Heavy metals impacted vegetables from different areas.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"901",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Transgenic Plants - Advances and Limitations",title:"Transgenic Plants",subtitle:"Advances and Limitations",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Development of efficient transformation protocols is becoming a complementary strategy to conventional breeding techniques for the improvement of crops. Thus, Transgenic Plants - Advances and Limitations covers the recent advances carried on improvement of transformation methods together with assessment of the impact of genetically transformed crops on biosafety. Each chapter has been written by one or more experienced researchers in the field and then carefully edited to ensure throughness and consistency.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0181-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5229-3",doi:"10.5772/1409",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"transgenic-plants-advances-and-limitations",numberOfPages:492,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"eaa4d0024fab56af74d9e3d0624bec11",bookSignature:"Yelda Özden Çiftçi",publishedDate:"March 7th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/901.jpg",numberOfDownloads:88593,numberOfWosCitations:90,numberOfCrossrefCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:137,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:279,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 23rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 25th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 24th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"95553",title:"Prof.",name:"Yelda",middleName:null,surname:"Ozden Çiftçi",slug:"yelda-ozden-ciftci",fullName:"Yelda Ozden Çiftçi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95553/images/2239_n.jpg",biography:"Professor in Plant Biotechnology at Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics. She received her BSc in İstanbul University in 1993, and MSc and PhD from Gebze Institute of Technology in 2000 and 2005, respectively. She carried out her Post-Doc study on plant cryopreservation at CNR, IVALSA, Florence, Italy. She has published more than 75 scientific papers, conference proceedings and book chapters in the field of plant biotechnology including molecular markers, micropropagation, medium and long-term conservation, transgenic research, and somaclonal variation assessment. She is the author of the book entitled ‘Transgenic Plants: Advances and Limitations’. 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In general, a heavy metal is nothing but any chemical element which is metallic with a comparatively higher density that is poisonous above a tolerable range, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and so on [1, 2, 3]. Contaminated heavy metal is a key cause of pollution and a possible increasing environmental and human health hazard all over the world, resulting in disorders in people and animals by consuming polluted vegetables. Heavy metals have damaged soil and water eco-systems worldwide. Heavy metals have been discharging into the environment through a variety of practises, including irrigation with polluted water, the use of chemical-based fertilisers, the dumping of industrial effluents into bodies of water, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and so on [4]. Metals may seep into the ground, ground water, and eventually agricultural plants. Heavy metals can have serious consequences for human health when vegetables polluted with these metals are ingested. Although trace levels of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) are needed in plants, excessive quantities of these metals can be hazardous [5, 6]. Metals including aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) are not essential for regular human function and can cause toxicity promptly [7].
Vegetables are an integral portion of the normal diet because they contain nutritionally vital substances that are necessary for human existence. They also act as protective foods by contributing in the avoidance of disorders in people. Vegetables grown in areas polluted with dangerous metals or nearby sources of heavy metal pollution may gather greater amounts of heavy metals than other vegetables. Heavy metals are taken through the roots of plants from polluted soils and environmental wastes, entering the edible sections of plant tissues or accumulating on the surface of vegetables. Protracted irrigation of heavy metals with polluted garbage water raises heavy metal concentrations over the allowable limit [8].
The sensitivity, supplementation, potential dangers, and heavy metals sources grown in soil are all reviewed in this review study. Vegetables absorbed both essential and toxic chemicals from the soil. The consumption of heavy metal-contaminated vegetables has been related to potential human health issues such as cancer and kidney impairment (HMs). Heavy metals including Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg were discovered in high amounts in common vegetables such
Mechanical, biochemical, and biological processes, as well as doings of human, could releases heavy metal into the environment and may cause heavy metal contaminants to accumulate inside living creatures in the food chain [9, 10]. HMs diffuse into the soil, air, as well as water bodies, wherever they could be had or eaten by crops/plants, bio-accumulating into upper consumers, and then biomagnified [11, 12, 13]. HMs cannot be easily removed from the top of the food chain once they have entered it, and they are thus cycled throughout the entire food web. Numerous hyperaccumulated plants provide nourishment for both humans as well as animals. As a result, the rotation from soil to humans thru plants and back into the soil following the expiry of upper consumers provides a pathway for HMs to persist in the environment for extended time periods, causing a variety of negative impacts. Ingestion vegetables containing HMs may provide potentially harmful health risks to lifeforms [14, 15] (Figure 1).
Vegetables get contaminated through various ways.
Heavy metals come in the food chain from a variety of sources. Cd, for example, took up from the soil by the roots and transferred to the body of plant. In the instance of Pb, the heavy metal is absorbing by plants through air pollution, whereas As and Hg can be received from dirt water. Some heavy metals having a capacity to accumulate in the tissues (liver, feathers, muscles, kidney, and other organs) of upper customers during the transit from one segment of the food chain to the next. Metal are liberated into the soil, water, and air from their parental material. These HMs are found in soil in decipherable, non-soluble, and moderately soluble forms, with the soluble forms being most harmful since they are quickly captivated by plants through roots before spreading all over the whole plant organs. Metal toxicity is caused through the disruption of cellular metabolic processes [16, 17, 18, 19]. Hazardous metals are changed to persistent oxidation states in the acid standard and combine with particular proteins and enzymes when they reach the stomach from contaminated foods. The stabilised metal compounds interact with cysteine’s sulphydryl groups (-SH) as well as methionine’s sulphur atoms (-SCH3), causing protein molecules to breakdown [18, 20].
Vegetation sensitivity to nutrition and metal concentrations varies, and their reactions can be seen in variations in stain concentration, liquid content, dehydrated weight, as well as development [21, 22, 23]. All of these variations in plant properties lead to different light absorption as well as reflectivity characteristics, which can be utilised to determine soil pollution and plant physiological condition. A few research findings have shown that metal and nutritional anxiety in plants contribute to differences in the supernatural reflectivity of the undergrowth [24, 25, 26], which may end up causing numerous biological effects in the plants and thus contribute to nutritional availability in veggies increasing or decreasing. Toxicity of metals in plants causes high germination inhibition, significant reductions in rates of growth, variations in photosynthetic efficiency, respiration, and transpiration, as well as changes in nutrient homeostasis and Mn, K, Mg. [27, 28] discovered distinctive leaf symptoms in Raphanus and Phaseolus, as well as a decrease in the root: shoot ratio and ratio of biomass. Higher levels of HM as well as cytochemical localization of Zn in
Sr. No. | Heavy metals | Vegetables | Observations | Area | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pb, Cd | The concentration of the HMs increased than allowable limit | Amba nalla in Amravati city, Maharashtra | [29] | |
2 | Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and As | Observing health problems | Shizhuyuan area in China | [30] | |
3 | Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb | Health risks of Cr, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb should be of great concern | Dhaka city, Bangladesh | [31] | |
4 | As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn | Pb and Cd levels exceeded the maximum permissible limits set by FAO/WHO for human consumption | Market sites of Kathmandu | [32] | |
5 | Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn | Cd and Pb levels exceeding the maximum level (ML) set by the Australian and New Zealand Food Authority | Port Kembla and Boolaroo, Australia | [33] | |
6 | Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, and Cr | High level of pollution along cement factories of Rewa, India | J.P. Cement (Rewa) | [34] | |
7 | Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb | The concentration of the HMs increased than allowable limit | Market sites of India | [35] |
Heavy metals impacted vegetables from different areas.
Growth of plant was inhibited in both treatments of Cd, i.e. leaf chlorosis symptoms at 10 M Cd and necrotic patches at 100 M Cd, according to [36, 37], and browning of root was detected in both dealings. In root abstracts of Cd-exposed plants, the action of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, which is involving in the anaplerotic fixation of CO2 into organic acids, increased. At 100 M Cd, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities increased significantly in leaf extracts, although fumarase activity declined. Membrane damage, electron transport disturbances, enzyme inhibition/activation, and interactions with nucleic acids are among known effects of metal toxicity [38, 39]. The production of oxidative stress and the substitution of critical cofactors of numerous enzymes, like Zn, Fe, and Mn, are two plausible causes for the development of these illnesses. Various researchers have associated oxidative stress with introduction to high heavy metal concentrations [40, 41]. Heavy metals’ influence on plants, according to [42, 43, 44], growth suppression, physical harm, and a decay in physical, biological, and plant function are all consequences. Heavy metal toxicity disrupts cell and organelle membrane integrity by blocking enzymes, polynucleotides, and important nutrient and ion transport systems, displacing and/or substituting essential ions from cellular locations, denaturing and inactivating enzymes, and denaturing and inactivating enzymes. At supra-optimal absorptions, heavy metals as Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Ni impede plant development, growth, and yield.
Interspecies distinctions in metal and nutrient uptake, as well as differences caused by therapeutic interventions within the similar plant, are minor and could be due to plant biomass and root exudes into the soils. The availability of metals and nutrients for plant absorption will be affected when plants develop and roots grow in soil due to biogeochemical interactions of organic acids generated by root oozes. This method may explain why tomato (
Cu had a negative effect on seed germination in Chinese cabbage, according to [47]. (
Lin et al. [40] find that under higher Cd concentrations, the content of protein of desolate carrot (Daucus carota) and common sunflower (
The industries are growing day by day in our country. The waste chemical contaminated water from these industries is directly thrown in river, sea, etc. Also the wastes, garbage from city is thrown in the water. This is the major reason behind the contamination of water. This water is used in many purposes like drinking, agriculture, etc. The contaminated water used in agriculture is absorbed by various vegetables. Resulting the vegetables become contaminated. We the humans use these contaminated vegetables in eating purpose. Once it is ingested in digestive system, it shows poisonous effects on the body as described in Figure 2. Heavy metal exposure typically follows this outline: from industries to air, soil, water, and foods, and then to people [55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. This heavy metals are existing in a amount of formats. Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, manganese, as well as arsenic could arrive the body by the gastrointestinal system or the entrance of digestive system while eating, drinking, or eating fruits and vegetables. The bulk of bodily heavy metals are transferred from blood to tissues [60, 61]. Red blood cells passes lead to not only the liver but also kidneys, where it is subsequently re-assigned as phosphate salt to the teeth, bone as well as hair [62, 63, 64]. Cadmium firstly fixes to blood cells & albumin, formerly to metallothionein in the kidney as well as liver. Later being carried through the blood to the lungs, vapour of manganese disperses over the membrane of lung to the central nervous system (CNS). Water solvable inorganic manganese ions are dispersed in the plasma as well as kidney for renal removal, whereas fat solvable manganese salts are diffused in the colon for faecal removal. Accumulation of Arsenic in the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, muscle, and neural tissues, as well as the skin, nails, and hair, afterward being passed by the circulation.
Cyclic explanation of how vegetables contaminated and its toxic effects on humans.
Free radicals are known to be produced by some heavy metals, which can cause oxidative stressing as well as other cellular damaging. The method by which free radicals are generated is unique to heavy metal. Heavy metals are acetified by the acid medium of stomach when they are consumed through food or drink. They oxidised to several oxidative states (Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, As2+, As3+, Ag+, Hg2+, etc.) in this acidic media, which can quickly fix to biological molecules like proteins as well as enzymes to create persistent and strong connections. The thio groups are the most prevalent functional groups that heavy metals fixes to (SH group of cysteine and SCH3 group of methionine). Cadmium had shown to bind to cysteine remains in the catalytic surface of human thiol transfers in vitro, consisting thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase, as well as thioredoxin [65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70].
Heavy metal-bounded proteins might be able to be useful as a substratum by some enzymes. The heavy metal-bounded protein has an enzyme-substrate complex in a specific pattern, which prevents the enzyme through absorbing any more substrates till it is release. Resulting of the enzyme being inhibited, the product of substratum is not formed, and the heavy metal becomes embedded in the tissue, producing dysfunctions, abnormalities, and damage. Constraining thiol transferases reasons an rise in oxidative pressure and cell damaging. Poisonous arsenic, which can be there in fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, can damage enzymes’ –SH groups, preventing them from catalysing reactions.
As arsenite-inducing protein clustering was found and proved to be concentration-dependending, heavy metals may cause proteins to aggregate. The clusters also comprised a diverse ranging of proteins with roles linked to metabolism, protein portable, synthesis of protein, and protein stability [71, 72, 73, 74, 75]. After exposing to equi-toxic quantities of cadmium, arsenite, as well as chromium (Cr(VI)), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) cells gathered aggregated proteins, and the outcome of heavy metals on protein aggregation was altered in this direction: arsenic > cadmium > chromium [76, 77, 78, 79, 80]. The effectiveness of this agents’ cellular uptake/export, as well as their different modalities of biological action, are likely to determine their in vivo potency to cause protein aggregation.
Heavy metals in soil, air, as well as water are a severe concerned since they will have a detrimental impact on food sustainability and human health. Eating of heavy metal-contaminating vegetables can result in a variety of ailments in consumers. Vegetable eating is the primary route for heavy metals to infect humans. Heavy metal pollution in food may produce heavy metal buildup in humans’ kidneys and livers, disrupting a variety of biochemical processes that can lead to cardiovascular, neurological, renal, and bone illnesses [35, 81, 82, 83, 84]. The biotoxic effects of high are determined by their concentrations and oxidation states, deposition mechanism, chemical composition of plants, physical characterisation, and rate of intake (Table 2) [1].
Heavy metal | Applications | Health effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Chromium | paints pigment, fungicide, Pesticide | Cancer, nephritis and ulceration | [16] |
Lead | Plastic, batteries, Auto exhaust, gasoline | Risk of cardiovascular disease and neurotoxic diseases | [85] |
Cadmium | Pigments Fertiliser, plastic | Endocrine disrupter Carcinogenic, Alter calcium regulation in biological systems mutagenic, lung damage, fragile bones | [86, 87] |
Zinc | Fertilisers | Dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, renal damage, decreased Immune function | [88, 89] |
Nickle | Electroplating | Lung cancer, Immuno-toxic Allergic disease, neurotoxic, genotoxic, Infertility | [90] |
Copper | Electronics, wood preservative, Architecture | Brain damage, Chronic anaemia, Kidney damage, Intestine irritation, Liver cirrhosis, Spontaneous abortions and gestational diabetes | [91] |
Arsenic | Pesticides, Wood products & herbicides | Immunological, Reproductive and Developmental alterations and causing cancer | [92] |
Mercury | Catalysts, Electric Switches, rectifiers, CFLs | Neurological and immune disorders, fatal to kidney and lungs | [27] |
Various heavy metals, their application areas/industries, and probable harmful health consequences on humans produced by these heavy metals are shown.
Cd had being discovered to have deleterious effects on a number of essential enzymes. The negative repercussions might include everything from a painful bone condition called ostemalacia to red blood cell disintegration and renal issues. High lead in the blood can induce hypertension, nephritis, and cardiovascular illness, as well as affecting children’s cognitive development [61, 93, 94]. Cu as well as Zn can lead to acute stomach and bowel issues as well as liver damage [95, 96, 97]. Arsenic exposurance is linked to angiosarcoma and skin cancer [98, 99]. Zn, on the different side, can impair immunological function and raise stages of higher-density lipoproteins [99].
Due to higher heavy metal concentrations in the soil, fruit, as well as vegetables, the Vanregion of Turkey has a higher incidence of greater gastrointestinal cancer rates. Eating of heavymetal-contaminating food can depletes some vital bodily nutrients, resulting in lowered immune defences, altered physico-social behaviour, intrauterine growing retardation, and problems linked with malnourishment [100, 101]. Metal poisoning has also been linked to neurotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic consequences, which might be acute, chronic, or sub-chronic. Some employees also stated having problems with their kidneys [102, 103].
The link between heavy metal exposure during pregnancy and foetal development has been widely established. Heavy metals have the potential to harm the reproductive system of female by causing damage to the ovary and hormone production and release [104, 105]. [106] found that heavy metals can causing alterations in the structure and role of the ovary, as well as embryonic development, when they were researched on the female reproductive system. In vivo and in vitro investigations have confirmed the deposing of heavy metals in the ovary. Pb in the body of the host has been linked to lower birth weightiness, preterm birthing, stillbirths, spontaneous abortions, as well as hypertension [107], while Ar in the body of the host has been linked to foetal loss, stillbirths, spontaneous abortions, and impaired growth as well as development [107, 108]. While Cd exposure is linked to low birth weight, AS exposure has been linked to spontaneous abortions and neurotoxic consequences. Cu poisoning is linked to lower birth weightiness, spontaneous abortions, and gestational diabetes [109]. [110] found women who had miscarriages had high methylmercury levels, albeit the link among methyl mercury exposure and spontaneous abortion has yet to be shown [110]. Stillbirths, miscarriages, and foetal development problems have described as a effect of mercury toxicity.
Pollutants in the environment, food safety and security, and human health are all intricately intertwined. Heavy metal concentrations in the environment have risen rapidly in recent years. Heavy metal sources in vegetables differ across the developing and industrialised worlds. The principal contamination causes in soil–crop systems in industrialised nations are the deposition of PM on food plants and the usege of industrial effluents and sewage sludge as fertilisers. However, in underdeveloped nations, irrigation with untreated sewage or sludge is the primary cause of contamination for food crops. Heavy metal transmission from soil to crop systems is complicated and employs a variety of methods. To establish the true metal toxicity of multi-metal toxicity in vegetables, special care must be used. Human health hazards have been extensively investigated on a universal basis, but only a handful of these findings employed suitable epidemiological methodology. Existing control methods focus on decreasing heavy metal concentrations in soil and the food chain to decrease health hazards. To minimise the passage of metallic pollutants into the food chain and to develop appropriate remediation techniques, soil pollution must be mapped quickly and precisely. For temperately contaminating soils, biological remediation, such as phytoremediation and PGPR, could be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative. With specific financial assurances, eco-friendly technical advancements such as nano-tools and farmer knowledge might benefit local economies and livelihoods.
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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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