Major (‘traditional’) cardiovascular risk factors, (4).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9534",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Banking and Finance",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The banking and finance industry plays a significant role in the economy of a nation. As such, continuous research and up-to-date feeds are necessary for it to stay competitive and resilient. Due to its revolving and dynamic nature as well as its significance and interlinkages with other industries, a well-functioning banking and finance system is vital in safeguarding the interest of all stakeholders. Banking and Finance covers a wide range of essential topics highlighting major issues related to banking and finance. The book is rich with empirical evidence, scientific researches, best practices, and recommendations, making it a compact yet handy reference for readers, especially those who are in the field of banking and finance.",isbn:"978-1-78984-683-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-682-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-563-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87329",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"banking-and-finance",numberOfPages:276,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9153,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:25,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 24th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 13th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206517/images/system/206517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Razali Haron holds a DBA and MBA and is currently an Associate Professor at the IIUM Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance. He joined the university in 2003 and currently served as the Deputy Dean (Responsible Research) of the Institute. He has more than 15 years of extensive experience in the corporate sector covering fund management and capital markets. His research interests are banking, corporate finance, and governance, and his publication appeared, among others, in Emerald, SAGE, Elsevier, Springer, Inderscience, Palgrave Macmillan, IGI Global and Islamic Finance News. His recent edited books include Banking and Finance (IntechOpen), Islamic Wealth and Fund Management (IIUM), and Islamic Social Finance and Economic Recovery after a Global Health Crisis (IGI Global).",institutionString:"IIUM Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"International Islamic University Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"282957",title:"Dr.",name:"Maizaitulaidawati",middleName:null,surname:"Md Husin",slug:"maizaitulaidawati-md-husin",fullName:"Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282957/images/system/282957.jpg",biography:"Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin PhD, IFP, is an experienced academician with strong enthusiasm and passion for Islamic banking and finance. She has more than twelve years of experience in teaching and supervision. Dr. Husin holds a PhD in Islamic Economics from the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. She is also a certified Islamic financial planner. She has led and participated in no less than twenty consultancy and research projects with a total value of more than RM7 million. She has also authored and co-authored more than sixty research papers, book chapters and conference papers. She served on the faculty of Azman Hashim International Business School (AHIBS) as a research manager in 2017 and held several other managerial positions there as well.",institutionString:"University of Technology Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"313602",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Murg",slug:"michael-murg",fullName:"Michael Murg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313602/images/system/313602.jpg",biography:"Dr. Michael Murg is chair of the Institute of Banking and Insurance Industry at FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Austria. He has more than ten years’ experience as a financial advisor for private wealth management and corporate finance and spent several years in the financial industry. Dr. Murg’s scientific career began at the Department of Finance, University of Graz, Austria, where he was a quantitative research scientist and lecturer for finance. He is a licensed exchange trader for spot and derivative markets (XETRA) and was co-founder and the head of Portfolio and Risk Management for a FinTech company before returning to academia.\nDr. Murg’s current research focuses on the digitization of business models in finance, banking and insurance industries, innovation management in insurance companies and banks, digitization of business processes, and data analytics.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1416",title:"Public Finance",slug:"public-finance"}],chapters:[{id:"72411",title:"Capital Adequacy Regulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92178",slug:"capital-adequacy-regulation",totalDownloads:714,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to provide a concise overview of the capital adequacy regulation, importance of the regulation, and evolution of the capital adequacy regulation. Bank capital executes the significant role of preventing the bank from failure and acts as a buffer against possible losses. Capital adequacy is the least amount of capital a bank has to preserve to execute the business, take advantage of profitable growth opportunities, absorb losses, and sustain the customers’ confidence on it. Several bank crises and bank defaults motivate the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to provide a comprehensive guideline in managing bank capital. The capital adequacy regulation is an international standard to safeguard the banks through setting a risk-sensitive minimum capital requirement. The regulatory authority sets the regulatory capital, and the operating banks are required to maintain the adequate level of capital.",signatures:"Aysa Siddika and Razali Haron",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72411",authors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"},{id:"319112",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aysa",surname:"Siddika",slug:"aysa-siddika",fullName:"Aysa Siddika"}],corrections:null},{id:"73017",title:"Internal Controls and Credit Risk in European Banking: The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Framework Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92889",slug:"internal-controls-and-credit-risk-in-european-banking-the-basel-committee-on-banking-supervision-fra",totalDownloads:522,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Poor corporate governance practices have been cited as contributory to the 2007 global financial crisis. The chapter explores a qualitative self-regulation approach to address a major risk facing banks using the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) framework of internal controls. The study examines the effect of the qualitative principles of the BCBS internal control framework on credit risk. Corporate institutions use internal control frameworks to address the most operational risks, but the current study hypothesizes a possible relation with the credit risk. This research covers banks from selected EU countries covering some period before and after the 2007 financial crisis using a fixed-effect model. We report a significant relationship between board functions and activities, board structure and board monitoring, and credit risk. The results indicate that investment in high-risk assets, bank profitability and board chair being ex-CEO increases credit risk in European banking. The chapter extends the scope of a previous work that used the elements of the COSO internal control framework on a single country. This quantitative measure of qualitative constructs of the framework complements existing research that uses algorithms and simulations to study credit risk.",signatures:"Ellis Kofi Akwaa-Sekyi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73017",authors:[{id:"314966",title:"Dr.",name:"Ellis Kofi",surname:"Akwaa-Sekyi",slug:"ellis-kofi-akwaa-sekyi",fullName:"Ellis Kofi Akwaa-Sekyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72113",title:"Relevance of Shari’ah Governance in Driving Performance of Islamic Banks during the Financial Crisis: International Evidence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92368",slug:"relevance-of-em-shari-ah-em-governance-in-driving-performance-of-islamic-banks-during-the-financial-",totalDownloads:442,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aims to examine the impact of Shari’ah governance mechanism on the performance of Islamic banks (IBs) during the financial crisis of 2008. Data were collected from 66 IBs over 18 countries covering the period of 2007–2015 and analyzed using the System-GMM estimator. The findings indicate that an increase in SSB effectiveness increases IBs’ performance even during the crisis periods. A possible justification for this positive effect is related to the SG structure of IBs that allows them to undertake higher risks to achieve a high efficiency level. For this, the IBs, policymakers and practitioners should consider these findings when aiming to improve SG practices in the Islamic banking industry, which in turn may help in protecting IBs during crisis and non-crisis periods. More specifically, they should give due importance to SSB (size, cross-membership, educational qualification, reputation and expertise) in enhancing the performance of IBs during the crisis and non-crisis periods. This study provides additional evidence on how IBs can sustain their performance during either crisis or non-crisis periods through adopting appropriate SG structure. However, the study only focuses on a small sample of 66 IBs due to lack of the data.",signatures:"Naji Mansour Nomran and Razali Haron",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72113",authors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"},{id:"316415",title:"Dr.",name:"Naji Mansour",surname:"Nomran",slug:"naji-mansour-nomran",fullName:"Naji Mansour Nomran"}],corrections:null},{id:"72326",title:"Risk Analyses on Islamic Banks in Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92245",slug:"risk-analyses-on-islamic-banks-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:650,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aims to analyze the risks on Islamic banks in Indonesia by identifying which risk is significantly dominant in triggering other risks to happen. For that purpose, the study uses time series data on a monthly basis from 2010:M1 to 2018:M8. The data are obtained from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) Indonesia and analyzed using vector autoregression (VAR). Some variables are employed to proxy risk vulnerability including financing-to-deposit ratio (FDR) as a proxy of liquidity risk, nonperforming financing (NPF) as a proxy of financing risk, and cost-to-income ratio (BOPO) as a proxy of operational risk. The findings suggest that financing risk is the most dominant risk triggering vulnerability on Islamic banks in Indonesia.",signatures:"Dimas Bagus Wiranatakusuma, Imamuddin Yuliadi and Ikhwan Victhori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72326",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72326",authors:[{id:"316229",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimas",surname:"Wiranatakusuma",slug:"dimas-wiranatakusuma",fullName:"Dimas Wiranatakusuma"}],corrections:null},{id:"72986",title:"Climate Change, Credit Risk and Financial Stability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93304",slug:"climate-change-credit-risk-and-financial-stability",totalDownloads:993,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Climate change is one of the greatest global challenges, posing an unprecedented challenge to the governance of global socioeconomic and financial systems. This chapter examines the climate change science and uncertainties associated with climate change, while identifying and explaining climate-related risks, the financial aspect of climate change, credit implications of climate change, integration of climate-related risks into credit risk assessment, and climate risk management. The chapter pays special attention to the triangular relationship between the three notions of climate-related risks, credit risk, and financial stability by enumerating the channels through which climate risks can cause credit risks and affect the stability of the financial system. Approaches to incorporate climate change into corporate risk management are also discussed.",signatures:"Oluwaseun James Oguntuase",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72986",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72986",authors:[{id:"320974",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Oluwaseun James",surname:"Oguntuase",slug:"oluwaseun-james-oguntuase",fullName:"Oluwaseun James Oguntuase"}],corrections:null},{id:"72946",title:"Green Banking",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93294",slug:"green-banking",totalDownloads:734,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Green banking being a new trend deserves more attention. Understanding green banking, its nature, importance, impact on spreading green, its link to sustainable development goals (SDGs), and Maqasid Shariah is vital. Therefore, this chapter is going to cover the abovementioned essentials. Banks’ financing that care about the environment is green banking. Banks can contribute enormously to restore environmental balance and to preserve a livable condition for future generation through green banking. Only binding regulation can ensure the involvement of banks in green practices, for example, Bangladesh. To face the reality, when leaders are committed to implement SDGs by 2030, involvement of banks in green practices could accelerate the process of implementation. Coincidently, green banking features and objectives are very close to Maqasid Shariah. Based on desk research and document analysis technique, this chapter is going to establish that green banking, SDGs, and Maqasid Shariah are complementary to each other.",signatures:"Taslima Julia and Salina Kassim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72946",authors:[{id:"317420",title:"Ms.",name:"Taslima",surname:"Julia",slug:"taslima-julia",fullName:"Taslima Julia"},{id:"321182",title:"Dr.",name:"Salina",surname:"Kassim",slug:"salina-kassim",fullName:"Salina Kassim"}],corrections:null},{id:"72240",title:"New Malaysia, Brexit and US-China Trade War: Credit Risk to Malaysian Banks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92080",slug:"new-malaysia-brexit-and-us-china-trade-war-credit-risk-to-malaysian-banks",totalDownloads:402,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A country’s economic prosperity is intimately linked to the external and internal forces that exert influences on its economy. While some of these forces may not be under the overt control of the country’s economic planners, any disruption to the economy by these forces may just tip the balance that causes financial hardship to millions of people. Certainly, national governments through fiscal and monetary policy measures may attempt to prevent such a catastrophe, but what happens if at such a critical time, the needed government leadership is suddenly not available? In such a situation, what will be the most appropriate reaction from the central bank and what is the likely effect to the country’s banking industry? While this scenario might sound like an interesting thought experiment in a banking classroom, a similar situation is in fact unfolding in real life at this very moment in Malaysia.",signatures:"Wooi Keong Yong and Wooi Meng Yong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72240",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72240",authors:[{id:"317341",title:"Mr.",name:"Wooi Keong",surname:"Yong",slug:"wooi-keong-yong",fullName:"Wooi Keong Yong"},{id:"319461",title:"Mr.",name:"Wooi Meng",surname:"Yong",slug:"wooi-meng-yong",fullName:"Wooi Meng Yong"}],corrections:null},{id:"72871",title:"Organizational Culture and Knowledge Sharing in Banking Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92728",slug:"organizational-culture-and-knowledge-sharing-in-banking-management",totalDownloads:460,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of the chapter is to explore the importance of knowledge sharing in the banking management along with organizational culture. To meet the objective of the study, a framework is proposed with knowledge sharing (KS) that is expected to be influenced by organizational culture (OS). OS itself is contributed by uncertainty avoidance, performance orientation, and gender egalitarianism.",signatures:"Naima Andleeb, Md Fauzi Ahmad and Shahab Aziz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72871",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72871",authors:[{id:"316835",title:"Dr.",name:"Naima",surname:"Andleeb",slug:"naima-andleeb",fullName:"Naima Andleeb"},{id:"316836",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahab",surname:"Aziz",slug:"shahab-aziz",fullName:"Shahab Aziz"},{id:"319095",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Fauzi",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"md-fauzi-ahmad",fullName:"Md Fauzi Ahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"71776",title:"Bank Service Delivery in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92075",slug:"bank-service-delivery-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nigeria as a country has recorded significant efficiency in bank service delivery considering her history of banking services. This assertion reflects in the views of banking sector stakeholders in the country and foreign assessors. One milestone was the introduction and effective use of electronic banking system in the last two decades which eliminated hurdles overt with the conventional banking era. Today, banking activities in Nigeria are possible at any time of the day and anywhere without any stress. This is not to say that it has fully complied with global best practices as there are still pockets of complaints from stakeholders especially customers which have expressed dissatisfaction in the quality of banking services rendered to them. In spite of the level of customers’ dissatisfaction, bank service delivery is better than what it was, and the Nigerian banking sector is presently at the front burner in terms of banking service delivery in Africa. Although challenges of employees’ knowledge gaps, technology, inadequate legal framework, incompetent manpower and staff improper attitude remain contentious in the Nigerian banking system, efforts from stakeholders especially the regulator to eliminate these challenges would bring about improved banking service delivery in Nigeria and make it close to global best practices, if not achieve it.",signatures:"Akinbode James Olalekan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71776",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71776",authors:[{id:"316975",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Akinbode",slug:"james-akinbode",fullName:"James Akinbode"}],corrections:null},{id:"71829",title:"Stock Markets of the Visegrad Countries after Their Accession to the European Union",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92102",slug:"stock-markets-of-the-visegrad-countries-after-their-accession-to-the-european-union",totalDownloads:418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, interlinkages between stock markets in CEE-4 countries and capital markets in developed countries are analyzed. Changes of variance on stock markets in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary are identified. Differences among countries are analyzed. Capital markets of these countries are compared in terms of market efficiency. Moreover, co-movements of stock markets in Visegrad countries with capital markets in developed countries are studied. Different specifications of multivariate GARCH models are studied. Asymmetric GARCH-BEKK model and Asymmetric Generalized Dynamic Conditional Correlation model are considered.",signatures:"Wojciech Grabowski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71829",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71829",authors:[{id:"315338",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Grabowski",slug:"wojciech-grabowski",fullName:"Wojciech Grabowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"72452",title:"Has the Yield Curve Accurately Predicted the Malaysian Economy in the Previous Two Decades?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92214",slug:"has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-decades-",totalDownloads:379,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Previous researchers have argued that yield curve contains information for future growth, and to a certain extent, was accurate in predicting recessions through the signal of yield curve inversion. This paper provides new evidence on the long- and short-run relationship between economic growth and yield spread in Malaysia, based on a 20-year span of data ranging from January 1996 to December 2016. By using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework, the sample data are divided into three samples after taking into consideration the two major crises occurred in Malaysia over the last two decades. We find strong evidence of cointegration between the yield spread and growth, concurring on the long-run and short-run dynamics between them. Though significant, the instability of the yield spread to affect the movement of growth does not support the priori expectation on the predictive ability of the yield curve in Malaysia.",signatures:"Maya Puspa Rahman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72452",authors:[{id:"316535",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maya Puspa",surname:"Rahman",slug:"maya-puspa-rahman",fullName:"Maya Puspa Rahman"}],corrections:[{id:"74511",title:"Corrigendum to: Has the Yield Curve Accurately Predicted the Malaysian Economy in the Previous Two Decades?",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-de",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"71646",title:"The Relationship between Economic Uncertainty and Firms’ Balance Sheet Strength",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91860",slug:"the-relationship-between-economic-uncertainty-and-firms-balance-sheet-strength",totalDownloads:486,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to elaborate on the relationship between economic uncertainty and balance sheet strength of nonfinancial firms in Turkish economy. In order to effectively measure the balance sheet strength, we make use of a multivariate indicator, namely, the Multivariate Firm Assessment Score (MFA Score), which is a composite index to gauge the credit risk of nonfinancial firms quoted in Borsa İstanbul. MFA scores are compared with some uncertainty indicators for the period of 2005–2019. Our results suggest that when the uncertainties in global or Turkish economy are high, we observe a significant causal relationship from uncertainty indicators to firms’ balance sheet strength. More specifically, economic uncertainties negatively affect firms’ balance sheet performance in such an environment. Moreover, different types of uncertainties such as trade policy uncertainty and consumer perceptions about the economy are found to have differential impacts on exporter and non-exporter firms.",signatures:"Mehmet Selman Çolak, İbrahim Ethem Güney and Yavuz Selim Hacıhasanoğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71646",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71646",authors:[{id:"316462",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mehmet Selman",surname:"Colak",slug:"mehmet-selman-colak",fullName:"Mehmet Selman Colak"},{id:"316463",title:"Dr.",name:"Yavuz Selim",surname:"Hacıhasanoğlu",slug:"yavuz-selim-hacihasanoglu",fullName:"Yavuz Selim Hacıhasanoğlu"},{id:"317027",title:"Dr.",name:"İbrahim",surname:"Ethem Güney",slug:"ibrahim-ethem-guney",fullName:"İbrahim Ethem Güney"}],corrections:null},{id:"72950",title:"A New Approach for Assessing Credit Risks under Uncertainty",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93285",slug:"a-new-approach-for-assessing-credit-risks-under-uncertainty",totalDownloads:369,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to introduce a new approach for an assessment of the credit risks. The initial part of the chapter is to briefly discuss the existing models of assessment of the credit risks and justify the need for a new approach. Since a new approach is created for conditions of uncertainty, we cannot do without fuzzy mathematics. The proposed approach is based on group decision-making, where experts’ opinions are expressed by trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The theoretical basis of the offered approach is laid out in the metric space of trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The new approach is introduced and discussed, and two realization algorithms are given. The toy example of application of the introduced approach is offered as well.",signatures:"Teimuraz Tsabadze",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72950",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72950",authors:[{id:"315326",title:"Prof.",name:"Teimuraz",surname:"Tsabadze",slug:"teimuraz-tsabadze",fullName:"Teimuraz Tsabadze"}],corrections:null},{id:"72459",title:"A Bipartite Graph-Based Recommender for Crowdfunding with Sparse Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92781",slug:"a-bipartite-graph-based-recommender-for-crowdfunding-with-sparse-data",totalDownloads:701,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is a common problem facing recommender to sparse data dealing, especially for crowdfunding recommendations. The collaborative filtering (CF) tends to recommend a user those items only connecting to similar users directly but fails to recommend the items with indirect actions to similar users. Therefore, CF performs poorly in the case of sparse data like Kickstarter. We propose a method of enabling indirect crowdfunding campaign recommendation based on bipartite graph. PersonalRank is applicable to calculate global similarity; as opposed to local similarity, for any node of the network, we use PersonalRank in an iterative manner to produce recommendation list where CF is invalid. Furthermore, we propose a bipartite graph-based CF model by combining CF and PersonalRank. The new model classifies nodes into one of the following two types: user nodes and campaign nodes. For any two types of nodes, the global similarity between them is calculated by PersonalRank. Finally, a recommendation list is generated for any node through CF algorithm. Experimental results show that the bipartite graph-based CF achieves better performance in recommendation for the extremely sparse data from crowdfunding campaigns.",signatures:"Hongwei Wang and Shiqin Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72459",authors:[{id:"318879",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",surname:"Wang",slug:"hongwei-wang",fullName:"Hongwei Wang"},{id:"321748",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiqin",surname:"Chen",slug:"shiqin-chen",fullName:"Shiqin Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"71543",title:"Crowdfunding: The Case of Italy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90940",slug:"crowdfunding-the-case-of-italy",totalDownloads:896,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Crowdfunding is a fundraising process from a large audience to launch a new venture or entrepreneurial project. It is mostly based on the use of Web and represents a unique category of fundraising, with different vehicles, processes and goals. It is very diffused in the global economic landscape and in Italy where a specific discipline for crowdfunding was introduced for the first time in Europe. The chapter, after a summary of the peculiarities, spread and regulation of crowdfunding, intends to analyze the characteristics of a platform operating on the Italian market (Produzioni dal Basso), highlighting its characteristics, strengths and weaknesses. The work also intends to carry out a simulation for the realization of a crowdfunding project by an Italian Foundation operating in the social sector of child and adolescent distress, to be implemented through the use of the same platform.",signatures:"Rosa Adamo, Domenica Federico, Mariantonietta Intonti, Simona Mele and Antonella Notte",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71543",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71543",authors:[{id:"314103",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mariantonietta",surname:"Intonti",slug:"mariantonietta-intonti",fullName:"Mariantonietta Intonti"},{id:"314104",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa",surname:"Adamo",slug:"rosa-adamo",fullName:"Rosa Adamo"},{id:"314105",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",surname:"Notte",slug:"antonella-notte",fullName:"Antonella Notte"},{id:"314106",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenica",surname:"Federico",slug:"domenica-federico",fullName:"Domenica Federico"},{id:"314107",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",surname:"Mele",slug:"simona-mele",fullName:"Simona Mele"}],corrections:null},{id:"73027",title:"Sales and Conformity of Goods: A Legal Discourse",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93035",slug:"sales-and-conformity-of-goods-a-legal-discourse",totalDownloads:574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is primarily concerned with the fact that the concept of conformity is dynamic and amorphous as it is recognised as an impetus to economic development and plays a major role in matters of sale of goods within an economy. In making an assessment of the seller’s duty of conformity to a contract of sale of goods as governed by the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law, this study argues that the concept of conformity is limited rather than broad that should appropriately encapsulate the physical and non-physical things that could form the object of a contract of sale. It therefore explores other aspects that could be considered as part of the ‘goods’ for the purposes of the conformance duty in establishing the limits of the seller’s liability. Thus, adopting an empirical and in-depth analysis of primary and secondary data, this study therefore holds that the question of conformity of goods can conveniently be addressed from a number of different angles: contract law, consumer patterns, local and international standards, and the principles of caveat venditor and caveat emptor.",signatures:"Djieufack Roland",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73027",authors:[{id:"316005",title:"Dr.",name:"Djieufack",surname:"Roland",slug:"djieufack-roland",fullName:"Djieufack Roland"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7598",title:"Public Economics and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b645dfde587a3aa6ff00d5a2e5f8af33",slug:"public-economics-and-finance",bookSignature:"Bernur Açıkgöz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7598.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43498",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernur",surname:"Açıkgöz",slug:"bernur-acikgoz",fullName:"Bernur Açıkgöz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8644",title:"Accounting and Finance",subtitle:"New Perspectives on Banking, Financial Statements and Reporting",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05150c3d097ed7178a67213166db89b6",slug:"accounting-and-finance-new-perspectives-on-banking-financial-statements-and-reporting",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Can Öztürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"280253",title:"Dr.",name:"Can",middleName:null,surname:"Ozturk",slug:"can-ozturk",fullName:"Can Ozturk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280253/images/system/280253.jpg",biography:"Dr. Can Öztürk is an associate professor of financial, international and comparative accounting at the Department of Management, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey. 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Topics include also lessons learned from natural and man-made disasters, crisis communication, information systems in crisis management, civil protection and economics in crisis management. 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Since 2014 she has been appointed Vice – dean for International Relations and Marketing on Faculty of Security Engineering. Her research is mainly focused on the area of Major Industrial Accidents Prevention (Risk Assessment and Treatment) and Crisis Management cycle phases where she has already implemented semi – quantitative and quantitative methods for risks assessment developed within R&D projects. This Complex model for risk assessment is now being used by several companies in Slovak Republic by creation of documentation on safety. She has published more than 82 research papers and 7 books in Slovak and English language. She has delivered special invite presentation on Northumbria University in Newcastle, University of Cardiff and University of Economics in Prague. She obtained specialized skills in the area of Major Industrial Accidents Prevention (Seveso III directive - specialist), Transport of Dangerous Goods (safety advisor) and Health and Safety at Work issues (safety advisor for companies). She has participated in 7FP projects (e.g.COBACORE) and attended several scientific conferences (in Tokyo, USA, Korea and other EU member states).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Žilina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"224458",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Ristvej",slug:"jozef-ristvej",fullName:"Jozef Ristvej",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224458/images/6174_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jozef Ristvej gained his PhD. in 2007 at the University of Zilina, Slovakia – the EU, in Crisis Management. Since that time he received postdoctoral position as the Assistant Professor and in 2014 after successful habilitation he has received position as Associate Professor at the Department of Crisis Management, Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Zilina. Since October 2014 is on the position of Vice-Rector for International Relations and Marketing at the university. In 2007 he participated in ISCRAM Crisis Management Summer School for PhD. students. In 2010 received the visiting scholar grant of Ruth Crawford Mitchell to the Center for Disaster Management at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh. In his work he is focusing on supporting the information systems in the area of the decision making process in crisis management. For the year of 2012 was selected by the European Commission as Erasmus Staff Ambassador - 25th anniversary of the Erasmus Programme. He is a member of editorial board of the Infotechnology journal in Lithuania, in 2012 was member of ISCRAM 2012 Conference organizing committee. He is an author of several papers in Europe and abroad. He is a member of several scientific project teams as well as of the ISCRAM Association in Brussels (Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management) and the Society for Science and the Public, in Washington D.C.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"224472",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Titko",slug:"michal-titko",fullName:"Michal Titko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224472/images/6173_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Michal Titko graduated from the Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Zilina, where he also completed his PhD study in the field of Crisis Management. Currently, he is a professor assistant at Department of Crisis Management at the Faculty of Security Engineering. His research is focused on crisis planning, assessment of the critical infrastructure elements vulnerability and assessment of the societal resilience and vulnerability to the impacts of disasters. Vulnerability and resilience assessment of the society was his main task within the FP7 project (RAIN – Risk Analysis of Network Infrastructure in response to Extreme Weather). In addition, he was a co-investigator of another FP7 project (COBACORE – Community Based Comprehensive Recovery) and a co-investigator of several national projects. 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A cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) is a biological characteristic or behaviour that increases the possibility of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (1). The concept of risk factors first appeared some fifty years ago with the publication of the Framingham Study (2). Since that time, advances in the field of epidemiology have made large scale clinical studies possible and have led to the identification of a series of cardiovascular disease risk factors that induce the formation of atheromatous plaques. The establishment of a specific biological characteristic, environmental factor or habit as a CRF requires: a standardised methodology; concordant prospective studies; an added effect when various risk factors concur in an individual; and, that the modification of the factor (in the case that the factor is modifiable) results in a diminution of the risk (3).
\n\t\t\tHistorically, there has been clear evidence of a series of ‘traditional’ CRFs (Table 1), such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, nicotine poisoning, sedentarism, etc. which have been used in the stratification of individual risk (4). In the recent past, a number of important studies have proposed the inclusion of new or ‘emergent’ CRFs in the evaluation and stratification of cardiovascular risk and this has implications for preventive and therapeutic strategies.
\n\t\t\tNumerous documents and reports that include recommendations for the prevention of CVD and control of the main cardiovascular risk factors have been published by national and international scientific institutions and organisations (from the USA, Europe (5) etc.). Following the latest recommendations of the world renowned National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (4), Table 1 lists the most significant \'traditional\' CRFs whilst Table 2 shows the ‘emergent’ factors. Some of the ‘new’ factors have been recognised for decades though they have been subject to debate and controversy, and consensus has not been reached on their inclusion in cardiovascular risk evaluation.
\n\t\t\tThe NCEP Panel III identifies three classes of CRFs that influence the possibilities of suffering CVD, although only the first two are relevant to the modification of treatment objectives: major CRFs, factors linked to lifestyles and emergent risk factors.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Age and sex (men ≥ 45 years old, women ≥ 55 years old) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Nicotine poisoning | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Arterial hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg or undergoing antihypertensive treatment) | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Increase LDL cholesterol | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Fall in HDL cholesterol (< 40 mg/dl)* | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Family history of premature coronary heart disease Male first degree relatives < 55 years Female first degree relatives < 65 years | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Diabetes mellitus** | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Lifestyle (overweight/obesity, sedentarism, atherogenic diet)*** | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | * Adapted from Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program (4). *If HDL cholesterol is ≥ 60 mg/dl, it is considered as a ‘negative’ risk factor”. **Diabetes mellitus carries a risk equivalent to a secondary prevention situation. ***These factors are not computed in the algorithms for stratification of risk. AP: arterial pressure; LDL: low density lipoproteins; HDL: high density lipoproteins. | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Major (‘traditional’) cardiovascular risk factors, (4).
Panel III recognises that, in addition to the main CRFs, CVD is influenced by the presence of other factors which modification can have a positive effect on some of the major CRFs and reduce risk; these therefore represent direct treatment objectives. These factors act through other intermediate elements or worsen independent risk factors such as, obesity, sedentarism, a family history of premature CVD, psychosocial conditions or being male. Although they do not figure in algorithm calculations on the stratification of risk (6), two of them, obesity and sedentarism, are considered as causal CRFs by the American Heart Association.
\n\t\tHypercholesterolemia is one of the main cardiovascular risk factors that are modifiable. The
The three main classes of lipoproteins are: Low-density lipoproteins (LDL); High-density lipoproteins (HDL); and Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). There is another class of lipoproteins known as Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) that is between VLDL and LDL, though in clinical practice, it is included in the LDL category.
\n\t\t\t\tWith the exception of HDLs, that play a role in reverse cholesterol transport and therefore exercise a vasoprotector action, lipid particles are more atherogenic the more cholesterol that they transport. Chylomicrons carry such a small quantity of cholesterol that their increase in hyperchylomicronemia (Type I dyslipidemia) is not associated with atherosclerosis lesions. In contrast, with the accumulation of VLDLs, a fifth of which are made up of cholesterol, an increase in atherogenesis is observed. Given that LDLs are particles with a higher level of cholesterol, they are the main cause of atherogenesis when they are in excess.
\n\t\t\t\tAlthough LDLs receive most attention in clinical management, there is a growing body of evidence that indicates that VLDLs play an important role in atherogenesis.
\n\t\t\t\tLevels of HDL cholesterol are inversely related with the risk of CVD; they seem to play a protective role against the onset of atherosclerosis as they capture free cholesterol from the peripheric tissues such as the cells of the vascular wall. This cholesterol is transformed into cholesterol esters, a part of which is transferred to the VLDLs by the cholesterol esters transfer proteins (CETP) and returned to the liver by IDLs and LDLs and another part is transferred directly to the liver by the HDL particles. The liver reuses the cholesterol for the synthesis of VLDLs, for the synthesis of bile salts or excretes it directly into the bile. Therefore, HDLs tend to reduce cholesterol levels.
\n\t\t\tHypertension is a principal and independent CRF, but its damaging effect is increased when associated with other coronary risk factors such as smoking, diabetes and dyslipidemia. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure defines hypertension as a systolic arterial pressure of ≥140mmHg or diastolic ≥90mmHg or the need for antihypertensive treatment (8). A number of studies, for example the Framingham study, have demonstrated an increase in total mortality and cardiovascular risk in cases of increased levels of arterial pressure (diastolic and systolic), with a continuous and gradual relationship (9,10,11). The association applies to men and women, young and old alike.
\n\t\t\t\tSmoking
\n\t\t\t\tSmoking contributes clearly to CVD. The relationship between smoking and the risk of CVD is dose dependent and affects men and women equally. Observational studies suggest that stopping smoking leads to a substantial reduction of the risk of a cardiovascular event.
\n\t\t\t\tDiabetes
\n\t\t\t\tDiabetes is defined as the presence of a level of glucose, on an empty stomach, more than, or equal to, 126 mg/dL (12). The risk of cardiovascular disease is significantly increased for sufferers of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 (13). The increase of risk attributed to hyperglycaemia is independent of other risk factors such as obesity, overweight or dyslipidemia that are often observed in diabetics.
\n\t\t\t\t80% of diabetes mellitus patient mortality is caused by complications associated with atherosclerosis with ischemic heart disease being responsible in 75% of cases (14). In addition, the risk of acute myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients with no previous history of myocardial infarction is similar to non-diabetics who have previously suffered a heart attack (15).
\n\t\t\t\tAlthough it is probable that strict control of diabetes reduces micro-vascular disorders and other complications such as renal disease and retinopathies, statistics relative to the effects of glycemic control on coronary episodes are uncertain. Diabetics often present dyslipidemia, characterised by moderate hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia with low concentrations of HDL cholesterol that involve increased cardiovascular risk. This is frequently associated with central obesity, hyperinsulinism and AHT. Therefore, the association of numerous CRFs explains why many individuals already exhibit disorders when they are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.
\n\t\t\tTraditional factors can strongly predict the risk of cardiovascular disease but not completely (16). Thus, recently new biomarkers have emerged, although their predictive value still needs to be validated in multiple cohorts and different populations.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Lipid Risk Factors | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Total cholesterol quotient/HDL cholesterol | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Apolipoproteins | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | HDL subclasses | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Triglycerides | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | “Small and dense” LDL particles | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Residual or remnant lipoproteins | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Non-lipid Risk Factors | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Markers of inflammation | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Homocysteinaemia | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Impaired fasting glycaemia | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | Thrombogenic / hemostatic factors | \n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t | LDL: Low-density lipoproteins; HDL: High-density lipoproteins | \n\t\t\t\t\t
Emergent cardiovascular risk factors
Apolipoprotein A
\n\t\t\t\tA apolipoproteins are a group of proteins that are variably distributed among different lipoproteins. Apo A-I is the most abundant apolipoprotein in plasma and is nearly 90% of the HDL and 60-70% of the protein fraction of the sub-fractions HDL2 and HDL3, respectively. Apo A-I is initially synthesised in the liver and intestine as a protein precursor which is degraded to its mature form in plasma; it is a simple polypeptide chain that contains 243 amino acids. This protein participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol. The apolipoprotein apo A-II is the second highest concentration protein component of HDL, although it is absent in the HDL2 sub-fraction and plasma levels do not correlate with HDL-cholesterol levels.
\n\t\t\t\tThe measurement of the concentration of apo A-I in serum perfectly reproduces the predictive value of coronary disease of the concentration of HDL in serum. Nevertheless, this correlation is not valid in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, in which the fraction of HDL is enriched with triglycerides and cholesterol is almost absent.
\n\t\t\t\tApolipoprotein B
\n\t\t\t\tB apolipoprotein is a protein of great molecular weight, present in chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL lipoproteins. There are two molecular forms in plasma, apo B-100 (apo B) and apo B-48. Apo B is a unique polypeptide chain of 4536 amino acids (one of the biggest plasma proteins), synthesised in the liver and secreted in VLDLs. It is quantitatively maintained during the conversion of VLDL to IDL until LDL, of which it is the only protein component, and for this reason, levels of apo B are correlated with levels of these lipoproteins. Studies have established the relationship between B concentrations in serum and cardiovascular risk (17,18,19).
\n\t\t\t\tGiven that each particle of VLDL, IDL and LDL only contains one apo B molecule, its concentration in serum reflects the risk associated with all these atherogenic particles. Although considered as a risk factor by the NCEP, its determination is not recommended in clinical practice, due to the unavailability of clinical guides or risk stratification algorithms based on its concentration, although it can be useful in some situations.
\n\t\t\t\tNevertheless, from an experimental point of view, it can offer important additional information. The concentration of apo B in serum provides data on the number of particles, especially LDL particles, as they contain approximately 90% of total circulating apo B. It has been suggested that a LDL/ decreased apo B relationship is an indicator of the predominance of small and dense LDL particles (20).
\n\t\t\t\tThe estimation of LDL cholesterol using the Friedewald formula is inexact when levels of triglycerides are higher than 300mg/dL and, if no validated direct method or ultracentrifugation is available, the concentration of apo B can be used as an alternative for the stratification of risk and the setting of therapeutic objectives (21). A modification of the Friedewald formula has been described for the calculation of LDL cholesterol that includes apo B. The LDL cholesterol obtained in this way has been shown to be more independent of hypertriglyceridemia than calculations made with the Friedewald formula (22).
\n\t\t\t\tThe results of some studies have shown that the relationship between apo B/apo A-I is better for evaluating cardiovascular risk than the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol relationship or LDL cholesterol/HDL (23,24). The number of particles and, in particular, the balance between them, that is to say, the apo B/apo A-I relationship, may be more important than the lipid quantity carried by each particle.
\n\t\t\tIn spite of the evidence put forward by some epidemiological studies on the relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and the incidence of CVD (25,26), the results of other, more recent, multivariate works do not allow the definitive classification of triglycerides as an independent CRF (4). This is due to the close relationship between increased levels of triglycerides and other lipid CRFs (the presence of residual lipoproteins or remnants of VLDLs and chylomicrons in plasma, the predominance of ‘small and dense’ particles of LDL in plasma or decreased plasma concentration of HDL cholesterol), non-lipid CRFs (hypertension) and emergent CRFs (glucose intolerance, prothrombotic state). The NCEP Panel III states that increases in levels of triglycerides (>200mg/dL) are associated with a higher risk of CVD. It is also commonly associated with other lipid and non-lipid risk factors and indicates that therapeutic objectives should be based on lifestyle changes (loss of weight, physical exercise, stopping smoking).
\n\t\t\tIn recent years, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) has attracted enormous interest as a cardiovascular risk factor (27,28). Lp(a) is a spherical lipoprotein, rich in cholesterol esters and phospholipids, it has a composition that is similar to LDL and contains a specific glycoprotein, apolipoprotein (a), linked by a disulphide bridge to the apolipoprotein B-100. In addition, it has great structural homology to the plasminogen fibrinolytic proenzyme (Figure 1) (29).
\n\t\t\t\tA variety of mechanisms that may explain the relationship between lp(a) and cardiovascular disease have been described in published works. Firstly, it is argued that as lp(a) is an LDL particle it plays a role in the initiation, progression and possible rupture of the atheromatous plaque. Secondly, it is suggested that this particle competes with the plasminogen particle and inhibits thrombolytic activity (30). Finally, cell line studies with rats have shown that lipoprotein (a) inhibits NO synthesis (31).
\n\t\t\t\tStructure of lipoprotein (a).
Although an increase in the plasma concentration of lp(a) implies a higher risk of CVD, mainly in individuals at greater global risk (32), the principal consensus documents, such as the NCEP Panel III and the latest European STORE project proposal, do not include it among cardiovascular risk factors that are computable for the evaluation of overall risk. This is due to the fact that some studies do not corroborate independent prediction, based on lp(a) levels, of suffering CVD (33,34) and there is no evidence that elimination benefits the patient (35).
\n\t\t\tThe inflammatory process characterises all phases of atherothrombotic development. There are many studies that relate a variety of elements that intervene in the inflammatory process with the risk of CVD. These elements include: the intercellular-1 adhesion molecule (ICAM-1); the vascular-1 adhesion molecule (VCAM-1); E-selectin; P-selectin; proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleucine-6 (IL-6), and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). All of the aforementioned have been shown to be predictors of CRFs (36). In clinical practice, difficulties in determining these markers and the short half-life of these molecules in circulatory blood mean that it is not possible to include them in the daily clinical routine. Of the other markers of inflammation that have been suggested, such as, serum amyloid A, the leukocyte count, fibrinogen, nitrotyrosine, myeloperoxidase and c-reactive protein (CRP), only the latter has been consolidated as a candidate due to its stability, analysis precision and accessibility (37). The AHA (American Heart Association) and CDC (Centers for Disease Control) say that of all the markers of inflammation, only ultra-sensitive CRP (US-CRP) has the characteristics necessary for use in clinical practice (38).
\n\t\t\t\tUltra-sensitive CRP (US-CRP) is currently the best characterised inflammation biomarker and has been established as a potential marker of cardiovascular risk. US-CRP in plasma is a firm candidate for use in clinical practice as it is considered as an independent predictor of coronary illness for the general population, for both sexes and for patients that have already presented clinical manifestations of CVD (36,37). However, sufficient evidence that reducing CRP levels prevents CHD events is lacking (16, 39).
\n\t\t\t\tCRP is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins which are characterised by having a pentameric structure and radial symmetry, formed by five protomers of 24 kD and 206 amino acids that are linked among themselves by non covalent bonds and have the capacity to bond to a great variety of substances, such as, phosphocholine, fibronectin, chromatin, histones and ribonucleoproteins (40).
\n\t\t\t\tThe differentiation of monocytes and macrophages, that takes place during atherosclerotic process, frees proinflammatory molecules that include interleukin-6 (IL-6) which activates, in the liver, the liberation of inflammation markers like CRP. High levels (>10 mg/dl) are registered in bacterial infections though ultra-sensitive analysis can detect very low levels (0-3 mg/dl) that are associated with the atherosclerotic process. Their half-life is more than 24 hours and their blood levels are not altered by diet.
\n\t\t\tIn the last decade, numerous studies have been published that relate increases homocysteinaemia (Hcy) to CVD (41-45). Nevertheless, the mechanism that controls this relationship is not completely understood. Homocysteine has a direct cytotoxic effect on endothelial cells in cultivation. An alteration in endothelial function has been observed, evaluated by echo-Doppler, in individuals with moderate hyperhomocysteinaemia and improvements have been noted on reducing the concentration of homocysteine by means of folic acid treatment. It should be remembered that levels of plasma homocysteine are related to levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid (46).
\n\t\t\t\tHomocysteine can promote LDL oxidation through the production of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and studies have described the promotion of the multiplication of smooth muscle cells and a reduction in DNA synthesis in endothelial cells. A large number of prospective and retrospective studies support the hypothesis that an excess of plasma homocysteine is associated with a higher risk of coronary illness, peripheral and cerebrovascular disease (44,47-49).
\n\t\t\tThe relationship established between a high concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and endothelial dysfunction and the possible relationship between high ADMA values and the incidence of cardiovascular accidents, has led a number of research groups to study the association between high ADMA and death by any cause.
\n\t\t\t\tSome studies indicate that ADMA plasma levels may predict the risk of cardiovascular events. In 2001, Valkonen
Zoccali et al. (52) showed that in haemodialysis patients, ADMA plasma levels are an independent predictor of mortality and cardiovascular risk. In their multivariate study, only ADMA and age were significantly predictive, independent of the incidence of cardiovascular episodes (such as chest angina and heart attack) and death by any cause. Patients whose concentration of plasma ADMA was above the percentile 75, had three times more risk of suffering a cardiovascular episode than patients whose initial ADMA levels were lower than the average.
\n\t\t\t\tThere are currently a number of case studies, controls and prospective clinical trials taking place with a variety of patient populations that are aimed at gaining greater understanding of the role of ADMA as an independent risk factor for CVD and mortality. The data generated by these studies will help in determining the significance of ADMA as a risk factor and explore its diagnostic importance in different illnesses and diseases.
\n\t\t\tThere is much research on the effect of physical activity on the alteration of risk factors associated with heart disease. The most beneficial effect of exercise is on the level of oxidative metabolism which influences levels of lipids in the blood. Aerobic exercise reduces levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol and may increase levels of HDLs, especially if accompanied by weight loss. Although reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol generated by physical exercise seem to be relatively small (in general, they are less than 10%), there are important increases in HDL cholesterol and significant reductions in triglycerides. Transversal studies with trained athletes and non-trained subjects unequivocally demonstrate that individuals with higher levels of aerobic activity have higher HDL levels and lower levels of triglycerides (53), even after a single session of exercise (54). Nevertheless, results from longitudinal studies, over relatively long periods of time, are much less clear. Many studies on physical exercise have described an increase in HDL and a reduction in triglycerides (53,55), but others have described very small changes or no changes at all. However, almost all studies have shown that proportions of LDL/HDL and total cholesterol/HDL fall after endurance training and this means less cardiovascular risk
\n\t\t\tThere are reliable data that demonstrate the effectiveness of physical exercise on the reduction in blood pressure in patients with mild or moderate hypertension. Endurance training can reduce systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) by approximately 10 mmHg in individuals with moderate essential hypertension.
\n\t\t\tWith regards to the other traditional cardiovascular risk factors, physical exercise can play a role in the reduction and control of weight and in the control of diabetes. Exercise has also been shown to be effective in the control and reduction of stress and anxiety (56).
\n\t\t\tWhilst the effect of exercise on ‘traditional’ CRFs is well documented, the effect of exercise on ‘emergent’ CRFs has not been studied in depth and results are not well known. It must not be forgotten that is very important the change in the volume of blood that affects plasma concentrations, independently of changes in total lipids, both in terms of lipids and the other biochemical parameters expressed as a concentration, for the evaluation of changes engendered by physical exercise. The failure to correctly take this factor into account could explain some of the controversies concerning studies on CRFs and physical exercise.
\n\t\t\tThe beneficial effects of exercise, leading to the reduction of levels of apolipoprotein B, have been widely reported, but this has not been the case with the relationship between exercise and levels of apolipoprotein A-I (57,58). Some authors have found that long-term, regular physical exercise does not seem to modify levels of apolipoproteins in comparison with sedentary groups (59). There is relatively little information available on levels of lipoprotein (a) in young people although some studies have confirmed a favourable relationship between regular physical exercise and levels of lipoprotein (a) (57,59), whilst others found no difference in lipoprotein (a) concentration between healthy sedentary individuals and professional endurance athletes (60).
\n\t\t\tThe previously mentioned studies have been undertaken by different authors with different population groups and there are no published works that, at the same time, analyse the influence of intense physical exercise and the influence of continuous physical exercise (training) on levels of apolipoproteins A-I, B and lipoproteins (a), in the same population group.
\n\t\t\tThe beneficial effects of physical exercise also seem to be related to the effect on the inflammatory process. In the short term, intense physical exercise produces a transitory inflammatory response which is reflected in an increase in acute phase reactants and cytokines that is proportional to the amount of exercise and muscle damage. Nevertheless, regular physical activity (training) is associated with a chronic anti-inflammatory response that influences levels of acute phase reactants such as ultra-sensitive CRP and also affects lipids and lipoproteins (61-64). However, Sadepghipour
Some factors (BMI, the sex of the subject, the moment when the post-exercise sample is taken, diet, etc.), can have an influence on the values measured of ultra-sensitive CRP in response to physical exercise (62). Another issue that must be taken into account is that many studies that have examined the effects of intense physical exercise on levels of ultra-sensitive CRP have not made a concentration correction in accordance with the changes in plasma volume after exercise (62). Results should be individually corrected according to the post-exercise levels of hemoconcentration or hemodilution (66).
\n\t\t\tWith regards to homocysteine, studies with large population groups have shown that regular physical exercise can reduce homocysteine plasma levels (47,67,68). However, other studies have concluded that intense physical exercise increases levels of Hcy (69,70). More recent studies, undertaken by our work group (71), demonstrate increased plasma homocysteine levels, both in total and reduced, after intense exercise. This increase is independent of the type of exercise and the vitamin levels but could be related to changes in renal function (71). The mechanism of this effect is not clearly understood though a study on alterations in the redox state of the homocysteine might lead to the comprehension of the underlying process. Furthermore, a study on its relationship with plasma concentrations of NO, ADMA and their proximate metabolites might lead to an understanding of how intense physical exercise produces an increase in levels of homocysteine, as long as regular, moderate physical exercise (training) seems to be a beneficial modulator of homocysteine. Also related to homocysteine, is the proven fact that regular physical exercise produces a series of beneficial effects on oxidative metabolism which result in less oxidative stress and a greater defensive capacity against oxidative damage; this is caused by the increase in activity of endogenous antioxidant systems and the greater resistance of the LDL particles to oxidation (71,72). All this signifies a reduction in oxidised LDL levels and systematic markers of inflammation, as explained by Arquer
In spite of the fact that the role of ADMA as a cardiovascular risk marker is reflected in an increasing number of clinical studies and scientific publications, very few studies have looked at the effect of intense or sustained (training) physical exercise on ADMA plasma levels, with contradictory results. While Schlager et al., in 2011, found that supervised exercise training, twice a week during six months, in peripheral arterial disease patients decreases ADMA (73), Seljeflot et al., in 2011, observed no effect of 4 weeks of exercise training in ADMA concentration in patients with chronic heart failure, speculating that the duration of the exercise protocol could be insufficient to find any effects of exercise into significant changes in ADMA (74).
\n\t\t\tIt is therefore recommended that studies should be undertaken on the effect of intense and sustained (training) physical exercise on emergent cardiovascular risk factors, especially on homocysteine and ADMA.
\n\t\tThe authors have no conflicts of interest
\n\t\tThis work has been made possible by the support of the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Carlos III Institute of Health, F.I.S. (PI020665)
\n\t\tUniversity research and teaching reactors are fundamentally intended to help prepare nuclear engineering and other students for entry into the nuclear workforce. They introduce students to the disciplined, structured environment of operating a reactor licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). They also offer students hands-on experience, provide opportunities to demonstrate the operation of reactors and a variety of the traditional applications of reactors such as neutron activation, and introduce them to the application of nuclear instrumentation, applied principles of health physics, and more. They can be useful to a wide range of people beyond university nuclear engineering students, including those from National Laboratories, utilities, regulators, and others.
The Idaho State University Aerojet General Nucleonics (AGN) model 201 nuclear reactor is an example of a very safe, low-power, solid-core reactor designed with students and teaching in mind. It was developed in the late 1950’s by AGN to satisfy the need of university nuclear engineering departments for a relatively inexpensive, safe, flexible and available reactor with a long design life. The AGN-201’s safety results from,
The small teaching reactors generally preceded the higher-power reactors at universities. As the university’s interest moved to the higher-power reactors, reactors like the AGN-201 s fell into disuse and most were decommissioned. Recently however, there has been a renewed interest in the utility of AGN-201 nuclear reactors [2]. In addition to discussing the potential uses for the AGN-201, this chapter includes discussions of the challenges of replacing obsolete components to facilitate continued operation. To address this issue, Idaho State University teamed with members of the community whose expertise in project management, instrumentation and control, licensing and other subjects complemented the university’s expertise and resources.
A nuclear reactor is an example of the integrated operation of many systems to support the operation of a nuclear core. Simple reactors can be excellent examples of the integrated operation of the core, nuclear instrument systems, the reactor operator or ‘human in the loop’ and control rods and their controls. Although the AGN-201 is a simple reactor, it can be used to measure the operation of the core and understand and gain insight into its operation. It is intended to support teaching, training and research in a wide variety of subjects. For example, human/machine interface studies could even be conducted with the operator to test novel display concepts.
The AGN-201 has a variety of attractive design features. The reactor has direct access to the core via the so-called ‘glory hole’ that runs horizontally through the reactor center. It also has a graphite thermal neutron column at the top of the reactor and beam ports in the radial portion of the graphite reflector. The core is enriched to a nominal 19.5% and given the reactor’s low power, the core should essentially never require replacement [1]. The reactor has extremely low background neutron and gamma flux levels that along with the reactor’s unusually sensitive nuclear instrument systems, facilitate a wide range of measurements including some that might not be possible in other reactors. For example, it is possible to observe individual chains of fissions when the core is just barely subcritical and flux has been allowed to decay to very low levels thus allowing measurement of the prompt neutron decay constant using Rossi’s-α method [3]. Neutron flux near the allowed maximum power level is high enough to usefully activate foils and illustrate reactor physics principles but too low to result in the accumulation of large amounts of fission products.
The AGN-201 provides and supports a number of potential opportunities for demonstrations and tests that complement the theory from the classroom, research and problem solving. A wide range of demonstrations and tests can introduce students to the instrumentation and activities that are conducted by reactor engineers and reactor operators at higher-powered test and research reactors and commercial power reactors. This knowledge can help an instrumentation and control designer or engineer to produce circuits that are more forgiving of noise and to help a technician to differentiate between electronic noise and normal operation of the detector channel and be more successful in reducing noise.
The AGN-201 nuclear reactor is a solid-core reactor with no active cooling system. The core is constructed of nine 25.6-cm diameter fuel disks (see Figure 1). Four of the disks are 4-cm thick, three of the disks are 2-cm thick and two of the disks are 1-cm thick. Each 4-cm thick fuel disk contains 96 g of 235U, each 2-cm thick fuel disk contains 58 g of 235U, and each 1-ck thick fuel disk contains 29 g of 235U. The overall core height is 24 cm. A graphite reflector surrounds the core both radially and axially. The graphite reflector is 20-cm thick and has a density of 1.75 g/cm3. The reactor fuel consists of slightly less than 20 wt. % enriched uranium. The uranium is in the form of 15-micron diameter particles of UO2. The UO2 particles are pressed with 100-micron diameter polyethylene particles. The density of 235U in the UO2-polyethelyene fuel is 61 mg/cm3 and the overall uranium density in the fuel is 305 mg/cm3. The mass ratio of uranium to polyethylene is 1:3.16. The approximate critical mass of the AGN-201 reactor is 665 g 235U [1].
AGN-201 reactor core, reflector, and control rods [
The reactor uses a total of four control rods; two safety rods, one adjustable coarse rod, and one adjustable fine rod. The control rods are made from the same UO2-polyethyelene fuel as the core. To ensure safety, the fueled control rods enter the core from the bottom (see Figure 1) so that gravity, along with compressed springs, ensure rapid removal upon reactor SCRAM. The bottom four fuel disks as well as the lower reflector have holes drilled through them to accommodate the control rods.
In addition to the control rods, the AGN-201 reactor is equipped with a thermal fuse as an ultimate reactor safety shutdown device. The thermal fuse is located just below the core center line (see Figure 1). The fuse is similar in construction to the reactor fuel with two key differences. First, rather than polyethylene, the fuse uses polystyrene. Second, the density of uranium in the fuse material is double the value used in the fuel. The two differences coupled with the location of the fuse results in maximizing the fission rate in the fuse compared to all other locations in the core. In the event of a runaway power transient, heat will be generated in the thermal fuse at a greater rate than any other location in the core. As the fuse temperature rises, it will tend to soften when it reaches 100°C and will melt before any the reactor fuel reaches its melting point of 200°C. The AGN-201 reactor design has the lower portion of the core and reflector held in place by the thermal fuse. In the event of the thermal fuse melting, the lower portion of the core and reflector will move downward approximately 5 cm compared to the upper portion of the core which is stationary since it is supported separate from the thermal fuse. The net result will be a dramatic increase in neutron leakage which will terminate the transient. It must be noted that the thermal fuse is a single use safety device.
The reactor core and a portion of the reflector are contained within a gas tight core tank. The core tank is then located within the remainder of the graphite reflector (see Figure 2). Surrounding the graphite reflector is a 10-cm thick lead shield. The lead shield is primarily used for gamma ray shielding. The reactor core, reflector, and lead shielding are located within the reactor tank. A graphite thermal column is located on the top lead shielding to support experiments and measurements involving thermalized neutrons. The reactor tank is then located within a 200-cm diameter water filled tank. The radial thickness of the water is approximately 55 cm. The water filled tank is used to absorb neutrons that escape from the core.
Reactor tank assembly [
To provide access for experiments, a 2.54-cm diameter hole traverses the reactor tank, lead shielding, graphite reflector, and reactor fuel. The hole through the center of the reactor core is commonly referred to as the “glory hole”. The glory hole aluminum pipe ensures the core, reflector, lead shield, and water remain properly sealed. When not in use, the glory hole is typically open to the air atmosphere. When starting the reactor, a neutron source is placed in the glory hole and when the reactor is shut down and not in use, a cadmium neutron absorber is placed in the glory hole to ensure reactor startup cannot occur. In addition to the glory hole, there are four access ports located in the graphite reflector (see Figure 2). The access ports are 10.16 cm in diameter and penetrate through the reactor tank, lead shielding and graphite reflector. When not in use, the access ports are typically filled with graphite, lead, and wood (to simulate water).
The reactor radial thermal flux profile is provided in Figure 3. The flux profile shows a general Bessel function trend in the core region followed by an exponential drop in the reflector, lead, and water regions. It should be noted that, unlike water reflected thermal reactors, the AGN-201 reactor does not experience an increase in the thermal neutron flux as neutrons enter the reflector. This is primarily due to the difference in neutron scattering properties of water compared to graphite. The flux profile plot demonstrates the effectiveness of the neutron shielding associated with the water shielding tank. The thermal neutron flux at the outer edge of the shielding tank is four orders of magnitude lower than at the center of the reactor.
Reactor radial flux profile [
Reactivity control is carried out using four control rods. Two safety rods, each with a reactivity worth of 1.25% Δk/k ($1.68), are operated in a binary fashion. When starting the reactor, the safety rods are driven fully into the core. No intermediate stopping locations are used for the safety rods. When the reactor is SCRAMed, the safety rods are completely removed form the core. The removal mechanism relies on both gravity as well as compressed springs. A single coarse control rod with a reactivity worth identical to the safety rods (1.25% Δk/k ($1.68)) is raised into the core region during reactor startup. Typically, the coarse control rod is driven to its maximum insertion location, although there are scenarios where the coarse control rod is stopped short of the maximum insertion location. Similar to the safety rods, upon reactor SCRAM, the adjustable coarse control rod is rapidly ejected from the core by relying upon gravity and compressed springs. Finally, the fine control rod has a reactivity worth of 0.31% Δk/k ($0.42). The fine control rod is typically driven into the reactor until criticality occurs. Adjustments in the coarse control rod and the fine control rod can then be made to adjust the desired reactor power. Unlike the safety rods and the coarse control rod, the fine control rod is not rapidly ejected from the core when the reactor is SCRAMed. Rather, the fine control rod is driven out of the core at the same rate that it can be driven into the core.
Three monitoring channels are used in the ISU AGN-201 reactor. The three monitoring channel detectors are located within the water filled reactor tank as shown in Figure 4. The AGN-201’s nuclear instrumentation consists of three different nuclear instrument channels and offer students the opportunity to understand the functions performed by separate portions of the circuit as the incoming signal is processed. Students can study the nuclear instrument channels in a laboratory and then observe them at the reactor.
Reactor assembly plan view [
The three channels are comprised of commercial-grade components. They are more accessible than power plant channels to students and others who wish to study them and their operation over a wide range of neutron flux at an actual reactor. Students can study the instrument systems and their theory and design, and then observe the systems in operation at a wide range of neutron flux. Analog and digital designs of nuclear instrument systems, with a variety of neutron detectors, can be evaluated by using the AGN-201. The AGN-201’s nuclear instrumentation consist of the three commonly-found types of nuclear instrument channels that follow the same operating approaches and perform the same functions as the nuclear instrument channels typically found in most reactors. Each channel has a unique but complementary principle of operation. Together, they provide the reactor operators and others with indications of reactor power and the rate of change in power over the entire operating range. Of course they also supply signals for reactor trips.
Channel 1 is the startup, source range, channel and uses a BF3 filled proportional counter. The source range channel illustrates a standard approach that allows the source range channel to display a very low neutron flux in the presence of significant gamma radiation. A proportional-type BF3 neutron detector produces pulses when gamma radiation and neutrons interact with the BF3 that fills the detector. The pulses are amplified and shaped, the lower-amplitude pulses due to gamma interactions within the detector are rejected while the remaining higher-amplitude pulses from neutron interactions are further amplified and displayed. The channel displays count rates from the reactor without a source to well above critical. Channel 1 is designed to initiate a SCRAM signal for low power situations when the count rate falls below the setpoint.
Channel 2 is used to monitor the reactor power using a log scale as well as for indication of the reactor period. The channel 2 detector is a BF3 filled ionization chamber. Channel 2 generates a SCRAM signal when the reactor power falls below 3 x 10−13 W or when the reactor power exceeds 5 W. Additionally channel 2 generates a scram signal if the reactor period is less than 5 seconds. The wide range logarithmic neutron instrument channel (channel 2) illustrates a standard approach that allows the channel to detect and display a current signal that is proportional to power over 7 decades. Channels 1 and 2 rely on different applications of wide-range logarithmic amplifiers. The source range nuclear instrument channel’s wide-range logarithmic amplifier converts the frequency of incoming pulses from neutron interactions to voltage. The wide range logarithmic current channel’s amplifier converts a direct current to a voltage. In both cases, variations in count rate or current level that are due to the normal and expected variations in neutron flux are often misinterpreted as ‘noise’ that can lead to the period meters having too much variation to be useful indicators to the reactor operators, and the period circuits spuriously tripping. Circuit designers frequently assume the neutron signal is relatively constant and do not anticipate the large noise component that is inherent due to sources. The AGN-201 provides the actual variations in neutron flux that drive oscillations in period meters and indications of reactor power and can be used to evaluate the effect of circuit modifications to reduce the amplitudes of the oscillations.
Channel 3 is used to monitor reactor power using a linear scale. The channel 3 detector is a BF3 filled ionization chamber. Channel 3 generates a SCRAM signal when the reactor power exceeds 5 W or whenever the linear rotating switch indicator is less than 5% or greater than 95% of full scale.
Figure 5 shows the SCRAM circuit arrangement for the three monitoring channels. It is important to recognize that the SCRAM circuit arrangement is a single signal SCRAM [4]. If any one of the channels identifies a situation that triggers a SCRAM, the reactor will be SCRAMed. That is, the AGN-201 SCRAM circuit is not a two-out-of-three arrangement.
SCRAM circuit arrangement [
In addition to the monitoring channels, a series of additional interlock circuits are used to prevent reactor startup or to SCRAM the reactor in the event of undesired situations (see Figure 6) [4]. The reactor shielding tank water temperature is monitored to ensure that the maximum allowed excess reactivity is not exceeded. If the reactor water temperature falls below 15°C the reactor excess reactivity is unacceptably large and reactor operation is prevented or discontinued. The reactor shielding tank water level is monitored to ensure sufficient shielding is present. Finally, a seismically activated switch is used to prevent reactor operation or discontinue reactor operation in the case of a seismic event. Similar to the reactor monitoring channels, the interlocks follow a series approach so that if any one of the interlocks is triggered, the reactor will not be allowed to operate.
Interlock circuit [
The reactor is operated from a relatively simple console located in the same room as the reactor. The original console was used for approximately fifty years. In 2020, the original console was replaced with an upgraded console (see Figure 7). The primary motivation for upgrading the console centered on the use of vacuum tubes for the SCRAM circuits in the old console. Obtaining replacement vacuum tubes became very difficult since these items are no longer manufactured in large quantities. The upgraded console uses solid state relays rather than vacuum tubes. In addition to the use of solid-state relays, the upgraded console has all new wiring, instrumentation, switches, and knobs.
Upgraded console installed in 2020 [
While the AGN-201’s core will essentially never be exhausted, support systems such as the instrument systems and their neutron detectors, reactor controls and control rod drives require periodic upgrading. The current financial state of universities and the perceived difficulty in conforming to regulatory requirements tends to encourage using the original 60-year-old tube-based control systems and other equipment until their failure rates leave no choice but to modernize. The cost of the engineering and manufacturing of upgraded instrumentation and equipment by outside firms can be too great for universities. Idaho State University recruited community volunteers with experience in project management and expertise in the design, construction, operation and startup of instrumentation and control, licensing of reactors and other relevant subjects for the university’s second attempt to replace the original tube-based control system. The first attempt involved the design and construction of a complex, multiple-level printed circuit board that could not easily be modified. The second and successful attempt used a breadboard approach of circuit boards with holes that could be used to mount components. The second attempt had very few changes to the design, a likely result of the lifetimes of experience of the community members in designing, repairing and maintaining analog systems. One of the main considerations was if the replacement system was to be analog or digital. The advantages and disadvantages of replacing the existing analog control system with a functionally equivalent analog system or attempting to replace it with a digital system were weighted. A replacement analog functional replacement appeared to be simpler and easier from a regulatory standpoint.
From a lifecycle cost standpoint, the analog system’s lifetime was envisioned to be decades, whereas digital technology is rapidly advancing, and the lifetime of a digital system was envisioned to be a few years. Analog enjoys far superior cyber security than digital, and maintaining cyber security appeared to be an unnecessarily potential burden to the university. It was decided to replace the system under a 10 CFR 50.59 evaluation. The community expert in licensing helped write the 10 CFR 50.59 document and helped ensure applicable codes and standards had been followed. The community member also purchased and donated some of the components. Another community member and two graduate students worked with the community members to document the project in their thesis. One of the community members became the Project Manager and kept the project moving even during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic shutdown. He also reviewed the design and construction and assisted with troubleshooting. The collaboration of community and university personnel worked well to produce and complete the replacement instrumentation and had the time to transfer knowledge. It is anticipated that the same model will be applied to other modernization efforts going forward.
The nuclear instrument systems, convert the neutron flux at the detectors adjacent to the core into instrument readings that the operator interprets to control the core. Each part of the loop can be tested. The neutron flux at neutron detectors is often assumed by designers to be essentially constant at a given power level, whereas from very low to moderate levels of neutron flux, such as found during very low power and shutdown operation, the neutron flux can vary considerably in amplitude in a random manner. The random manner results from the characteristic random nature of the decay of neutron sources that supply the reactor with neutrons at low power and shutdown.
One consequence of the variation in neutron flux is that it appears as an unwanted variation in the display of a channel and might result in inadvertent period trips. Nuclear instrument channel ‘noise’ is generally considered an unwanted (and often misunderstood) variation in a signal. It can be electronic noise that is externally introduced to the circuit and must be minimized so it does not distort the true readings or the ability of the reactor operator to identify the average signal. It can also be due to the normal random decay of a neutron source, where it is a valid part of the signal. It can be very difficult to visually identify if the noise is due to the valid operation of the core, or if it is due to electrical interference.
A statistical test called the ‘Chi-Squared’ test can be applied to data from pulse-type channels such as the startup channel. A Chi-Squared test is often used at power reactors to verify the startup channels and any temporary startup-range neutron detectors used for loading fuel are displaying counts from neutrons rather than noise. The Chi-Squared test will identify if the noise is electronic interference or valid and due to a neutron source, although it will not identify the source of the electric noise.
The AGN-201 offers the opportunity for training and evaluating the nuclear instrument channels with a very low neutron signal, lower than typically encountered at commercial power reactors. The neutron flux at a detector must be low enough that the channels will display changes in signal (jumps) from individual neutron interactions, and the channels must support attaching a scaler-timer. The test is useful when the AGN-201 is shut down and a neutron source is supplying neutrons. If neutron flux is low enough, as it is when the neutron source is inserted, even the channel 2 and 3 ion chambers might be evaluated with the Chi-Squared test. In both cases, a scaler-timer is required to total the counts in a given time interval.
The AGN-201 offers a unique opportunity to explore the variations the current signal of a current neutron instrument channel without the time pressure and limitations on connecting test instruments at a power plant. A properly designed test can demonstrate that current signals from a neutron detector consist of a number of pulses of very small electrical charges, each resulting from the individual disassociation of B10 upon absorbing a neutron.
Teaching-reactors such as the AGN-201 provide the opportunity to measure a wide range of characteristics, and to gain experience and practice in conducting the same measurements that are performed at power reactors during low power physics testing following the loading of the first core, following refueling, and even during power operation to characterize the stability of the reactor. The tests generally involve changing a parameter such as reactor temperature or control rod position, and observing the corresponding change in rate of change in reactor neutron flux. Commercial reactors use a so-called ‘Reactivity Computer’ to infer the change in reactivity from a change in a parameter. The AGN-201 allows students to build, operate and evaluate the operation of analog and digital reactivity computers themselves [5, 6].
The AGN-201 could be used to evaluate and improve test procedures that would be used on future first-of-a-kind reactors, and to train future reactor engineers and other operating staff. In addition to gaining experience and practice in conducting the measurements, students can develop the skills required to write test procedures and to conduct high-quality test programs in a low-risk environment. The AGN-201 can also potentially offer realistic simulations of conditions at other reactors so newly written test procedures can be conducted and improved prior to being used at the reactor. Test engineers, reactor operators and others, including regulators, from other facilities can benefit from the training available at the AGN-201. The AGN-201 can be useful in observing the principles and some of the parameters being tested at other reactors, thereby allowing the test procedures to be validated and problems discovered.
The AGN-201 operates at very low power levels (microwatt range), often termed ‘zero-power’ where its operation closely resembles most other reactors when they are operated at low power levels, below the point of adding sensible nuclear heat. Even at power reactors, many of the core physics measurements that are made following refueling or core alterations occur with the core subcritical or with the reactor just critical on delayed neutrons at low power level. They include monitoring the core during shutdown operation, while core alterations during refueling are being made, during the approach to criticality, and reactor state point measurements and core physics parameter measurements in a suite of ‘low power physics tests.’ Some measurements are made at both low power and at-power, and only a few are restricted to high power operation. The AGN-201 is therefore capable of providing conditions for most of the core physics measurements found at power reactors [7].
The explanations and demonstrations of the theory and measurement techniques of subcritical core physics can be of interest to reactor physicists, instrumentation and control technicians and engineers, operators and managers of nuclear facilities, health physicists and criticality safety personnel. The phenomena of subcritical multiplication of source neutrons requires a ‘multiplying medium,’ neutron source and neutron detector. The common technique that is used at reactors is an ‘inverse multiplication ratio’ or ‘1/M’ plot. The increase in count rate as control rods are moved in steps, and corresponding decrease in ‘1/M’ plot are readily apparent. The plot is typically used to infer the point of criticality, in this case the position of the control rods. The reactivity of the AGN-201’s control rods have been characterized well enough to illustrate the increases in count rate as positive reactivity is added. The demonstration can be relevant for power reactors to illustrate monitoring techniques during core alterations such as fuel loading and about establishing boron dilution warning setpoints. At pressurized water reactors with a soluble boron shim, the source range channels include the ability to establish a setpoint whose warning will help operators stop a dilution that could lead to an inadvertent reactivity change. The count rate at typical alarm setpoints can be low enough that the random variations in neutron production by the source becomes apparent. The resulting variation in source range channel readings, coupled with the requirement for a response time, can make it difficult to establish a setpoint that provides for enough warning but does not have false alarms.
Subcritical measurements to measure the values of parameters that formerly were measured during low power physics testing can save utilities considerable time and money. One is measuring the reactivity worth of control rods by raising and then dropping control rods, which can also be demonstrated in the AGN-201. Control rod drop times are also measured following refueling and other core alterations. The techniques and difficulties in measuring the positions of the controls during the drop, and the response of the nuclear instrumentation can be demonstrated in the AGN-201.
The state-point measurements of a reactor are measurements of parameters whose values define the operating condition, or ‘state’ of the reactor. Examples of parameters include reactor temperature and control rod positions are made to evaluate the reactivity of the reactor, and for comparison with core physics code predictions. Accurate state-point measurements are crucial in assessing the operation of the core and are made when the reactor is first brought critical after a refueling outage, and periodically throughout core life. The technique is simple and involves adjusting parameters such as control rod position, temperature and boron concentration in reactors with soluble neutron poison so the reactor is just critical at a given power level. A careful measurement, where reactor power is essentially constant, provides the best data. The AGN-201 allows operators and reactor engineers to explore their ability to establish just critical conditions, and to compare the measurements of parameters with calculations.
Low power physics measurements are conducted with a critical reactor whose power level is below the point of adding observable sensible nuclear heat, also known as ‘reactors without feedback.’ The measurements include the state-point measurement mentioned earlier, control rod reactivity worth, moderator temperature measurements, core stability measurements using a ‘core oscillator’ with variable, regular changes in reactivity, delayed neutron lifetime, irradiation of metallic foils to determine reactor power and more.
The operation of the AGN-201 is licensed and regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The reactor and its conduct of operations are periodically inspected, particularly its documentation, and orderly documentation requires timely, accurate, truthful completion of forms, operating logs and more. Operating a nuclear reactor requires developing the valuable skills of discipline, focus and attention to detail, communication and more. The AGN-201 requires the same attitudes and abilities as higher-power test reactors. The full force of regulations is applied to the AGN-201. The opportunity to operate a nuclear reactor, regardless of size, is a unique experience that can benefit people who choose to put forth the time and effort. Students have opportunities to participate in a disciplined, regulated environment that is required of operators of a nuclear reactor that can shape their outlook on life and work ethic at a pivotal point in their lives. Students and other potential operators are invited to study, pass exams, and be responsible for the operation of a nuclear reactor providing a valuable and unique experience for those considering entering the field of nuclear power.
The Idaho State University AGN-201 reactor is a very safe, low-power, solid-core reactor designed with students and teaching in mind. It was developed in the late 1950’s by AGN to satisfy the need of university nuclear engineering departments for a relatively inexpensive, safe, flexible and available reactor with a long design life. The AGN-201 reactor is well suited for teaching and research activities. The solid-core AGN-201 reactor requires no active cooling system, uses a simple shielding arrangement, and the very low operating power results in trivial burnup providing an operating lifetime exceeding many decades. The AGN-201 reactor is used to help prepare nuclear engineering and other students for entry into the nuclear workforce. The reactor introduces students to the disciplined, structured environment of operating a reactor licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The reactor offers students hands-on experience, provides opportunities to demonstrate the operation of reactors and a variety of the traditional applications of reactors such as neutron activation, and introduces them to the application of nuclear instrumentation, applied principles of health physics, and more. With the recently installed reactor console upgrade, the ISU AGN-201 reactor is poised to serve students for many decades to come.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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Their work provided the base for the development of semiconductor photocatalysis for the environmental remediation and energy applications. Photoactivity of some semiconductors was found to be low due to larger band gap energy and higher electron-hole pair recombination rate. To avoid these problems, the development of visible light responsive photocatalytic materials by different approaches, such as metal and/or non-metal doping, co-doping, coupling of semiconductors, composites and heterojunctions materials synthesis has been widely investigated and explored in systematic manner. This chapter emphasizes on the different type of tailored photocatalyst materials having the enhanced visible light absorption properties, lower band gap energy and recombination rate of electron-hole pairs and production of reactive radical species. Visible light active semiconductors for the environmental remediation purposes, particularly for water treatment and disinfection are also discussed in detail. Studies on the photocatalytic degradation of emerging organic compounds like cyanotoxins, VOCs, phenols, pharmaceuticals, etc., by employing variety of modified semiconductors, are summarized, and a mechanistic aspects of the photocatalysis has been discussed.",book:{id:"7671",slug:"concepts-of-semiconductor-photocatalysis",title:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis"},signatures:"Fatima Imtiaz, Jamshaid Rashid and Ming Xu",authors:[{id:"292882",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamshaid",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",slug:"jamshaid-rashid",fullName:"Jamshaid Rashid"},{id:"302498",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Imtiaz",slug:"fatima-imtiaz",fullName:"Fatima Imtiaz"},{id:"308434",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ming-xu",fullName:"Ming Xu"}]},{id:"17728",title:"Defect Related Luminescence in Silicon Dioxide Network: A Review",slug:"defect-related-luminescence-in-silicon-dioxide-network-a-review",totalDownloads:9508,totalCrossrefCites:46,totalDimensionsCites:99,abstract:null,book:{id:"332",slug:"crystalline-silicon-properties-and-uses",title:"Crystalline Silicon",fullTitle:"Crystalline Silicon - Properties and Uses"},signatures:"Roushdey Salh",authors:[{id:"48391",title:"Dr.",name:"Roushdey",middleName:null,surname:"Salh",slug:"roushdey-salh",fullName:"Roushdey Salh"}]},{id:"58469",title:"The Electrochemical Performance of Deposited Manganese Oxide-Based Film as Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor Application",slug:"the-electrochemical-performance-of-deposited-manganese-oxide-based-film-as-electrode-material-for-el",totalDownloads:1754,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The transition metal oxide has been recognized as one of the promising electrode materials for electrochemical capacitor application. Due to the participation of charge transfer reactions, the capacitance offered by transition metal oxide can be higher compared to double layer capacitance. The investigation on hydrous ruthenium oxide has revealed the surface redox reactions that contributed to the wide potential window shown on cyclic voltammetry curve. Although the performance of ruthenium oxide is impressive, its toxicity has limited itself from commercial application. Manganese oxide is a pseudocapacitive material behaves similar to ruthenium oxide. It consists of various oxidation states which allow the occurrence of redox reactions. It is also environmental friendly, low cost, and natural abundant. The charge storage of manganese oxide film takes into account of the redox reactions between Mn3+ and Mn4+ and can be accounted to two mechanisms. The first one involves the intercalation/deintercalation of electrolyte ions and/or protons upon reduction/oxidation processes. The second contributor for the charge storage is due to the surface adsorption of electrolyte ions on the electrode surface.",book:{id:"6083",slug:"semiconductors-growth-and-characterization",title:"Semiconductors",fullTitle:"Semiconductors - Growth and Characterization"},signatures:"Chan Pei Yi and Siti Rohana Majid",authors:[{id:"197956",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"S.R.",middleName:null,surname:"Majid",slug:"s.r.-majid",fullName:"S.R. Majid"},{id:"216449",title:"Ms.",name:"Pei Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"pei-yi-chan",fullName:"Pei Yi Chan"}]},{id:"60792",title:"TCAD Device Modelling and Simulation of Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors",slug:"tcad-device-modelling-and-simulation-of-wide-bandgap-power-semiconductors",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Technology computer-aided Design (TCAD) is essential for devices technology development, including wide bandgap power semiconductors. However, most TCAD tools were originally developed for silicon and their performance and accuracy for wide bandgap semiconductors is contentious. This chapter will deal with TCAD device modelling of wide bandgap power semiconductors. In particular, modelling and simulating 3C- and 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC), Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Diamond devices are examined. The challenges associated with modelling the material and device physics are analyzed in detail. It also includes convergence issues and accuracy of predicted performance. Modelling and simulating defects, traps and the effect of these traps on the characteristics are also discussed.",book:{id:"6625",slug:"disruptive-wide-bandgap-semiconductors-related-technologies-and-their-applications",title:"Disruptive Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Related Technologies, and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Disruptive Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Related Technologies, and Their Applications"},signatures:"Neophytos Lophitis, Anastasios Arvanitopoulos, Samuel Perkins and\nMarina Antoniou",authors:[{id:"236488",title:"Dr.",name:"Neophytos",middleName:null,surname:"Lophitis",slug:"neophytos-lophitis",fullName:"Neophytos Lophitis"},{id:"247344",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Antoniou",slug:"marina-antoniou",fullName:"Marina Antoniou"},{id:"247347",title:"Mr.",name:"Anastasios",middleName:null,surname:"Arvanitopoulos",slug:"anastasios-arvanitopoulos",fullName:"Anastasios Arvanitopoulos"},{id:"247349",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perkins",slug:"samuel-perkins",fullName:"Samuel Perkins"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"159",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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