Difference between regular programming and visual programming.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9902",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Service Robotics",title:"Service Robotics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"We feel the impact of robots on our lives more and more every day. Service robots constitute the broadest and the most exciting applications in this field, such as; personal care and assistance, agriculture, logistics, mobility, medical, and defense-oriented robots. Since service robotics contains many different types of robots, the variety of problems to be solved is also large. Many popular robotic problems, ranging from mechanism design to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), from motion planning to system security, can be examined in this context. You will find various examples and solutions for this critical area of robotics in this book. We hope that researchers interested in the subject will benefit from this book.",isbn:"978-1-78984-429-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-428-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-030-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87712",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"service-robotics",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9b42f533ea14906bcd1e07df74b33ac2",bookSignature:"Volkan Sezer, Sinan Öncü and Pınar Boyraz Baykas",publishedDate:"November 26th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9902.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4804,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:15,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 10th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 9th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 28th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 26th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"268170",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"volkan-sezer",fullName:"Volkan Sezer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268170/images/system/268170.jpg",biography:"Volkan Sezer is currently an Associate Professor in the Control and Automation Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University. He received his B.Sc. in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey in 2005, his M.Sc. in Mechatronics Engineering and his Ph.D. in Control and Automation Engineering from Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey in 2008 and 2012 respectively. After his PhD. he did research in Singapore as an MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) researcher in the Future Urban Mobility (FM) group. His research interests are based on the artificial intelligence for robotics and automotive technology. More specifically autonomous/semi-autonomous ground vehicles, active safety, robot autonomy and energy efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles are the main subjects of his research.",institutionString:"Istanbul Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Istanbul Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"1364",title:"Mr.",name:"Sinan",middleName:null,surname:"Öncü",slug:"sinan-oncu",fullName:"Sinan Öncü",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1364/images/system/1364.jpg",biography:"Sinan Öncü received his B.Sc. degree in electronics and telecommunications engineering and his M.Sc. degree in mechatronics engineering from Istanbul Technical University (ITU), in 2005 and 2008, respectively, and his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), in 2014. From 2013 to 2016, he was a research scientist at the Integrated Vehicle Safety Department, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Technical Sciences. Since 2019, he has been an assistant professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Boğaziçi University where he is also the Director of Smart and Autonomous Mobility Research Lab. His research focuses on cooperative localization, sensing, control, and coordination of automated air and ground vehicles with a particular focus on automotive and mobile robotics applications.",institutionString:"Boğaziçi University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Boğaziçi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"314054",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar Boyraz",middleName:null,surname:"Baykas",slug:"pinar-boyraz-baykas",fullName:"Pınar Boyraz Baykas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314054/images/system/314054.png",biography:"Pinar Boyraz received double-major B.Sc. degrees in mechanical and textile engineering from Istanbul Technical University (ITU), İstanbul, Turkey, in 2003 and 2004 and a Ph.D. degree in mechatronics from the Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K., in 2008. From 2008 to 2010, she was a Post-doctoral RA in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, USA, focusing on driver behavior modeling and active safety system development. From 2010 to 2014, she was an Assistant Professor and from 2014 to 2018, an Associate Professor of the Mechanical Engineering Department, ITU, conducting research in applied robotics. Since March 2018, she has been an Associate Professor with the Mechanics and Maritime Sciences Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Her research interests broadly include applications of mathematical modeling, mechatronics, signal processing, and control theory. She was awarded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation with Experienced Researcher Fellowship during her research in applied robotics at Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany, in 2016 and 2017.",institutionString:"Chalmers University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Chalmers University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1272",title:"Service Robot",slug:"service-robot"}],chapters:[{id:"72482",title:"Safe Human-Robot Interaction Using Variable Stiffness, Hyper-Redundancy, and Smart Robotic Skins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92693",slug:"safe-human-robot-interaction-using-variable-stiffness-hyper-redundancy-and-smart-robotic-skins",totalDownloads:627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In service robotics, safe human-robot interaction (HRI) is still an open research topic, requiring developments both in hardware and in software as well as their integration. In UMAY1 and MEDICARE-C2projects, we addressed both mechanism design and perception aspects of a framework for safe HRI. Our first focus was to design variable stiffness joints for the robotic neck and arm to enable inherent compliance to protect a human collaborator. We demonstrate the advantages of variable stiffness actuators (VSA) in compliancy, safety, and energy efficiency with applications in exoskeleton and rehabilitation robotics. The variable-stiffness robotic neck mechanism was later scaled down and adopted in the robotic endoscope featuring hyper-redundancy. The hyper-redundant structures are more controllable, having efficient actuation and better feedback. Lastly, a smart robotic skin is introduced to explain the safety support via enhancement of tactile perception. Although it is developed for a hyper-redundant endoscopic robotic platform, the artificial skin can also be integrated in service robotics to provide multimodal tactile feedback. This chapter gives an overview of systems and their integration to attain a safer HRI. We follow a holistic approach for inherent compliancy via mechanism design (i.e., variable stiffness), precise control (i.e., hyper-redundancy), and multimodal tactile perception (i.e., smart robotic-skins).",signatures:"Pinar Boyraz Baykas, Ertugrul Bayraktar and Cihat Bora Yigit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72482",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72482",authors:[{id:"228382",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Pinar",surname:"Boyraz",slug:"pinar-boyraz",fullName:"Pinar Boyraz"},{id:"228388",title:"Dr.",name:"Ertugrul",surname:"Bayraktar",slug:"ertugrul-bayraktar",fullName:"Ertugrul Bayraktar"},{id:"316567",title:"Dr.",name:"Cihat Bora",surname:"Yigit",slug:"cihat-bora-yigit",fullName:"Cihat Bora Yigit"}],corrections:null},{id:"73486",title:"Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Prosthetic and Orthotic Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93903",slug:"application-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-prosthetic-and-orthotic-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:1260,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Technological integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning in the Prosthetic and Orthotic industry and in the field of assistive technology has become boon for the Persons with Disabilities. The concept of neural network has been used by the leading manufacturers of rehabilitation aids for simulating various anatomical and biomechanical functions of the lost parts of the human body. The involvement of human interaction with various agents’ i.e. electronic circuitry, software, robotics, etc. has made a revolutionary impact in the rehabilitation field to develop devices like Bionic leg, mind or thought control prosthesis and exoskeletons. Application of Artificial Intelligence and robotics technology has a huge impact in achieving independent mobility and enhances the quality of life in Persons with Disabilities (PwDs).",signatures:"Smita Nayak and Rajesh Kumar Das",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73486",authors:[{id:"204704",title:"Mrs.",name:"Smita",surname:"Nayak",slug:"smita-nayak",fullName:"Smita Nayak"},{id:"321308",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Das",slug:"rajesh-das",fullName:"Rajesh Das"}],corrections:null},{id:"73718",title:"Development of a Versatile Modular Platform for Aerial Manipulators",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94027",slug:"development-of-a-versatile-modular-platform-for-aerial-manipulators",totalDownloads:456,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The scope of this chapter is the development of an aerial manipulator platform using an octarotor drone with an attached manipulator. An on-board spherical camera provides visual information for the drone’s surroundings, while a Pan-Tilt-Zoom camera system is used to track targets. A powerful computer with a GPU offers significant on-board computational power for the visual servoing of the aerial manipulator system. This vision system, along with the Inertial Management Unit based controller provides exemplary guidance in confined and outdoor spaces. Coupled with the manipulator’s force sensing capabilities the system can interact with the environment. This aerial manipulation system is modular as far as attaching various payloads depending on the application (i.e., environmental sensing, facade cleaning and others, aerial netting for evader-drone geofencing, and others). Experimental studies using a motion capture system are offered to validate the system’s efficiency.",signatures:"Nikolaos Evangeliou, Athanasios Tsoukalas, Nikolaos Giakoumidis, Steffen Holter and Anthony Tzes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73718",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73718",authors:[{id:"242670",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Tzes",slug:"anthony-tzes",fullName:"Anthony Tzes"},{id:"320159",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Evangeliou",slug:"nikolaos-evangeliou",fullName:"Nikolaos Evangeliou"},{id:"320160",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",surname:"Tsoukalas",slug:"athanasios-tsoukalas",fullName:"Athanasios Tsoukalas"},{id:"320161",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Giakoumidis",slug:"nikolaos-giakoumidis",fullName:"Nikolaos Giakoumidis"},{id:"320162",title:"Mr.",name:"Steffen",surname:"Holter",slug:"steffen-holter",fullName:"Steffen Holter"}],corrections:null},{id:"71614",title:"Guidance-Based Motion Planning of Autonomous Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91830",slug:"guidance-based-motion-planning-of-autonomous-systems",totalDownloads:522,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Motion planning is a significant stage in the control of autonomous systems. As an alternative method, guidance approach is proposed for the motion planning of those systems. In guided munitions, guidance laws determine the success of the guidance systems designed to steer systems such as missiles and guided bombs towards predefined targets. The guidance laws designated according to determinative agents such as the firing position of the munition, target type, and operational requirements try to provide the munition with arriving at the target point even under the disturbing effects. In this study, the applicability of the guidance laws to autonomous systems is investigated in a manner similar to the approach for the guided munitions. For this purpose, the motion planning of the selected robotic arm, tracked land vehicle, and quadrotor is tried to be performed in order to move them to predefined target points. Having designed the control systems compatible to the selected guidance laws for the considered systems, the corresponding guidance scheme is constructed. Eventually, after conducting the relevant computer simulations, it is observed that the desired target chase can be made in a successive manner for all cases.",signatures:"Bülent Özkan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71614",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71614",authors:[{id:"315942",title:"Dr.",name:"Bülent",surname:"Özkan",slug:"bulent-ozkan",fullName:"Bülent Özkan"}],corrections:null},{id:"72660",title:"Conversion of a Conventional Wheelchair into an Autonomous Personal Transportation Testbed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93117",slug:"conversion-of-a-conventional-wheelchair-into-an-autonomous-personal-transportation-testbed",totalDownloads:492,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Personal transportation is the act of transporting an individual by using a small, low-speed vehicle. It is a very hot research topic both in industry and academia. There are many different types of personal transportation vehicles, and wheelchairs are one of them. Autonomous driving is another very popular subject that is applicable to the personal transportation vehicles. Autonomous personal transportation vehicles are good examples of service robotics applications. In this study, conversion procedure of a conventional electric wheelchair into an autonomous personal transportation testbed and the application of some basic autonomous driving algorithms on the developed testbed are explained. In literature, there are several studies providing information on wheelchairs’ autonomy but not deep information about the conversion itself. In this paper, the conversion process is investigated in detail, under two main sections. The first part is by-wire conversion, which allows the wheelchair to be controlled via computer commands. The second part includes the studies on sensors, computational system, and human interface. After making such modifications on wheelchair, fundamental algorithms required for autonomy, such as mapping and localization, are implemented successfully. The results are promising for the usage of the developed system as a testbed for examining new autonomous algorithms and evaluating the performance of the perceptional/computational components.",signatures:"Volkan Sezer, Rahman Salim Zengin, Hosein Houshyari and Murat Cenk Yilmaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72660",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72660",authors:[{id:"268170",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Sezer",slug:"volkan-sezer",fullName:"Volkan Sezer"},{id:"323515",title:"Dr.",name:"Hosein",surname:"Houshyari",slug:"hosein-houshyari",fullName:"Hosein Houshyari"},{id:"323516",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahman",surname:"Salim Zengin",slug:"rahman-salim-zengin",fullName:"Rahman Salim Zengin"},{id:"323517",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Cenk Yılmaz",slug:"murat-cenk-yilmaz",fullName:"Murat Cenk Yılmaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"69847",title:"Embedded Devices Security Based on ICMetric Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89240",slug:"embedded-devices-security-based-on-icmetric-technology",totalDownloads:381,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An intelligent wheelchair application is required which is equipped with the MEMSs which are magnetometer, gyroscope, and accelerometer sensors. The generated process of ICMetrics number is heavily based on magnetometer, gyroscope, and accelerometer sensors. In addition, this number can be utilised to provide the identification of device. Our proposed system passed through three phases. The first phase is bias reading that was extracted from MEMSs (gyroscope, magnetometer, and accelerometers) sensors; whereas, in the second phase, ICMetric number is generated by using the sensor bias readings that was extracted in the first phase. Therefore, this number is non-stored and can be utilised to provide identification of device. In the third phase, the security system is tested/evaluated to measure its effectivity. In other words, it is tested with dataset that was extracted from the trace file of ns-2. In this phase, performance metrics are calculated, which are rate of error, confused metrics, and accuracy.",signatures:"Khattab M. Ali Alheeti, Duaa Al_Dosary and Salah Sleibi Al-Rawi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69847",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69847",authors:[{id:"259265",title:"Dr.",name:"Khattab M",surname:"Ali Aheeti",slug:"khattab-m-ali-aheeti",fullName:"Khattab M Ali Aheeti"},{id:"309892",title:"Dr.",name:"Salah",surname:"Sleibi Alrawi",slug:"salah-sleibi-alrawi",fullName:"Salah Sleibi Alrawi"},{id:"309949",title:"Ms.",name:"Duaa",surname:"Al_Dosary",slug:"duaa-al_dosary",fullName:"Duaa Al_Dosary"}],corrections:null},{id:"72250",title:"Manipulating Complex Robot Behavior for Autonomous and Continuous Operations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92254",slug:"manipulating-complex-robot-behavior-for-autonomous-and-continuous-operations",totalDownloads:604,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Service robot control faces challenges of dynamic environment and complex behavior, which mainly include eye-hand coordination and continuous operations. However, current programming scheme lacks the ability of managing such tasks. In this chapter, we propose a methodology of software development paradigm for the continuous operation of the dual-arm picking robot. First, a dual-arm robot is built for picking with the purpose of selectively harvesting in plant factory. Second, a hierarchical control software is framed by means of “Sense Plan Act” (SPA) paradigm. Third, based on the previous design, programming concept, and the ROS system, the sub-node programming of visual module, motion module, eye-hand coordination module, and task planning module are implemented with a state machine-based architecture. The experimental results show that if total number of targets within the visual field is not more than three, the average picking time is less than 35 s. The fluency of concurrent task management shows the feasibility of manipulating complex robot behavior for autonomous and continuous operations with the finite state machine model and task level architecture.",signatures:"Chengliang Liu, Liang Gong and Wei Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72250",authors:[{id:"135507",title:"Prof.",name:"Chengliang",surname:"Liu",slug:"chengliang-liu",fullName:"Chengliang Liu"},{id:"183226",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang",surname:"Gong",slug:"liang-gong",fullName:"Liang Gong"},{id:"318241",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"73270",title:"Robotization and Welfare Trends in Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93346",slug:"robotization-and-welfare-trends-in-future",totalDownloads:464,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are concerns over the present and possible future impact of new advancements like robots and artificial intelligence on welfare. Experts from different fields including science and business have been concentrating on how new developments may affect the job market, and more broadly how new advancements will influence the society. It would be easy to get support for the use of robots for the tasks which are too difficult or too dangerous for humans. What is the capital owners’ focus at that point? What are the economic and social consequences of robotization? In this chapter, literature review including the recent thoughts on how developments in robotics may cause major changes in welfare distribution and revolutionary economic changes is presented.",signatures:"Belma Kencebay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73270",authors:[{id:"316105",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Belma",surname:"Kencebay",slug:"belma-kencebay",fullName:"Belma Kencebay"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5809",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24727d51a5f26cb52694ad979bbbc1f8",slug:"service-robots",bookSignature:"Antonio J. R. 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Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"April 9th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55769",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. 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\r\n\tArtificial neural networks (ANNs) are called neural networks (NNs). They are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. Neural networks are widely used in different industries, from eCommerce to vehicle building. The most frequent example of the artificial neural network application is personalizing the purchaser’s experience in e-Commerce. For instance, Amazon, AliExpress, and other eCommerce platforms use AI to show the related and recommended products. There are various types of neural networks being used, including Convolutional neural networks, Recurrent neural networks, and Long and short terms memory networks. Such neural networks could be applied in various applications such as image recognition, facial recognition, speech recognition, language translation, audio generation, and time-series prediction. This book reviews the past development, new perspectives, and application of such neural networks. It could provide a great understanding of the current state of neural networks and work out the frameworks for developing neural networks in the future.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",bookSignature:"Dr. Chi Leung Patrick Hui",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",keywords:"Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Neural Networks, ANN, CNN, RNN, LSTM, Image Recognition, Text Recognition, Language Translation, Voice Generation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"8 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning, and holder of four registered patents: ‘’Thermosensitive poloxamer hydrogel for atopic dermatitis treatment”, “Development Method of Making Double Layers maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells,” “Intelligent Monitoring System and Method on Diaper,” and “RFID Passive Tags Anti-counterfeiting System” of Chinese Herbal Medicine onto Cotton Fabric. Dr. Hui is a member of The British Computer Society.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/22866/images/system/22866.jpg",biography:"Chi-Leung Hui gained an MSc in Technological Economics from the University of Stirling, UK in 1988, an MSc in Information Systems from the Hong Kong Polytechnic in 1992, an MSc(Eng.) in Computers in Manufacturing from the University of Hong Kong in 1995, a PhD from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 1999, a LLB (Hons) from the University of Wolverhampton, UK in 2004, a LLM degree in information technology and intellectual property law from the University of Hong Kong in 2008, and Diploma in Marketing from the Chartered Institute of Marketing, UK, in 1988 and the Certified Diploma in Finance and Accounting from The Chartered Association of Certified Accountants, UK, in 1991. He is a Chartered Engineer and is a chartered member of both the British Computer Society and the Chartered Institute of Marketing. He has published over 50 refereed journal papers such as Textile Research Journal, Computers in Industry, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Expert Systems with Application and IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics – Parts A and C and refereed conference papers. Dr Hui is an Associate Professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Visiting Scholar at the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong.",institutionString:"Hong Kong Polytechnic University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Hong Kong Polytechnic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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It has a specific focus on the policies of research funders and journal publishers.
\nThe chapter consists of five parts, as follows:
\n1. Main international developments
\n2. Key policies of research funders
\n3. Selected policies of publishers
\n4. Issues covered in the open data policies
\n5. Open scientific data in emerging and developing countries
Increased data sharing among scientists and with non-scientists can generate vast benefits to society and to the economy. Yet creating conditions conducive to data sharing remains a challenge. Inspired by the positive experience with open publications, similar policies have been introduced in recent years with a view to facilitating greater sharing of research data.
\nThis chapter surveys open data policies, paying particular attention to the scope of the open data mandates. It starts with an overview of major international developments and declarations that have inspired governments and research funders to introduce open data policies. This is followed by an analysis of the policies of research funders and publishers in several jurisdictions. Next is identification of the components of ideal data sharing policies. The final section surveys the open data landscape in emerging and developing countries.
\nSome of the world’s leading research organisations are based in the United States. Many of them were also among the first in the world to recognise the potential of open science. The first policy statement for open access to research data consists of the Bromley Principles issued by the United States Global Change Research Program in 1991 [169]. Five years later the Bermuda Principles—developed as part of the Human Genome Project—established an international practice in the sharing of genomic data prior to publication of research findings in scientific journals [170]. These principles of free release and data sharing have been one of the major outputs of the Human Genome Project and have established the practice of genomic data sharing globally.
\nThe
The Human Genome Project was declared complete in 2003. In the same year, open access to scientific data was first codified internationally, in the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. The declaration emerged from a conference hosted by the Max Planck Institute in Munich and represents a landmark statement on open access to scientific contributions1 including:
…
Such scientific contributions need to satisfy two conditions to quality as ‘open’:
\nFirst, the author(s) and right holder(s) of such contributions grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, right of access to, and a licence to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship … as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use.
\nSecond, a complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in an appropriate standard electronic format is deposited (and thus published) in at least one online repository using suitable technical standards (such as the Open Archive definitions) that is supported and maintained by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organisation that seeks to enable open access, unrestricted distribution, interoperability and long-term archiving.2
\nOrganisations committed to implementing these objectives and the two key principles can sign the declaration. As of October 2007, there were over 240 signatories, mostly research organisations. As of early June 2018, the number of signatories had reached 620 [172].
\nThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the only UN agency with a specific mandate for science. One of its main functions, articulated in the UNESCO constitution, is to:
…
At the same time, facilitating the sharing of scientific outcomes is only one of the many responsibilities assigned to UNESCO. Perhaps for this reason the organisation has not played a pivotal role in recommending any international conventions for open science in recent years. Many provisions of the UNESCO Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge—adopted in 1999—are now outdated due to rapid technological developments and changing methods of science production and dissemination.4
\nHaving said that, one of the key objectives articulated in the Strategy on UNESCO Contribution to the Promotion of Open Access to Scientific Information and Research is to convene an international congress on scholarly communication to examine the feasibility of developing a UNESCO convention on open access for scientific information and research ([29], p. 13).
\nMore recently, UNESCO endorsed several open science initiatives, including the Open Science for the 21st Century Declaration by All European Academies,5 which encourage scientists and their organisations, particularly publicly funded organisations, to apply open-sharing principles to the data underpinning research publications, including negative results. The Declaration also calls for measures to ensure data quality and preservation to enable future reuse.6
\nIn addition, UNESCO supports several public education projects aimed at raising awareness of open access, including in developing countries. In 2012, UNESCO issued Policy Guidelines for the Development and Promotion of Open Access written by Swan [27]. The report notes that:
In recent years, UNESCO has taken a more active role in developing open scientific repositories. One recent example is the World Library of Science [173], an online repository of short e-books and articles, developed in partnership with the publishers Nature Education and the pharmaceutical company Roche. This currently contains resources in the field of genetics intended for university undergraduate faculties and students. The platform enables science teachers and students from all parts of the world to exchange views, information and knowledge.
\nIn January 2004, the ministers of science and technology from OECD countries and from China, Israel, Russia and South Africa adopted a Declaration on Access to Research Data from Public Funding. They also called on the OECD to develop a set of guidelines based on commonly agreed principles to facilitate optimal cost-effective access to digital research data [174]. The OECD responded with such a set of principles, published in late 2006, which highlighted the importance of open access to publicly funded research data.8 The principles held that open access has a vast potential to improve the scientific and social return on public investment [175]. The OECD noted, however, that the level of public research funding varies significantly across countries, as do data access policies and practices at the national, disciplinary and institutional levels. The OECD Principles, summarised below, were developed with a view to providing broad policy recommendations to governments, research organisations and funding bodies:
\nThese core OECD Principles were the early guidelines for policymakers to promote open data, including open research data. These principles have been widely adopted. However, the definition of research data in this source is very narrow, referring to research data as:
…
Later documents have adopted a far broader approach to research data. These more recent policies are discussed in the following sections.
\nIn May 2012 [176], at the University of North Texas, a group of technologists and librarians, scholars, researchers and university administrators gathered to discuss best practices and emerging trends in research data management. Resulting from this discussion was a vision for openness in research data titled ‘The Denton Declaration: An Open Data Manifesto’. The declaration includes 6 declarations, 13 principles and 7 intentions.
\nThe principles set out general guidelines for open data in science:
\n1. Open access to research data benefits society and facilitates decision-making for public policy.
\n2. Publicly available research data helps promote a more cost-effective and efficient research environment by reducing redundancy of efforts.
\n3. Access to research data ensures transparency in the deployment of public funds for research and helps safeguard public goodwill towards research.
\n4. Open access to research data facilitates validation of research results, allows data to be improved by identifying errors and enables the reuse and analysis of legacy data using new techniques developed through advances and changing perceptions.
\n5. Funding entities should support reliable long-term access to research data as a component of research grants due to the benefits that accrue from the availability of research data.
\n6. Data preservation should involve sufficient identifying characteristics and descriptive information so that others besides the data producer can use and analyse the data.
\n7. Data should be made available in a timely manner: neither too soon to ensure that researchers benefit from their labour nor too late to allow for verification of the results.
\n8. A reasonable plan for the disposition of research data should be established as part of data management planning, rather than arbitrarily claiming the need for preservation in perpetuity.
\n9. Open access to research data should be a central goal of the lifecycle approach to data management, with consideration given at each stage of the data lifecycle to what metadata, data architecture, and infrastructure will be necessary to support data discoverability, accessibility and long-term stewardship.
\n10. The costs of cyberinfrastructure should be distributed among the stakeholders—including researchers, agencies and institutions—in a way that supports a long-term strategy for research data acquisition, collection, preservation and access.
\n11. The academy should adapt existing frameworks for tenure and promotion and merit-based incentives to account for alternative forms of publication and research output including data papers, public datasets and digital products. Value inheres in data as a stand-alone research output.
\n12. The principles of open access should not be in conflict with the intellectual property rights of researchers, and a culture of citation and acknowledgement should be cultivated rigorously and conscientiously among all practitioners.
\n13. Open access should not compromise the confidentiality of research subjects and will comply with principles of data security, HIPAA, FERPA [177, 178], and other privacy guidelines.
\nThe intentions articulated the issues of most importance to librarians at the time. They include developing a culture of openness in research, building the infrastructure that is extensible and sustainable for archiving and making the data discoverable, developing metadata standards and recognising and supporting the intellectual property rights of researchers.
\nThe principles are widely known among librarians in the United States and in other countries.
\nSeveral statements and policies have emerged promoting the dissemination of scientific data in online spaces following adoption of the Berlin Declaration and the OECD Open Access Principles. In 2009 the Toronto Statement reaffirmed earlier principles relating to the prepublication release of genomic data and recommended these principles be extended to other types of large biological datasets [179]. The Rome Agenda called for scientific data to be released immediately after the publication of journal articles [180]. The Panton Principle for Open Data in Science—developed in 2010—provides guidelines on licencing of open scientific data [181]. In early 2015, the Research Data Alliance released draft principles on the legal interoperability of research data [182]. These initiatives have facilitated broadening the scope and coverage of open access to research data to include prepublished, published and unpublished data—particularly data generated from publicly funded research.
\nMany attempts to define the principles of open scientific data also incorporate the challenges associated with implementation, thus restraining the scope for data sharing. These include legal, ethical and commercial limitations on data release; early availability and long-term preservation of research data; the management and curation of the data, metadata and software; sharing the costs of developing research data infrastructures; developing incentives and reward structures; facilitating searchability of the data; and respecting the privacy of research subjects. The challenges are clearly articulated in more recent and more comprehensive sets of principles for open scientific data, summarised below and canvassed in Chapters 4–7.
\nFor several years now, leading funders of research have required grant recipients to share their data with other investigators. However, originally they had no policies on how this should be accomplished. The game has changed completely in recent years, with many funders requiring the recipients of grants to enable open access to research data and, often, requiring the submission of research data management plans at the grant proposal stage. Such policies ensure that data resulting from publicly funded research is retained and can be reused over time—usually 3–10 years.
\nResearch organisations and universities are largely dependent on grant funding. Suddenly, these institutions realised that to enable researchers to successfully compete for grants, they had to provide support in the formulation of data management plans. Libraries, too, have taken up this approach, and researchers are changing their research data management practices as a result. Within the past decade, the policies introduced by research funders appear to have built a momentum for significant organisational and behavioural changes, and these changes are driving the retention and sharing of research data globally.
\nThe funders of research in the United States are the leaders when it comes to open research data. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) were among the first to introduce open access deposit of peer-reviewed journal articles in PubMed Central as a condition of receipt of grant funds.9 The NIH also:
…
Awareness of the need to develop data management infrastructure took a leap forward in 2010 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) announced that it, too, would begin requiring data management plans with applications. Proposals submitted to NSF on or after 18 January 2011:
…
Importantly, the data management plan is to be included with every application for NSF funding, even if the plan is a statement that ‘no detailed plan is needed’. According to the NSF policy:
The US government has taken significant steps to enable the dissemination of scientific outcomes arising from public research. On 22 February 2013, the Office of Science and Technology Policy at the White House issued the memo ‘Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research’. It directed each federal agency with over US$100 million in annual research and development expenditure to develop plans to make ‘the results of unclassified research arising from public funding publicly accessible to search, retrieve and analyse and to store such results for long-term preservation’.11 The research results include peer-reviewed publications, publication metadata and digitally formatted scientific data. The major shortcoming is that the memo does not mention metadata associated with research data. This omission is unfortunate because, in many cases, scientific data without metadata is unlikely to be reusable.
\nThe memo also directed agencies to ensure that intramural researchers and all extramural researchers receiving federal grants and contracts for scientific research have data management plans in place along with mechanisms to ensure compliance with the plans. To support the implementation of data management plans, grant proposals may include appropriate costs for data management and access. Further, agencies are to promote the deposit of data in publicly accessible repositories and develop approaches for identifying and providing appropriate attribution to scientific datasets.
\nThe memo builds on the NIH and NSF open data mandates and covers all larger federally funded organisations. Prior to the memorandum, only six federal funders of research had in place policies requiring the retention and sharing of research data—NIH, NSF, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Organisation, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, Office of Digital Humanities [186].
\nThe European Commission was one of the first major research funders to recognise open access to research data. The Commission considers that facilitating broader access to scientific publication and data can improve the quality of research results, foster collaboration, avoid duplication of research effort and improve the transparency of scientific enquiry—including through increased involvement by citizens [187]. Increasing access to the outcomes of publicly funded research lies at the core of the European policies. Underlying this vision is realisation that research outcomes originating from public sources should not require payment with each access or use. Instead, the outcomes should be preserved and made freely available for the benefit of all.
\nOpen access to science falls broadly under three flagship initiatives of the Commission—namely the Digital Agenda for Europe [188], the Innovation Union Policy [189], and the European Research Area Partnership [190]. The Recommendation on Access to and Preservation of Scientific Information [191], published in July 2012, encourages European Union member states to develop policies for open access to scientific results, including research data and information. The Commission further stated that such policies should include concrete objectives and indicators of progress, implementation plans and appropriate funding mechanisms.12 The Communication of the Commission regarding open access is not binding on European Union member states, and they are free to adopt any policy that best suits the needs of their own scientific communities. Some countries—Germany, Spain and the Netherlands—have legislated open access to scientific publications and data [192].
\nThe European Commission was among the first large funders to test funding arrangements that encourage open access to publicly funded research. In 2008, the Commission launched the Open Access Pilot as part of its Framework Program 7 (later replaced by the Horizon 2020 Pilot) for data underlying publications, including curated data and raw data [21]. The Rules of Participation [193] represent the legal basis for open access to research data funded by the European Commission under Horizon 2020:
These principles are translated into specific requirements in the Model Grant Agreement14 under the Horizon 2020 Work Programme. The Commission has also developed a user guide that explains the provisions of the Model Grant Agreement to applicants and beneficiaries, including guidance for open scientific data, as follows:
\nRegarding the digital research data generated in the action, the beneficiaries [participating in the open research data pilot] must:
Deposit in a research data repository and take measures to make it possible for third parties to access, mine, exploit, reproduce and disseminate—free of charge for any user—the following:
The data, including associated metadata, needed to validate the results presented in scientific publications as soon as possible
Other data, including associated metadata, as specified and within the deadlines laid down in the ‘data management plan’
Provide information—via the repository—about tools and instruments at the disposal of the beneficiaries and necessary for validating the results (and, where possible, provide the tools and instruments themselves).15
The guidelines also define exceptions to data sharing. These include the obligation to protect research results with intellectual property, confidentiality and security obligations and the need to protect personal data and specific cases in which open access might jeopardise the project. If any of these exceptions is applied, then the data research management plan must state the reasons for not giving or restricting access.
\nThe European Research Council (ERC) is a leading funder of research in the sciences and humanities. The ERC regards open access as the most effective way for ensuring that the fruits of the research it funds can be accessed, read and used in further research. On that basis, the ERC:
The guidelines also list discipline-specific repositories. The recommended repository for life sciences is the Europe PubMed Central [195] (formerly known as UK PubMed Central), and for physical sciences and engineering, the recommendation is to use ArXiv [196].
\nThe peak body for research councils in the United Kingdom, Research Councils UK (RCUK, now transitioned into UK Research and Innovation),16 instituted policies on open access in 2005 and their Common Principles for Open Data [198] that took account of the evolving global policy landscape. These Principles encouraged the practice of making research data openly available, with as few restrictions as possible, in a timely and responsible manner.17 The Principles further addressed a number of important issues.
\nFirstly, data management policies and plans should be in accordance with community best practice and relevant standards set by research institutions themselves.18 The onus for ensuring that legal, ethical and commercial issues are considered lies with research institutions, and these issues should be considered at all stages in the research process.19
\nSecondly, published results should always include information on how to access the supporting data. Metadata should be recorded and made openly available.20
\nThirdly, the principles allow for the delay in data release to enable the original data collectors to publish the results of their research.21
\nFinally, public funds can be used to support the management and sharing of publicly funded research data.22 At the same time, research organisations are responsible for ensuring there are enough resources allocated to research data management—for example, from research grants. RCUK clarified in 2013 that all costs associated with research data management are eligible expenditure of research grant funds, but the expenditure must be incurred before the end date of the grant [199].
\nOpen data is thus defined as an integral part of doing research, and the costs are front-loaded into that research. This can initially make the conduct of research more expensive, but significant savings are realised down the track through the recycling of research data and improved quality of research outcomes. These principles are important as they address the concerns raised by several organisations and scientists who pointed out that open scientific data should not be an unfunded mandate [200].
\nSince the release of RCUK Common Principles on Data Policy in 2011, many member funding organisations have mandated the requirement for a data management plan with each new application. Most research funders in the United Kingdom have issued data policies; however, the extent and coverage of these vary greatly [201].
\nThe RCUK policy on open access states:
\n1.
2.
Unlike the United States, where institutional approaches to research data management are developing, most research councils in the United Kingdom ‘place the responsibility on individual researchers to provide evidence that data management and sharing issues have been considered’ [203].
\nHowever, one research council—the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)—took a different approach. The EPSRC encouraged research organisations to develop their specific approaches to data management, appropriate to their own structures and cultures. At the same time, these approaches were required to align with the EPSRC’s expectations. To that end, EPSRC requested that applicant institutions develop road maps for open data management. These requirements appear to have acted as a catalyst for developing data management policies and support systems in many UK research organisations.
\nIn 2015, RCUK provided publicly funded research institutions and investigators with explanatory text on each of the seven ‘common principles’ first developed in 2005. This guidance was intended to inform the RCUK consultation on a draft Concordat on Open Research Data23—a broader network of stakeholders and interested parties in open data. The Concordat committed to the seven ‘common principles’ adopted by the RCUK.
\nThe Australian Government was among the first to invest in the development of research data infrastructure. The Australian National Data Service (ANDS) was established in 2008 to develop an Australian Research Data Commons platform [204]—an Internet-based discovery service designed to provide rich connections between data, projects, researchers and institutions. Funding was also allocated for the development of metadata tools through the ‘Seeding the Commons’ initiative.
\nOpen research data is a priority area for the Data to Decisions Cooperative Research Centre established in July 2014. The centre brings together researchers and industry to contribute to the development of Australia’s big data capability.
\nThe Australian data management framework, which has emerged over time, is based on four principles:
\n1. The institutional data management framework is in accordance with the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research and other external legal and regulatory frameworks.
\n2. The research institution will support all aspects of the data lifecycle, through creation and collection, storage, manipulation, sharing and collaboration, publishing, archiving and reuse.
\n3. Data management is an essential part of doing good research and supporting the research community of which each researcher is a part.
\n4. Effective data management is best achieved through teamwork and collaboration between researchers, research offices, information specialists and technical support staff.
\nWhile the principles were originally drafted to outline how responsibilities between research institutions and researchers should be divided, it is now clear that increasing the availability of open scientific data is a collective endeavour. At the same time, accountability for the preparation and curation of such data must be clearly assigned. It is for this reason that research funders, providers and researchers themselves are likely to remain the key stakeholders in this process. The Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (revised in 2007) remains the principal document guiding Australian research organisations and researchers in data management. The code states:
The Australian Research Council (ARC) and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)—two principal funders of national research—mandated open access to peer-reviewed publications in 2012. Starting from 2014, the ARC requires data publication for selected grants. The ARC Centre of Excellence funding agreement:
The NHMRC mandate did not extend to open data until early 2018. These very recent developments are covered in Chapter 8, Section 8.2.
\nThe principal funders of research in Canada—the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council—all adhere to open access practices in research. Following a long consultation process, the final version of their Tri-Agency Open Access Policy was released in March 2015. With regard to open data, several submissions suggested that all three agencies should practice long-term preservation and digital release. Yet only the CIHR has committed to a policy on open research data at this stage:
\nRecipients of CIHR funding are required to adhere with the following responsibilities:
\n1. Deposit bioinformatics and atomic and molecular coordinate data into the appropriate public database (e.g. gene sequences deposited in GenBank) immediately upon publication of research results.
\n2. Retain original datasets for a minimum of 5 years after the end of the grant (or longer if other policies apply). This applies to all data, whether published or not. The grant recipient’s institution and research ethics board may have additional policies and practices regarding the preservation, retention and protection of research data that must be respected.24
\nThis policy applies to all CIHR grants awarded from 1 January 2008 and onwards. An important aspect that the data deposit is required (not just encouraged) for all CIHR grants.
\nMeanwhile, publishers are also having a profound influence, with changes to how they provide scholarly communications. Journal publication is the primary mode of disseminating scientific research. However, recent years have seen the emergence of data journals and of open access data repositories for holding the data associated with journal articles.
\nThe best-known example of the latter is perhaps the Dryad Digital Repository [208], governed by a consortium of scientific members who collaboratively promote data archiving, free access, reusability and citation. Membership of Dryad is open to any stakeholder organisation—including journals, scientific societies, publishers, research institutions and libraries. Dryad initially covered biosciences and ecology studies and, in recent years, has expanded to other disciplines. Many libraries and research organisations now refer to Dryad as a generic data repository and recommend it for deposit in all instances where discipline-specific online repositories do not exist.
\nAs a result of these practices, Dryad is increasingly becoming an interdisciplinary resource covering data from a variety of scientific fields and international sources. Data repositories such as Dryad can provide quicker access to findings in advance of results published in paper journals or e-journals.
\nThe growing significance of data publications has prompted established journals to expand their offerings. In early 2014 the Nature Publishing Group announced a new peer-reviewed open data publication,
Another important driver of open research data is the changing policy among traditional journal publishers who increasingly require that underlying data be made available to both peer reviewers and readers. In many cases, the publishers also specify the requirements for sufficient data description so as to facilitate reuse and validation of the research findings. For instance, the policy of
Similarly, the journal
Importantly,
This open data policy is far more specific and stringent than similar policies introduced by other publishers. An authoritative study by Vasilevsky et al. published in 2017 evaluated the open data policies of 318 biomedical journals [211]. That investigation found that only 12% of these journals required data sharing as a condition of publication—a policy similar to that of
However, in 2017-18 many publishers introduced changes to their editorial policies that provide for greater transparency and openness, including statements on expectations for data sharing. Publishers typically choose one of the following approaches for implementing data transparency.
\nOption 1: Duty to disclose. Published articles must state whether the data upon which they are based is available and must provide information on how to access it. The wording of publisher policies typically includes ‘sharing upon reasonable request’, or ‘expects data sharing’.
Option 2: Mandate to deposit. Authors of articles must include in a trusted repository the underlying data for sharing. If any portion of such data cannot be shared, this must be clearly identified while the authors must provide as much of the remaining data as can be reasonably shared. This type of policy typically focuses on creating ‘open data’ or even ‘open FAIR data’.
Option 3: Verification of reproducibility. Open data must be verified by a third party to establish whether the data enables the replication of findings as represented in the article. This type of data is typically referred to as ‘peer-reviewed data’.
The introduction of 2017-18 policies by leading publishers such as Springer Nature, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, and Wiley has appeared to have increased the expectations not only for the digital availability of research data, but also for the credibility and veracity of that data.
\nReflecting on the above analysis of the emergent principles and policies in this chapter, it becomes clear that open scientific data extends open access to scientific publications. Several issues need consideration when developing policies for open research data, specifically:
\n1. The ‘data’ that should be covered by the policy
\n2. The timeframe for releasing research data into the public domain and who is responsible for the data deposit
\n3. The period for storing the data in digital archives
\n4. Whether research data management policies should be required and, if so, whether they should be submitted at the grant proposal stage or later
\n5. How open access to research data should be provided and under what conditions
\n6. Whether to recommend specific data repositories or whether to leave the decision with the project participants
\n7. When data sharing may not be required and whether the reasons for not sharing should be known to the broader research community
\n8. Whether and how data deposits should be embedded in the rewards and recognition frameworks for researchers and their organisations
\n9. Whether compliance with the policies should be monitored and, if so, whether penalties should apply
\n10. How to foster an environment that enables researchers and the public to maximise the value of research data
\n11. How to encourage the sharing of the best practices and experiences with research data management, including data transparency, code transparency, design and citation standards, and replication policies.
\nWhile the above points represent an ideal open data policy, the current policies of research funders and journal publishers are highly fragmented, covering only selected aspects of the data preservation, sharing and reuse process. This gap leaves those aiming to implement open data in a position of experimentation. The gap also makes any comparative analyses difficult. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the open data mandates have created a momentum driving the release of research data in many parts of the world.
\nAt the same time, the policies are more like high-level statements of principles and expectations rather than detailed guidelines for researchers. One particular concern is the unclear meaning of research data in the policies. At best, the list of possible research data outputs included in the policies is incomplete and lacks a level of detail. At worst, the definitions of ‘data’ provided do not appear to match the notions of data commonly used by the key stakeholders across different scientific disciplines. The inability to clearly acknowledge and articulate the heterogenous nature of research data is a major shortcoming of the open data mandates.
\nThe above overview of policy statements supporting access to scientific data shows that all major players in the system have shown a commitment to open data. The policies also illustrate, however, that concerns about implementing open scientific data remain and require further attention. And while policies may state clearly what challenges exist, the solutions and best practices are only just starting to emerge.
\nNevertheless, open scientific content is increasingly becoming readily available, largely due to policies recently introduced by research funders and publishers.
\nElsewhere in Europe and Asia, open scientific data practice is already in place, and it is emerging in many Latin American countries. Yet these policies are not readily available in English and therefore are not analysed in this chapter. The awareness of open access has increased rapidly in recent years, with countries including China introducing open access mandates.
\nChinese research output has increased rapidly—from 48,000 articles in 2003, or 5.6% of the global total, to more than 186,000 articles in 2012, or 13.9% [213]. Of those, more than 100,000, or 55.2% of the global share, involved some funding from the National Natural Science Foundation (NNSF) of China, one of the country’s major basic science funding agencies. This administered the equivalent of US$3.1 billion in its 2014 budget.29 The research output from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)—which funds and conducts research at more than 100 institutions—is also impressive. CAS scientists published more than 18,000 Science Citation Index30 articles in 2012 and more than 12,000 articles in Chinese journals [214].
\nOn 15 May 2014, these two principal funders of research in China announced an open access policy for publications. Researchers supported by NNSF or CAS should deposit their papers into online repositories and make them publicly accessible within 12 months of publication. The policies are modelled around those introduced by the NIH in the United States and came into effect the same day they were announced.31 At this point the open access mandate does not appear to extend to scientific data.
\nBoth CAS and NNSF plan to release more detailed guidelines on implementation. In particular, the NSFC will establish a repository into which researchers can upload papers. This repository is likely to be modelled on PubMed Central developed by the NIH.32 CAS started developing a network of repositories for its institutes 5 years ago and has a central website [215] for searching them. As of December 2013, more than 400,000 articles had been deposited and had generated 14 million downloads.33
\nMany countries in Central and Eastern Europe have well-developed digital infrastructures, and several countries have increased their R&D expenditure in recent years. Estonia and Slovenia now spend more on R&D than the European Union average. The Czech Republic has reached a level that is close to the average, while Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, and Romania spend significantly less than the average.34 While these countries do not appear at this stage to have formulated open access policies, the digital agenda promoted by the European Union and the conditions already embedded in European grants are likely to drive the digital sharing of research outcomes originating from these countries in the near future.
\nIn large parts of Africa, scientific education remains underdeveloped, and funding for science is lacking. At the same time, many African countries have, in recent years, adopted important open access and open government projects and also have committed significant resources to develop relevant infrastructures. The vision for the open access movement in Africa is to spur development and promote the transfer of technologies to the continent.
\nKenya recently announced the establishment of a pilot regional data-sharing centre at the Jomo Kenyatta University. The centre aims to accelerate the generation, analysis, management, and archiving of scientific data emanating from Africa. Other significant open data programmes are implemented in Kenya [218], Morocco [219], Tunisia [220], Tanzania [221], Sierra Leone [222], Nigeria [223, 224], and Ghana [225]. In addition, the African Development Bank sponsors the Open Data for Africa Initiative [226] that aims to enhance the statistical capacity of African countries as well as provide the tools necessary to monitor developments, such as progress with implementing the Millennium Development Goals.
\nIt will be interesting to see how open scientific data will be used in innovative ways to promote development across Africa.
\nThe early stages of implementing data stewardship in open science are promising. Key players in the system—research funders, governments, and leading publishers—have made a clear commitment to open scientific data and have developed policies governing it. Such policies are now in place in the developed world and Latin America and are starting to emerge in other countries.
\nThese policies have created a momentum for data curation and are driving the release and sharing of research data globally. Data journals and discipline-specific data repositories have emerged and are becoming more popular. Scientists are increasingly aware of the need to share data and are more readily prepared to work with librarians to develop and implement research data management policies.
\nYet challenges remain. The policies for open scientific data explicitly list limitations to data release. This appears to have sent mixed messages to research organisations. Instead of focusing their efforts on finding opportunities for data sharing, many have diverted their resources to ensuring compliance with existing limitations.
\nIn the long term, this stage can be necessary to identify best practices for responsible research data management. In the short term, however, this stage may have delayed data release for other purposes, with major concerns surrounding research data management, particularly the interface between intellectual property and open knowledge, and the sharing of data involving personal information of subjects involved in data collection.
\nA major shortcoming of the open data policies is the high-level statements of objectives and expectations. They provide little guidance to researchers regarding the preparation of data management plans, the curating, and the sharing of data. One particular concern is the unclear meaning of research data, which leaves many researchers guessing what ‘data’ they need to make available.
\nThese concerns are examined further in the next chapter, which discusses the meaning of open scientific data.
\nIn this modern era, there has been a lot of development and upgradation in the field of Internet of things (IoT). The development has been actively growing in various sectors, for instance, industries, healthcare, education, agriculture, just to name a few. Consequently, it creates more employment opportunities. Thus, IoT should come into intensive usages with very careful awareness. The development of IoT programs can be done in various ways into the society. Although there have been a plenty of IoT development and applications, only very few academic institutions throughout the world are fully IoT equipped in their laboratories.
Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in shutdown of educational institutions across the world. Globally, over 1 billion children are out of the classroom. As a result, education has changed dramatically with the distinctive rise of e-learning, whereby teaching is undertaken remotely and on digital platforms. While lecture sessions have been quite well organized, the laboratory sessions might be still challenging and dependent on the types of laboratories. To overcome this problem for an IoT design class, a virtual laboratory can be implemented. With a virtual laboratory, a laboratory session can be launched with flexibility of time. Self-learning process can be achieved by becoming more self-determining. It also supports collaborative group works and helps us develop critical thinking skills while doing individual assignments. The most important advantage is that it can be accessed from any location through Internet. Thus, any materials from the Internet can also be used. Nevertheless, there are some challenges in the virtual laboratory, which includes setting up the virtual laboratory environment, lack of social interaction between students and instructors, accessibility to various laboratory required technologies, software requirement and software inconsistency, student’s issues while teaching simultaneously, etc. A visual programming language (VPL) is any programming language that lets users create programs by manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually. A VPL allows programming with visual expressions, spatial arrangements of text and graphic symbols used either as elements of syntax or secondary notation. Many VPLs known as dataflow programming are based on the idea of boxes and arrows, where boxes or screen objects are treated as entities connected by arrows, lines, or arcs representing relations. Different prototyping boards have its own programming language, such as C, Python, Java, and similar. To develop an IoT system, at least one of these programming languages is required. However, it is fortunate that during these days, several VPLs have been developed to help us start programming without knowing the programming language. These IoT visual programming tools have a user-friendly approach of programming. It has a graphical user interface (GUI), where the user can just drag and drop moving code blocks and execute a simple piece of logic.
Node-RED VPL is an open-source software, which is a flow-based development tool originally developed by International Business Machines (IBM) for wiring hardware devices together with application programming interface (API) and few online services as part of the IoT. Node-RED can be used flexibly under the Apache2 license. Some developed their own services based on Node-RED, while others changed to their own user interface (UI) and deployed it as built-in. It can be established as a platform where we can publish our own developed node so that anyone can use it. The open-source software is an alternative to interact with the class. Students can practice, study, and understand with basic engineering skills or even develop an IoT-based system with artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities, e.g., prediction, regression, clustering, and classification. It can be installed locally on a personal computer (PC) or a laptop. With its simplicity for learning and using as well as several built-in entities, it can be used in evolving innovative platforms providing ability to assign code to all interfaces with less coding complexity. In addition, it supports several IoT prototyping board such as Arduino, Raspberry, and Android as well as cloud-based platforms.
The objectives of the book chapter are as follows.
To describe the environment and features of Node-RED software with its abilities of numerous functions.
To deliver a complete outlook on each function of Node-RED that can be applied for an IoT-based virtual laboratory.
To talk over the suitability and rightness of machine learning and deep learning centered explanations in numerous practical fields.
To arrange for a broad opinion on machine learning algorithms, which can be put to build-up the abilities of a data-driven approach.
To highlight and summarize the possible study for smart systems including cloud technology.
To bring out the virtual awareness/importance of IoT including laboratory sessions.
The rest of the book chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the past related existing works on VPL and NodeRED. In Section 3, the step-by-step methodology of the work is described in detail, which includes getting started, configuration, utilization, and machine learning (ML) package for Node-RED. The experimentational examples are provided along with the corresponding results in Section 4. Section 5 discusses about the results. Lastly, the conclusion is drawn in Section 6.
IoT has been playing an important role throughout the globe. It is a combination of both software and hardware tools. With the support of VPL, IoT can be applied into our day-to-day essential things. According to the survey by Ray in 2017, there were 13 VPLs for the usage and for the upgradation of IoT [1]. The VPL is classified into two types, namely open-source and proprietary-source with the four following main features, i.e., programming atmosphere, license, project source, and platform support [1]. Students can use open-source VPL such as Node-RED to learn and implement an IoT system or device with basic engineering skills and low-code programming. It helped many programmers to develop new software [2, 3]. Node-RED was initiated and was developed by IBM for connecting hardware devices with web-based editors [2, 3]. It was then applied further in the field of IoT. Rajalakshmi and Shahnasser came with a problem while making a cloud-system for IoT devices [4]. This is difficult to update the firmware by reinstalling the devices. To solve this issue, Node-RED was used without reinstalling the device and changing the programming code with quick setup [4]. In 2018, a model based on LoPy, which is a MicroPython triple-network development platform doubling up as a long-range (LoRa) Nano gateway, was connected to a system that uses Node-RED for interfacing with a local actuator and the external data with protocols [5, 6]. Their IoT development could be done in fog/clouds. The introduction of the IoT in education allows Internet-based communications to occur between things, sensors, and actuators. This has improved educational institutions [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In 2015, Giang et al. implemented a distributed Node-RED (D-NR) framework for building various types of IoT applications, which can work efficiently with simple designing process and less time [15]. Abdel-Basset et al. could make an efficient framework by new ideas with lower cost and greater security [16]. The advantages in maximizing IoT became more for the institutions, i.e., bringing out an affluent knowledge, better quality of working efficiency, and gaining real-time experiences [17]. In addition, they could keep track record of all the university resources with secured data accessibility. Using an open-source platform such as Node-RED, it helps for the creation of new ideas, i.e., linking up with many other specialized courses, for instance, information and communication technologies (ICTs), embedded system design, humanities, agricultural, just to name a few, yielding a good IoT program of study for students to learn and make research [16]. Another model was proposed by Marquez et al. as an IoT educational platform for virtual academic communities [17]. In 2020, Torres et al. used VPL with Node-RED to improve their IoT system by reducing the time taken for the development, i.e., reducing the number of failed attempts while deploying an IoT system [18]. Home automation consisting of water heater, cooling systems, electrical outlets was raised all over the IoT using cloud-platform where Node-RED is used to make fast setup for remote monitoring and control of data with a mutual communication [19]. In 2021, David et al. worked on indoor crop agriculture by monitoring parameters such as humidity, temperature, and light intensity with the help of IBM-Bluemix, which is the IBM open cloud platform providing mobile and web developers access to IBM software for integration security transaction and other key functions [20]. The data was transformed into Node-RED platform through a mobile application for tracking purpose of the farmers. Thuluva et al. made a solution for interoperability problem for IoT semantic web technologies in industrial field using semantic Node-RED models with feasibility and scalability approach [21]. A rapid and low-cost IoT prototype was developed by Ferencz and Domokos within less time on Node-RED using the combination of various cycle power plant dataset [22]. A low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology called LoRa with its medium access control (MAC) layer protocol called LoRaWAN was deployed by Fox et al. in 2019, and these end devices interact with a gateway using Node-RED connection to an IBM-IoT platform [23]. Node-RED was applied and analyzed by Olsson and Eric in terms of modeling and security with misuse of API and providing security guarantees [24]. Clerissi et al. made a model for testing and developing IoT platforms using Node-RED with the functional behavior and the static view of the system. The class diagrams were used by testing, defining, and generating in java script using a Mocha test framework [25]. Proper regulations and rules for all the Node-RED developers were given by Clerissi et al. [26]. They are about the comprehensibility issues, which can be used to increase efficiency by reducing errors and time to complete tasks.
VPL is any programming language that lets users create program by manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually [27, 28]. A VPL allows programming with visual expressions, spatial arrangements of text and graphic symbols used either as elements of syntax or secondary notation. For instance, many VPLs known as dataflow or diagrammatic programming are based on the idea of “boxes and arrows,” where boxes or other screen objects are treated as entities, connected by arrows, lines, or arcs representing relations [29, 30, 31]. There are several different VPLs, which can be divided into different fields of applications, such as education (23 languages), multimedia (26 languages), video games (18 languages), systems (34 languages), automation (4 languages), data warehousing (8 languages), legacy (5 languages), and miscellaneous (10 languages) [29, 30, 31]. The difference between a regular programming and visual programming, in terms of type, nature, flexibility, speed, efficiency, interface, learning complication, space usage, and example, is shown in Table 1.
No | Context | Regular programming | Visual programming |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Type | Use only text | Use only graphics |
2 | Nature | Not user-friendly | User-friendly |
3 | Customizable | Very high | Moderate |
4 | Flexibility | High | Low |
5 | Speed | Very high | Low |
6 | Efficiency | Very high | Moderate |
7 | Interface | Not good | Great |
8 | Learning Complication | Take time | Easy to learn |
9 | Space Usage | Less | High |
10 | Example | Python, Java, etc. | Drakon, Helix, etc. |
Difference between regular programming and visual programming.
Node-RED is preinstalled in many devices, such as Raspberry Pi, Intel, Fujitsu, just to name a few. Moreover, there are several different cloud services including Cisco, Nokia, IBM, Hitachi, etc., using Node-RED as a VPL and a dataflow programming.
This section describes the complete scenario of methodology process. As can be seen in Figure 1, the first stage is installation, which involves the three following types, i.e., local machine, Raspberry Pi, and cloud services. After the correct installation, the Node-RED is configured involving all the basic nodes required to make a workflow with deployment activities. Next, the utilization is the main stage in which the development of the flows, handling errors of all the core nodes are explained. Accordingly, when the utilization process is completed, any type of experiments can be implemented with the expected and accurate outcomes.
Block diagram representing methodology workflow.
Getting started by installing Node-RED can be done on various criteria, which are explained as follows.
Running on a local machine for Windows 7 and above
Windows 7 and above versions have the capability of installing Node.js, Node-RED, and node package manager (npm) using command prompt (cmd) or Powershell. The procedure is described as follows.
Node.js (version 14.x long term support (LTS) or above) is installed.
All the local administrators are given their rights.
Cmd or Powershell is opened and the following code is run to check if it is installed correctly or not installed.
“node –version; npm –version” (Powershell),
“node –version && npm –version” (cmd)
Node-RED is installed by the command “npm install -g –unsafe-perm node-red.”
As soon as installed, the cmd and type “node-red” is opened. As an output, a terminal log of Node-RED is displayed on the screen.
Running on a Raspberry Pi or any other IoT module
Buster is the supported version for Node-RED at present for all the Raspberry Pi Operating Systems (OS).
The subsequent command is used to install node.js, npm and node-red on any Raspberry Pi.
“bash<(curl-sLhttps://raw.githubusercontent.com/node-red/linuxinstallers/ master/deb/update-nodejs-and-nodered)”.
(This command is used on any Debian-based OS like Ubuntu, DietPI.)
“bash<(curl-sLhttps://raw.githubusercontent.com/node-red/linux-installers/master/rpm/update-nodejs-and-nodered)”.
(This command is used on any Red-Hat packet management (RPM) based OS like Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS, Oracle Linux.)
Running on different cloud services (IBM cloud, Amazon web services, Microsoft Azure)
Node-RED is used on different cloud-based services with many features depending on the user or the client requirements.
For International Business Marketing (IBM) cloud: It is highly virtualized with high power, storage, networking, security, data management, analytics, developer tools, IoT, and integration and migration of virtual servers.
For Microsoft Azure: It is also having the same abilities like IBM cloud with some extra added features such as replacing as an supplement for many other on-premise virtual servers with best recovery support.
For Amazon web services (AWS): It has various new features when compared with many other cloud-services for developing new innovative smart devices, where it includes all the required API with less cost for the third-party usage.
This section describes about various types of configurations that are needed for the deployment of each different application with default parameters in the default file directory.
Normal application: Entire structure is loaded by default settings file, which is a built-in source.
Embedded application: It is passed into property called RED.init(), where embedded.
Run-time configuration: It defines the time-value of each node during the deployment.
Logging configuration: Only console logging is supported in Node-RED.
Node configuration: It is in the hierarchical format used for the application deployment.
External module configuration: It defines about the run-time handling external npm modules and decides whether the editor allows new node modules to be installed such as the function node to have their own dynamic configured dependencies.
Editor configuration: It is a set of files with different coding styles with various text editor plugins.
adminAuth: It permits security for user in the editor and admin API.
paletteCategories: It describes the sequence of types in the palette. By default, the pattern is subflow, common, function, network, sequence, parser, storage.
The run-time configuration is explained as follows.
Flow file: It is used to store the flows.
Userdir: It is used to store user data, credentials, and library data.
Nodesdir: It is used to search additional installed nodes.
Uihost: It is an interface to listen all connection on IPv4.
Uiport: It is a port to serve ui editor.
Httpadminroot: It is the root url, which contains both API and editor UI.
httpAdminAuth: It allows HTTP validation on the editor UI.
httpAdminMiddleware: It is an array of all functions, which is added to all admin routes.
httpNodeRoot: It is the node root for all the urls that run HTTP at all endpoints.
httpNodeAuth: It enables HTTP Basic Authentication
httpRoot: It enables the root url to run on both admin and node endpoints through overriding httpAdminRoot and httpNodeRoot value.
https: It permits https.
httpStaticAuth: It supports basic confirmation and validation of HTTP with the static content.
httpNodeCors: It is source distribution for the nodes, which are responsible for HTTP endpoints with cross-origin authentication.
httpNodeMiddleware: It permits custom processing. For example, validation is required for the node.
Various stages of logging configuration used in Node-RED are described as follows.
Fatal: Errors that make application unworkable are tracked.
Error: Tracked errors for requests and fatal errors.
Warn: Record of the problems about non-fatal and fatal errors.
Info: Tracked information of application, warnings, error, and fatal errors.
Debugging (Debug): Tracked information, which is more verbose than information, warnings, error, and fatal errors.
Tracing (Trace): Tracks about all complete logging, debugging, info, warnings, error, and fatal errors.
The node configuration is explained as follows.
Function Node: It is for gathering bits and pieces to attach into universal functions.
functionExternalModules: It allows adding additional modules that are available to the function.
Debug Node: Any message directed to the debug sidebar tab with maximum size and characters.
MQTT Nodes: If the link is misplaced, how much time to pause in milliseconds before trying to connect.
Serial Nodes: How much time to pause in milliseconds before making an effort to revive into serial port
socketReconnectTime: How much time to pause in milliseconds before trying to connect again.
socketTimeout: How much time to pause in milliseconds before scheduling out any port.
The important nodes used for the basic functioning of the Node-RED are called “core nodes.” The main six types of core nodes are explained as follows.
Inject: It starts any flow manually by clicking the inject button. It can be at required intervals or any time within the editor.
Debug: It is used to show messages in the Debug sidebar in the editor, and the control on the node can be used to permit or restrict its outcome.
Function: It permits JavaScript code to run beside the messages delivered from it.
Change: It is used to transform message properties and fix context properties without changing a Function node with multiple operations such as set, change, move, delete.
Switch: It permits messages to be routed into different divisions of a flow by means of calculating set of instructions compared with each message with rules values, sequence, expression, otherwise property.
Template: It is used to produce text by message properties to fill the template.
It is the section in which all the necessary placement and arrangement of the nodes are done for the successful execution on the Node-RED.
Flow structure: It helps us organize flows, approaches for splitting into smaller, reusable components, and how to modify them to make use in different platforms.
Message design: It helps how to design messages to create nodes and flows, which can work together with any number of nodes and are easier to maintain.
Documenting flows: It helps about making or providing documentation on what tools and techniques Node-RED provides.
It is described as tracing out the bug or an error, which helps to reduce the developing time and correct the errors easily. The different types of errors on Node-RED are explained as follows.
Logging error: It displays the error with the date and time of the error and the node, which is noted as an error.
Catchable error: It will not be logged, but it informs about run-time error. Then, the Catch node will be used to produce a flow which can handle it.
Sub-flow error: It will not be logged but it informs about run-time error. Then, the Catch node will be used to produce a flow, which can handle it.
Uncatchable errors: If the error is written in the log, then a message is seen in the Debug sidebar and log outcome. But creation of a flow is not possible to handle it.
Uncaught errors: It causes the Node-RED run-time to shut down and cannot be controlled in the flow as they are produced by bugs in nodes.
Status changing errors: It is used to control modifications in node position by including the position property which provides the data about the position with the node that caused the incident.
This node-red-contrib-machine learning module for Node-RED contains a set of nodes offering machine learning functionalities. Such nodes have a python core that takes advantage of common ML libraries such as SciKit-Learn and Tenserflow. Classification and outlier detection can be performed using this package.
These flows create a dataset, train a model, and then evaluate it. Models, after training, can be used in real scenarios to make predictions.
Flows and test datasets are available in the “test” folder. We need to make sure that the paths specified inside nodes’ configurations are correct before trying to execute the program. “node-red” can be run from the folder “.node-red/node-modules/node-red-contrib-machine-learning” and the paths will be automatically correct. The flow shown in Figure 2 loads a csv file, shuffles it, and creates a training and a test partition.
Flow for loading a csv file, shuffling it, and creating a training and a test partition.
The flow shown in Figure 3 loads a training partition and trains a “decision tree classifier” and then saves the model locally.
Flow for loading a training partition and training a “decision tree classifier”.
The flow shown in Figure 4 loads a test partition and evaluates a previously trained model.
Flow for loading a test partition and evaluating a trained model.
Figure 5 shows the flow of how to use a trained model during deployment. Data is received via mqtt, predictions are made and then sent back.
Flow for showing how to use a trained model during deployment.
In this section, various types of experiments related to IoT are provided. ESP32, which is a microcontroller chip manufactured by Espressif Systems, is applied. It consists of a low-cost and a low-power chip with features such as Wi-Fi (IEEE802. 11 b/g/n), Bluetooth, and built-in antenna. The distributed hash table (DHT11) is a basic, ultralow-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air and spits out a digital signal (using an 8-bit microcontroller unit (MCU)) on the data pin. An Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is used to write and upload programs to the Arduino compatible boards supporting the languages C and C++. Message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), which is a lightweight messaging protocol, is used on such a small microcontroller that allows messaging between device to cloud and cloud to device with supporting several IoT devices. By using MQTT commands can be sent to control outputs, data can be read and published from sensors. Therefore, communications between multiple devices can be established. We can send a command with a client to control outputs, or we can read data from a sensor and publish it to a client.
The procedure of this task is described as follows.
The ESP32 is connected to the DHT11 sensor as shown in Figure 6 (GND TO GND, 3.3 V TO VCC, GPIO4 TO DATA PIN).
If the connections are correct, then a light present on the DHT11 sensor is turned on.
The DHT11 sensor is programmed into the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) and uploaded into the ESP32 to show the corresponding temperature and humidity.
If the required packages are absent, then the Arduino IDE shows an error while uploading the code.
After the code is successfully uploaded, we can click on the serial monitor to see the corresponding temperature and humidity readings of the DHT11 sensor.
The Node-RED software is installed into the system. Then, the local hosting address of the Node-RED is open. This can be run on any browsers.
The required nodes, i.e., dashboard and serial port, are installed.
A flow is created as shown in Figure 7.
A serial is inserted into the port node, one function node for temperature and another function node for humidity, which display the DHT11 sensor data.
To get the representation, two-gauge nodes for temperature and humidity are inserted and connected to their respective function nodes.
Finally, the overall workflow is deployed.
ESP32 connection with DHT11 temperature sensor (serial port).
Node-RED serial port connection for temperature and humidity.
The procedure of this task is described as follows.
The ESP32 is connected to the DHT11 sensor as shown in Figure 8 (GND TO GND, 3.3 V TO VCC, GPIO4 TO DATA PIN).
If the connections are correct, then a light present on the DHT11 sensor will be turned on.
The DHT11 sensor is programmed into the Arduino (IDE) and uploaded into the ESP32 to show the temperature and humidity.
If the required packages are absent, then the Arduino IDE shows an error while uploading the code.
After the code is successfully uploaded, click on the serial monitor to see the temperature and humidity readings of the DHT11 sensor.
The Node-RED software is installed into the system. Then, the local hosting address of the Node-RED is open. This can be run on any browsers.
The required nodes, i.e., dashboard, MQTT-in, and MQTT-out nodes, are installed.
A flow is created as shown in Figure 9.
Two MQTT-in nodes, one for temperature and another for humidity, are inserted.
This extracts the sensor data from the ESP32 through the MQTT broker service and gets into the Node-RED platform with the help of the local-host ip address.
To display this data, the one gauge is connected to the temperature node and the other is connected to the humidity node.
Finally, the overall workflow is deployed.
ESP32 and DHT11 temperature sensor (MQTT broker service).
MQTT broker service for temperature and humidity with node-RED.
In this example, a user interface (UI) has a major role for making an interface between the user and the Node-RED dashboard by the means of a system camera and a UI-table. Figure 10 shows the procedure of this task, which is described as follows.
The Node-RED software is installed into the system. The local hosting address of the Node-RED is opened. This can be run on any browser.
The required nodes, i.e., random, dashboard, UI-table, UI-webcam, tfjs-coco-ssd, tf-model, tfjs-node (tf = tensorflow), are installed.
We connect the nodes by inserting button node = 2 (capture and clear), change node = 4 (set msg.capture, set msg.filename, set msg.image, set msg.payload), UI-webcam node = 1, UI-table node = 1, tfjs-coco-ssd = 1, debug node = 2 (msg.payload), file node = 1.
We check whether the camera of the PC/laptop is working or not.
After deploying successfully, we go to the hosting ip address followed by /ui, which opens another new webpage showing the output of the live web camera.
Node-RED flow for live camera capture and object detection using machine learning (ML).
The object detection flow recognizes objects in an image and annotates objects with bounding boxes. An image can be loaded from a built-in camera, the file system, or by injecting the default image. We need to make sure that we have the node-red-contrib-browser-utils package installed for all these input nodes to work. This flow uses three of the custom nodes mentioned above (tf-function, tf-model, and post-object-detection). The loaded image is passed into the preprocessing node as msg.payload. The msg object is a JavaScript object that is used to carry messages between nodes. By convention, it has a payload property containing the output of the previous node. The preprocessing function node is an example of tf-function that directly calls the tf.node.decodeImage method with the predefined tf variable. The node produces a Tensor4D image representation as the payload and then passes it to the COCO SSD lite node, which is an instance of the tf-model custom node. This loads the COCO-SSD lite model.json from an external URL and runs inference on the model.
The result of the model goes through the postprocess node that returns an object array containing bbox, className, and score properties. The objects node combines an additional property, complete that is set to true, to the msg with the image object. Then, the bounding-box node draws bounding boxes on the input image and displays it in the browser.
Once after the successful deployment, we go to the hosting ip address followed by:1880/ui, which opens another new webpage representing the gauge readings of the temperature and the humidity of the DHT11 sensor. The temperature and humidity readings are directly sent from the serial port to the Node-RED directly. Figure 11 shows an example of the dashboard showing temperature and humidity from the DHT11 sensor (serial port).
Dashboard of temperature and humidity from DHT11 sensor (serial port).
Once after the successful deployment, go to the hosting ip address followed by:1880/ui, which opens another new webpage representing the gauge readings of the temperature and the humidity of the DHT11 sensor. Temperature and humidity readings are sent from the sensor to MQTT broker (as a cloud), then finally sent to the Node-RED as a third-party service. Figure 12 shows an example of the dashboard showing temperature and humidity from the DHT11 sensor (MQTT broker service).
Dashboard of temperature and humidity from DHT11 sensor (MQTT broker service).
When the deployment is successful, go to the hosting ip address followed by:1880/ui, which opens another new webpage asking for the permission to allow camera (Press allow). Then, we can see the live camera working and press the capture button to capture. It detects the object with the help of TensorFlow analysis node as earlier describe and the output can be seen on the debug panel with the accuracy score of its correctness. The examples of the single object and the dual object detection are shown in Figures 13 and 14, respectively.
Debug message showing single object class and accuracy score.
Debug message showing dual object class and accuracy score.
From the given examples, they can also be made visible on a mobile phone for both iOS and Android. It is done through remote access just by installing the application named “RemoteRED” from the mobile app store. The steps are explained as follows.
Install the Remote-RED node in the Node-Red.
Open the Remote-RED settings and configure it to get the QR code.
Open the Remote-RED application from the mobile phone and scan the QR code.
Wait for a minute as it is asynchronous to get updated on the mobile phone.
Now we can see the same output of the Node-RED on the mobile phone Remote-RED application as shown in Figure 15.
This process is the same and it works for any Node-RED workflow.
Connecting to remote-RED application (iOS/android).
The results show that simulated systems developed using the Node-RED can be deployed in the real world without changing the system parameters. Moreover, the simulated system can be connected with hardware platforms easily. VPL-based hands-on tools are effectively smoothing the beginner’s learning curve on IoT. The stranded network protocols and IoT protocols are easy to understand using hands-on experience and deploy in the Node-RED environment. Node-RED system models are easy to debug compared with the traditional programming debug methods. The platform works well in both Internet and Intranet mode as all the components are virtually presented in Node-RED. After all, the laboratory instructors can effectively convey the basics of network and IoT concepts to the students through a VPL language including the Node-RED.
The book chapter described a complete outlook of Node-RED that can be applied for an IoT based virtual laboratory. The configuration, the flow development, the requirements, and the usage of the Node-RED were explained with respect to handling all the various types of errors. We modeled, implemented, and tested the IoT virtual laboratory using Node-RED. The implemented virtual laboratory system is currently serving for flexible postgraduate programs and broadcasting completely online. Students obtain great encouragement and motivation toward virtual IoT hands-on practices as they can manage their own and convenient time and a location. The virtual laboratory concept utilizes the available hardware (Wi-Fi IEEE802. 11 b/g/n routers, classical Bluetooth hardware, and system-on-chip (SoC) like MCU) at the student location. The virtual IoT laboratory concept was proved to help students to learn faster than a classical theory class or a video-recorded lesson. With the simplicity of Node-RED and its built-in entities a few examples, which can be used for an IoT-based virtual laboratory, were done to evolve innovative platforms with less coding complexity. It provides flexibility such that the remote laboratory can run on several operating systems or on a mobile application. The proposed solution is platform-independent, and therefore, it can be implemented on low-cost hardware for smaller systems, and the clients can run on mobile devices. The first and second examples are typical scenarios in IoT on Node-RED platform including Arduino and third-party cloud service, whereas the third example is live camera capture with object detection capability. Finally, it was also shown about how Node-RED can be used as a mobile application remotely. After the completion of the book chapter, the readers are supposed to be able to develop IoT systems using VPL-Node-RED, integrate IoT with Node-RED, to design various workflows for IoT on Node-RED, develop real-time IoT applications, and apply security features for IoT and Node-RED while using cloud-based services. Hence, IoT with Node-RED has the capability to change the entire education system, which makes better learning with good interaction and flexibility.
The variety of IoT devices in the future is expected to dramatically grow. Our Node-RED IoT platform was designed to be extendible. To model these future scenarios, we expect to support new IoT device types by using the generic framework for creating new devices. An example of such devices could be wearables that generate movement data. This type of data can be emitted at high volumes but small size. Another device type, which is expected, is an IoT device that is configurable at runtime. This would give us the ability to change the behavior of the device according to an operation plan. An example of this type of device would be a smart home thermostat. Furthermore, we also want to improve the intelligence of our smart testing framework providing machine learning libraries that can continuously learn from past data to improve prediction accuracy. Finally, empirical research can be done collecting a large amount of data in order to know the impact of virtual IoT laboratories on the students with their involvement as it helps the instructors to improve their laboratory sessions further.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen’s team of Scientific Advisors supports the publishing team by providing editorial and academic input and ensuring the highest quality output of free peer-reviewed articles. The Boards consist of independent external collaborators who assist us on a voluntary basis. Their input includes advising on new topics within their field, proposing potential expert collaborators and reviewing book publishing proposals if required. Board members are experts who cover major STEM and HSS fields. All are trusted IntechOpen collaborators and Academic Editors, ensuring that the needs of the scientific community are met.
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Moreover, cholangiocarcinoma has a high recurrence rate, even after curative surgery. Therefore, chemotherapy has an important role in the treatment of patients with cholangiocarcinoma. International efforts by physicians and researchers are revealing genetic factors of cholangiocarcinoma progression, which will identify early diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic targets. 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He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. 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From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. 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Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. 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He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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