Characteristics of imaging modalities.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5942",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Anemia",title:"Current Topics in Anemia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deals with a very common condition, anemia, which might interest not only the physicians but also other healthcare professionals and researchers dealing with anemic patients. The objective of this book was to collect and compile up-to-date information from reputable researchers of different countries of the world to disseminate the latest information about the common types of anemia in some specific physiological and pathological conditions including pathophysiology and the use of algorithms as a tool to minimize the laboratory tests and accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause. In total, there are 13 chapters in this book where the authors shared their research findings and real-life experiences in managing their patients with anemia.",isbn:"978-953-51-3775-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3774-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4000-9",doi:"10.5772/66061",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"current-topics-in-anemia",numberOfPages:282,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"85b91f77e277d6cea5a324b9f2431687",bookSignature:"Jesmine Khan",publishedDate:"February 7th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5942.jpg",numberOfDownloads:27492,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:55,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 28th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 19th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 18th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 18th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 18th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"140755",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesmine",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"jesmine-khan",fullName:"Jesmine Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/140755/images/system/140755.jpeg",biography:"Jesmine Khan is affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia as an Associated Professor. She obtained her MBBS degree from Mymensingh Medical College, Dhaka University, Bangladesh. She has special interest in nutrition and acquired her PhD degree in surgical nutrition from Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. She has vast experience in teaching at home and abroad. She is active in writing, has published numerous articles in scientific journals, works as an editorial board member and reviewer of academic journals and is involved in nutrition related research and activities. Her research interest also includes the intestinal barrier in health and disease. \nShe has vast experience in teaching at home and abroad. She is active in writings, has published numerous articles in scientific journals, works as an editorial board member and a reviewer of academic journals, and is involved in nutrition-related research and activities.",institutionString:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi MARA",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"55455",title:"Iron Deficiency Anaemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69048",slug:"iron-deficiency-anaemia",totalDownloads:1759,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Iron deficiency anaemia as the most common nutrition disorder has only marginal reduction globally during recent decades, with the highest burden in pregnant women and young children. Insufficient iron storage and/or excessive loss of iron are common causes of iron deficiency anaemia. Therefore, understanding the complexity of the regulatory network required to maintain iron homeostasis and identifying the functional variants associated with iron metabolism should be fundamental and crucial to control and treat the iron deficiency anaemia. Sensitive and inexpensive measures to distinguish iron deficiency anaemia from the other kinds of anaemia should be developed for precise treatment. Original disease treatments combined with oral or intravenous iron therapy are key approaches in clinical practices. The integrated, multifactorial and multi‐sectoral approach with food‐based strategy and iron supplementation as the leading public health inventions is required to achieve iron deficiency anaemia control target. This chapter will focus on the advanced knowledge associated with iron metabolism, disease burden and health consequences of iron deficiency anaemia in different life course, newly parameters development in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia, therapy choice in clinical practice and public health strategies to reduce iron deficiencies in high‐burden areas.",signatures:"Lingxia Zeng, Leilei Pei, Chao Li and Hong Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55455",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55455",authors:[{id:"203270",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",surname:"Yan",slug:"hong-yan",fullName:"Hong Yan"},{id:"203870",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingxia",surname:"Zeng",slug:"lingxia-zeng",fullName:"Lingxia Zeng"},{id:"204201",title:"Dr.",name:"Leilei",surname:"Pei",slug:"leilei-pei",fullName:"Leilei Pei"},{id:"204202",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",surname:"Li",slug:"chao-li",fullName:"Chao Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"56441",title:"Megaloblastic Anemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70063",slug:"megaloblastic-anemia",totalDownloads:1760,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Megaloblastic anemia is a multisystem disorder, which can easily be diagnosed with high index of suspicion and by correct application of its pathogenetic mechanisms. Any factor inhibiting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, drugs (medications), infections like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and gas like nitrous oxide will cause megaloblastosis. However, poor diet, problems with absorption, transportation and metabolism of the vitamins, as well as factors that increase demand and ultimately exhaust the store of the vitamins like chronic hemolytic states, pregnancy, malignancies happen to be the commonest causes of megaloblastic anemia. A complete blood count, blood and marrow films review reflect the typical pathognomonic cytologic appearance of megaloblastic anemia. Logically selected biochemical tests help in establishing diagnosis through determination of serum levels of both folate and cobalamin and assessment of the metabolites, which are considered to be more sensitive and specific. Also, full endoscopic studies are required to confirm the presence of disorders of gastrointestinal tract responsible for impaired absorption. Clinical features are subtle and widely varied. It is highly amenable to therapy once the primary cause is established and managed. Appropriate replacement therapy of deficient nutrient, cobalamin or folate or both, easily corrects anemia. Pernicious anemia often requires lifelong therapy with parenteral cobalamin.",signatures:"Olaniyi John Ayodele",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56441",authors:[{id:"202764",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Olaniyi",slug:"john-olaniyi",fullName:"John Olaniyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"56773",title:"Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69774",slug:"iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:2683,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia remain a major and global public health problem that affects particularly infants, young children, and women of childbearing age in developing countries. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is still common in industrialized countries despite efforts to improve public awareness and strengthen programs for the prevention and control of iron deficiency. The most common risk factors for iron deficiency in early childhood are rapid growth, perinatal risk factors, poor dietary intake, and gastrointestinal blood loss due to excessive consumption of cow’s milk. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia cause a wide variety of symptoms and changes in many different tissues. The most concerning consequences of iron deficiency in children are the alterations of cognitive, motor, and behavioral performance. Persistent neurocognitive changes despite iron repletion have increased the importance of prevention and early detection of iron deficiency. The main principles of treatment include investigation and elimination of the underlying cause, iron supplementation, improvement of nutrition, and education of the patient and family. Oral iron supplements are desirable as first-line therapy. Follow-up is very important to confirm the diagnosis and to ensure that anemia is adequately treated.",signatures:"Jelena Roganović and Ksenija Starinac",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56773",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56773",authors:[{id:"204443",title:"Prof.",name:"Jelena",surname:"Roganovic",slug:"jelena-roganovic",fullName:"Jelena Roganovic"},{id:"204546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ksenija",surname:"Starinac",slug:"ksenija-starinac",fullName:"Ksenija Starinac"}],corrections:null},{id:"55610",title:"Iron Deficiency Anemia and Pregnancy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69114",slug:"iron-deficiency-anemia-and-pregnancy",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world with immense public health consequences. It has a complex etiology and prolonged imbalance between dietary intake, absorption, and body needs which leads to iron deficiency anemia. If developed during pregnancy, it significantly alters pregnancy outcomes. Low birth weight is one of the main features, and those infants are at increased risk of developing anemia later in life. Along with widely recommended and practiced supplementation during pregnancy, proper combination of foods remain the best way for an optimal absorption of iron. Dietary iron is directly related to the total dietary energy intake, but depending on the type of its dietary source, maximum absorption is up to 40% of the total intake. Plant foods, the basis of everyday diet, contain significant number of dietary factors that inhibit iron absorption in the gut. Therefore, planning a well-balanced diet in order to achieve maximum absorption of iron from foods can be challenging. Pregnancy, especially its earliest period, is considered as the critical window in fetal programing, an ideal time frame to reduce risk factors for a number of health conditions in a newborn. Healthy pregnancy should be observed as a prerequisite for a healthier society.",signatures:"Ines Banjari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55610",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55610",authors:[{id:"203069",title:"Dr.",name:"Ines",surname:"Banjari",slug:"ines-banjari",fullName:"Ines Banjari"}],corrections:null},{id:"57666",title:"Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71520",slug:"anemia-in-women-of-reproductive-age",totalDownloads:1646,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anemia is a common condition in women of childbearing age which is associated with wide spread hyperplastic processes in the uterus (leiomyomas, etc.) and abnormal and/or abundant uterine bleeding (AUB). Our study has considered the main causes of bleeding and the therapy aimed on limiting the amount of blood loss, as well as preoperative treatment of iron deficiency in women with uterine leiomyomas, planning for pregnancy. The combination of anemia with other abnormalities in the woman’s health status is associated with complications during pregnancy such as premature births, the birth of small children and failure of the formation of neural tube in iron deficiency and hypoxia. During the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with saline iron, we noted severity and pain in the stomach in 11.9% of patients, nausea in 13.1%, constipation in 21.4%, and diarrhea in 7.1% of women. Such complications did not occur while treating with ferric iron. The use of drugs Iron III hydroxide polymaltozate in women after the end of lactation resulted in normalization of the blood hemoglobin within 30 days and the number of erythrocytes and of serum ferritin by the 90th day.",signatures:"Alina V. Solovyova, Viola Gace, Kristina S. Ermolenko and Vadim A.\nKhorolskiy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57666",authors:[{id:"218728",title:"Prof.",name:"Alina",surname:"Solovyeva",slug:"alina-solovyeva",fullName:"Alina Solovyeva"},{id:"218751",title:"Dr.",name:"Viola",surname:"Gace",slug:"viola-gace",fullName:"Viola Gace"}],corrections:null},{id:"56798",title:"Nutritional Anemia in Elderly Patients of Developed Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70566",slug:"nutritional-anemia-in-elderly-patients-of-developed-countries",totalDownloads:1504,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we report and discuss the current literature of nutrient-deficiency anemia, also called nutritional anemia, in elderly patients in developed countries. For this purpose, a review of medical literatures was conducted searching PubMed, textbooks of hematology, internal medicine and geriatrics, and information collected from international meetings were also included. The term nutrient deficiency or nutritional anemia covers any anemia, defined by a hemoglobin level <13 g/dL (<130 g/L) in men and <12 g/dL (<120 g/L) in women, resulting from a deficiency of materials essential for erythropoiesis. Patients with nutritional anemia often have mild to moderate anemia, with hemoglobin levels between 8 and 10 g/dL (80 and 100 g/L). In practice, nutritional anemia represents one-third of all anemia in elderly patients. About two-third of nutritional anemia is associated with iron deficiency and most of those cases are the result of chronic blood loss from gastrointestinal lesions. The remaining cases of nutritional anemia are usually associated with vitamin B12 (cobalamin), most frequently related to food-cobalamin malabsorption (especially in case of atrophic gastritis), and Biermer’s disease (pernicious anemia); and/or vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency, most frequently related to inadequate dietary intake or malnutrition, several drugs (as methotrexate, cotrimoxazole) and chronic alcohol intake. In clinical practice, recognition of these disorders and deficiencies is essential for optimal treatment (nutrient-deficiency replacement).",signatures:"Emmanuel Andrès",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56798",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56798",authors:[{id:"143493",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Andrès",slug:"emmanuel-andres",fullName:"Emmanuel Andrès"}],corrections:null},{id:"55526",title:"Anemia and IBD: Current Status and Future Prospectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69203",slug:"anemia-and-ibd-current-status-and-future-prospectives",totalDownloads:1530,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anemia is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually recognized at diagnosis and during flare‐ups. However, the exact prevalence of anemia associated to IBD (IBD‐A) is unknown. Despite its major clinical relevance and quality of life impact in both adult and pediatric IBD patients, it has been for long time neglected. It is mostly multifactorial, being a unique example of the combination of chronic iron deficiency (ID) and anemia of chronic disease (ACD). The current management of IBD‐A represents a paradigm shift in clinical practice, involving several challenges. A pro‐active approach is recommended and with the new generation of available iron compounds and recent guidelines, the ultimate goal will be the improvement of the patients’ quality of life. Sound data are still lacking, concerning the best treatment/prevention approach for IDA/ID. Based on current evidence, oral iron therapy might be preferred in mild IDA, whereas intravenous iron may be advantageous in more severe IDA/flaring IBD. Long‐term prospective clinical trials are needed, to optimize treatment schedule and to better define the clinical and hematological long‐term outcomes, both in adults and in children. They should demonstrate the efficacy, safety, and tolerance profile of different available iron formulas, as well as their cost‐efficacy ratio.",signatures:"Ana Isabel Lopes and Sara Azevedo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55526",authors:[{id:"165035",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",surname:"Lopes",slug:"ana-isabel-lopes",fullName:"Ana Isabel Lopes"},{id:"209347",title:"M.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Azevedo",slug:"sara-azevedo",fullName:"Sara Azevedo"}],corrections:null},{id:"56075",title:"Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease and After Kidney Allotransplantation (Systematic Review)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69746",slug:"anemia-in-chronic-kidney-disease-and-after-kidney-allotransplantation-systematic-review-",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a separate independent risk factor of cardiovascular (CV) events. The aim of the review is to provide a literature summary concerning early diagnosis and treatment of anemia in CKD that may be useful for clinicians and contribute to decrease CV mortality. Literature searches were made in such major databases as: PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Web of Science, e-library, and website of WHO. This search encompassed original articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses relevant to CKD and anemia over recent 15 years. A total of 54 references from 562 reviewed articles were selected as they met to the search criteria (anemia and CKD, including diabetes mellitus, systemic diseases and post-transplant anemia). The publications included 27 randomized controlled trials, 20 experimental studies representing new data on the links of CKD anemia and cardiovascular risk markers (cytokines, Klotho, fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23), hyperglycemia, hypoalbuminemia and some others), 4 systematic reviews and 3 clinical practice guidelines. The main attention was devoted to the analysis of the studies provided an early diagnosis of anemia, an ability to minimize the factors contributing to its severity that have allowed to improve CV and total outcomes and to reduce costs of hospital treatment of CKD patients with anemia.",signatures:"Yuriy S. Milovanov, Lidia V. Lysenko (Kozlovskaya), Ludmila Y.\nMilovanova, Victor Fomin, Nikolay A. Mukhin, Elena I. Kozevnikova,\nMarina V. Taranova, Marina V. Lebedeva, Svetlana Y. Milovanova,\nVasiliy V. Kozlov and Aigul Zh. Usubalieva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56075",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56075",authors:[{id:"200575",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",surname:"Milovanov",slug:"yuriy-milovanov",fullName:"Yuriy Milovanov"},{id:"207621",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Taranova",slug:"marina-taranova",fullName:"Marina Taranova"}],corrections:null},{id:"58839",title:"The Pattern of Anemia in Lupus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71293",slug:"the-pattern-of-anemia-in-lupus",totalDownloads:2044,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anemia is a frequent incident for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), its incidence being reported as 18–80%. Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the most common hematological syndrome in the evolutionary context of SLE. In anemia of the chronic disease, cytokines stimulate the production of hepcidin, an acute phase protein, which destroys ferroportin produced by hepatocytes. As a result, Fe (iron) is not able to come out from the erythrocytes and macrophages and is trapped within them. Anemias from chronic disease are usually hypoproliferative processes. This chapter reviews the correlation between systemic lupus erythematosus and anemia of chronic disease in general (but iron-deficiency anemia in particular). This text reviews different important methods of examination used to diagnose the pathological process of lupus as an immune disease and of the hematopoietic system some of these methods include (general blood analysis, Coombs test, serum iron, hematocrit etc.). Furthermore, it will discuss the physiopathological mechanism of anemic syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus and the changes of the immune system. In conclusion, the relevance of anemia (independent of its cause) is estimated as being both a short-term activity of the disease and long-term prognostic factor for the evolution of SLE.",signatures:"Elena Samohvalov and Sergiu Samohvalov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58839",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58839",authors:[{id:"202751",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elena",surname:"Samohvalov",slug:"elena-samohvalov",fullName:"Elena Samohvalov"}],corrections:null},{id:"56821",title:"Severe Malarial Anemia (SMA) Pathophysiology and the Use of Phytotherapeutics as Treatment Options",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70411",slug:"severe-malarial-anemia-sma-pathophysiology-and-the-use-of-phytotherapeutics-as-treatment-options",totalDownloads:1771,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hemolytic anemia results when red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed prematurely by a number of agents. Obligate intracellular parasites like the Plasmodium species proliferate by infecting RBCs, growing through different stages of their life cycles, expanding their population to unsustainable numbers and eventually rupturing the cell membranes in order to transmit and infect new RBCs. In this manner, more RBCs are infected by the parasites and destroyed together with some nonparasitized cells. Membranes of RBCs are altered and deformed by parasite antigens expressed on the surfaces of both parasitized and nonparasitized cells, which lead to their premature phagocytosis and destruction by the reticuloendothelial system. Parasites and the hemoglobin waste products produced by them are released when the RBCs burst. Activated leukocytes take up the hemoglobin waste (hemozoin which is a polymerized heme), which stimulates the innate immune system leading to the synthesis and secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and mediators. Together with the destruction of RBCs in malaria, imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory events results in the modification of erythroid cell proliferation leading to severe malarial anemia (SMA) and other pathophysiologies of malaria. While current malarial management is targeted at the destruction of the parasite, it is the malaria-related pathophysiology (disease aspect of malaria) like severe malarial anemia that results in the high malaria morbidity and mortality. Antidisease approaches promise to be more effective at malarial management. Triterpenes with antioxidant, pro-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic effect show effects at retarding and abrogating severe malarial anemia. Asiatic acid, amongst other triterpenes like oleanolic acid, masilinic acid administered through oral or transdermal route improves severe malaria anaemia providing promise in the management of malaria pathophysiology.",signatures:"Greanious Alfred Mavondo and Mayibongwe Louis Mzingwane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56821",authors:[{id:"202805",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfred Mavondo-Nyajena Mukuwa",surname:"Greanious",slug:"alfred-mavondo-nyajena-mukuwa-greanious",fullName:"Alfred Mavondo-Nyajena Mukuwa Greanious"},{id:"211762",title:"Dr.",name:"Mzingaye Maibongwe Louis",surname:"Mzingwane",slug:"mzingaye-maibongwe-louis-mzingwane",fullName:"Mzingaye Maibongwe Louis Mzingwane"}],corrections:null},{id:"57436",title:"Influence of Hepcidin in the Development of Anemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71476",slug:"influence-of-hepcidin-in-the-development-of-anemia",totalDownloads:1481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anemia presents a global public health problem. It is related to several factors, ranging from deficiency in nutrients from food to genetic alterations in iron absorption and metabolism. In this context, hepcidin is a peptide molecule that regulates iron homeostasis. Hepcidin is synthesized, in part, by hepatocytes. In physiological conditions, increased serum transferrin, serum iron, inflammation, and erythropoiesis trigger stimuli that promote hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) gene transcription and hepcidin synthesis. However, in pathological situations, an overexpression of hepcidin occurs, an increase in the plasma concentration that damages the organism. Hepcidin contributes to the pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammation, in hemoglobinopathies. Then, there is a restriction of the availability of iron to the tissues and the formation of new erythroid precursors, with the consequent development of anemia.",signatures:"Cadiele Oliana Reichert, Filomena Marafon, Débora Levy, Luciana\nMorganti Ferreira Maselli, Margarete Dulce Bagatini, Solange Lúcia\nBlatt, Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski and Celso Spada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57436",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57436",authors:[{id:"89691",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio",surname:"Bydlowski",slug:"sergio-bydlowski",fullName:"Sérgio Bydlowski"},{id:"172916",title:"Prof.",name:"Celso",surname:"Spada",slug:"celso-spada",fullName:"Celso Spada"},{id:"204066",title:"Ms.",name:"Cadiele",surname:"Reichert",slug:"cadiele-reichert",fullName:"Cadiele Reichert"},{id:"222432",title:"Ms.",name:"Filomena",surname:"Marafon",slug:"filomena-marafon",fullName:"Filomena Marafon"},{id:"222433",title:"Dr.",name:"Débora",surname:"Levy",slug:"debora-levy",fullName:"Débora Levy"},{id:"222434",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Morganti Ferreira Maselli",slug:"luciana-morganti-ferreira-maselli",fullName:"Luciana Morganti Ferreira Maselli"},{id:"222435",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarete Dulce",surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini"},{id:"222436",title:"Prof.",name:"Solange Lúcia",surname:"Blatt",slug:"solange-lucia-blatt",fullName:"Solange Lúcia Blatt"}],corrections:null},{id:"56750",title:"Laboratory Approach to Anemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70359",slug:"laboratory-approach-to-anemia",totalDownloads:6258,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and can be defined as a decreased quantity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). The epidemiological studies suggested that one-third of the world’s population is affected with anemia. Anemia is not a disease, but it is instead the sign of an underlying basic pathological process. However, the sign may function as a compass in the search for the cause. Therefore, the prediagnosis revealed by thorough investigation of this sign should be supported by laboratory parameters according to the underlying pathological process. We expect that this review will provide guidance to clinicians with findings and laboratory tests that can be followed from the initial stage in the anemia search.",signatures:"Ebru Dündar Yenilmez and Abdullah Tuli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56750",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56750",authors:[{id:"183998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ebru",surname:"Dündar Yenilmez",slug:"ebru-dundar-yenilmez",fullName:"Ebru Dündar Yenilmez"},{id:"209103",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Tuli",slug:"abdullah-tuli",fullName:"Abdullah Tuli"}],corrections:null},{id:"56234",title:"Foods Produced with Cowpea Flour as a Strategy to Control Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69892",slug:"foods-produced-with-cowpea-flour-as-a-strategy-to-control-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:1362,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) are widely distributed throughout the world, being a relatively cheap source of protein and energy, but underutilized in most countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 1.62 billion people are affected by anemia and that preschool children are the most affected, with a prevalence of 47.4%. Several countries have stepped up efforts to reduce iron deficiency anemia by supplementing iron, as well as universal fortification of foods with iron and other micronutrients and vitamins. Parallel to these programs, several intervention studies were carried out with the same objective, using various forms of food fortification/enrichment aimed at the control of anemia. Fortification/food enrichment has contributed to the reduction of the prevalence of anemia. The biofortification of foods, such as cowpea, produced in countries of Africa and Latin America, including Brazil, where the prevalence of anemia is high, deserves attention because can be used in the usual form of ingestion and also in the form of flour in the preparation of products for children, with greater acceptance by them, constituting a new and promising strategy to reduce the levels of iron deficiency anemia.",signatures:"Regilda Saraiva dos Reis Moreira-Araújo and Amanda de Castro\nAmorim Serpa Brandão",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56234",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56234",authors:[{id:"202197",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Regilda",surname:"Moreira-Araújo",slug:"regilda-moreira-araujo",fullName:"Regilda Moreira-Araújo"},{id:"203885",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",surname:"Brandão",slug:"amanda-brandao",fullName:"Amanda Brandão"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9057",title:"Cellular Metabolism and Related Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e65b3987fb8ae8eb483224fadd5fac7",slug:"cellular-metabolism-and-related-disorders",bookSignature:"Jesmine Khan and Po-Shiuan Hsieh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9057.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140755",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesmine",surname:"Khan",slug:"jesmine-khan",fullName:"Jesmine Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"825",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef65e8eb7a2ada65f2bc939aa73009e3",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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2021",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2021",datePublished:"December 22nd 2021",book:{id:"10357",title:"Drug Metabolism",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Drug Metabolism",slug:"drug-metabolism",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",bookSignature:"Katherine Dunnington",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10357.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232694",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine",middleName:null,surname:"Dunnington",slug:"katherine-dunnington",fullName:"Katherine Dunnington"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",email:"anil2484@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"211230",title:"Mr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kashyap",fullName:"Pankaj Kashyap",slug:"pankaj-kashyap",email:"pankajkashyap333@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"221419",title:"Mr.",name:"Koushlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Koushlesh Mishra",slug:"koushlesh-mishra",email:"koushleshmishra@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"221420",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarawati Prasad",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Sarawati Prasad Mishra",slug:"sarawati-prasad-mishra",email:"saraswatim3@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"314684",title:"Ms.",name:"Shweta",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",fullName:"Shweta Dutta",slug:"shweta-dutta",email:"shweta.run46@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"346942",title:"Ms.",name:"Bhavna",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",fullName:"Bhavna Sahu",slug:"bhavna-sahu",email:"bhavisahu11@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"78184",slug:"hepatocytes-and-their-role-in-metabolism",signatures:"Shweta Dutta, Saraswati Prasad Mishra, Anil Kumar Sahu, Koushlesh Mishra, Pankaj Kashyap and Bhavna Sahu",dateSubmitted:"February 14th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 26th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2021",datePublished:"December 22nd 2021",book:{id:"10357",title:"Drug Metabolism",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Drug Metabolism",slug:"drug-metabolism",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",bookSignature:"Katherine Dunnington",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10357.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited 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New coverage of dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators, polymeric microgripper based on the cascaded V-shaped electrothermal actuators, ionic polymer actuators, wideband actuators and energy harvesters, electromagnetic actuators and shape memory alloy actuators are comprehended. The book is structured in four sections: design, fabrication and simulation; control systems; medical applications and fault detection. Seven chapters are published following a rigorous selection process. In the first section, a study carried out to investigate experimentally and by numerical simulations a microscale plasma actuator; the design, fabrication, numerical simulations, and experimental investigations of a polymeric microgripper designed using the cascaded V-shaped electrothermal actuators; a review of the development of ionic polymer actuator with introduction of two kinds of typical polymer actuators - ionic polymer-metal composites and bucky gel actuator - with their basic principle and fabrication process and typical applications and a methodology of designing and testing wideband actuators and energy harvesters, treated as one mechanical resonator, with a discussion on shock harvester, resonant harvester and energy transmission system, are presented. The second section has a chapter dedicated to modeling, system identification and control of electromagnetic actuators with main focus on the actuators used in magnetic levitation, in fuel injection systems and in variable valve timing. The third section presents a study focused on quantifying the decline in tactile sensation associated with diabetic neuropathy and developed a measurement device that used a thin-shaped memory alloy wire as the actuator. The fourth section includes a chapter presenting a two-level fault diagnosis and root-cause analysis scheme for a class of interconnected invertible dynamic systems, which aims at detecting and identifying actuator fault and causes.",isbn:"978-1-78923-429-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-428-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-583-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71518",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"actuators",numberOfPages:160,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"33056f58590b5920dd938eff4810e8dc",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",publishedDate:"July 11th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6603.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:8032,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfTotalCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 7th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 6th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 27th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 26th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"12",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"60383",title:"Dielectric Barrier Discharge Microplasma Actuator for Flow Control",slug:"dielectric-barrier-discharge-microplasma-actuator-for-flow-control",totalDownloads:1276,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"26245",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",surname:"Shimizu",slug:"kazuo-shimizu",fullName:"Kazuo Shimizu"},{id:"228925",title:"Dr.",name:"Marius",surname:"Blajan",slug:"marius-blajan",fullName:"Marius Blajan"}]},{id:"60132",title:"An SU-8 Microgripper Based on the Cascaded V-Shaped Electrothermal Actuators: Design, Fabrication, Simulation and Experimental Investigations",slug:"an-su-8-microgripper-based-on-the-cascaded-v-shaped-electrothermal-actuators-design-fabrication-simu",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"232999",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodica",surname:"Voicu",slug:"rodica-voicu",fullName:"Rodica Voicu"}]},{id:"59893",title:"Ionic Polymer Actuators: Principle, Fabrication and Applications",slug:"ionic-polymer-actuators-principle-fabrication-and-applications",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"219021",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanjie",surname:"Wang",slug:"yanjie-wang",fullName:"Yanjie Wang"},{id:"242367",title:"Dr.",name:"Takushi",surname:"Sugino",slug:"takushi-sugino",fullName:"Takushi Sugino"}]},{id:"62102",title:"Development of Resonators with Reversible Magnetostrictive Effect for Applications as Actuators and Energy Harvesters",slug:"development-of-resonators-with-reversible-magnetostrictive-effect-for-applications-as-actuators-and-",totalDownloads:1091,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"220028",title:"MSc.",name:"Przemysław",surname:"Wiewiórski",slug:"przemyslaw-wiewiorski",fullName:"Przemysław Wiewiórski"},{id:"233089",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",surname:"Kaleta",slug:"jerzy-kaleta",fullName:"Jerzy Kaleta"},{id:"233090",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafał",surname:"Mech",slug:"rafal-mech",fullName:"Rafał Mech"}]},{id:"60702",title:"Modeling, System Identification, and Control of Electromagnetic Actuators",slug:"modeling-system-identification-and-control-of-electromagnetic-actuators",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"231141",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Alexandru",surname:"Forrai",slug:"alexandru-forrai",fullName:"Alexandru Forrai"}]},{id:"59804",title:"Quantitative Tactile Examination Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuators for the Early Detection of Diabetic Neuropathy",slug:"quantitative-tactile-examination-using-shape-memory-alloy-actuators-for-the-early-detection-of-diabe",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"233419",title:"Dr.",name:"Junichi",surname:"Danjo",slug:"junichi-danjo",fullName:"Junichi Danjo"},{id:"240550",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonoko",surname:"Danjo",slug:"sonoko-danjo",fullName:"Sonoko Danjo"},{id:"240551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideyuki",surname:"Sawada",slug:"hideyuki-sawada",fullName:"Hideyuki Sawada"},{id:"240552",title:"BSc.",name:"Keiji",surname:"Uchida",slug:"keiji-uchida",fullName:"Keiji Uchida"},{id:"240553",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"yu-nakamura",fullName:"Yu Nakamura"}]},{id:"61005",title:"Root Cause Analysis of Actuator Fault",slug:"root-cause-analysis-of-actuator-fault",totalDownloads:1058,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"231651",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"mei-zhang",fullName:"Mei Zhang"},{id:"241715",title:"Prof.",name:"Ze-Tao",surname:"Li",slug:"ze-tao-li",fullName:"Ze-Tao Li"},{id:"241716",title:"Prof.",name:"Boutaib",surname:"Dahhou",slug:"boutaib-dahhou",fullName:"Boutaib Dahhou"},{id:"241718",title:"Prof.",name:"Michel",surname:"Cabassud",slug:"michel-cabassud",fullName:"Michel Cabassud"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220813",firstName:"Danijela",lastName:"Sakic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220813/images/6092_n.jpg",email:"danijela.s@intechopen.com",biography:"As Author Services Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Cancer is one of the leading causes of death. So many researchers have made great efforts to improve cancer management [1]. An early cancer diagnosis provides the most efficient and effective management of cancer treatment with the use of surgical methods or chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, techniques for detecting cancer at early stages have been developed to improve the detection accuracy. Molecular imaging techniques have undergone explosive growth over the past several decades and are important tools for cancer diagnosis and prognosis in the clinic; they include positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and optical imaging [2, 3, 4]. Molecular imaging techniques can identify the cancer mass on the basis of its physical properties, which may have major benefits for personalized diagnosis and for the prediction and monitoring of the response to therapy. Many researchers have made efforts to develop diverse imaging probes or contrast agents, thereby enabling the visualization of cellular function and the characterization and measurement of molecular processes in living organisms at the cellular and molecular levels without perturbing them. Such tools can help obtain more accurate information about early-stage cancer using molecular imaging [4]. Among the molecular imaging tools, optical imaging, which includes fluorescence and bioluminescent imaging, can provide particularly highly sensitive detection by using the various wavelengths emitted by fluorescent nanoparticles. In the UV and visible regions, light does not deeply penetrate into tissues, because it is easily absorbed and scattered by endogenous biomolecules (e.g., water and hemoglobin), and tissues generate strong auto-fluorescence [4]. However, light in the near-infrared (NIR) region (~650–900 nm) is minimally absorbed in living tissues and can penetrate more deeply, to a depth of several centimeters, with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) [2]. The development of specific, sensitive, and targeted imaging probes is required for the success of optical imaging techniques in cancer diagnosis. Recently, nanomaterial-based optical imaging probes have been used extensively to non-invasively monitor the target biomolecules or biological pathways for cancer diagnosis and therapy compared with single molecule-based imaging agents. Fluorescent proteins and organic dyes are conventionally used to label cells and subcellular targets due to their small size, good biocompatibility, and water dispersibility. However, fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs), gold nanoparticles, up-conversion nanocrystals, and silicon nanoparticles have shown several distinct advantages compared to fluorescent proteins and organic dyes [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. These advantages include high resistance to photobleaching (photostability) and high quantum yields (QY), thus enabling the acquisition of optimal information of biological interest with high sensitivity in both
Schematic illustration of a multifunctional nanocomposite. Reproduced from Ref. [
Various nanoparticle systems are being explored for their potential use in bioimaging for cancer diagnosis or treatment because of their unique properties, including their large surface-to-volume ratio, high biocompatibility, facile surface modification, and overall structural robustness. In addition, they have unique optical, magnetic, and electron properties, which make them ideal candidates for signal generation and transduction in the development of sensing systems [5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Moreover, some nano-sized materials exhibit unique physical properties, such as a proper size, surface charge, stability, shape, and hydrophilicity, which can aid their effective delivery to the desired site. The delivery of nano-sized agents is affected by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which is a unique property of solid tumors that is related to their anatomical and pathological differences from normal tissues. Unlike normal tissues, when tumor tissue produces neovascularization, it contains a discontinuous or absent basement membrane, making it “leaky.” Therefore, the pore sizes of the blood vessels in most peripheral human tumors are hundreds of nanometers in diameter. This EPR effect leads to the passive accumulation of large molecules and small particles in tumor tissues due to the cut-off size of the leaky vasculature and retention with long circulation times, which is called passive targeting [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. For successful bioimaging via passive targeting, both a size ranging from 100 to 200 nm in diameter and a prolonged circulation half-life in the blood with biocompatibility are required. Hydrophilic materials such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) have been extensively investigated as effective ways to provide hydrophilic “stealth” properties, resulting in both the inhibition of plasma protein (opsonin) absorption and decreased recognition by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), such as the liver and spleen, thus producing longer circulation times (Figure 2) [27, 28, 29].
Main advantages of the PEGylated proteins. PEG is a shielding the protein surface from degradation agents by steric hindrance. Moreover, the increased size of the conjugate decreases the kidney clearance of the PEGylated protein. Reproduced from Ref. [
In addition, positively charged (cationic) nanoparticles can easily enhance endocytosis or phagocytosis for cell labeling via electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged cellular membrane. Among bio-imaging techniques, well-tailored superparamagnetic nanocrystals are of great interest for cancer detection via magnetic resonance (MR) imaging due to their high sensitivity and specificity due to the nanoeffect. Lim et al. [30, 31, 32] reported the successful fabrication of various types of water-soluble PEGylated magnetic complexes for magnetism-related biomedical applications and demonstrated their potential as highly efficient MRI imaging agents. Fluorescence and optical imaging techniques are important tools for
Active targeting, is also called as ligand-mediated targeting, involves utilizing targeting moieties that are anchored on the surface of nanoparticles and form strong interactions with a particular cell surface marker (e.g., EGFR, HER2/neu, transferrin, CD44) of the target cancer (Figure 3) [33, 34].
A schematic illustration showing methods used for active targeting of nanoparticles. (A) Antibody-based targeting, (B) Aptamer-based targeting, and (C) Ligand-based targeting of nanoparticels. Reproduced from Ref. [
Targeting moieties, such as antibodies, peptides (Arg-Glyc-Asp (RGD)), nucleic acids (aptamers), and polysaccharides (hyaluronan, dextran), lead to enhanced selective delivery and uptake in the target cells, tissues, organs, or subcellular domains and minimize uptake by the RES system [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53]. Active tumor targeting is more efficient and specific than passive targeting, and can facilitate early cancer detection. In particular, active tumor-targeted imaging can quantify the target expression through molecular imaging, so it is an indispensable tool in diagnosis and disease management. For example, for the selective detection of tumors expressing a high level of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), anti-EGFR antibody-modified nanoparticles are widely used as imaging agents for MR, CT, and optical imaging. CD44 is a cell surface glycoprotein that is overexpressed in breast cancer and gastric cancer stem cells and is associated with cancer growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA), which is an immune–neutral polysaccharide, forms a specific interaction with CD44. Lim et al. [50, 51] developed a hyaluronan-modified magnetic nanoprobe for detecting CD44-overexpressing breast cancer via MR imaging, which showed superior targeting efficiency with MR sensitivity in
(A) Schematic illustration of organic nanoindicator based on polyaniline nanoparticle for the detection of endolysosomal compartments. Synthesis steps of nanoindicator based on polyaniline in mesosilica template when using heterometal nanoparticle (IsNP) as oxidant. Emission of FPSNICy7 appears at endosomes. While migrating from endosomes to lysosomes, transition state of polyaniline transferred to emeraldine salt state due to the increment of proton concentration. The emission of FPSNICy3 gradually appears at lysosomes. (B) Redox switching property and sensitivity of PSNI from pH 3.95 to 7.23. Reproduced from Ref. [
The tumor pH is usually more acidic than that of normal tissues due to increased aerobic glycolysis, which is called the Warburg effect (tumor have a pH of 6.2–6.9, and normal tissues have a pH of 7.4) [62, 63]. This can promote tumor metastasis by generating an invasive environment for tearing down the extracellular matrix and for tissue remodeling. Many studies have reported signal “off–on” imaging agents activated by pH, such as fluorescence probes and MRI contrast agents that target the acidic pH conditions of tumors for tumor imaging [12, 13, 59]. Kim et al. [59] have developed a pH-responsive T1 (which is the recovery of magnetization along the longitudinal axis) contrast agent for MR imaging. Core–shell MnO@Mn3O4 urchin-shaped nanoparticles are synthesized via an anisotropic etching process. The manganese ions released from the MnO phase in the low-pH sites within tumor cells lead to an enhanced T1 contrast image for the entire tumor mass. In addition, specific stromal cell-derived proteases, such as matrix metalloproteases (MMP), matrix cysteine cathepsins, and serine proteases, are overexpressed in primary tumors. These proteases induce the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promote invasion and metastasis by degrading the extracellular membrane. Molecular imaging of the activity of proteases has the potential to determine tumor malignancy, guide the development of diagnostic tools, and evaluate the efficacy of treatment (Figure 5(A)) [60]. MMPs are the most prominent family of proteases associated with tumorigenesis. Their expression and activity are highly enhanced in many types of human cancer and are strongly implicated in advanced cancer states. Tumor microenvironment-targeted molecular imaging has the potential to provide clinically significant progress. Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs can also function as a diagnostic biomarker for human cancers because they can act as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. Imaging the intracellular distribution of specific miRNAs should provide insight into the mechanisms of metastasis and invasion. Kim et al. [61] reported smart nanoprobes, i.e., hyaluronic acid (HA)-based nanocontainers containing miRNA-34a beacons (bHNCs), for the intracellular recognition of miRNA-34a levels in metastatic breast cancer cells. They confirmed the microRNA-34a expression levels through
(A) Schematic illustration of the dual imaging process of anchored proteinase-targetable optomagentic nanoprobes with activatable fluorogenic peptides (MNC-ActFP). Reproduced from Ref. [
Current imaging techniques play an important role in enabling the early detection of several diseases, including cancer, due to their ability to locate tumors and assess the tumor activity. The characteristics of various imaging modalities are briefly summarized (Table 1) [7, 64]. However, these techniques are insufficient to provide reliable and accurate information at the disease site, due to their low sensitivity or limits in their spatial resolution (Table 1).
Modality | Energy source | Depth | Temporal resolution | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optical imaging | Visible light or near-infrared | <1 cm | Seconds to minutes | Noninvasiveness, no harmful effect by nonionizing radiation | Relatively low spatial resolution |
MR imaging | Radiofrequency magnetic field | No limit | Minutes to hours | Noninvasiveness, high spatial resolution | Relative low sensitivity, long scan and post-processing time, mass quantity of probe may be needed |
PET imaging | High-energy γ rays | No limit | 10 s to minutes | Noninvasiveness, high sensitivity | Exposure to ionizing radiation, relatively low spatial resolution |
Ultrasound imaging | High-frequency sound | mm to cm | Second to minutes | Noninvasiveness, real time, low cost, no harmful effects by nonionizing radiation | Limited spatial resolution, unsuitable for examination of digestive organs and bone |
CT imaging | X-ray | No limit | Minutes | Noninvasiveness, high contrast resolution | Relatively high dose of ionizing radiation, limited soft tissue resolution, exposure to ionizing radiation |
Characteristics of imaging modalities.
Reproduced from Ref. [12] with permission of ACS Publications.
Computed tomography (CT) is useful for tumor staging but offers poor soft tissue contrast, with resulting poor sensitivity and specificity in screening. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers excellent contrast without ionizing radiation but has temporal and financial needs that are likely inconsistent with high-throughput screening. Positron emission tomography (PET), which has very high sensitivity, can investigate various molecular and biochemical properties but is more suitable for monitoring the response to therapy than for detecting early lesions due to its limited spatial resolution. Therefore, multimodal imaging, i.e., the integration of two or more imaging techniques in a single examination, should offer the synergistic advantages of each to provide accurate information for tumor diagnosis such as high spatial resolution, soft tissue contrast, and biological information on the molecular level with high sensitivity [46, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73]. Recently, various types of hybrid nanoparticles have been used for multimodal imaging by combining the strengths of individual components into single nano-structured systems. Multimodal imaging probes enable both magnetic and optical imaging to provide great benefits for
Lim et al. [73] developed fluorescent magnetic nanoprobes to acquire biological information at different object levels, i.e.,
(A) Illustration of simultaneously self-assembled fluorescent magnetic nanoprobes (FMNPs) as multimodal biomedical imaging probes. (B) MR images of tumor-bearing mice after injection of the FMNPs (i: xenograft tumor model and ii: orthotopic bladder tumor model) and (C) fluorescence images of their excised tumor slides, respectively. Reproduced from Ref. [
Recently, nanoparticles have provided significant progress in cancer theranostics due to their unique physicochemical properties, in which both diagnosis and therapeutic functions can be achieved simultaneously. Theranostics aims to provide image-guided cancer therapy by integrating imaging and therapy, which are particularly interesting fields in Nanomedicine [12]. Theranostic nanoparticles comprise at least three components: (i) the biological payload, (ii) the carrier, and (iii) surface modifiers (Figure 1) [74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93]. Biological payloads include imaging agents and therapeutic agents. Therefore, they can allow the simultaneous delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor site and real-time tracking of their biodistribution
Ryu et al. [86, 87, 88, 89] developed chitosan-based nanoparticles (CNPs) that were labeled with Cy 5.5 for optical imaging and encapsulated with paclitaxel (PTX) as an anticancer drug (PTX-Cy5.5-CNP) (Figure 7). They confirmed that the PTX-Cy5.5-CNP was effectively delivered to the tumor sites by optical imaging and that it showed enhanced therapeutic efficacy in tumor tissues while minimizing its toxicity to normal tissues. Smart theranostic nanosystems that respond to environmental changes (e.g., pH) have been designed for controlled drug release, low drug loss and low side effects [90, 91, 92]. Wu et al. prepared nanogels via the
Theragnostic chitosan-based nanoparticles (CNPs) for cancer imaging and chemotherapy. (A) Conceptual description of theragnostic nanoparticles labeled with Cy5.5 for imaging and encapsulated with PTX for cancer therapy (PTX–Cy5.5–CNP). (B)
(A) Schematic illustration and characterization of nanovesicles containing PLI/miR complexes (NVs/miR) that proton buffering promoted by protonation of a pH-responsive cationic polymer, poly(L-lysine-graft-imidazole (PLI), at endosomal pH, (B)
In this system, the PLI acts to deliver miRNA to the site of action via the buffering effect of the imidazole residues under endosomal pH. This systemic delivery of miR-34a using our NVs shows the most favorable delivery efficiency, a significant suppression of CD44 expression, and increased apoptosis in the
Choi et al. noted that cRGD-conjugated gold nanorods showed excellent tumor targeting ability via NIR absorption imaging with no cytotoxicity. Additionally, the nanorods showed sufficient cellular uptake in a glioblastoma
(A) Schematic illustration of CET-PGNRs as NIR absorption imaging and photothermal therapeutic agents for epithelial cancer. (B) Noninvasive NIR absorption
The primary goal of cancer surgery is to maximize the tumor excision and minimize the collateral damage. Molecular imaging techniques are required to achieve these goals, leading to “image-guided surgery” [108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117]. Especially, optical imaging is the most suitable for image-guided surgery (or targeted surgery) because fluorescence signals can provide real-time guidance to differentiate positive tumor margins and local malignant masses from normal tissues during surgery, thereby increasing the long-term patient survival. Near-infrared (NIR) imaging has particular potential to remove all neoplastic tissue at the surgical site because it is possible to obtain a low background signal and perform non-invasive real-time monitoring. Image-guided surgery is suitable for tumors that are difficult to differentiate from adjacent normal tissues (such as breast cancers), tumors that are next to complex structures with crucial physiological functions (such as brain tumors), or tumors that have high local recurrence or positive margin rates. Suitable probes for image-guide surgery must specifically detect and target cancerous tissues by showing maximum signal from the target and minimum signal from the background.
A natural fluorophore called protoporphyrin (PpIX) has been clinically used for image-guided surgical resection of brain tumors (glioblastomas), demonstrating that its fluorescence signals are highly specific to tumor cells. Lovell et al. [116] have developed hydrogels using cross-linked porphyrin co-monomers as strong optical tracers (Figure 10(A)). In
(A) Porphyrin-cross-linked hydrogels and noninvasive monitoring and image-guided surgical resection by using them. (i) Structures of mTCPP (green) and PEG diamine (red). (ii) Schematic of the hydrogel. (e), from left to right, (iii) fluorescence images of a mouse with the hydrogel implanted subcutaneously and monitored noninvasively. (iv) Screen captures from a fluorescence camera used to guide fluorescently the surgical removal of the hydrogel in real time. Fluorescence was readily apparent transdermally (T.D.) or through the open incision, as indicated. (B) Hydrophobic moieties conjugated to HLA drive self-assembly into nanoparticles that can entrap ICG. Indocyanine green-loaded nanoparticles for image-guided tumor surgery (i) hydrophobic moieties conjugated to HLA drive self-assembly into nanoparticles that can entrap ICG. (ii) Preoperative imaging and (iii) postoperative imaging of iRFP shows the location of MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenograft. Red arrows indicated extracted tumors, where iRFP signal showed due to the presence of NanoICG. Reproduced from Refs. [
Optical imaging is a powerful tool that can provide the real-time and direct observation of specific molecular events, biological pathways, and disease processes. As described in this chapter, design strategies for imaging probes are important for accurate imaging to enable effective cancer management both
This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Global Frontier Project through the Center for BioNano Health-Guard (H-GUARD_2014M3A6B2060507) and by the KRIBB Research Initiative Program of the Republic of Korea.
The strawberry (
In Thailand, strawberries have been grown for many years in the north of the country and have become economically important since the early 1980s. The Royal Project Foundation’s research resulted in the creation of a popular cultivar known as “Royal 80”. This cultivar has a pleasant flavor, is early to bear fruit, and is of good quality. The absence of good mother plants for runner plant production is an issue in strawberry farming in Thailand. There are very few virus-free plants available, and plant vigor is low [6, 7]. The propagation of strawberries using tissue culture technique is one way to solve this problem. However, production costs are high due to the expensive chemicals used for the propagation recipes [8]. To reduce the high expenses of the tissue culture technique, we are interested in using chemical fertilizers, which farmers used for strawberry production instead of MS medium. Farmers for strawberry production use the strawberry fertilizers such as 21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O), 15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O), 36-5-5 (N-P2O5-K2O), 15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O), and 10-52-17 (N-P2O5-K2O). Therefore, developing recipes to reduce production costs is necessary in conducting this research. So far, there is no report on the use of fertilizers to substitute strawberry production medium. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of types and concentration of chemical fertilizers by using five types of replacement mediums on
Strawberries, cultivar Royal 80 stolons were obtained and used for explant from a strawberry farm in Petchaboon province, Thailand. Stolon (Figure 1) was chopped to 3–4 cm and washed in a 10% detergent solution with running tap water. It was washed in regular tap water. The stolons were surface-sterilized for 7 min with 10% sodium hypochlorite and then rinsed three times in sterile distilled water [9]. The stolon was cut to a length of 2–3 cm and placed in MS medium [10], which contained sucrose 30 g L−1 and phytagel 2.0 g L−1. Prior to autoclaving at 121°C, the pH was adjusted to 5.7 with 1 N NaOH or 1 N HCl. The cultures were maintained in a culture room with a temperature of 25 ± 2°C, a light intensity of 100 μmol m−2 s−1, and a photoperiod of 16 h [8]. After 2 months of culture, the young shoot was induced in MS medium.
Stolon of strawberry cultivar royal 80 was used to be an explant.
The experiment carried out in 5
The young shoots of strawberries from MS medium [10] were transferred to the experiment, consisting of 21 treatments as above. All treatments had 10 replicates and were supplemented with sucrose 30 g L−1, phytagel 2.5 g L−1, and adjusted pH to 5.7. All cultures were maintained in a culture room kept at 25 ± 2°C with a light intensity of 100 mol m−2 s1 and a photoperiod of 16 h [9]. The following data were corrected after 4 weeks of culture: number of plantlets (plants/explant), fresh weight of plantlets (g/explant), number of roots (root/explant), and root length (root/explant).
From Table 1, the comparison with five types of chemical fertilizers (factor A), the concentration of chemical fertilizer (factor B), and the interaction between types and the concentration of chemical fertilizer (factor AxB) were highly significant. If compared with the fresh weight of strawberry plantlets, five types of chemical fertilizers as 21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O), 36-5-5 (N-P2O5-K2O), 30-20-10 (N-P2O5-K2O), 15-30-15(N-P2O5-K2O) and 10-52-17 (N-P2O5-K2O) showed an average amount of fresh weight of 1.28–1.35 gL−1. According to the experiment, MS medium was the best medium to induce the fresh weight of plantlets (1.72 gL−1) because it contained macronutrients, micronutrients, and many kinds of vitamins [9, 11].
Type of chemical fertilizers (A) | Fresh weight of plantlets (g/explant) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration of chemical fertilizers (g L−1) (B) | |||||
0.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | Average | |
MS (control) | 1.72 a | ||||
21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.31 | 1.32 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.33 bc |
36-5-5 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.56 | 1.25 | 1.31 | 1.25 | 1.34 b |
30-20-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.34 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.28 c |
10-52-17 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.31 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 1.31 | 1.29 bc |
15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.29 | 1.32 | 1.46 | 1.33 | 1.35 b |
Average | 1.42 a | 1.36 b | 1.39 ab | 1.36 b | |
A | ** | ||||
B | ** | ||||
A × B | ** |
The effect of different chemical fertilizer types and concentrations on the fresh weight of strawberry plantlets after cultured for 4 weeks.
Significant difference at the level of 0.01.
Different alphabets in the same column and row are significantly different at level 0.05 compared to LSD.
In Table 2, to compare five types of chemical fertilizers (factor A), the concentration of chemical fertilizer (factor B) and interaction between types and concentration of chemical fertilizer (AxB) were all highly significant at level 0.01. MS medium, 21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O), and 15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) chemical fertilizers showed a similar number of plantlets (3.44, 3.87, and 3.48 plantlets/explant, respectively). At the concentration of chemical fertilizer, 0.5 g L−1 was the best concentration to induce plantlets of strawberries. The medium containing 0.5 g L−1 of 21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) chemical fertilizer was the best medium to produce plantlets of strawberries (Figure 2) [11].
Type of chemical fertilizers (A) | Number of plantlets (plantlet/explant) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration of chemical fertilizers (g L−1) (B) | |||||
0.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | Average | |
MS (control) | 3.44 b | ||||
21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 4.30 | 3.60 | 3.66 | 3.92 | 3.87 a |
36-5-5 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 3.66 | 2.98 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.29 c |
30-20-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 3.97 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.93 c |
10-52-17 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 2.17 | 2.17 | 2.30 | 2.17 | 2.20 c |
15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 2.96 | 2.84 | 4.30 | 3.81 | 3.48 ab |
Average | 3.42 a | 2.71 b | 2.70 b | 2.64 b | |
A | ** | ||||
B | ** | ||||
A × B | ** |
The effect of chemical fertilizer types and concentrations on the number of strawberry plantlets after 4 weeks of culture.
Significant difference at the level of 0.01.
Different alphabets in the same column and row are significantly different at level 0.05 compared to LSD.
Plantlet was cultured on medium containing 0.5 g L−1 of 21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) chemical fertilizer.
To study the effects of five types of chemical fertilizer, the concentration of chemical fertilizer and the interaction between type of chemical fertilizer and concentration of chemical fertilizer on root induction of strawberries were shown in Table 3. The type of chemical fertilizer (factor A) was significantly different at level 0.01. The concentration of chemical fertilizer (factor B) was shown to be significantly different at level 0.05. Also, the interaction between factors A and B was significantly different at level 0.05 too. Similar to [8], MS medium is shown to be the best medium to induce root growth in strawberries (5.09 root/explant). On the media, 21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) and 15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) were also good media to induce strawberry root (3.97 and 3.64 root/explant, respectively).
Type of chemical fertilizer (A) | Number of roots (root/explant) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration of chemical fertilizer (g L−1) (B) | |||||
0.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | Average | |
MS (control) | 5.09 a | ||||
21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 4.18 | 5.63 | 1.91 | 4.16 | 3.97 b |
36-5-5 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 4.74 | 1.25 | 1.56 | 1.25 | 2.20 c |
30-20-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 4.45 | 1.44 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 2.10 c |
10-52-17 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 2.17 | 1.25 | 2.12 | 1.31 | 1.98 c |
15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 2.02 | 3.35 | 5.11 | 1.33 | 3.64 b |
Average | 1.42 a | 1.36 b | 1.39 b | 1.36 b | |
A | ** | ||||
B | * | ||||
A × B | ** |
The effect of chemical fertilizer types and concentrations on a number of roots of strawberry plantlet after being cultured for 4 weeks.
Significantly different at level 0.05.
Significantly different at level 0.01.
Different alphabets in the same column and row are significantly different at level 0.05 compared to LSD.
Five types of chemical fertilizer (factor A), the concentration of chemical fertilizer (factor B), and interactions between types of chemical fertilizer and concentration of chemical fertilizer (A × B) on the root length of strawberries were investigated (Table 4). Factor A, factor B, and factor A × B were shown to be significantly different at level 0.01. The MS medium and the 21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) chemical fertilizer medium were the best media to induce root length (2.42 and 2.21 cm/explant, respectively). Because higher fertilizer concentrations caused the plant to be unable to properly absorb nutrients for growth, the optimal concentration to promote root length (2.39 cm/explant) was 0.5 g L−1 [12].
Type of chemical fertilizers (A) | Root lengths (cm/explant) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration of chemical fertilizers (g L−1) (B) | |||||
0.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | Average | |
MS (control) | 2.42 a | ||||
21-21-21 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 2.65 | 2.41 | 2.10 | 1.68 | 2.21 ab |
36-5-5 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 4.06 | 1.25 | 1.41 | 1.25 | 1.99 b |
30-20-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.96 | 1.36 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.46 c |
10-52-17 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.67 | 1.25 | 1.72 | 2.09 | 1.69 c |
15-30-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) | 1.61 | 1.95 | 2.44 | 1.91 | 1.98 c |
Average | 2.39 a | 1.77 b | 1.89 b | 1.77 b | |
A | ** | ||||
B | ** | ||||
A × B | ** |
The effect of chemical fertilizer types and concentrations on the root length of strawberry plantlets after being cultured for 4 weeks.
Significant difference at the level of 0.01.
Different alphabets in the same column and row are significantly different at level 0.05 compared to LSD.
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of chemical fertilizer instead of MS medium on induced plantlets of strawberry (
The author gratefully acknowledges Khon Kaen University and the Faculty of Agriculture for financial support and for preparing the manuscript.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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Every year, the number of palm oil mills increases rapidly, thus increasing the capacity of fresh fruit bunch waste or effluent discharge. Based on the data from the Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2012, Malaysia produced 99.85 million tons of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) per year. However, about 5–5.7 tons of water was required in order to sterilize the palm fruit bunches and clarify the extracted oil to produce 1 ton of crude palm oil resulting in 50% of the water turning into palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is one of the major environmental pollutants in Malaysia. The characteristics of POME and its behavior, if discharged directly, in water are described in this chapter. The suspended solid and nutrient content in POME could be able to support the growth of algae. 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Many common products and foods are derived from oil palm, its making them one of the most economically important plants. On the other hand, declining supply of raw materials from natural resources has motivated researchers to find alternatives to produce new materials from sustainable resources like oil palm. Oil palm waste is possibly an ideal source for cellulose-based natural fibers and particles. Generally, oil palm waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunk, oil palm shell and oil palm ash are good source of biomaterials. Lack of sufficient documentation of existing scientific information about the utilization of oil palm waste raw materials for biomaterial production is the driving force behind the this chapter. Incorporation of various types of biomaterial derived from oil palm waste resources as reinforcement in polymer matrices lead to the development of biocomposites products and this can be used in wide range of potential applications. 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Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52155",title:"EOR Processes, Opportunities and Technological Advancements",slug:"eor-processes-opportunities-and-technological-advancements",totalDownloads:5532,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes are well known for their efficiency in incrementing oil production; however, the selection of the most suitable method to adopt for specific field applications is challenging. Hence, this chapter presents an overview of different EOR techniques currently applied in oil fields, the opportunities associated with these techniques, key technological advancements to guide the decision‐making process for optimum applicability and productivity and a brief review of field applications.",book:{id:"5143",slug:"chemical-enhanced-oil-recovery-ceor-a-practical-overview",title:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR)",fullTitle:"Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (cEOR) - a Practical Overview"},signatures:"Lezorgia Nekabari Nwidee, Stephen Theophilus, Ahmed Barifcani,\nMohammad Sarmadivaleh and Stefan Iglauer",authors:[{id:"37799",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Iglauer",slug:"stefan-iglauer",fullName:"Stefan Iglauer"},{id:"179076",title:"Dr.",name:"Lezorgia",middleName:"Nekabari",surname:"Nwidee",slug:"lezorgia-nwidee",fullName:"Lezorgia Nwidee"},{id:"179077",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Barifcani",slug:"ahmed-barifcani",fullName:"Ahmed Barifcani"},{id:"179078",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Theophilus",slug:"stephen-theophilus",fullName:"Stephen Theophilus"},{id:"189371",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmadivaleh",slug:"mohammad-sarmadivaleh",fullName:"Mohammad Sarmadivaleh"}]},{id:"60752",title:"Biomaterial from Oil Palm Waste: Properties, Characterization and Applications",slug:"biomaterial-from-oil-palm-waste-properties-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:2917,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Oil palm are among the best known and most extensively cultivated plant families, especially Indonesia and Malaysia. Many common products and foods are derived from oil palm, its making them one of the most economically important plants. On the other hand, declining supply of raw materials from natural resources has motivated researchers to find alternatives to produce new materials from sustainable resources like oil palm. Oil palm waste is possibly an ideal source for cellulose-based natural fibers and particles. Generally, oil palm waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunk, oil palm shell and oil palm ash are good source of biomaterials. Lack of sufficient documentation of existing scientific information about the utilization of oil palm waste raw materials for biomaterial production is the driving force behind the this chapter. Incorporation of various types of biomaterial derived from oil palm waste resources as reinforcement in polymer matrices lead to the development of biocomposites products and this can be used in wide range of potential applications. Properties and characterization of biomaterial from oil palm waste will not only help to promote further study on nanomaterials derived from non-wood materials but also emphasize the importance of commercially exploit oil palm waste for sustainable products.",book:{id:"6730",slug:"palm-oil",title:"Palm Oil",fullTitle:"Palm Oil"},signatures:"Rudi Dungani, Pingkan Aditiawati, Sri Aprilia, Karnita Yuniarti, Tati\nKarliati, Ichsan Suwandhi and Ihak Sumardi",authors:[{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"234728",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Dungani",slug:"rudi-dungani",fullName:"Rudi Dungani"},{id:"249537",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Aprilia",slug:"sri-aprilia",fullName:"Sri Aprilia"},{id:"249539",title:"Dr.",name:"Karnita",middleName:null,surname:"Yuniarti",slug:"karnita-yuniarti",fullName:"Karnita Yuniarti"},{id:"249541",title:"Dr.",name:"Tati",middleName:null,surname:"Karliati",slug:"tati-karliati",fullName:"Tati Karliati"},{id:"249542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichsan",middleName:null,surname:"Suwandi",slug:"ichsan-suwandi",fullName:"Ichsan Suwandi"},{id:"249543",title:"Dr.",name:"Ihak",middleName:null,surname:"Sumardi",slug:"ihak-sumardi",fullName:"Ihak Sumardi"},{id:"256251",title:"Dr.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Hartati",slug:"sri-hartati",fullName:"Sri Hartati"}]},{id:"66623",title:"Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerine to Acrolein",slug:"catalytic-dehydration-of-glycerine-to-acrolein",totalDownloads:1504,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The biodiesel production yields glycerine as a by-product in quantities around 10 vol% of produced biodiesel. Acrolein can be obtained from glycerine by a dehydration reaction. Catalytic processes in gas phase have been developed to obtain acrolein from a renewable feedstock using heterogeneous catalysts. The main process variables are the reaction temperature, the concentration of glycerol in water, and the space velocity in fixed-bed reactors. A thermodynamic study of the equilibrium has been made to estimate the conversion to equilibrium as a function of temperature. The reactors have been heated usually between 523 and 603 K. Generally, an aqueous glycerol solution is preheated in a preheating zone at a temperature enough to vaporize the feedstock, between 473 and 533 K, depending on the concentration of reactant required in the feed. Some of the most active catalysts in the gas-phase reaction (yield >70%) were NH4-La-β zeolite, Pd/LaY zeolite, hierarchical ZSM-5, WO3/ZrO2, WO3/TiO2, ZrOx-NbOx, WOx-NbOx, WO3-SiO2/ZrO2, NbOx-WOx/Al2O3, H3PO4-MCM-41, SAPO-40, NbPSi, Pd-H3PW12O40/Zr-MCM-41, H3PW12O40/Cs-SBA-15, H3PW12O40/Nb2O5, Cs-doped H4SiW12O40/Al2O3, H4SiW12O40/TiO2, and H4SiW12O40/SiO2.",book:{id:"8448",slug:"glycerine-production-and-transformation-an-innovative-platform-for-sustainable-biorefinery-and-energy",title:"Glycerine Production and Transformation",fullTitle:"Glycerine Production and Transformation - An Innovative Platform for Sustainable Biorefinery and Energy"},signatures:"Israel Pala Rosas, Jose Luis Contreras Larios , Beatriz Zeifert and José Salmones Blásquez",authors:[{id:"94936",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",fullName:"José Luis Contreras"},{id:"284261",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Pala-Rosas",slug:"israel-pala-rosas",fullName:"Israel Pala-Rosas"},{id:"284262",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Salmones",slug:"jose-salmones",fullName:"Jose Salmones"},{id:"284263",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Zeifert",slug:"beatriz-zeifert",fullName:"Beatriz Zeifert"},{id:"295779",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",fullName:"Jose Luis Contreras"}]},{id:"64816",title:"PVT Properties of Black Crude Oil",slug:"pvt-properties-of-black-crude-oil",totalDownloads:1662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Precise PVT studies and behavior of phase-equilibrium of petroleum reservoir fluids are essential for describing these fluids and appraising their volumetric behavior at several pressure stages. There are numerous laboratory studies that can be performed on a reservoir sample. The amount of data desired determines the number of tests to be performed in the laboratory. Generally, there are three laboratory tests which characterize hydrocarbon fluids, namely primary study, constant mass depletion, and differential vaporization test. Generally, PVT properties are determined either experimentally or calculated theoretically through published correlations. This chapter presents different PVT laboratory tests that are required to understand the phase behavior of black oils.",book:{id:"7323",slug:"processing-of-heavy-crude-oils-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",fullTitle:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy and Saad Desouky",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"},{id:"210639",title:"Dr.",name:"Saad M.",middleName:null,surname:"Desouky",slug:"saad-m.-desouky",fullName:"Saad M. Desouky"}]},{id:"64885",title:"Environmental Challenges Associated with Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",slug:"environmental-challenges-associated-with-processing-of-heavy-crude-oils",totalDownloads:945,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The petroleum industry is one of the largest industries in the world and plays a pivotal part in driving a nation’s economy. However, the exploration and exploitation of heavy crude oil have raised series of environmental challenges and caused increased concern for the communities where the oil refineries are cited. Activities such as gas flaring and oil spillage have led to the release of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, which has resulted in acid rain, climate change, and contamination of soil, water, and air. These environmental hazards have caused adverse effects directly or indirectly to the ecosystem. This chapter offers a general overview of the processes involved in the processing and some of the potential environmental challenges associated with heavy crude oil processing.",book:{id:"7323",slug:"processing-of-heavy-crude-oils-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils",fullTitle:"Processing of Heavy Crude Oils - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Samuel O. Sojinu and Onome Ejeromedoghene",authors:[{id:"265172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Sojinu",slug:"samuel-sojinu",fullName:"Samuel Sojinu"},{id:"275861",title:"Mr.",name:"Onome",middleName:null,surname:"Ejeromedoghene",slug:"onome-ejeromedoghene",fullName:"Onome Ejeromedoghene"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"702",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.