profile, the modalities of splice regulation [8, 39], etc.
\nAs discussed in the previous chapter, it may be relevant to extract the mRNAs to then generate cDNA copies. This reaction is catalyzed by retrovirus reverse transcriptase (reverse transcriptase) which synthesizes a DNA chain from an RNA template. At first, the total RNAs are extracted. The mRNAs are isolated from the total RNA by affinity chromatography using oligodT (polyT oligonucleotide) because the messenger RNAs are characterized by a 3′polyA sequence. Then, the mRNAs are subjected to reverse transcriptase which will generate a copy of DNA (cDNA) of each mRNA. After the reverse transcription, the mRNAs are hydrolyzed (alkaline treatment, RNase, or temperature). The following steps are carried out in the enclosure of the thermal cycler. The single-stranded cDNAs are then replicated by the DNA polymerase during a first temperature cycle [40, 41]. Other cycles are repeated to amplify double-stranded cDNAs in large quantities. In a given cell phenotype, an estimated 10–15,000 genes are expressed in humans and most mammals. Some cell transcripts are expressed at a few hundred or even a few thousand copies per cell, but the majority of transcripts represent a low copy number. The expression profiles of transcripts undergo qualitative or quantitative variations that reflect the biological dynamics of the cell. The identification of variations in gene expression in a given physiological or pathological context can therefore provide valuable information concerning the function of genes and the influence of modulation factors on their expression, whether they are physiological or of environmental origin. The analysis of the expression variations of genes involved in a pathology can lead to new therapeutic or diagnostic targets. Finally, from a fundamental point of view, studying the gene expression profile makes it possible to advance in understanding the mechanisms of cellular physiology [40, 41, 42].
\nDeveloped in the mid-1980s, quantitative PCR can determine the level of specific DNA or RNA in a biological sample. The method is based on the detection of a fluorescent signal that is produced in proportion to the amplification of the PCR product, cycle after cycle. It requires a thermal cycler coupled to an optical reading system that measures fluorescence emission. A nucleotide probe is synthesized so that it can hybridize selectively to the DNA of interest between the sequences where the primers hybridize. The probe is labeled on the 5′ end with a fluorochrome signal (e.g., 6-carboxyfluorescein), and on the 3′ end with a quencher (e.g., 6-carboxy-tetramethyl rhodamine). This probe must show temperature hybridization (Tm) greater than that of the primers so that it hybridizes 100% during the elongation phase (critical parameter) [43, 44, 45].
\nAs long as the two fluorochromes remain present at the probe, the extinguisher prevents the fluorescence of the signal. In this step, the proximity of the quencher and the signal induces a lack of fluorescence emission. During this phase of elongation, Taq polymerase, which has an intrinsic 5′–3′ nuclease activity, degrades the probe and thus releases the fluorochrome signal. The level of fluorescence then released is proportional to the amount of PCR products generated in each cycle. The thermal cycler is designed so that each sample (the PCR is generally carried out in 96-well plates) is connected to an optical system. This includes a laser transmitter connected to an optical fiber. The laser, via the optical fiber, excites the fluorochrome within the PCR reaction mixture. The fluorescence emitted is retransmitted, always through optical fiber, to a digital camera connected to a computer. A software then analyzes and stores the data. Quantitative PCR is a method of high specificity and sensitivity. It is very timely for countless applications. A conventional PCR only provides qualitative data (presence or absence of the DNA of interest, purification of this DNA). Quantitative PCR, as its name suggests, makes it possible to know more precisely the quantity of the DNA of interest (or RNA, since it is possible to conduct a quantitative RT-PCR with the same apparatus) [45, 46, 47]. It is indeed very often used for this purpose, for example, in order to determine the viral load, in particular in cases of hepatitis C or AIDS. One of the most remarkable and useful applications is the analysis of gene expression through the quantitative measurement of transcripts.
\nThis is in most cases RT-PCR. In the case of quantitative PCR, the level of RNA or DNA of interest is measured as the absolute amount. In the case of semi-quantitative PCR or competitive PCR, it is a question of measuring relative quantities by means of standards that correspond to RNA or more rarely to DNA. This is in most cases RT-PCR. These standards can be internal or external. External standards may be homologous or heterologous. The standard is an RNA (more rarely a DNA) which is present in the RNA extract (internal standard) or which is added in known quantity in the reaction mixture (external standard). The standard is amplified at the same time as the RNA of interest. There is therefore competition between the amplification of the standard and that of the DNA of interest. The higher the standard quantity, the less the RNA of interest will be amplified and therefore its quantity will be small. Of course, the method of analysis of the PCR sample must make it possible to discriminate the standard with respect to the RNA of interest on the one hand and on the other hand to evaluate the relative amount of DNA of interest by comparison with the amount of standard that is known [48]. The internal standards are endogenous RNA, corresponding to RNA genes whose expression is presumed constant (actin, beta2-microglobulin, etc.) and which are present in the population of RNA matrices during reverse transcription. These standards have a major disadvantage: they require the use of primers different from those used for the RNA of interest. The kinetics of amplification are therefore substantially different, and it is very difficult or impossible to guarantee a constant expression between different samples. The homologous external RNA standards are synthetic RNAs that share the same priming hybridization sites as the RNA of interest and that have the same overall sequence, with a slight mutation, deletion, or insertion that will allow the identification and quantification thereof with respect to the signal rendered by the RNA of interest. These standards make it possible on the one hand to appreciate the variability introduced at the level of the RT and, on the other hand, generally have the same amplification efficiency as the RNA of interest whether it is at the RT level or PCR [48, 49].
\nThe heterologous external RNA standards are exogenous RNAs and their rate can therefore be controlled. However, unlike homologous external standards, they have a different amplification efficiency compared to that of the RNA of interest. In the case of quantitative RT-PCR (semi-quantitative PCR), the standard consists of a titrated solution of DNA of sequence identical to that of the DNA of interest to be quantified. A dilution series is performed, each being used for amplification. It is then a question of defining the ideal number of cycles to be placed in the exponential phase of the reaction while ensuring an effective amplification. Then, each standard DNA dilution as well as the DNA extracted from the sample to be quantified are submitted in parallel to the PCR reaction. A standard curve is established with standard dilutions [signal = f (concentration)]. Knowing the value of the signal measured on the sample to be quantified, the corresponding number of copies can be extrapolated from the curve. In the case of competitive PCR, a series of synthetic external homologous standard RNA dilutions are co-amplified with equivalent amounts of total RNA (and thus an equivalent amount of the native gene) [50, 51]. The standard competes with the RNA of interest for polymerase and primers. As the standard concentration increases, the signal of the gene of interest decreases. Here, the PCR does not need to be performed in the exponential phase and the results show a correct reproducibility. However, the method is cumbersome and does not allow to manage many samples simultaneously [52].
\nPCR is a fabulous diagnostic tool. It is already widely used in the detection of genetic diseases. The amplification of all or part of a gene responsible for a genetic disease makes it possible to reveal the deleterious mutations (s), their positions, their sizes, and their natures. It is thus possible to detect deletions, inversions, insertions, and even point mutations, either by direct analysis of PCR products by electrophoresis or by combining PCR with other techniques [53]. But PCR can still be used to detect infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, parasitic, etc.), as is already the case for AIDS, hepatitis C, or chlamydia infections. Although other diagnostic tools are effective at detecting these diseases, PCR has the enormous advantage of producing very reliable and rapid results from minute biological samples in which the presence of the pathogen is not always detectable with other techniques [53, 54].
\nIn the context of genetic diseases, it is a question of detecting a mutation on the sequence of a gene. Several situations arise. The simplest ones concern insertions and deletions. In these cases, the mutation is manifested by the change in the size of the gene or part of the gene. Insofar as the mutation is known and described, it suffices to amplify all or part of the gene. In the case of an insertion, the PCR product from a patient’s DNA is longer than that from a healthy person. A deletion presents a contrary result [55]. The analysis of PCR products by electrophoresis, and therefore the evaluation of their size, leads directly to the diagnosis. The detection of inversions and point mutations is more delicate. The difference in size between healthy and diseased DNA is zero in the case of an inversion and almost zero in the case of a point mutation. We cannot therefore retain the size criterion of the PCR products to achieve the result. It is therefore necessary to resort to techniques complementary to PCR. Three approaches can be selected, the southern blot, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), or the detection of mismatch. The southern blot consists in hybridizing on the PCR product an oligonucleotide probe marked, thanks to a radioactive isotope or a fluorochrome, whose sequence is complementary and therefore specific to that which corresponds to the mutation. This strategy is well suited to inversion cases [56, 57].
\nThe RFLP can detect inversions such as point mutations. It involves a restriction enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the PCR product at the sequence which sets the mutation. This approach is only possible if a restriction site is indeed present on this sequence, whether it is the mutated allele or the wild-type allele. The restriction enzyme thus hydrolyzes either the PCR product derived from healthy DNA or that which is derived from the diseased DNA. From these PCR products, one or two DNA fragments are thus obtained which are then revealed by electrophoresis. Mismatch detection is, like the RFLP, adapted to inversions and point mutations [57, 58, 59]. The PCR product from the patient’s DNA (sample DNA) is mixed with the PCR product from the DNA of a healthy person (reference DNA). This mixture is then denatured by the temperature and then rehybridized. Yes the sample DNA is mutated; the pairings between sample DNA and reference DNA will be incomplete at the level of the mutation. The mismatches concern a single base pair in the case of a point mutation and several base pairs in the case of an inversion. These mismatches are then degraded by S1 nuclease, an enzyme that degrades only single-stranded DNAs. Another solution is to cleave the mismatches chemically (osmium tetroxide, then piperidine), but it is more suitable for point mutations. In summary, mutation induces a mismatch at the level of enzymatic or chemical cleavage which leads to the generation of two fragments from a single PCR product. These fragments are analyzed by electrophoresis.
\nContamination with viruses or microorganisms (bacteria, parasites, etc.) necessarily results in the presence of their genetic material in all or part of the infected organism. PCR is therefore a tool all the more effective in detecting the presence of a pathogen in a biological sample that its sensitivity and specificity are very large. The performance of the PCR diagnosis is essentially based on a criterion: the choice of primers capable of very selectively amplifying a sequence of the DNA of the virus or microorganism [57, 58, 59]. Matrix DNA, on the other hand, must be extracted from a tissue in which the microorganism is present. It is therefore sufficient to amplify a specific sequence of the pathogen from a sample taken on the patient and to analyze the PCR product by electrophoresis. The size of the amplified DNA fragment, which must conform to the expected size, guarantees the reliability of the result and therefore of the diagnosis. In the case of AIDS (HIV) testing, for example, routine testing is based on the ELISA method of detecting HIV antibodies or viral antigens in the patient’s serum by an immunoassay technique. This method, quite reliable and inexpensive, nevertheless has some disadvantages. False positives are quite common because of cross-reactivities. Positive samples are therefore tested for control by another routine technique, Western blot. There remains the problem of HIV-positive people who do not carry the virus, such as children whose mothers have AIDS. The blood of these newborns usually contains anti-HIV antibodies of maternal origin and they are therefore seropositive. On the other hand, they do not necessarily carry the virus. In this type of case, the PCR diagnosis is relevant [57, 58, 59, 60]. The method involves amplifying a specific sequence of the provirus from a lymphocyte extract. The same principle is used for the detection of toxoplasma in newborns whose mother is a carrier. It is of course possible to diagnose AIDS by RT-PCR by looking for viral RNA in the patient’s serum. Quantitative or semi-quantitative methods have been developed which also make it possible to evaluate the viral load.
\nPCR is remarkably effective at identifying species, varieties, or individuals by genetic fingerprinting. This application is based on the knowledge acquired on genome structure. It is simply to amplify nucleotide sequences that are specific to species, variety, or individual. In eukaryotes, in particular, these sequences are very numerous and offer a vast palette that allows identification in a very precise and very selective way. Indeed, the genomes of eukaryotic organisms have, unlike prokaryotes, coding sequences and noncoding sequences. The coding sequences correspond to the genes and are therefore translated into proteins. The noncoding sequences, which are therefore not translated, represent a large proportion of eukaryotic genomic DNA (up to 98%). The coding sequences are highly homologous in individuals of the same species. Indeed, the species is characterized by characters and common traits that are guaranteed by its genes. The phenotypic differences between the individuals that compose it are based on the allelic variations and the different alleles of the same gene show sequence differences that are minute (of the order of 1 base pair per 1000) [61, 62]. From one species to another, depending on the phylogenetic distance that separates them, the sequences of the genes that code for the same function have very strong homologies, all the more so that the function of the gene is essential to the embryogenesis or metabolism. As a result, coding sequences are of little relevance in terms of identification. On the other hand, the noncoding sequences are very polymorphous between species as between individuals of the same species. They thus present a large choice of genetic markers that make it possible to establish identification tests which are highly discriminating. Among these markers are minisatellites (or variable number of tandem repeats) and microsatellites (or STR, short tandem repeats) [61, 62, 63]. VNTRs and STRs are repetitive polymorphisms composed of sequences that are repeated in tandem. These repeat sequences measure from 10 to 40 base pairs for VNTRs and from 1 to 5 base pairs for STRs. From one individual to another, the repeated sequence of a VNTR or STR is identical but the number of repetitions and therefore the size of the VNTR or the STR can be very variable (we speak of alleles). On the other hand, there is a wide variety of VNTRs and STRs on eukaryotic genomes. Detection of STR or VNTR polymorphism is by PCR using primers that hybridize to nonpolymorphic flanking sequences. The amplification products are then either analyzed by electrophoresis or undergo fragment analysis using a capillary sequencer. It is now possible to simultaneously amplify several STRs or VNTRs by using several pairs of primers. The variety of amplification products obtained leads to footprints that are specific individuals. On the other hand, the power of PCR makes it possible to amplify micro- and minisatellites from very little DNA. DNA fingerprinting has become much more commonplace in recent years in the context of judicial investigations. But these techniques are equally as effective in other species as humans and allow not only identifying individuals but also varieties or species. The type of identification depends simply on the choice of markers. Similarly, for varietal identification purposes, one can commonly proceed according to protocols derived from the PCR [64, 65, 66].
\nTwo techniques that are relevant are the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and the amplification of fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). (Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a PCR for varietal identification that uses pairs of random primers of reduced size (about 10 base pairs). These primers will hybridize randomly, but PCR usually results in an electrophoresis amplification profile which is specific to the variety from which the matrix DNA is derived. Amplification of fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a much more efficient method. It first consists hydrolyzing the genomic DNA with one or better two restriction endonucleases. Then, we proceed with the ligation of adapters (defined sequences of DNA of about 15 nucleotides) at the level of the generated cohesive ends by restriction enzymes. Finally, the product of the ligation is amplified by PCR with a pair of primers that hybridizes at the level of the adapters. The AFLP gives a result comparable to the RAPD. However, the AFLP shows cleaner and more reproducible results. This is the most successful method to date applied to varietal identification.
\nThe extension of genotyping approaches to all living organisms has made significant advances in the reconstruction of the history of life. At the population level, the distribution and frequency of known genetic polymorphisms in a species can highlight the evolving forces at play, reveal the effects of natural selection, and infer demographic change. Moreover, the comparison of the sequences of the same genes between different species and that of whole genomes is at the origin of the molecular phylogenies that currently prevail in the classification. They make it possible to trace the relationships between species on the basis of the divergence of their DNA sequences. As such, the PCR is a key stage at two levels. The first concerns the isolation of homologous genes in several species and their characterization. The second is the production of amplified total genomic DNA for genome sequencing and comparative analysis. But PCR is also used to identify the genetic heritage of missing organisms. The DNA breaks down by fragmentation after the death of the body. If we can recover these fragments and amplify them, it becomes possible, in spite of its state, to deduce all or part of the initial genome of the individual. PCR has thus become the primary tool in the field of palaeogenetics, which consists in recovering and analyzing DNA sequences of more or less old organisms, and this as well from the remains preserved in museum collections, from historical site where the skeletal or mummified remains of extinct organisms for hundreds thousands or even hundreds of thousands of years. The uses of the PCR thus quickly stopped being limited to the studies of biology, to gain other disciplines or fields of activities.
\nTechnological development has brought the opportunity for significant advances in the health area. As new sensors have been developed, tools for image acquisition and treatment are improved and analytical methods using modern algorithms and artificial intelligence are developing, the set of tools available to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients has been expanded.
ICP is a good example of how technological advancement has led to clinical understanding. Initially, only the number corresponding to the mean ICP was used to guide clinical procedures. Until then, there was only one number, and the information was punctual, it was as if we looked at a photo.
Advancing in understanding disclosed the value of having available real time information on early stages of intracranial hypertension (ICH), thus, techniques that show the pressure trend curve proved to be remarkable for the follow-up of critically ill patients.
The information resulting from morphology will be treated in greater detail in this chapter, and today it is known that monitoring ICP is far over knowledge of a mean value, but also its trend over time, and the morphology of the pressure pulse recognition.
The history of ICPwf is centuries-old. For understanding, it is necessary to go back to the year 1783, after researcher Alexander Monro [1], who started studies of intracranial structures. His work was later completed by George Kellie [2], giving rise to the Monro-Kellie doctrine. This doctrine showed that the volume of intracranial components (blood, CSF and brain tissue) and the bone box that contains them is fixed. The volume of these components needs to be under balance, if there is an increase in one, the others need to compensate by reducing their volumes. Thus, intracranial hypertension (ICH) emerges when this compensation ceases to happen [3]. The stiffness of the skull was later challenged by the work of Sérgio Mascarenhas in 2012 [4].
Angelo Mosso, at the end of the 19th century, presented results showing the influence of brain activity on its blood flow. For the first time, it was possible to observe the brain pulses, through a system that captured these pulses and recorded them on paper. These figures can be seen in Zago’s manuscript [5]. Many years later these pulses were related to ICP and CSF [6].
Langfitt [7] brought an important contribution showing the mathematical hypothesis for the relationship between ICP and intracranial volume, making it easier to understand the importance of intracranial compliance (ICC=𝚫V/𝚫P) in critical care. Marmarou [8] in 1975 added to the pressure-volume curve the information about the increase in the amplitude of ICPwf as the mean value of ICP increases, and demonstrated that ICPwf contains unique information on intracranial contents, this data has already proven useful in several diseases such as stroke, hydrocephalus, idiopathic intracranial hypertension and brain injuries. It is important for gathering information on cerebrovascular hemodynamics and also of the cerebrospinal compensatory system. In 1983, Cardoso [9] showed that with the increase in ICP, in addition to the increase in the amplitude of its pulse, there was also a change in its configuration, as morphology became pyramidal with an increase in amplitude in the middle region of the pulse. Cardoso also shows the ICPwf configuration: P1 - systolic peak, P2 - tidal wave and P3 - venous return (explained in detail below).
Hu [10], understanding the possibility of using ICPwf as information to aid in diagnosis, created an algorithm called MOCAIP (Morphological Clustering and Analysis of Continuous Intracranial Pressure). This software is able to turn the waveform into numbers to facilitate the interpretation of the medical team. Nucci [11], in 2016, presented results of a software to calculate ICPwf parameters and clusters of waveforms for different stages of pathology.
Ballestero [12] and Bollela [13], in 2017, presented studies with hydrocephalus and meningitis respectively, that showed the applicability of a new noninvasive sensor to monitor the ICPwf, in the Ballestero study the ICPwf was analyzed through the relationship between the amplitude of the P2 and P1 pulses.
ICPwf is an important information, increasingly disseminated among physicians. New methods and analyses facilitate the use of this parameter, which is useful and disseminating over clinical institutions. The next chapters will provide more details and clinical applications of ICPwf.
ICP is determined by the intracranial components volumes, as the brain tissue, the vascular or cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [14, 15], and relations between them in a semi-rigid skull box, the Monroe-Kellie doctrine. Each cardiac beat corresponds to an ICP waveform composed of three peaks; arterial pulsation- P1, cerebral venous flow, secondary to autoregulation-derived cyclic fluctuations of arterial blood volume, reflecting intracranial compliance- P2, and the aortic valve closure- P3 (Figure 1a).
(a) One single arterial pulse transmitted to the intracranial compartment, with three peaks observed; systolic peak (P1), tidal peak (P2) and aortic valve closure peak (P3). (b) Respiratory slow waves overlapping cardiac intracranial pulses spectrum (from Hall et al. [
These cardiac-derived pulsatile signals are overlapped in time domain with the respiratory cycle, with influence in the cerebral venous pulsation by means of intra-thoracic pressure generated by breathing, disclosed as slow waves [16] (Figure 1b). Moreover, ventilation plays a direct and remarkable role over CBF [17]. Thus, ICP is influenced by many physiological factors from extra and intracranial compartments. Moreover, factors as age, body posture, time of day as well as the clinical condition also are considerable variables, although in absence of disturbances, mean ICP is kept mostly within a range between 7 and 15 mmHg for adults, 3 and 6 mmHg in children, and between 1.5 and 6 mmHg in term infants [18].
There is an existing volume of reserve in the brain which is around 60–80 mL in young persons and approximately 100–140 mL in geriatric population, because of ongoing cerebral atrophy with age. However, in normal conditions and for short time observations, the brain volume is typically static, with mean ICP varying mainly according to the CBF and the balance between production and absorption or outflow of the CSF. The relation observed between these intracranial components is named intracranial compliance (ICC). Compensatory mechanisms exist to maintain intracranial volume homeostasis by extrusion of the CSF or venous blood, in order to preserve ICC, otherwise, these efforts may be insufficient in pathological conditions (i.e. traumatic brain injury) with intracranial hypertension (ICH) and ICC impairment producing primary or secondary brain tissue damage [19, 20].
Langfitt et al. characterized the transmission of pressure across the intracranial compartments as the intracranial elastance curve, observing an exponential behavior between ICP and intracranial volume [21], from a stable ICP vs. volume relation until when a change in volume of any component will result in a commensurate change in ICP (Figure 2a). When ICP raises and compromises ICC, an inversion in ICP peaks relations may be observed [9], with ICH transmitted to the venous and ventricular compartments, affecting the buffering mechanisms (Figure 2b).
(a) Langfitt curve representing volume x ICP exponential behavior with A- normal ICC, B- intracranial buffering capacity begins to exhaust and C- ICC impaired with rapid ICP elevation (from Canac et al. [
When mean ICP is elevated, the vascular (cardiac) waveform amplitude increases while the respiratory waveform amplitude decreases, associated with changes in the relationship between peaks P1, P2, and P3 [19, 22]. Different waves morphologies could reflect the residual compensatory capacity of the brain, since changes in the ICP wave shape are informative on an incoming or established alteration of the intracranial system (Figure 3) [11].
A - Normal, if the first peak (P1) exceeds the other two; B - potentially pathological, if the tidal peak (P2) equals or slightly exceeds the systolic one (P1) and the dicrotic peak equals or is slightly inferior to P1; class C - likely pathological, if the tidal and the dicrotic peaks exceed the first one; D and E- pathological, if the tidal and the dicrotic peaks surmount the first one or if the shape of the curve is so rounded as not to permit the identification of the three peaks (from Nucci et al. [
Additionally to all that was explained above, further phenomena in the observance of ICP waveforms may occur with high importance on alerting the neurophysician to initiate ICP control measures on an urgent basis. These phenomena were named slow waves by Lundberg et al., typically described as A, B and C waves (Figure 4). The A waves are denoted as plateau waves or vasogenic waves occurring during very high ICP (> 50 mmHg), the B waves are short-duration elevations in ICP (1 to 2 per minute) with variable pressure levels up to 30–50 mmHg. C waves are more frequent (about 4–8 waves per minute) elevations of mean ICP (up to about 30 mmHg). A waves are clearly severe and with elevated risk of poor prognosis, whereas the clinical implication of the B waves is a research question that remains to be determined, since they are non-specific indicators of diminished compliance and can also be present in patients with normal ICP [24]. Finally, C waves are products of cardiac and respiratory cycles interactions.
Lundberg A, B and C waves (from Hirzallah et al. [
The next paragraphs will provide information on how to incorporate waveform information of ICP into clinical daily life, adding this information to the clinical set and adjunct with other diagnostic methods in different pathologies. It is worth mentioning that this information has been shown to be useful in situations where subjects present suspicion, risk or diagnosis of changes in ICC.
Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a situation that often results from the rupture of an intracerebral aneurysm [25]. SAH is associated with high morbidity and mortality and requires a multidisciplinary treatment, because of its high risk of complications [26].
Upon recognition, improved outcomes are dependent upon treatment by qualified high-volume centers with adequate neurovascular teams. Expeditiously determining the precipitating factor and subsequent mitigation of the cause(s) are the initial primary focus. Treatment involves early securing of a ruptured aneurysm, whether a surgical procedure or endovascular. Prior to securing the aneurysm, securing the airway, maintaining proper circulation, treating hydrocephalus, and managing blood pressure remain top priorities. After intervention, ICU observation and routine exams are compulsory.
Once patients presenting with aneurysmal SAH are acutely stabilized, they are evaluated for pathology-specific complications such as development of hydrocephalus and re-hemorrhage. Various grading scales are employed early in management to communicate the severity and prognosis of the pathology. Following stabilization and initial evaluation, patients should be transferred and admitted to intensive care units with a multidisciplinary team. Interim/short-term acute care strategies are employed to prevent rebleeding, assess hydrocephalus, maintain normotension, and reverse anticoagulant/antiplatelet agents. The risk of acute rebleed and long-term prevention of rebleed is not completely attenuated until aneurysm exclusion is performed.
Concurrent to the those risks above mentioned, in the extreme acute phase (first 48 hours) of SAH, the encephalic microvascular constriction promoted by hemoglobin degradation in the subarachnoid space may lead to a low cerebral blood flow (CBF) phenomena, with potential for brain swelling and ICC impairment. Techniques for monitoring ICC and CBF (such as transcranial Doppler) may play a crucial role in this phase.
Later, in the subsequent SAH phase, an inverse behavior is commonly seen in accordance with bleed severity, the so-called hyperemic phase. In this situation subjects present microvascular dilation, this time leading to ICC impairment for excess of CBF. An optimal therapy here is adapting CBF for satisfactory neuronal supply, under ICC adequate limits.
An additional threat for patients in this phase is the development of vasospasm, a complication which elevates risk of delayed cerebral ischemia, in opportunities needing endovascular management. The latter, associated with medical complications including fever, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, cardiac and pulmonary complications, deep venous thrombosis and anemia may raise risk of ICC impairment. While scores classifications exist to determine an admission grade in order to provide prognostic information, outcomes are influenced by many additional items, including a patient’s values and preferences, comorbidities, social support, resilience, and time for recovery [27, 28, 29, 30, 31].
The incidence and survival of patients with neuro-oncologic conditions have been increasing. Both primary central nervous and other types of cancer patients live longer due to early diagnosis and better treatment options. Global Burden Disease Study in 2016, there were 330,000 incident cases of CNS cancer and 227,000 deaths worldwide that year. It reflects the 17.3% increase in incidence between 1990 and 2016.
Extension of life expectancy and on the incidence of cancer itself predisposes to an increment in the occurrence of a variety of neurologic complications that can result in high morbidity and mortality [32, 33].
These conditions often result in hospital admissions, generally in an ICU bed, creating a heavy burden to the health care system since primary cancer patients’ treatment costs 20-times more than age-matched controls without cancer [33].
The complications could occur due to a direct result of the tumor itself, to an indirect effect of cancer, or as a result of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other medical interventions. Recognizing the mechanism might help one early diagnosis and initiate treatment. As a mass effect directly, or even a compromise of CSF transit because of ventricle compression, intracranial neoplasm may lead to ICC impairment.
The World Health Organization considers traumatic brain injury (TBI) an important global health priority as it is a critical public health problem involving young adults worldwide. The leading causes of TBI are road traffic collisions, falls and interpersonal violence. This injury not only causes a large number of deaths, impairments and disabilities for individuals and their families, but also incurs great economic cost to healthcare systems due to required long-term care, rehabilitation, and loss of productivity [34].
TBI can be classified by clinical severity (mild, moderate, or severe) according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); pathoanatomic type (focal or diffuse) according to the extent of damaged area; and mechanism of injury (penetrating or blunt) according to the kinematics (Table 1) [35, 36, 37, 38].
Classification | Categories | Examples |
---|---|---|
Clinical severity | Mild | GCS: 13–15 |
Moderate | GCS: 9–12 | |
Severe | GCS ≤ 8 | |
Pathoanatomic type | Focal (one concise area) | Skull fracture Contusion Epidural hematomas Subdural hematomas Subarachnoid hemorrhage Intraparenchymal hemorrhage |
Diffuse (widespread area) | Diffuse axonal injury Concussion Chronic traumatic encephalopathy | |
Mechanism of injury | Penetrating | Gunshot wound/projectile Pierced object/weapons (knife, etc.) |
Blunt | Head rotation Jolt/blast Acceleration-deceleration |
Different classifications of TBI.
The TBI-related cellular injury involves two different processes. The primary damage occurs on the moment of trauma, immediately by the direct impact and/or structural lesion. It includes vascular and tissue tearing that causes various types of hemorrhage and nerve fibers disruption (axotomy). The secondary damage involves cellular reactive processes such as inflammation and biochemical cascades that gradually develop over the course of hours, days, even weeks after the trauma. It causes metabolic changes potentially leading to brain swelling or hydrocephalus but can also be caused by low blood pressure, hypoxia, seizures, or central nervous system infection [37, 38].
Both processes are intertwined and can contribute to complications, for instance, hemorrhagic progression of a contusion, a breakdown in the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The expansion of an intracranial bleeding not only alters the dynamic shared space of encephalic parenchyma, vascular structures, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) inside cranial cavity – inferred intracranial compliance – but also triggers cytotoxic responses of brain cells. In addition, if there is a dysfunction of BBB its permeability changes letting plasma, proteins and proinflammatory mediators influx into the interstitial compartment causing edema, neurotransmitters imbalance, compressing all structures [38, 39].
As a result of this intricate association the ICP may rise if intrinsic compensatory mechanisms are not preserved and the sustained hypertension can prevent adequate perfusion depriving the brain of oxygen and nutrition. The combination of all situations related to TBI mentioned above need specific and adequate management through the whole trauma assistance from the pre-hospital setting to the critical care unit (CCU) and subsequent rehabilitation [36, 40].
The main method of assessment and management of severe TBI is monitoring and treatment of ICP. It is a level II-B of evidence recommended to reduce in-hospital and 2-week post-injury mortality [23, 41].
Neurocritical care specialists routinely base their clinical reasoning looking at the absolute value of ICP – measured in mmHg or cmH2O – combined with imaging exams – CT-scan or MRI. However, the numbers may not translate the entire complexity of intracranial dynamic. It is suggested that the ICP waves and the study of its morphology could bring differential evidence of altered intracranial compliance and changes of pressure regimen [14, 23, 42, 43].
A qualitative analysis of the ICP waveform [44] described the relationship between amplitude of ICP pulse wave, values of ICP, values of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and the outcome of severe head-injured patients. Intracranial hypertension was evidenced by absolute values of ICP and CT-scan parameters. In those with fatal outcomes there was an increase in the ICP waveform amplitude along with an increase of ICP value up to 25 mmHg, however, above this value the amplitude began to decrease. This breakpoint trend in the amplitude-value relationship was not present in patients with good/moderate outcome. Thus, it is suggested that the physics involving ICP, CPP and parenchyma dynamics inside intracranial cavities was somehow translated into the waveforms, and its analysis and correlations could be a useful additional tool for outcome prediction.
Another study [45] involving TBI patients described the ICP plateau waves characteristics using multimodal brain monitoring as well as calculated indices of brain compensatory reserve and cerebrovascular reactivity. Plateau waves are associated with working cerebrovascular reactivity and occur in situations of decreased volume-pressure compensatory reserve such as TBI and many other brain pathologies. It consists of sudden increases in ICP to peaks of 40-100 mmHg that persists for 5–20 minutes [14, 45, 46]. The study observed plateau waves in 44% of the patients and that abrupt increase of ICP above 40 mmHg was associated with an increase in amplitude of ICP pulse waveform and also with important decrease in CPP, cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, despite stable cardiovascular variables of arterial blood pressure and heart rate (Figure 5) [45].
Example of multimodal brain monitoring recording during plateau wave, extracted from Dias et al. [
When analyzing ICP pulse waveform during plateau waves, a statistically significant increase in amplitude and a change in its shape were noted. The ICP pulse components (P1 < P2 > P3) showed altered ICC [45] (Figure 6).
Altered ICP pulse waveform indicating compromised intracranial compliance, extracted from Dias et al. [
Although slight increases in ICP that last for short period are not usually associated with poor outcome, if plateau waves are sustained over 30 minutes it could have a negative impact on patient’s recovery as intracranial hypertension compromises cerebral perfusion and implicates neuronal deterioration [14, 23, 42, 43, 46]. The analysis of ICP absolute values and waveform patterns over time could provide important information for early detection of ICH in TBI patients of the mentioned study [45].
The debate about how ICP waveform analysis could provide improved clinical benefit and a more actionable evidence to bedside addresses integrated metrics on brain’s intrinsic compensatory capacity (autoregulation) and oxygenation, besides computational analysis of multiple continuous streams of neuro-monitoring data and equipment development to easily display this information [14, 23, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46].
In this way, non-invasive techniques are coming forward to give quick ICP information to neurocritical care team, including transcranial Doppler, optic nerve sheath diameter, near-infrared spectroscopy, tympanic membrane displacement, visual-evoked potentials, some other measurements of the optic nerve, retina, and pupil, besides the routinely used imaging exams of CT-scan and MRI [23, 42, 43, 45]. There is also a new non-invasive method of ICP monitoring that provides morphological data of ICP waves and intracranial compliance, adding celerity to this multimodal scenario [47, 48].
It is well established that ICH is an important issue after TBI because of its relationship to overall outcomes and all guidelines recommend a comprehensive ICP assessment – either invasively or non-invasively. Information about absolute values and waveform characteristics of ICP may together contribute to direct optimal management of TBI and good patient care [23, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48].
The brain constitutes approximately 80% of intracranial volume, and blood and CSF each account for 10% [49, 50, 51]. The first compensatory mechanism for maintenance of normal ICP involves displacement and reduction of the CSF compartment, reduction of CBF, and lastly, displacement of cerebral parenchyma causing herniation. The slower the increment in ICP, the more useful this regulatory system. Therefore, rapidly growing masses like malignant gliomas have a higher risk of causing brain herniation than slow-growing tumors like meningiomas or nerve sheath tumors [52].
Transient elevation in ICP, generally from 50 to 100 mmHg and 5 to 20 minutes, leads to plateau wave phenomena. It can occur spontaneously or start after coughing, sneezing, or changes in position. This transient intracranial hypertension period may be accompanied also by transient headache, transient alteration of the level of consciousness and focal deficits [49, 50].
Obesity and its relation with sleep apnea obstructive syndrome may show ICC impairment due to overnight hypercarbia leading to cerebral vasodilation. Also, this population is likely to develop chronic idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Moreover, hydrocephalus patients of any etiology, migraineurs, progressive neurological focal and/or gait disorders, all these situations mentioned here for outpatients practice raise the yellow sign on the need for ICC evaluation.
Advances on cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial compliance understanding brought to light by recent researches have made monitoring of these properties an essential practice in critical care. Likewise, advances in technology may convert intracranial compliance in a new vital sign present in daily practice in a near future.
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"19,16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11694",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"32122a528d743d1f8843ac6b1c9cd564",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11694.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11713",title:"Chiropractic Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b4e556ae0275a66d0c662a53aac5cb92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11713.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11727",title:"Bronchitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bde0bf7ccc8a2c1798f43ab5b56d338c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11727.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11838",title:"Football Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e69975f96f195be8093194346f8bbe58",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11838.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:44},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:106},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1334",title:"Parenting",slug:"parenting",parent:{id:"276",title:"Social Philosophy",slug:"social-philosophy"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:53,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitations:66,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1334",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3440",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5f349487df1a7fb9f6ea4fd0be63d54",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",bookSignature:"Maria Lucia Seidl-de-Moura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108479",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Seidl-De-Moura",slug:"maria-lucia-seidl-de-moura",fullName:"Maria Lucia Seidl-De-Moura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"45760",doi:"10.5772/56967",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:9496,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Amos",slug:"patricia-amos",fullName:"Patricia Amos"}]},{id:"72249",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92579",title:"Digital Parenting: Raising and Protecting Children in Media World",slug:"digital-parenting-raising-and-protecting-children-in-media-world",totalDownloads:1540,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Digital media have quickly changed ways in which parents and children communicate, enjoy themselves, acquire information, and solve problems daily (both in ordinary and exceptional circumstances such as COVID-19 home confinement). Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. Implications for parent education and prevention of risks for early and excessive exposure to digital technologies are discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"45934",doi:"10.5772/57083",title:"Brazilian Mothers’ Cultural Models: Socialization for Autonomy and Relatedness",slug:"brazilian-mothers-cultural-models-socialization-for-autonomy-and-relatedness",totalDownloads:1677,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Maria Lucia Seidl-de-Moura, Rafael Vera Cruz de Carvalho and\nMauro Luís Vieira",authors:[{id:"108479",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Seidl-De-Moura",slug:"maria-lucia-seidl-de-moura",fullName:"Maria Lucia Seidl-De-Moura"}]},{id:"45773",doi:"10.5772/57003",title:"Cultural Variations in Parenting Styles in the Majority World Evidences from Nigeria and Cameroon",slug:"cultural-variations-in-parenting-styles-in-the-majority-world-evidences-from-nigeria-and-cameroon",totalDownloads:5046,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Esther F. Akinsola",authors:[{id:"160225",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:"Foluke",surname:"Akinsola",slug:"esther-akinsola",fullName:"Esther Akinsola"}]},{id:"71374",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91735",title:"Parental Self-Efficacy and Parenting through Adversity",slug:"parental-self-efficacy-and-parenting-through-adversity",totalDownloads:808,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This review examines the relationship between life adversities, parental well-being, parental self-efficacy, and social support as potential factors mediating parent-child relationships and children’s outcomes. Generally, research on adversity has focused on children’s experiences and the long-term impact of adversity on development and health trajectories. More recently, a focus on resilience and growth after adversity has received increasing attention. Existing literature has identified how parents can best support their children through adverse events and suggested parenting programs that emphasize skill-building to parent children who have experienced adversity. Yet often overlooked is the critical impact of adverse events on the parent and how this may interfere with the cultivation of an environment of support and increase stigmatization due to unmet parenting expectations. While parenting occurs in context, it is often judged based upon societal expectations of childrearing practices and optimal outcomes with little understanding of the factors that contribute to parenting behaviors. The experience of adversity has the potential to impact parental sense of competence and parenting practices. However, parental self-efficacy and social supports can play mediating role in the experience of adversity and parenting stress. The integration of these contextual factors allows for the development of expectations that are best suited to meet the needs of vulnerable family systems.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Christian Scannell",authors:[{id:"316991",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"(Scannell) Williams",slug:"christian-(scannell)-williams",fullName:"Christian (Scannell) Williams"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72249",title:"Digital Parenting: Raising and Protecting Children in Media World",slug:"digital-parenting-raising-and-protecting-children-in-media-world",totalDownloads:1540,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Digital media have quickly changed ways in which parents and children communicate, enjoy themselves, acquire information, and solve problems daily (both in ordinary and exceptional circumstances such as COVID-19 home confinement). Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. Implications for parent education and prevention of risks for early and excessive exposure to digital technologies are discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"72823",title:"Helicopter Parenting and Adolescent Development: From the Perspective of Mental Health",slug:"helicopter-parenting-and-adolescent-development-from-the-perspective-of-mental-health",totalDownloads:917,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Helicopter parenting is a unique form of parenting style that is generally described as highly intensive and highly involved with the children. A particular parenting style influences all phases of development and life style of adolescent. Helicopter parents overly protect their children from the difficulties by setting some set of instructions without consideration of the uniqueness of their children. Recent literature has got huge attention on this parenting style and debating the pros and cons on the development of child. Higher life satisfaction and better psychological wellbeing have been found in the children of highly intrusive parents. When there are positive effects of helicopter parenting, there are negative outcome and impacts that have also been studied. The difficulties in emotional regulation, academic productivity, and social skills among children raised by helicopter parenting have been reported in the literature. Low self-efficacy, lack of trust on peers, and alienation from peers have also been associated with helicopter parenting. The chapter highlights the associated aspects of childhood and adolescence, raised by helicopter parenting. As parents have their own concern about raising their children in certain manner, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of parenting style. Therefore, this chapter also describes the theoretical framework. The associated mental health issues and supportive psychological intervention to be also discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Deepika Srivastav and M.N. Lal Mathur",authors:[{id:"320545",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Deepika",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastav",slug:"deepika-srivastav",fullName:"Deepika Srivastav"},{id:"322605",title:"Dr.",name:"M.N.Lal",middleName:null,surname:"Mathur",slug:"m.n.lal-mathur",fullName:"M.N.Lal Mathur"}]},{id:"45760",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:9496,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Amos",slug:"patricia-amos",fullName:"Patricia Amos"}]},{id:"72914",title:"Parent-Adolescent Relationship and the Impact of Substance Dependency within the Trajectory of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder",slug:"parent-adolescent-relationship-and-the-impact-of-substance-dependency-within-the-trajectory-of-adole",totalDownloads:625,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Adolescents strive for freedom and autonomy; thus, communication with their parents needs to be enhanced. Building solid healthy relationships at this stage of their lives is of utmost importance to help them cope with the changes and challenges they are experiencing. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the parent-adolescent relationship in the substance dependency field. The focus is on the relationship between parents and their adolescents who have a substance use disorder. Parenting adolescents poses its own set of challenges, making it difficult to build and maintain healthy parent-adolescent relationships. We argue that although adolescent substance use disorder has been extensively researched, the relationship between parents and adolescents with substance use disorder has surprisingly not received the same attention. It is this gap that this chapter seeks to address. With this in mind, the ecological systems theory was employed here to shed light on the importance and significance of developing healthy parent-adolescent relationships. The findings show that the parent-adolescent relationship primarily informs the daily living of both the parents and the adolescents. The parent-adolescent relationship is therefore very important as it represents whole-family functioning.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Faith Mathibela and Rebecca Mmamoagi Skhosana",authors:[{id:"317920",title:"Mrs.",name:"Faith",middleName:null,surname:"Mathibela",slug:"faith-mathibela",fullName:"Faith Mathibela"}]},{id:"45773",title:"Cultural Variations in Parenting Styles in the Majority World Evidences from Nigeria and Cameroon",slug:"cultural-variations-in-parenting-styles-in-the-majority-world-evidences-from-nigeria-and-cameroon",totalDownloads:5046,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Esther F. Akinsola",authors:[{id:"160225",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:"Foluke",surname:"Akinsola",slug:"esther-akinsola",fullName:"Esther Akinsola"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1334",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",signatures:"Eman Helmy Thabet",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/169658",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"169658"},fullPath:"/profiles/169658",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()