\r\n\tArsenic’s history in science, medicine and technology has been overshadowed by its feature as a poison. Arsenic is a synonym of toxicity. Arsenic is widely distributed throughout the environment. It is present in biota, the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, groundwater, sediments, and soils throughout the world. Arsenic is present in many minerals. Due to high mobilization of arsenic, both from natural and anthropogenic sources, it is reactive in aquatic environments and the atmosphere. Natural sources of arsenic mobilization include weathering of arsenic-bearing rocks, biological activity, and volcanic eruption. Anthropogenic sources include mining of metal ores, combustion of fossil fuels, pesticide use, livestock feed additives, wood preservatives, and pigment production. In most cases of groundwater contamination, however, a combination of natural and anthropogenic actions leads to arsenic release. The aim of this book should be to describe and present the most recent findings focused on methods for the determination and separation of arsenic species. Speciation analysis is defined as the determination of the various chemical (oxidation/valence states) forms of the element which together make up the total concentration of that element on a sample. Speciation analysis is aiming to define and quantify the distribution of an element between the different species in which it occurs. These structural levels are important in different areas, for instance, valence state and inorganic and organic speciation are of great importance in determining the availability and toxicity of metals or metalloids, thus being very important in food, and also in clinical and biological fields. The contribution of this book is to present state-of-art in the field of the development and application of methods for determination and removal of arsenic species.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"18f6bb0aaa4110f52d0d7ab155cab7bf",bookSignature:"Prof. Vladana Rajakovic-Ognjanovic",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8507.jpg",keywords:"Toxicity, Presence in the Environment, Occurrence of Different Oxidative States, Detection Limits, Instrumental Techniques, Simple and Efficient Techniques Cost Effective Technologies, Solidification and Stabilization Technologies, Waste Treatment",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 20th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"141214",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladana",middleName:null,surname:"Rajakovic-Ognjanovic",slug:"vladana-rajakovic-ognjanovic",fullName:"Vladana Rajakovic-Ognjanovic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/141214/images/system/141214.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vladana N. Rajaković-Ognjanović currently works as an Assistant Professor at Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade. Her general professional interests include instrumental methods for the characterization and determination of water quality and development of analytical methods for water purification. Dr. Rajaković-Ognjanović has achieved results in the field of arsenic research regarding determination, detection methods and precision of different instrumental techniques. She also has participated in important projects and studies that experimentally proved and discussed processes and methods for purification of the polluted water (particularly with arsenic and cyanide).",institutionString:"University of Belgrade",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57977",title:"Unscented Kalman Filter for State and Parameter Estimation in Vehicle Dynamics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71900",slug:"unscented-kalman-filter-for-state-and-parameter-estimation-in-vehicle-dynamics",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
In the past decades, enormous developments in automotive research were achieved. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, a consistent search for solutions increasing vehicle’s safety and comfort took place. Starting with passive safety systems in the early twentieth century, e.g., airbag, safety belt, and deformable zone, a vast improvement of the passenger’s safety was accomplished. These systems reduce passenger injuries and or even death due to accidents. Later, starting in the 1960th and 1970th active safety systems or advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), preventing the vehicle from accidents by actively influencing the vehicle was developed. First implementations were traction control (TCS) and antilock braking systems (ABS), stabilizing the vehicle during longitudinal dynamic maneuvers. In 1995, the superordinate electronic stability control (ESC) was developed, combining stabilization during longitudinal and lateral dynamic maneuvers. Because of its success, ESC is mandatory in modern vehicles in Europe since the end of 2014. Other ADAS, e.g., adaptive cruise control (ACC), autonomous emergency braking (AEB), or lane detection system, have been developed in the meantime, further increasing safety and comfort. Future trends show an enormous potential for advanced systems, finally leading to the objective of autonomous and cooperative driving.
\n
Many of these ADAS rely on parametric models, describing and predicting the vehicle’s (future) behavior. Especially information about the vehicle’s stability, characterized by dynamic states, is necessary. Furthermore, information about the vehicle’s environment, e.g., by changing weather conditions and therefore changing friction conditions may influence the systems’ performance drastically. Thus, online estimation of the vehicle’s stability in terms of its dynamic behavior and online estimation of influential parameters, such as the friction coefficient, are challenging fields in modern automotive research.
\n
Many methods for state estimation use simple models of vehicle dynamics to reduce the computational effort, e.g., considering a linear bicycle model [1, 2, 3] or a linear planar two-track model [4]. A further detailed description of the forces acting on the vehicle’s tire is developed in Ref. [5] and utilized in Ref. [6]. A more detailed model, considering roll dynamics (cf. \nFigure 1\n), is utilized in [7, 8].
\n
Figure 1.
Two-track model including roll dynamics of a vehicle performing a left turn.
\n
Similarly, various methods considering the estimation algorithm are utilized. For linear models, the Kalman filter serves as an optimal filter. Considering nonlinear models, Kalman filter derivatives, such as extended and unscented Kalman filters (EKF/UKF), are used. The EKF is used for tire road force and sideslip angle estimation in Ref. [9] and for sideslip angle estimation of low friction roads in Ref. [6]. The UKF for vehicle state estimation is presented in [7, 8].
\n
Simultaneous state and parameter estimation with dual extended Kalman filter is presented in Ref. [10], estimating the vehicle mass and moment of inertia around the vertical axis. The same parameters are estimated in Ref. [11] using a joint UKF. Friction coefficient estimation using a joint UKF is realized in [12, 13, 14].
\n
In this chapter, state estimation in vehicle dynamics utilizing an UKF is presented. The estimation is based on measurements taken with standard sensors, which are implemented in modern vehicles. Therefore, a nonlinear process and measurement model are introduced. Furthermore, dead times, due to CAN communication, are considered and compensated using model-based methods. Additionally, simultaneous state and parameter estimation considering the friction coefficient between tires and road is presented. All methods are validated online using a Volkswagen Golf GTE Plug-In Hybrid as the test vehicle, equipped with a Genesys ADMA inertial platform for precise reference measurements. The friction coefficient estimation is validated on a test track with two different surfaces.
\n
The chapter is organized as follows: in Section 2, the nonlinear process and measurement models of the vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral dynamics are introduced. Based on this, Section 3 addresses the state and parameter estimation utilizing the unscented Kalman filter. Furthermore, dead-time compensation and bounded parameter estimation are introduced. In Section 4, the estimation results, using this method, are presented. Thus, measurements taken on a test vehicle using a precise initial measurement unit are presented and discussed. The chapter is recapped with a Conclusion in Section 5.
\n
\n
\n
2. Modeling
\n
In this section, a detailed parametric model of the vehicle’s dynamics is presented. Deriving this model for online application, a trade-off between accuracy and computational effort has to be faced. Starting from the contact patch of tires and road as a predominant source of forces acting on the vehicle, the full dynamics of the vehicle will be derived. Furthermore, a measurement model describing certain measurements, representing the vehicle’s dynamics taken with standard sensors is presented. The resulting models form the basis for the later state and parameter estimation algorithm using the UKF.
\n
\n
2.1. Tire model
\n
First, the vehicle’s tires are considered, representing the contact patch between vehicle and road, consequently providing forces substantially influencing the vehicle’s dynamics. These forces arise due to differences in relative motion between tire and road and therefore lead to a deformation of the tire due to friction, described by the friction coefficient \n\nμ\n\n. These differences in velocity can be expressed as tire slip
for lateral motion, respectively, where \n\n\nω\nt\n\n\n represents the rotational velocity of the tire, \n\n\nδ\nt\n\n\n is the tire steering angle, \n\n\nv\n\nt\n,\nx\n,\ny\n\n\n\n is the components of the wheel’s velocity \n\n\nv\nt\n\n\n, and \n\n\nr\nt\n\n\n is the effective tire radius, which is considered a constant. The tire steering angle results from the steering wheel angle \n\nδ\n\n as \n\nδ\n=\n\ni\nst\n\n\nδ\nt\n\n\n, with the assumption of constant steering transition \n\n\ni\nst\n\n\n. Coming from the well-known Coulomb friction \n\n\nF\nfric\n\n=\n\nμF\nz\n\n\n, with normal force \n\n\nF\nz\n\n\n, the associated stationary tire forces in longitudinal and lateral direction, \n\n\nF\nx\nS\n\n\n and \n\n\nF\ny\nS\n\n\n, are functions of the tire slip and sideslip angle, respectively, given as
assuming identical maximum friction coefficient for longitudinal and lateral forces. The nonlinear functions \n\n\nf\n\nx\n,\ny\n\n\n\n represent the (side)slip dependency of the tire forces by the magic formula tire model described by
with individual parameters for longitudinal and lateral dynamics \n\nD\n=\n\nμ\nmax\n\n\nF\nz\n\n\n, \n\nB\n=\n\nC\nF\n\n/\nCD\n\n, and \n\n\nC\nF\n\n=\n\nc\n1\n\nsin\n\n\n2\narctan\n\n\n\nF\nz\n\n/\n\nc\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n, while \n\nχ\n\n represents the slip \n\nλ\n\n or sideslip \n\nα\n\n [5]. Using this representation, the function maximum varies linearly over the (side)slip with changing maximum friction coefficient (cf. dashed black line in \nFigure 2\n). The function \n\n\nf\ny\n\n\nλ\n\nμ\nmax\n\n\nF\nz\n\n\n\n for one set of parameters \n\nC\n\n, \n\nE\n\n, \n\n\nc\n1\n\n\n, and \n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n, constant wheel load \n\n\nF\nz\n\n\n and changing maximum friction coefficient \n\n\nμ\nmax\n\n\n, representing dry, wet, and icy conditions can be seen in \nFigure 2\n.
\n
Figure 2.
Schematic visualization of the used vehicle dynamics model.
\n
The function \n\nh\n\n\nF\n\nx\n,\ny\n\n\n\n=\ncos\n\n\narctan\n\n\n\nB\nxy\n\n\nF\n\ny\n,\nx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n accounts for the reduced forces in the presence of both lateral and longitudinal forces, with scaling factor \n\n\nB\nxy\n\n\n [15]. Furthermore, the lateral forces \n\n\nF\ny\n\n\n are modeled as PT1-element as
The inputs to the system are the drive and break torques \n\n\nM\nd\n\n\n and \n\n\nM\nb\n\n\n, and the steering angle \n\nδ\n\n (cf. \nFigure 3\n). This leads to the equation of motion for the rotational velocity of one tire \n\n\nω\nt\n\n\n\n
with constant and velocity dependent part, represented by \n\n\nc\n\nres\n,\n1\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nc\n\nres\n,\n2\n\n\n\n, respectively.
\n
Figure 3.
Torques and forces acting on the tire.
\n
\n
\n
2.2. Vehicle body dynamics
\n
Considering a two-track model with additional roll dynamics as displayed in \nFigures 1\n and \n4\n, the vehicle’s dynamics under disregard of vertical dynamics can be described by the vehicle’s yaw-rate \n\n\nψ\ṅ\n\n\n, its sideslip angle \n\nβ\n\n, the roll angle and rate \n\nκ\n\n and \n\n\nκ\ṅ\n\n\n, and its center of gravity (c.o.g.) velocity \n\nv\n\n. These quantities represent the angular velocity of rotation around the vertical axis, the angle between the vehicle’s longitudinal axis and its velocity vector, the angle and rate between the vehicle’s vertical axis and the stationary vertical axis, and the velocity of the center of gravity, respectively. This leads to the following equations of motion
with \n\n\nl\nf\n\n\n, \n\n\nl\nr\n\n\n being the distance between front and rear axes to the c.o.g., respectively, mass \n\nm\n\n being moment of inertia with respect to the vertical axis \n\n\nJ\nz\n\n\n, velocity and acceleration of the c.o.g. \n\nv\n\n, \n\n\nv\ṅ\n\n\n, forces due to air resistance \n\n\nF\nair\n\n\n, and self-aligning torques \n\n\nM\n\nz\n,\ni\n\n\n\n.
\n
Figure 4.
Top view of a two-track model including geometrical parameters.
\n
Roll dynamics are represented in analogy to a spring-damper system with gravitational influence with chassis mass \n\n\nm\na\n\n\n, distance between roll axis and c.o.g. \n\n\nh\nr\n\n\n, moment of inertia with respect to the roll axis \n\n\nJ\nκ\n\n\n, gravitational acceleration \n\ng\n\n, and nonlinear spring and damper coefficients \n\n\nc\nκ\n\n\nκ\n\n\n and \n\n\nd\n\nκ\ṅ\n\n\n\n\nκ\ṅ\n\n\n\n, respectively. These characteristics are represented by
These constants result from combinations of suspension and stabilization constants \n\n\nc\n\nf\n,\nr\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nd\n\nf\n,\nr\n\n\n\n, and \n\n\nc\n\nst\n,\nf\n,\nr\n\n\n\n, respectively (cf. \nFigure 1\n). In conclusion, the resulting system state vector can be expressed as
Inside the vehicle, standard sensors are implemented to obtain information about the current driving state. These sensors measure the yaw-rate \n\n\nψ\ṅ\n\n\n, longitudinal and lateral acceleration \n\n\na\n\nx\n,\ns\n\n\n\n and \n\n\na\n\ny\n,\ns\n\n\n\n, and the four rotational velocities of the vehicle’s tires \n\n\nω\ni\n\n\n. This leads to the measurement vector
A measurement model representing these sensors is needed for the later implementation of KF derivatives. Since the measured yaw-rate and wheel velocities are states within the model, they are obtained directly and no further model is needed. The longitudinal and lateral accelerations in the sensor position \n\n\na\n\nx\n,\ns\n\n\n\n and \n\n\na\n\ny\n,\ns\n\n\n\n, respectively, can be described by
with \n\n\nl\nx\n\n\n, \n\n\nl\ny\n\n\n, and \n\n\nl\nz\n\n\n being the components of the distances from the c.o.g. to the sensor position.
\n
Due to the sensors’ sampling rate of \n\n100\n\nHz\n\n, all later implementations on the control unit will be running at this frequency. Therefore, the continuous time differential Eqs. (1)–(18) are discretized using first-order Euler discretization.
\n
Within the model, numerous parameters are utilized. These parameters can either be measured directly, e.g., geometrical parameters, or need to be identified using an offline identification algorithm. Since the model is strongly nonlinear, a particle swarm algorithm (PSO) is used. Therefore, measurements representing longitudinal and lateral dynamics, driven by a test vehicle, have to be performed. Hence, a sequential identification can be realized, first considering longitudinal excitation, neglecting lateral dynamics and subsequently lateral excitation. Further details can be found in Ref. [15].
\n
In summary, the vehicle’s dynamics can be expressed by the discrete time state space representation
at discrete time step \n\nk\n\n with all parameters included in \n\np\n\n. Thereby, \n\nx\n∈\n\nR\n\n13\n×\n1\n\n\n\n represents the system state and \n\ny\n∈\n\nR\n\n7\n×\n1\n\n\n\n represents the measurement vector.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. State and parameter estimation
\n
In this section, a brief overview over the used Kalman filter derivative will be given. At first, the algorithm for state estimation will be presented. Furthermore, a model-based dead-time compensation will be introduced. Secondly, the joint UKF for state and parameter estimation will be presented. Subsequently, an extension for the estimation of bounded parameters is introduced.
\n
\n
3.1. The unscented Kalman filter for state estimation
\n
The process and measurement model presented in Section 2 are strongly nonlinear, especially considering the forces acting on the vehicle’s tires (cf. Eq. (5)). Therefore, a Kalman filter derivative, capable of estimating nonlinear systems, the UKF is utilized. Since no information about the covariance is available, the additive form of the process and measurement equations
with \n\n\nw\nk\n\n∝\nN\n\n0\nQ\n\n\n, \n\nQ\n∈\n\nR\n\n\nn\nx\n\n×\n\nn\nx\n\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nv\nk\n\n∝\nN\n\n0\nR\n\n\n, \n\nR\n∈\n\nR\n\n\nn\ny\n\n×\n\nn\ny\n\n\n\n\n representing the process and measurement uncertainties by uncorrelated Gaussian random numbers, is assumed. The system state and measurement are described by the state and measurement vectors \n\n\nx\nk\n\n∈\n\nR\n\nn\nx\n\n\n\n and \n\n\ny\nk\n\n∈\n\nR\n\nn\ny\n\n\n\n with state dimension \n\n\nn\nx\n\n\n and measurement dimension \n\n\nn\ny\n\n\n. To initialize the filter, initial values for the state and covariance estimation, \n\n\n\nx\n̂\n\n0\n\n∈\n\nR\n\nn\nx\n\n\n\n and \n\n\n\nP\n̂\n\n0\n\n∈\n\nR\n\n\nn\nx\n\n×\n\nn\nx\n\n\n\n\n, respectively, have to be set. Following this, the recursive estimation divided in two steps, i.e., the process and measurement update can be realized. Within the process update, an a priori state and covariance estimation utilizing the process model is executed. Using the unscented transformation [17], a carefully chosen set of \n\n2\n\nn\nx\n\n+\n1\n\n sigma points for time step \n\nk\n∈\n\n0\n…\n∞\n\n\n\n
with \n\n\n\nx\n̂\n\nk\n\n\n and \n\n\n\nP\n̂\n\nk\n\n\n representing the current state and covariance estimation, respectively, are calculated. Thereby, \n\n\nλ\nukf\n\n=\n\nα\nukf\n\n\nn\nx\n\n+\n\nκ\nukf\n\n−\n\nn\nx\n\n\n, with scaling parameters \n\n\nα\nukf\n\n\n and \n\n\nκ\nukf\n\n\n. Furthermore, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nn\n+\n\nλ\nukf\n\n\n\n\n\nP\n̂\n\nk\n\n\n\n\ni\n\n\n is the ith column of the matrix square root, e.g., using Cholesky decomposition. These sigma points characterize the current probability density function and undergo the real nonlinear transformation utilizing Eq. (21) to calculate the a priori estimation as
with weighting factors \n\n\nW\ni\n\nm\n,\nc\n\n\n\n can be executed. This leads to the a posteriori estimations of the state and covariance, \n\n\n\nx\n̂\n\n\nk\n+\n1\n\n\n\n and \n\n\n\nP\n̂\n\n\nk\n+\n1\n\n\n\n, respectively [18].
\n
\n
\n
3.2. Dead-time compensation
\n
When designing online methods for real-time applications, dead times are frequently to face. Especially, considering vehicular applications, the communication is realized via CAN-Bus, leading to dead times. In the following, a method to compensate for dead times within state estimation is presented.
\n
Since the measurement update (Eqs. (31)–(35)) can only be processed, as soon as a measurement \n\n\ny\nk\n\n\n is received, dead times \n\n\nt\nd\n\n\n corrupt the UKF severely. Ignoring this dead time may lead to poor filter performance or even divergence. One solution is to accept the dead time and delay the estimation by exact this time. Alternatively, the system’s state and covariance can be estimated by performing the process update (Eqs. (26)–(28)) during the dead time without doing the measurement update, based on the delayed filter estimation up to time step \n\nk\n\n, so that the state estimation at discrete time step \n\nk\n+\n\nn\n\nt\nd\n\n\n\n, where \n\n\nn\n\nt\nd\n\n\n\n is the number of discrete time steps due to the dead time is
To reduce computational cost, the update steps can be reduced, so that only the mean is transformed and therefore no further sigma point needs to be calculated and transformed as
This may lead to reduced performance, depending on the length of the dead time, the process model complexity, and the uncertainties within the process.
\n
\n
\n
3.3. Parameter estimation
\n
Since parameters may vary within dynamic systems, simultaneous state and parameter estimation is considered. Various methods to solve this task have been developed in the past decades. In the following, the approach of joint state and parameter estimation is presented. Therefore, states and parameters are concentrated into one joint state vector as
with primary state \n\n\nx\nk\n\n∈\n\nR\n\nn\nx\n\n\n\n and parameters to be estimated \n\n\np\n\nest\n,\nk\n\n\n∈\n\nR\n\nn\np\n\n\n\n. The model within the process update assumes constant parameters, i.e., \n\n\np\n\nest\n,\nk\n+\n1\n\n\n=\n\np\n\nest\n,\nk\n\n\n\n. The remaining UKF algorithm stays the same, with only the dimension of the estimated state \n\n\n\n\nx\n˜\n\n̂\n\nk\n\n∈\n\nR\n\n\nn\nx\n\n+\n\nn\np\n\n\n\n\n changing.
\n
If some parameters are bounded as \n\n\na\ni\n\n≤\n\np\n\nest\n,\ni\n\n\n≤\n\nb\ni\n\n\n, these are not estimated directly, but using a substitute parameter \n\n\np\n\nsub\n,\ni\n\n\n\n as
Using this substitution, the estimated parameter \n\n\np\n\nsub\n,\ni\n\n\n\n is not bounded and leads to the real parameters for \n\n\np\n\nest\n,\ni\n\n\n\n in the intended range.
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Estimation results
\n
In this section, the results of the vehicle’s states and parameter estimation using an unscented Kalman filter and the two-track model described Section 2 are presented. At first, the test vehicle and the measurement equipment that is necessary for the validation are introduced. Secondly, the results of the vehicle state estimation and the results by considering dead time within the estimation are shown. Furthermore, a simultaneous state and friction estimation are presented that exhibit improved estimation results for varying road conditions.
\n
\n
4.1. Measurement setup
\n
The estimation results are verified by using a Volkswagen Golf GTE Plug-In Hybrid (\nFigure 5(a)\n) equipped with a Genesys ADMA-G-Eco + (\nFigure 5(b)\n). This system is developed especially for vehicle dynamics testing in the automotive sector. This inertial measurement unit (IMU) corrected by global positioning system (GPS) enables precise measurement of acceleration, speed, and position of the moving test vehicle in all three-dimensional axes. Furthermore, the pitch, roll and yaw angles, angular velocities as well as sideslip angle can be obtained. The GPS antenna is mounted on the roof of the test vehicle, whereas the IMU is placed in the footwell of the passenger seat. Ideally, the two sensors are placed in the center of gravity; unfortunately, in praxis, this requirement usually either cannot or can only be fulfilled with very high effort. Furthermore, it is hardly possible to exactly align the ADMA’s measurement axes with the vehicle’s axes. The errors caused by the distance between the installation position and the c.o.g as well as by misalignment angle can be mathematically compensated considering the lever arms and the angle offsets, respectively. The IMU’s measurements are exclusively provided for the validation of the Kalman filter application. Additional measurements of the wheel speeds, accelerations and yaw rate as well as system inputs, i.e., steering angle, engine, and breaking torque, are taken from the vehicle’s bus system. The onboard measurements are provided for the measurement update of the real-time Kalman filter application. Furthermore, an ES910 prototyping and interface module provides the connection to the vehicle bus and the computation of the filter application with system-level behavior.
\n
Figure 5.
Test vehicle and measurement equipment.
\n
\n
\n
4.2. Unscented Kalman filter setup
\n
The UKF utilizes a two-track model including roll dynamics as described in Section 2. The estimator’s state and measurement vector were therefore
\n\n\n\nα\nUKF\n\n\n determines the spread of the sigma points around the mean \n\n\nx\n̂\n\n\n and is set to 1, the scaling parameter \n\n\nκ\nUKF\n\n\n is usually set to 0, and \n\n\nβ\nUKF\n\n=\n2\n\n is an optimal value to approximate distribution of \n\nx\n\n as Gaussian distribution. The process and measurement covariances are empirically determined and set up to
The initial covariance matrix of the state distribution is initialized with \n\n\nP\n0\n\n=\nQ\n\n.
\n
\n
\n
4.3. State estimation
\n
In this section, the results of vehicle state estimation are shown. The UKF estimation results are displayed in light grey, while the reference measurements of the ADMA-G-Eco+are displayed in black and the vehicle’s onboard measurements are displayed in grey. Each displayed maneuver is subdivided into eight diagrams. The top line shows yaw-rate and sideslip angle representing lateral dynamics, and the second line shows roll angle and roll rate representing roll dynamics. Furthermore, the velocity in the c.o.g. and the wheel speeds representing longitudinal dynamics are displayed in the third line and at last longitudinal and lateral acceleration in the bottom line. The accelerations in the c.o.g are displayed with continuous lines and the accelerations measured with onboard acceleration sensor that is not mounted in the c.o.g. in the dashed lines. The distances of the sensor position from the c.o.g. are identified with \n\n\nl\nx\n\n=\n1.07\n\nm\n\n, \n\n\nl\ny\n\n=\n−\n0.39\n\nm\n\n, and \n\n\nl\nz\n\n=\n0.55\n\nm\n\n. In order to demonstrate the estimation quality, \nFigure 6\n shows a steering sweep maneuver with periodical steering angle input at nearly constant amplitude and increasing frequency and at a constant velocity of 37 km/h Despite the varying frequency, an accurate estimation of all dynamic states is evident, accompanied by improved estimation of the vehicles velocity compared to the onboard measurement of the vehicles’ velocity. Only for the roll angle, a higher deviation can be recognized. This results from varying lateral inclination of the test road.
\n
Figure 6.
Vehicle state estimation during steering sweep maneuver.
\n
A steering sweep maneuver is optimal to validate the filter application and the integrated vehicle dynamic models, but it is not a practical example, whereas, for example, lane change maneuvers often occur. In addition, lane change maneuvers enable high lateral acceleration and high values of tire sideslip angles, which may lead, under certain conditions, to loss of stability due to nonlinear tire characteristics. Therefore, lane change maneuvers are suitable as practical driving situation.
\n
A double-lane change maneuver with moderate lateral acceleration represents a typical maneuver on highways or freeways occurring by overtaking another slower moving vehicle. However, a double-lane change maneuver with high lateral acceleration represents obstacle avoidance maneuver. This kind of maneuver is displayed with a high lateral acceleration up to \n\n\na\ny\n\n=\n7\n\nm\n/\n\ns\n2\n\n\n and with nearly constant velocity of \n\nv\n=\n37\n\nkm\n/\nh\n\n in \nFigure 7\n. It can be stated that also an accurate estimation of all relevant states can be seen over the whole maneuver, and again particularly an improved velocity estimation compared to onboard measurement can be emphasized. The higher estimation performance of the velocity can be advantageous for some control applications, such as collision avoidance.
\n
Figure 7.
Vehicle state estimation during double-lane change maneuver.
\n
\n
\n
4.4. Dead-time compensation
\n
A major problem in control systems is dead time. Dead time may lead either to poor control results or to unstable control. In case of stability control systems and therefore for robust car steering, the real-time information of sideslip angle and yaw rate is very important. As pointed previously, an accurate estimation of this vehicle states can be realized using UKF with nonlinear two-track model even if vehicles move at its stability limits. However, the estimated states are not the true vehicle states at this particular time. They are delayed due to the dead-time-shifted measurement update, which occurs particularly of the communication on the CAN network. In dependence on the length of dead time, different arrangements exist for dead-time compensation. In addition, to consider the dead time in the controller designing, a further possibility is model-based dead-time compensation within state estimation. A simple method to predict the system’s state and covariance during the dead time is to execute only the filter process update without doing the measurement update as defined in Section 3.2. Alternatively, to reduce computational cost, the prediction can be executed only considering the mean of the system states by neglecting further sigma points. During the prediction from time step k to \n\nk\n+\n\nn\n\nt\nd\n\n\n\n, there are no further information of the system input. Therefore, the last known system input is used for the prediction. From this follows a prediction error that decreases with less dynamics of the system input. A comparison of both possibilities and the quality of the dead-time compensation within the vehicle state estimation is shown in \nFigure 8\n. A step steering maneuver on dry asphalt at a velocity of approximately 50 km/h with maximum lateral acceleration of almost \n\n\na\ny\n\n=\n7\n\nm\n/\n\ns\n2\n\n\n is considered. The top diagram shows the yaw rate and the next diagram the sideslip angle, while measurements are displayed in black, the UKF’s state estimation without dead-time compensation in grey, the dead-time compensated state estimation by using all sigma points in dashed light grey, and the dead-time compensated state estimation by using only the mean in dash-dotted grey. In the present case, the predominant dead time amounts about 30 ms that corresponds to \n\n\nn\n\nt\nd\n\n\n=\n3\n\n. The dead time is determined by comparing redundant measurements that are obtained from the IMU of the ADMA and the vehicle’s onboard CAN bus.
\n
Figure 8.
Dead-time-compensated vehicle state estimation during step steering maneuver.
\n
It is quite obvious that both methods for dead-time compensation do not really differ in the application of vehicle dynamics; thus, it is at an advantage due to reduced computational costs only to consider the mean of the state. Furthermore, the UKF results with dead-time-compensated states also do not differ from the time-shifted UKF prediction without dead time displayed in light grey. Therefore, it is possible to include dead-time compensation in the state estimation in a simple manner and to obtain precise estimation results. However, this method for dead-time compensation has the restriction that the system does not contain varying dead time and the dead time is well known.
\n
All previously presented test maneuvers are executed on dry asphalt. Thus, the maximum friction coefficient between road and tire is well known. Under different road conditions, for example, wet, snow, and ice and without adaption of the friction coefficient, the accuracy of the state estimation decreases highly. Hence, for precise state estimation, it is essential to estimate the maximum friction coefficient as well.
\n
\n
\n
4.5. Maximum friction coefficient estimation
\n
However, not only for improved vehicle state estimation a simultaneous estimation of the maximum friction coefficient between road and tire is of paricular importance. To ensure a proper functionality of safety functions not only the knowledge of the driving situation but also of the driving environment, in particular the road condition, is required. This section focuses on the road condition classification using a joint unscented Kalman filter approach as described in Section 3.3. The extended process, covariance matrix \n\n\nQ\np\n\n\n, for the maximum friction coefficient estimation is empirically determined and set up to
Furthermore, the maximum friction coefficient is bounded according to Eq. (37) with a upper bound of 1.1 and a lower bound of 0.1. The upper bound corresponds to the best traction potential that may occur when the roads are dry and the tires are in good condition. The lower bound corresponds to the lowest traction potential that may occur when the roads are icy and the tires have a low tire profile.
\n
In \nFigure 9\n, again a double-lane change maneuver on dry asphalt at a velocity of approximately \n\n43\n\nkm\n/\nh\n\n with maximum lateral acceleration of almost \n\n\na\ny\n\n=\n9\n\nm\n/\n\ns\n2\n\n\n is considered. The top diagram shows the measured system input namely the steering angle. The following diagrams show the yaw rate, the lateral acceleration, and the sideslip angle, while the IMU’s measurements are displayed in black and the onboard measurements in grey, and the UKF’s estimations in light grey. The bottom diagram shows the estimated maximum friction coefficient, while the initial value is wrongly set to \n\n\nμ\nmax\n\n=\n0.4\n\n. By using offline identification algorithms, the reference value for the maximum friction coefficient was determined at approximately 1. The light red lines show the state estimation without adaptation of friction coefficient. Obviously, an accurate sideslip and yaw-rate estimation can only be guaranteed with adaptation of the friction coefficient. However, an adaption of the friction coefficient is only possible during phases of sufficient excitation. At the beginning and at the end of the maneuver without steering, no adaption may take place. When sufficient excitation exists, the maximum friction coefficient can be estimated within few seconds.
\n
Figure 9.
Vehicle state and maximum friction coefficient estimation during double-lane change maneuver on dry asphalt.
\n
In \nFigure 10\n, the estimation of the maximum friction coefficient on different roads is displayed. Beginning on dry asphalt, the test vehicle drives a sine steering maneuver and changes over to wet steel. Wet steel exhibits similar properties regarding traction potential as an icy road. Because it is much easier to build up a road composed of wet steel than of ice to carry out a test, in this test, the wet steel represents a road with low traction potential. Over the entire period of the sine maneuver, a sufficient excitation is existent. Hence, the unscented Kalman filter estimates while driving over the dry asphalt a maximum friction coefficient of approximately 1. After changing to wet steel, clearly, a lower friction level with a maximum friction coefficient of approximately 0.3 is detected. It can be spotted that while sufficient excitation is existent, different friction levels according to different road conditions can also be clearly recognized. The last 5 s of the maneuver is without steering and acceleration, and the estimated maximum friction coefficient remains constant. Therefore, due to missing excitation, it would not be possible to distinguish between dry asphalt and wet steel. Nonsufficient excitation is a major disadvantage of Kalman filter-based approaches for parameter estimation in general and thus also for friction estimation.
\n
Figure 10.
Vehicle state and maximum friction coefficient estimation during sine steering maneuver on dry asphalt and wet steel.
\n
A promising approach to solving this problem is to use further source of information, for example, optical sensors and to do an information fusion, so that disadvantages of one information can be compensated by advantages of other information. Information fusion is the next step for improved friction estimation and current research.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusion
\n
In this chapter, state and parameter estimation in vehicle dynamics using the unscented Kalman filter is presented. Therefore, a detailed nonlinear process and measurement model of the vehicle are introduced, representing the vehicle’s stability and the measurements taken with standard sensors. Dead times, due to CAN communication, are faced and compensated using model-based prediction. The validation of the introduced methods is realized by using a Volkswagen Golf GTE Plug-In Hybrid for high dynamic test maneuvers, e.g., double-lane change. The estimation results are compared with high-precision measurements using a Genesys ADMA inertial measurement unit. Accurate estimation even in situations with lateral acceleration above \n\n7\n\nm\n/\n\ns\n2\n\n\n can be achieved. Furthermore, real-time estimation, compensated for dead times can be realized using model-based prediction.
\n
The parameter estimation is presented using the example of friction coefficient estimation utilizing the joint unscented Kalman filter. Thus, maneuvers with different excitation on different road surfaces are executed. Again, precise estimation in the presence of sufficient excitation can be shown.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"vehicle dynamics, state estimation, parameter estimation, unscented Kalman filter, dead-time compensation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57977.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/57977.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57977",totalDownloads:1962,totalViews:570,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:11,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:4,impactScorePercentile:89,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 19th 2017",dateReviewed:"October 24th 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"February 21st 2018",dateFinished:"December 4th 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Automotive research and development passed through a vast evolution during past decades. Many passive and active driver assistance systems were developed, increasing the passengers’ safety and comfort. This ongoing process is a main focus in current research and offers great potential for further systems, especially focusing on the task of autonomous and cooperative driving in the future. For that reason, information about the current stability in terms of dynamic behavior and vehicle environment are necessary for the systems to perform properly. Thus, model-based online state and parameter estimation have become important throughout the last years using a detailed vehicle model and standard sensors, gathering this information. In this chapter, state and parameter estimation in vehicle dynamics utilizing the unscented Kalman filter is presented. The estimation runs in real time based on a detailed vehicle model and standard measurements taken within the car. The results are validated using a Volkswagen Golf GTE Plug-In Hybrid for various dynamic test maneuvers and a Genesys Automotive Dynamic Motion Analyzer (ADMA) measurement unit for high-precision measurements of the vehicle’s states. Online parameter estimation is shown for friction coefficient estimation performing maneuvers on different road surfaces.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57977",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57977",book:{id:"6129",slug:"kalman-filters-theory-for-advanced-applications"},signatures:"Mark Wielitzka, Alexander Busch, Matthias Dagen and Tobias\nOrtmaier",authors:[{id:"122290",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Ortmaier",fullName:"Tobias Ortmaier",slug:"tobias-ortmaier",email:"tobias.ortmaier@imes.uni-hannover.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Leibniz University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"201140",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Wielitzka",fullName:"Mark Wielitzka",slug:"mark-wielitzka",email:"mark.wielitzka@imes.uni-hannover.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Hannover",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"202801",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Dagen",fullName:"Matthias Dagen",slug:"matthias-dagen",email:"matthias.dagen@imes.uni-hannover.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Leibniz University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"222868",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Busch",fullName:"Alexander Busch",slug:"alexander-busch",email:"alexander.busch@imes.uni-hannover.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Modeling",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Tire model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Vehicle body dynamics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. Measurement model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. State and parameter estimation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1. The unscented Kalman filter for state estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2. Dead-time compensation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3. Parameter estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Estimation results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1. Measurement setup",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.2. Unscented Kalman filter setup",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.3. State estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.4. Dead-time compensation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"4.5. Maximum friction coefficient estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nBest MC, Gordon TJ, Dixon PJ. An extended adaptive Kalman filter for real-time state estimation of vehicle handling dynamics. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2000;34(1):57-75. DOI: 10.1076/0042-3114(200008)34:1;1-K;FT057\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nCheli F, Sabbioni E, Pesce M, Melzi S. A methodology for vehicle sideslip angle identification: Comparison with experimental data. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2007;45(6):549-563. DOI: 10.1080/00423110601059112\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nChen BC, Hsieh F-C. Sideslip angle estimation using extended Kalman filter. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2009;46(S1):353-364. DOI: 10.1080/00423110801958550\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nDoumiati M, Victorino AC, Charara A, Lechner D. Onboard real-time estimation of vehicle lateral tire–road forces and sideslip angle. IEEE Transactions on Mechatronics. 2011;16(4):601-614. DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2010.2048118\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nPacejka HB, Bakker E. The magic formula tire model. Vehicle System Dynamics. 1992;21(S1):1-18. DOI: 10.1080/00423119208969994\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nLi L, Jia G, Ran X, Song J, Wu K. A variable structure extended Kalman filter for vehicle sideslip angle estimation on a low friction road. International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility. 2014;52(2):280-308. DOI: 10.1080/00423114.2013.877148\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nAntonov S, Fehn A, Kugi A. Unscented Kalman filter for vehicle state estimation. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2011;49(9):1497-1520. DOI: 10.1080/00423114.2010.527994\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nWielitzka M, Dagen M, Ortmaier T. State estimation of vehicle\'s lateral dynamics using unscented Kalman filter. Los Angeles, USA: IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC); 15-17 December 2014; 2015. pp. 5015-5020\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nJ Dakhlallah J, Glaser S, Mammar S, Sebsadji Y. Tire-Road Forces Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filter and Sideslip Angle Evaluation. Seattle, USA: 2008 American Control Conference (ACC); 11–13 June 2008; 2008. pp. 4597-4602\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nWenzel TA, Burnham KJ, Blundell MV, Williams RA. Dual extended Kalman filter for vehicle state and parameter estimation. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2006;44(2):153-171. DOI: 10.1080/00423110500385949\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nWielitzka M., Dagen M., Ortmaier T.: Joint unscented Kalman filter for state and parameter estimation in vehicle dynamics. Sydney, Australia: IEEE Conference On Control Applications (CCA); 21-23 September 2015. pp. 1945-1950\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nAhn C, Peng H, Tseng HE. Robust estimation of road friction coefficient using lateral and longitudinal vehicle dynamics. Vehicle System Dynamics. 2012;50(6):961-985. DOI: 10.1080/00423114.2012.659740\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nAhn C, Peng H, Tseng HE. Robust estimation of road friction. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2013;521(1):1-13. DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2011.2170838\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nWielitzka M, Dagen M, Ortmaier T. State and maximum friction coefficient estimation in vehicle dynamics using UKF. Seattle, USA: American Control Conference (ACC); 24-26 May 2017. pp. 4322-4327\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nWielitzka M, Dagen M, Ortmaier T. Nonlinear modeling and parameter identification of Vehicle’s lateral dynamics. Tokio, Japan: 12thth International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control (AVEC); 22–16 September 2014\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nRajamani, Rajesh. Vehicle dynamics and control; Springer Science & Business Media; 2011\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nJulier SJ. The Scaled Unscented Transformation. 2002: American Control Conference (ACC); 08-10 May 2002. USA: Anchorage; 2012. pp. 4555-4559\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nWan EA, Van der Merwe R. The unscented Kalman filter for nonlinear estimation. Alberta, Canada: Adaptive Systems for Signal Processing, Communications, and Control Symposium (AS-SPCC); 04 October 2000. p. 153-158\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Mark Wielitzka",address:"mark.wielitzka@imes.uni-hannover.de",affiliation:'
Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
Institute of Mechatronic Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"6129",type:"book",title:"Kalman Filters",subtitle:"Theory for Advanced Applications",fullTitle:"Kalman Filters - Theory for Advanced Applications",slug:"kalman-filters-theory-for-advanced-applications",publishedDate:"February 21st 2018",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6129.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-953-51-3828-0",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3827-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4038-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1401"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58317",type:"chapter",title:"A Reference Recursive Recipe for Tuning the Statistics of the Kalman Filter",slug:"a-reference-recursive-recipe-for-tuning-the-statistics-of-the-kalman-filter",totalDownloads:1465,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mudambi R Ananthasayanam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"209685",title:"Prof.",name:"Mudambi",middleName:"R",surname:"Ananthasayanam",fullName:"Mudambi Ananthasayanam",slug:"mudambi-ananthasayanam"}]},{id:"58052",type:"chapter",title:"The Error Covariance Matrix Inflation in Ensemble Kalman Filter",slug:"the-error-covariance-matrix-inflation-in-ensemble-kalman-filter",totalDownloads:1296,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Guocan Wu and Xiaogu Zheng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"210688",title:"Dr.",name:"Guocan",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Guocan Wu",slug:"guocan-wu"}]},{id:"57977",type:"chapter",title:"Unscented Kalman Filter for State and Parameter Estimation in Vehicle Dynamics",slug:"unscented-kalman-filter-for-state-and-parameter-estimation-in-vehicle-dynamics",totalDownloads:1962,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Mark Wielitzka, Alexander Busch, Matthias Dagen and Tobias\nOrtmaier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"122290",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Ortmaier",fullName:"Tobias Ortmaier",slug:"tobias-ortmaier"},{id:"201140",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Wielitzka",fullName:"Mark Wielitzka",slug:"mark-wielitzka"},{id:"202801",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Dagen",fullName:"Matthias Dagen",slug:"matthias-dagen"},{id:"222868",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Busch",fullName:"Alexander Busch",slug:"alexander-busch"}]},{id:"58292",type:"chapter",title:"Sensitivity-Based Adaptive SRUKF for State, Parameter, and Covariance Estimation on Mechatronic Systems",slug:"sensitivity-based-adaptive-srukf-for-state-parameter-and-covariance-estimation-on-mechatronic-system",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mauro Hernán Riva, Mark Wielitzka and Tobias Ortmaier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"122290",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Ortmaier",fullName:"Tobias Ortmaier",slug:"tobias-ortmaier"},{id:"201140",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Wielitzka",fullName:"Mark Wielitzka",slug:"mark-wielitzka"},{id:"210832",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mauro",middleName:"Hernán",surname:"Riva",fullName:"Mauro Riva",slug:"mauro-riva"}]},{id:"57768",type:"chapter",title:"Kalman Filters for Parameter Estimation of Nonstationary Signals",slug:"kalman-filters-for-parameter-estimation-of-nonstationary-signals",totalDownloads:1544,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Sarita Nanda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"209587",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarita",middleName:null,surname:"Nanda",fullName:"Sarita Nanda",slug:"sarita-nanda"}]},{id:"57455",type:"chapter",title:"Kalman Filter Models for the Prediction of Individualised Thermal Work Strain",slug:"kalman-filter-models-for-the-prediction-of-individualised-thermal-work-strain",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jia Guo, Ying Chen, Weiping Priscilla Fan, Si Hui Maureen Lee,\nJunxian Ong, Poh Ling Tan, Yu Li Lydia Law, Kai Wei Jason Lee and\nKok-Yong Seng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171298",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Seng",fullName:"Kok-Yong Seng",slug:"kok-yong-seng"},{id:"209402",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Ying Chen",slug:"ying-chen"},{id:"209404",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Jia Guo",slug:"jia-guo"},{id:"220688",title:"Ms.",name:"Weiping Priscilla",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",fullName:"Weiping Priscilla Fan",slug:"weiping-priscilla-fan"},{id:"220689",title:"Ms.",name:"Si Hui Maureen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Si Hui Maureen Lee",slug:"si-hui-maureen-lee"},{id:"220690",title:"Mr.",name:"Junxian",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Junxian Ong",slug:"junxian-ong"},{id:"220691",title:"Ms.",name:"Poh Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Poh Ling Tan",slug:"poh-ling-tan"},{id:"220692",title:"Ms.",name:"Yu Li Lydia",middleName:null,surname:"Law",fullName:"Yu Li Lydia Law",slug:"yu-li-lydia-law"},{id:"220693",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai Wei Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kai Wei Jason Lee",slug:"kai-wei-jason-lee"}]},{id:"57512",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Kalman Filtering in Dynamic Prediction for Corporate Financial Distress",slug:"application-of-kalman-filtering-in-dynamic-prediction-for-corporate-financial-distress",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qian Zhuang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"209794",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",fullName:"Qian Zhuang",slug:"qian-zhuang"}]},{id:"57651",type:"chapter",title:"Predicting Collisions in Mobile Robot Navigation by Kalman Filter",slug:"predicting-collisions-in-mobile-robot-navigation-by-kalman-filter",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Angel Sánchez, Homero Ríos, Gustavo Quintana and Antonio Marín",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"210685",title:"MSc.",name:"Angel",middleName:"Juan",surname:"Sanchez Garcia",fullName:"Angel Sanchez Garcia",slug:"angel-sanchez-garcia"},{id:"211071",title:"Dr.",name:"Homero",middleName:null,surname:"Rios Figueroa",fullName:"Homero Rios Figueroa",slug:"homero-rios-figueroa"},{id:"211072",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Marin Hernandez",fullName:"Antonio Marin Hernandez",slug:"antonio-marin-hernandez"},{id:"219509",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Quintana Carapia",fullName:"Gustavo Quintana Carapia",slug:"gustavo-quintana-carapia"}]},{id:"59091",type:"chapter",title:"Efficient Matrix-Free Ensemble Kalman Filter Implementations: Accounting for Localization",slug:"efficient-matrix-free-ensemble-kalman-filter-implementations-accounting-for-localization",totalDownloads:1113,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Elias David Niño Ruiz, Rolando Beltrán Arrieta and Alfonso Manuel\nMancilla Herrera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107082",title:"Prof.",name:"Elias",middleName:"David",surname:"Nino-Ruiz",fullName:"Elias Nino-Ruiz",slug:"elias-nino-ruiz"}]},{id:"58238",type:"chapter",title:"Kalman Filters for Reference Current Generation in Shunt Active Power Filter (APF)",slug:"kalman-filters-for-reference-current-generation-in-shunt-active-power-filter-apf-",totalDownloads:1656,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmad Shukri Bin Abu Hasim, Syed Mohd Fairuz Bin Syed Mohd\nDardin and Zulkifilie Bin Ibrahim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"208972",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Mohd Fairuz",middleName:null,surname:"Syed Mohd Dardin",fullName:"Syed Mohd Fairuz Syed Mohd Dardin",slug:"syed-mohd-fairuz-syed-mohd-dardin"},{id:"209475",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Shukri",middleName:null,surname:"Abu Hasim",fullName:"Ahmad Shukri Abu Hasim",slug:"ahmad-shukri-abu-hasim"},{id:"218276",title:"Prof.",name:"Zulkifilie",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Zulkifilie Ibrahim",slug:"zulkifilie-ibrahim"}]},{id:"57692",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of Kalman Filters for Coherent Optical Communication Systems",slug:"applications-of-kalman-filters-for-coherent-optical-communication-systems",totalDownloads:1480,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lalitha Pakala and Bernhard Schmauss",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"210340",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Lalitha",middleName:null,surname:"Pakala",fullName:"Lalitha Pakala",slug:"lalitha-pakala"},{id:"210654",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schmauss",fullName:"Bernhard Schmauss",slug:"bernhard-schmauss"}]},{id:"57673",type:"chapter",title:"Kalman Filter for Moving Object Tracking: Performance Analysis and Filter Design",slug:"kalman-filter-for-moving-object-tracking-performance-analysis-and-filter-design",totalDownloads:3149,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Kenshi Saho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"209334",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kenshi",middleName:null,surname:"Saho",fullName:"Kenshi Saho",slug:"kenshi-saho"}]},{id:"57985",type:"chapter",title:"Distributed Kalman Filter",slug:"distributed-kalman-filter",totalDownloads:1340,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Felix Govaers",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"209490",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Govaers",fullName:"Felix Govaers",slug:"felix-govaers"}]},{id:"57804",type:"chapter",title:"Consensus-Based Distributed Filtering for GNSS",slug:"consensus-based-distributed-filtering-for-gnss",totalDownloads:1377,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Amir Khodabandeh, Peter J.G. Teunissen and Safoora Zaminpardaz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"116970",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Teunissen",fullName:"Peter Teunissen",slug:"peter-teunissen"},{id:"210691",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Khodabandeh",fullName:"Amir Khodabandeh",slug:"amir-khodabandeh"},{id:"210714",title:"Dr.",name:"Safoora",middleName:null,surname:"Zaminpardaz",fullName:"Safoora Zaminpardaz",slug:"safoora-zaminpardaz"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2286",title:"Frontiers in Advanced Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43dae6480e55f2985ce8c4a1860e6dca",slug:"frontiers-in-advanced-control-systems",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2286.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37942",title:"Highlighted Aspects From Black Box Fuzzy Modeling For Advanced Control Systems Design",slug:"highlighted-aspects-from-black-box-fuzzy-modeling-for-advanced-control-systems-design",signatures:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",authors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra"}]},{id:"37943",title:"Online Adaptive Learning Solution of Multi-Agent Differential Graphical Games",slug:"online-adaptive-learning-solution-of-multi-agent-differential-graphical-games",signatures:"Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis and Frank L. Lewis",authors:[{id:"13440",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Frank L. Lewis",slug:"frank-l.-lewis"},{id:"14111",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyriakos G.",middleName:null,surname:"Vamvoudakis",fullName:"Kyriakos G. Vamvoudakis",slug:"kyriakos-g.-vamvoudakis"}]},{id:"37944",title:"Neural and Genetic Control Approaches in Process Engineering",slug:"neural-and-genetic-control-approaches-in-process-engineering",signatures:"Javier Fernandez De Canete, Pablo Del Saz, Alfonso Garcia-Cerezo and Inmaculada Garcia-Moral",authors:[{id:"137452",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez De Canete",fullName:"Javier Fernandez De Canete",slug:"javier-fernandez-de-canete"},{id:"137554",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Del Saz",fullName:"Pablo Del Saz",slug:"pablo-del-saz"},{id:"137555",title:"Dr.",name:"Inmaculada",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Moral",fullName:"Inmaculada Garcia-Moral",slug:"inmaculada-garcia-moral"},{id:"150828",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Cerezo",fullName:"Alfonso Garcia-Cerezo",slug:"alfonso-garcia-cerezo"}]},{id:"37945",title:"New Techniques for Optimizing the Norm of Robust Controllers of Polytopic Uncertain Linear Systems",slug:"new-techniques-for-optimizing-the-norm-of-robust-controllers-of-polytopic-uncertain-linear-systems",signatures:"Luiz F. S. Buzachero, Edvaldo Assuncao, Marcelo C. M. Teixeira and Emerson R. P. Da Silva",authors:[{id:"122334",title:"MSc.",name:"Luiz F. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Buzachero",fullName:"Luiz F. S. Buzachero",slug:"luiz-f.-s.-buzachero"},{id:"122338",title:"Dr.",name:"Edvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Assuncao",fullName:"Edvaldo Assuncao",slug:"edvaldo-assuncao"},{id:"122339",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo C. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Marcelo C. M. Teixeira",slug:"marcelo-c.-m.-teixeira"},{id:"122340",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson R. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva",fullName:"Emerson R. P. Da Silva",slug:"emerson-r.-p.-da-silva"}]},{id:"37946",title:"On Control Design of Switched Affine Systems with Application to DC-DC Converters",slug:"on-control-design-of-switched-affine-systems-with-application-to-dc-dc-converters",signatures:"E. I. Mainardi Júnior, M. C. M. Teixeira, R. Cardim, M. R. Moreira, E. Assunção and Victor L. Yoshimura",authors:[{id:"122338",title:"Dr.",name:"Edvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Assuncao",fullName:"Edvaldo Assuncao",slug:"edvaldo-assuncao"},{id:"122339",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo C. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Marcelo C. M. Teixeira",slug:"marcelo-c.-m.-teixeira"},{id:"134667",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Cardim",fullName:"Rodrigo Cardim",slug:"rodrigo-cardim"},{id:"137600",title:"Mr.",name:"Edson",middleName:null,surname:"Italo Mainardi Jr",fullName:"Edson Italo Mainardi Jr",slug:"edson-italo-mainardi-jr"},{id:"138138",title:"Mr.",name:"Manoel R.",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",fullName:"Manoel R. Moreira",slug:"manoel-r.-moreira"},{id:"138139",title:"MSc.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Leonardo",surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Victor Yoshimura",slug:"victor-yoshimura"}]},{id:"37947",title:"PID Controller Tuning Based on the Classification of Stable, Integrating and Unstable Processes in a Parameter Plane",slug:"pid-controller-tuning-based-on-the-classification-of-stable-integrating-and-unstable-processes-in-a-",signatures:"Tomislav B. Šekara and Miroslav R. Mataušek",authors:[{id:"137867",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomislav",middleName:"Blagoje",surname:"Šekara",fullName:"Tomislav Šekara",slug:"tomislav-sekara"},{id:"137869",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Mataušek",fullName:"Miroslav Mataušek",slug:"miroslav-matausek"}]},{id:"37948",title:"A Comparative Study using Bio-Inspired Optimization Methods Applied to Controllers Tuning",slug:"a-comparative-study-using-bio-inspired-optimization-methods-applied-to-controllers-tuning",signatures:"Davi Leonardo de Souza, Fran Sérgio Lobato and Rubens Gedraite",authors:[{id:"125558",title:"Prof.",name:"Fran Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Fran Sergio Lobato",slug:"fran-sergio-lobato"}]},{id:"37949",title:"Adaptive Coordinated Cooperative Control of Multi-Mobile Manipulators",slug:"adaptive-coordinated-cooperative-control-of-multi-mobile-manipulators",signatures:"Víctor H. Andaluz, Paulo Leica, Flavio Roberti, Marcos Toibero and Ricardo Carelli",authors:[{id:"138122",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Andaluz",fullName:"Victor Andaluz",slug:"victor-andaluz"},{id:"138124",title:"MSc.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Leica",fullName:"Paulo Leica",slug:"paulo-leica"}]},{id:"37950",title:"Iterative Learning - MPC: an Alternative Strategy",slug:"iterative-learning-mpc-an-alternative-strategy",signatures:"Eduardo J. Adam and Alejandro H. González",authors:[{id:"138027",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Eduardo Adam",slug:"eduardo-adam"}]},{id:"37951",title:"FPGA Implementation of PID Controller for the Stabilization of a DC-DC “Buck” Converter",slug:"fpga-implementation-of-pid-controller-for-the-stabilization-of-a-dc-dc-buck-converter",signatures:"Eric William Zurita-Bustamante, Jesús Linares-Flores, Enrique Guzmán-Ramírez and Hebertt Sira-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"135851",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Linares-Flores",fullName:"Jesús Linares-Flores",slug:"jesus-linares-flores"}]},{id:"37952",title:"Model Predictive Control Relevant Identification",slug:"model-predictive-control-relevant-identification",signatures:"Rodrigo Alvite Romano, Alain Segundo Potts and Claudio Garcia",authors:[{id:"59058",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Claudio Garcia",slug:"claudio-garcia"},{id:"63529",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:"Segundo",surname:"Potts",fullName:"Alain Potts",slug:"alain-potts"},{id:"137954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Alvite",surname:"Romano",fullName:"Rodrigo Romano",slug:"rodrigo-romano"}]},{id:"37953",title:"System Identification Using Orthonormal Basis Filters",slug:"system-identification-using-orthonormal-basis-filters",signatures:"Lemma D. Tufa and M. Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"138148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lemma Dendena",middleName:null,surname:"Tufa",fullName:"Lemma Dendena Tufa",slug:"lemma-dendena-tufa"},{id:"138149",title:"Dr.",name:"Marappagounder",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",fullName:"Marappagounder Ramasamy",slug:"marappagounder-ramasamy"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6129",title:"Kalman Filters",subtitle:"Theory for Advanced Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7341ee991eeb22a10a8b14bcd53a24b6",slug:"kalman-filters-theory-for-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6129.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6444",title:"New Insights into Bayesian Inference",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a6c48ec7bdf923a126816fdbbb24274",slug:"new-insights-into-bayesian-inference",bookSignature:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6444.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150393",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Saber Fallah",surname:"Nezhad",slug:"mohammad-saber-fallah-nezhad",fullName:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7653",title:"Wavelet Transform and Complexity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74bd7559ad44e50940d35974905e98ee",slug:"wavelet-transform-and-complexity",bookSignature:"Dumitru Baleanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105623",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitru",surname:"Baleanu",slug:"dumitru-baleanu",fullName:"Dumitru Baleanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8181",title:"Applied Mathematics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85b873324d4e1af230fea39738ba9be5",slug:"applied-mathematics",bookSignature:"Bruno Carpentieri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8181.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92921",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Carpentieri",slug:"bruno-carpentieri",fullName:"Bruno Carpentieri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9325",title:"Mathematical Theorems",subtitle:"Boundary Value Problems and Approximations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38c88a4ec0ff6c0184a6694c21ddedc5",slug:"mathematical-theorems-boundary-value-problems-and-approximations",bookSignature:"Lyudmila Alexeyeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232525",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyudmila",surname:"Alexeyeva",slug:"lyudmila-alexeyeva",fullName:"Lyudmila Alexeyeva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"6129",title:"Kalman Filters",subtitle:"Theory for Advanced Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7341ee991eeb22a10a8b14bcd53a24b6",slug:"kalman-filters-theory-for-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6129.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ginalber Luiz",surname:"Serra",slug:"ginalber-luiz-serra",fullName:"Ginalber Luiz Serra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72202",title:"Essential Oils’ Potential in Breast Cancer Treatment: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91781",slug:"essential-oils-potential-in-breast-cancer-treatment-an-overview",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Cancer is a disease in which normal cells change into a type of cell that can continuously proliferate and, by a process named metastasis, migrate to distant parts of the body [1]. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women in the world, presenting high morbidity and mortality [2]. It causes a major public health problem, and the incidence is increasing all over the world [3].
\n
The treatment used for cancer causes many side effects; besides, there are a large number of cases of resistance toward anticancer drugs [4]. These are the main causes that limit the success of treatment in aggressive BC cases. Thus, the need to have novel therapeutic agents is urgent [2].
\n
Natural products, such as plants, may hold the future of BC treatment as the source for new drugs that can interfere with certain processes and ultimately result in clinical usage as an adjuvant therapy [1].
\n
Essential oils (EOs) act as protective mechanism for plants against bacteria, viruses, insects, and even herbivores [5]. They are widely used by the population to treat cancer and can change the metabolism of cancer cells in very low doses, besides provide energy for synthetic processes [6]. This way, EOs are being considered as a promising agent opening venues for novel anticancer therapy as a way to defeat side effects and the high cost of chemotherapy approaches in BC [7]. This review focuses on apoptosis as an action mechanism by EOs in breast cancer cells, antitumoral activity of EOs and their bioactive compounds, and optimization of EOs’ use and their potential as an alternative for side effects reduction during breast cancer treatment.
\n
\n
\n
2. Induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by essential oils
\n
Apoptosis is a cellular process involved in physiological and pathological conditions. The mechanism of apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cancer, in which it can be reduced by the cells as a mechanism of survival so they can continue to proliferate, leading to metastasis and resistance to drugs. Caspases can act as initiators and executers of this process and can be activated in an intrinsic or extrinsic way. The intrinsic, or mitochondrial, pathway is controlled by proteins from the Bcl-2 family, which can be proapoptotic proteins such as Bax, Bak, Bad, Bcl-Xs, Bid, Bik, Bim, and Hrk, or antiapoptotic such as Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-W, Bfl-1, and Mcl-1 [8].
\n
Collected from Kerman, Golestan, and East Azerbaijan provinces from Iran, EO from the seed of Foeniculum vulgar Mill, known as fennel (FN), increased the expression of a proapoptotic factor Bax and decreased antiapoptotic factor Bcl2 gene expression, which leads to cytotoxic effects on MCF7 [7]. FN also had action against MDA-MB [9]. But the FN from Tajikistan presented low cytotoxicity when compared to doxorubicin [10].
\n
Another plant in Iran, Oliveria decumbens, is used as a vegetable and medicinal plant by the population to treat cancer-related symptoms. Its EO (OEO) inhibited viability of murine mammary carcinoma 4T1, promoting apoptosis in vitro and led to a TH1 anticancer response in 4T1 tumor-challenging mice [11]. OEO and its main component, thymol, also showed anticancer properties in MDA-MB-231 BC monolayers by activation of intrinsic and maybe extrinsic apoptosis [12]. Also, in Iran, all EOs obtained from the aerial parts of Zhumeria majdae collected from five different localities were active and did not show cytotoxicity variability for MCF7 [13].
\n
EO of Decatropis bicolor (Zucc.) Radlk, empirically used in Mexico for BC treatment, showed a selective cytotoxic effect toward MDA-MB-231 by activation of Bax and caspases 9 and 3 through intrinsic apoptosis pathway [14]. The apoptosis of MCF7 was stimulated by Ocimum sanctum EO with the regulation of apoptotic genes p53 and Bid and elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 [15]. Similar results were found with MCF7 apoptosis induction by Tetraclinis articulata [16] and Myrtus communis L., commonly used in Morocco for culinary purposes [17]. Carvacrol is the major ingredient of Zataria Multiflora EO and induced apoptosis in 2D and 3D cell cultures of MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and T47D with selectivity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), caspase 3 activation, and DNA damage [18]. Thymus vulgaris L. EO was also proapoptotic to MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells [6].
\n
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is involved in tumor development by regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell migration, and its activation is associated with both inflammation and development of cancer, processes that seem to be linked [19]; therefore, its influence by components can be used as a target. Justified by the use already made by the local population, research has shown that Cyphostemma juttae (Dinter & Gilg) Desc. EO decreased NF-κB activation with suppressive action on triple negative breast cancer cell lines (TNBCs) [20].
\n
The inhibition effect of EO from Erythrina corallodendron L. (ECEO) seems to be mediated by the suppression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, implicated with metastasis in cancer progression. Another aspect that points to it being a possible good target for a new chemotherapeutic agent is that ECEO had greater cytotoxicity to breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 than to normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMLEs). Although it was not as good as the positive drugs, it may qualify as an adjuvant drug [21].
\n
MCF7 cells treated with frankincense EO (FCO), pine needle, and geranium activated the 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which controls cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy and is deregulated in cancer [22]. As a consequence, there was suppression of cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion activity. FCO was also effective in inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis in human BC mouse model [2].
\n
\nAquilaria spp. can provide agarwood, and its EO has proven to reduce the cell number of MCF7, suggesting an effect on cell death and attachment inhibition. Although there have not been any reports of its traditional use for cancer treatment, many reports show its use for inflammatory-associated diseases [23]. On the other hand, Boswellia sp. gum has proved to have anti-neoplastic effects and is very commonly used for aroma therapy. EO of B. sacra induced cell death in T47D, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231, and the EO hydrodistilled at 100°C was more potent than the one prepared at 78°C, which demonstrates the importance of the form of preparation in the effect of the EO [24].
\n
\n
\n
3. Antitumoral activity of EOs and bioactive compounds
\n
Terpenes (TPs) are usually part of EOs’ constituents. Terpenoids (TPNs) are a modified class of terpenes that can be classified according to the number of units of isoprene. Monoterpenes (MTs) are the TPNs with only 2 isoprene units and 10 carbon atoms, sesquiterpenes (STs) have 3 isoprene units and 15 carbon atoms, diterpenes have 4 isoprene units and 20 carbon atoms, triterpenes (TTs) have 6 isoprene units and 30 carbon atoms, and tetraterpenes have 8 isoprene units and 40 carbon atoms [25]. The biosynthesis of terpenoids is shown in Figure 1.
\n
Figure 1.
Terpeneoids’ biosynthesis.
\n
Sesquiterpenes (STs) are produced in plants in a way to interact with other plants and as a response to herbivores. These compounds are widely distributed, have been exploited in research for their phytomedicinal potential [26], and are associated with decreasing progression of cancer.
\n
Many plants have demonstrated antiproliferative activity on MCF7 cells and have MT as a major constituent of their EO composition, such as the following : Schefflera heptaphylla (β-pinene) [27]; Heteropyxis dehniae (linalool) [28]; Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolius (α-phellandrene) [29]; Melaleuca alternifolia (terpinen-4-ol) [30]; Citrus limon, Citrus medica, and Citrus sinensis (limonene) [31]; and Cunila angustifolia (pulegone and isomenthol) [32], Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (carvacrol) [33], Satureja intermedia C.A. Mey (γ-terpinene, thymol, and p-cymene) [34], Melaleuca armillaris (Sol Ex Gateau) (1,8-cineole) [35], Monodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica, X. parviflora [36], Laurus nobilis, Origanum syriacum, O. vulgare, Salvia triloba [37], and berries of Schinus molle L. and S. terebinthifolius Raddi (more active) (α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, and ρ-cymene) [29].
\n
Bisabolene isomers are the main constituents of opoponax (Commiphora guidotti); therefore, a ST named β-bisabolene and an alcoholic analogue, α-bisabolol, were tested for their in vitro and in vivo influence on BC. Only β-bisabolene exhibited selective cytotoxic activity for mouse cells MG1361 and human BC cells MCF7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3, and BT474 with a 37.5% reduction of the growth of transplanted 4T1 mammary tumors [38].
\n
EO of Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (Myrtaceae) from Amazonian Ecuador has its anticancer activity in MCF7 attributed to α-bisabolol in its composition [39], and EO from leaves of Anaxagorea mainly composed of β-eudesmol, α-eudesmol, and β-bisabolene showed similar effect [40].
\n
EO from leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) collected in Brazil, with germacrene D as one of the major compounds, and fractions were tested in vitro against MCF7. All of them had anticancer activity and that may be due to α- and β-pinene structures [41]. EO of S. molle made in Costa Rica was active in breast carcinoma EMT-6 cell line and also had beta-pinene and alpha-pinene as major components [42]. Similar results were not found in EO from leaves of Porcelia macrocarpa R. E. Fries (Annonaceae), with main compounds germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene, which did not have significant effect on human breast adenocarcinoma SKBr [43].
\n
β-Elemene is the major active component of the EO from a traditional plant from China, Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling, and showed significant cytotoxicity in multidrug-resistant cell line MCF7/adriamycin through inhibition of mTOR activity, related with cell proliferation and cancer, with the presence of autophagy. However, it only showed effects at high concentrations and the EO had problems regarding stability [44].
\n
Different parts of the same plant can have different chemical constitution and biological activity. For example, the EO of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders showed different results when different parts of plants were used. The essential oil from stem bark (EO-SB) had 79.8% of fatty acid including palmitoleic acid and palmitic acid, and the leaf oil (EO-L) had 86.3% of STs. While EO-SB did not induce cytotoxic effect, the EO-L stimulated the growth of BEAS-2B normal cells, but not in MCF7 cancerous cells, proving the medicinal effects of STs. But the best result was noticed when EO-L was associated with tamoxifen, which demonstrated better activity than the treatment with the drug alone [45]. The EO of Pallines spinose flower (F-PSEO) showed different composition than the leaf EO (L-PSEO). F-PSEO contained 96.39% of STs with 78.63% of the oil as oxygenated derivatives such as acorenone B, α-muurolol, and α-cadinol. The L-PSEO was composed of 51.60% of oxygenated STs and 34.06% of SQ hydrocarbons. F-PSEO had stronger anticancer results for MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 and both EOs induced a caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis and altered the levels of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins [46].
\n
A component that can optimize the anticancer effects when combined with chemotherapy or reduce side effects of the current treatment is a target for many researches. Rhizoma curcumae is a plant known to possess activity against different types of cancer cells [47] and is common in Chinese medicine for the treatment of cancer [48]. Curcumol, a guaiane type ST lactone, is the major component of R. curcumaeis and, in combination with doxorubicin, made MDA-MB-231 cells more sensible to the action of doxorubicin through the activation of transcription factor NFAT1 and through the bind of the promoter region of miR-181b-2-3p, which is implicated in motility of BC [49] and less survival in breast cancer patients [50]. Curcumol also demonstrated in vivo suppress of tumor growth [49].
\n
EO of Blepharocalyx salicifolius was cytotoxic against the MDA-MB-231 cell not by mechanisms related to apoptosis but by preventing cell metabolism reactions. Its main constituents identified were STs bicyclogermacrene, globulol, viridiflorol, γ-eudesmol, and α-eudesmol [51].
\n
Leaves of Garcinia celebica L, popularly used in Malaysia and known as “manggishutan,” provide an ST-rich EO composed of α-copaene (61.25%), germacrene D (6.72%), and β-caryophyllene (5.85%) with antiproliferative action to MCF7 cells [52]. A similar result was found with the leaf of Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang, which is also composed mainly of STs such as α-copaene, α-muurolene, α-cadinene, and 1s-calamenene [53].
\n
A ST isolated from the EO of Rhizoma curcumae named Furanodiene (FD) is associated with anticancer activities in various types of cancers in humans. FD also showed action on chemo-resistant breast cancer cells [54]. EO of R. curcumae and the main bioactive component FD were assessed on doxorubicin-resistant MCF7 cell line; although it showed inhibitory effects on cell viability it did not work on ABC transporters [47], which promote the efflux of chemotherapeutic compounds from cells leading to reduction of drug levels inside the cancer cells and insensitivity to the treatment associated with resistance [55]. Furthermore, FD induced apoptosis via intrinsic/extrinsic-dependent and NF-κB-independent pathways [54].
\n
Multidrug-resistant human BC cells MCF7/ADR were treated with EO of Inula japonica (IJO) or its ST component isoalantolactone (ISO) or Angelicae dahuricae EO (ADO). IJO, ISO, and ADO may reverse the cancer cell by down-regulating ABCB1 expression [56]. This gene encodes a transporter that changes the phenotype of the cells into a multidrug resistance type associated with worse prognosis in BC patients [57].
\n
EO of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. hirtus Regel was mainly composed of STs α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, and humulene epoxide II, which resulted in a significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth human BC cell lines MDA-MB-435S and ZR-75-30, possibly due to the presence of STs in its composition [58].
\n
A primary alcohol named 2-phenylethanol was the main constituent in the EO of Magnolia virginiana, while in M. grandiflora oil sample the main compounds were ST alcohol (E,E)-farnesol (18%) and 2-phenylethanol (10%). Both EOs were active against MDA-MB231 cell [59]. Similar action was found with EO of Eryngium campestre and E. amethystinum from central Italy, rich in ST hydrocarbons like germacrene D, allo-aromadendrene, β-elemene, spathulenol, and ledol against human breast adenocarcinoma cells [60].
\n
In the Amazon Rain Forest, climate changes seem to influence Iryanthera polyneura Ducke trees. EOs obtained from leaves collected in the rainy season were more active against MCF7. STs spathulenol, α-cadinol, and τ-muurolol were identified as the main compounds [61]. Some seasonal variation was also found in EO of Mentha species, M. arvensis, M. piperita, M. longifolia, and M. spicata, and they all stimulated the decrease of MCF7 proliferation. Their major compounds were MTs such as menthol, menthone, piperitenone oxide, and carvone, respectively [62].
\n
STs represent 88.57% of all the compounds detected in Hedyosmum sprucei EO (Chloranthaceae), collected in the Amazonian region of Pastaza, which led to cytotoxic effects on MCF7 [63]. Similar effect was observed in STs from EO of Ballota undulata, B. saxatilis, B. nigra [64], Convolvulus althaeoides [65], Talauma gloriensis [66], Cedrelopsis grevei [67] and Feronia elephantum Correa [68].
\n
\nPinus roxburghii Sarg. is a Nepal pine used for skin injuries. Its needle EO can inhibit up to 70% of MCF7 cells due to high concentrations of STs such as (E)-caryophyllene and α-humulene and of MT alcohols terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol [69]. P. sylvestris showed cytotoxic selectivity to ER-negative BC cells MDA-MB-231 compared to ER-positive cell line (MCF7) but its chemical composition was not elucidated [70].
\n
Volatile oil from Saussurea lappa root (VOSL) showed better anti-breast cancer efficacy and lower side effects than its isolated STs named costunolide (Cos) and dehydrocostuslactone (Dehy), although when combined Cos and Dehy induced apoptosis with regulation of the c-Myc/p53 and AKT/14-3-3 signaling pathways in MCF7 cells or MDA-MB-231 [71].
\n
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a MT and the main constituent of the EO from the seed of Nigella sativa. It can optimize chemotherapeutic agents and reduce its toxic side effects, proving to affect the modulation of signaling pathways and molecules with important participation in oncogenic processes such as initiation, progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis [1]. TQ encapsulated in poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles inhibits the proliferation of MDA-MB-231cells [72], and same effect was obtained with TQ loaded with liposomes in MCF7 and T47D [73]. TQ derivates decreased the growth of MCF-7/Topo [74]. TQ improved the growth inhibition of reference drug doxorubicin in multidrug-resistant MCF-7/TOPO cells, which may be a good source for a booster in the treatment [75]. TQ also showed apoptotic effect in BC cell line (T47D) in combination with gemcitabine as well as alone [76].
\n
TQ was not only active in BC cells but also in vivo by reduction of tumor cell growth, invasion, and migration. These actions seem to be related to the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, which acts to inhibit cell growth and proliferation. It also increases ROS, leading to the phosphorylation of p38, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which leads to an antiproliferative and proapoptotic efficacy of TQ in BC [77].
\n
In breast tumor xenograft mouse model, TQ was able to reduce the tumor growth and act synergistically with doxorubicin with antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects [78]. Similar result was found with mice injected with triple negative BC (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells), probably due to the inhibition of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (EEF2K) signaling [79], which downregulates steps in protein synthesis and increases solid tumor size in vivo [80]. On mice transplanted with breast cancer with EMT6/P cells, the synergic action of TQ and resveratrol decreased the tumor size and led to the cure of 60% animals with no liver or kidney toxicity. The combination also induced apoptosis in EMT6/p and human epithelial BC cell lines MCF7 and T47D [81]. In the xenograft mouse model, TQ increased expression of p-p38 protein in tumors, and led to a decrease in the XIAP, survivin, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins [78].
\n
Eugenol (Eu), an oxygenated MT, is an important volatile constituent of clove EO mainly obtained from Syzygium, which has promising results in vitro for the prevention of the progression of BC, with alteration in cellular energy metabolism of MCF10A-ras [82]. For MCF-7 cell, there were cytotoxicity of cinnamon, thyme, chamomile, and jasmine EOs. MT eugenol seems to play an important role in cinnamon action [83].
\n
EO rich in MT eucalyptol from Cinnamomum glanduliferum from Egypt and Nepeta menthoides from Iran inhibited respectively, MCF7 [84] and MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB-231 [85].
\n
The EO from Hedychium spicatum from different regions of western Himalaya where collected and the samples from Almora, Binsar and Uttarakhand were rich in MT and ST and showed cytotoxicity action in MCF7 [86]. Similar effect was observed with EOs obtained from mint (Mentha spicata), ginger (Zingiber officinale), lemon (Citrus limonum), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), jasmine (Jasminum grandiflora), lavender (Lavandula stoechas), chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), rose (Rosa centifolia) and cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) from a commercial source in China, composed by elements such as MTs limonene and menthol [83].
\n
\nProtium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) EO was collected during 3 years and did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity against MCF7 cancer cells, with no change in caspase-3 and TNF-α levels. The major compounds were MT such as terpinolene and p-cymene-8-ol, and p-cymene. However, the EO had antimutagenic activity, which might provide a chemo-preventive effect [87].
\n
The fruit of Angelica archangelica L. growing in Iceland provides MT-rich α-pinene EOs differing mainly in the absence or presence of the MT β-phellandrene. However the cytotoxic activity in Crl mouse-BC-cells was independent of the quantity of their main components [88].
\n
The method of preparation affected the composition of EO from Pituranthos tortuosus (Desf.) Benth and Hook (Apiaceae). The EO was rich in MT and the major components of the sample prepared by hydrodistillation (HD) were MT β-myrcene, MT sabinene, phenylpropanoids trans-iso-elemicin and MT alcohol terpinen-4-ol. The mayor components from the sample prepared by simultaneous hydrodistillation solvent (n-pentane) (DE) were MTs terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, gamma-terpinene and beta-myrcene. And the mayor components from the sample prepared by conventional-volatile-solvent extraction (SE) were MT terpinen-4-ol, phenylpropanoid dillapiole, and MT allo-ocimene. The DE sample was the most potent against MCF7 [89].
\n
\nSolanum erianthum leaf volatile oil demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against Hs 578T characterized by the abundance of MT α-terpinolene (17.8%), MT α-phellandrene (17.5%), MT ρ-cymene (15.7%), and MT β-pinene (11.7%) in the leaves [90].
\n
The EO from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) was composed of MT, oxygenated MT, SQ , phenolic ether, and phenylpropanoids, while Morinda citrifolia (mengkudu) had mostly carboxylic acids, esters, and isothiocyanate. Both Eos decreased MCF7 cells [91]. Similar effect was obtained with EO from leaves of Solanium spirale Roxb containing 48.10% of diterpene alcohol (E)-Phytol [92], with EO from leaf, stem, stem bark, and root of Uvariodendron angustifolium with the presence of citral (a mixture of terpenoids) [93] and with EO from Syzygium aromaticum, a source of TT [4].
\n
\nLitsea cubeba, composed by 68.9% of MT citral, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, mainly composed by (E)-cinnamaldehyde, also had inhibitory action on BC cells MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB-231 [94].
\n
EO from Erigeron acris root showed higher antiproliferative activity for MCF7 and MDA-MBA-231 than E. annuus, which may be due to polyacetylenic compounds, matricaria and lachnophyllum ester [95], while Waldheimia glabra from the Himalayan Mountains, composed mainly of ST spathulenol and thujopsene, fatty alcohol 9-tetradecenol, MT α-thujone, santolina alcohol, and MT tertiary alcohols terpinen-4-ol only had mild action [96].
\n
EO obtained from the seeds of onion Afro styrax lepidophyllus and garlic tree Scorodophloeus zenkeri are usually used as spices in Africa. It exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on MDA-MB 231. The predominant compound in both oils was the terpenoid 2,4,5,7-tetrathiaoctane [97]. EO of aerial parts, branches and leaves, of Glandora rosmarinifolia (Ten.) D.C. Thomas is composed mostly of aliphatic alkanes and diterpene hydrocarbons; it induces cell growth inhibition at triple negative-breast cancer-cell lines SUM 149 and MDA-MB-231 in part due to a pro-oxidant mechanism [5].
\n
\n
\n
4. Optimization of the EOs’ use against BC
\n
Nanoemulsions (NEs) can work as an ally to reduce some problems associated with Eos such as sensibility and lability. That is what happened with the use of Zataria multiflora EO loaded into chitosan (CS) nanoparticles. This combination improved the proliferation inhibition rate of BC cells as well as apoptosis, generation of ROS, trigger of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and DNA damage, with high selectivity to human cancer cells of breast adenocarcinoma MCF7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231 [98].
\n
Another study made with CS and N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) also increased the toxicity of another EO from Ocimum gratissimum, when loaded with TNC nanoparticles on MDA-MB-231 BC cell lines [99]. A similar result was found using Cyperus articulatus EO loaded with CS nanoparticles [100].
\n
\nNigella sativa L. has been used in traditional medicine for about 1400 years and it grows in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea and India [101]. Its EO has properties such as anti-inflammatory and anticancer. N. sativa-EO-NE increased the apoptosis of MCF7 [102].
\n
Mitomycin C (MTC) was solubilized in NEs of EO from ginger (EOG) and from frankincense, which was shown to increase the toxicity for MCF7 cells when compared with the use of MMC alone. EOG had the strongest apoptotic effect [103]. The same effect was seen when MTC was combined with chamomile NE oil [104].
\n
Sandal wood EO (SEO), extracted from Santalum trees, was encapsulated into liposomes composed of 15% SEO, 78.5% water, 4% enzyme modified lecithin, and 2.5% polysorbate. This combination provoked DNA damage and cytotoxicity and genotoxicity against MCF7 cells [105].
\n
\n
\n
5. EOs as an alternative for side effects reduction during BC treatment
\n
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis are one of the most common problems in BC patients and they can be inappropriately managed due to low affordability of new medications [106]. Women suffering from BC received 5-day aroma therapy treatment using either ginger EO or a placebo. Nausea score was significantly lower after ginger EO inhalation but was not sustained for the overall treatment effect. Overall, the EO improved health-related quality of life [107].
\n
Symptoms of urogenital atrophy (UA) are common in BC survivors [108]. The cause is due to systemic treatments as a side effect of endocrine therapies and topical estrogen is usually used to reduce the symptoms. Other alternatives are being sought and could be valid to improve life quality of the patients with BC. EO of Cymbopogon martini and Pelargonium graveolens affected the cell grown in hormone-dependent MCF7 and hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 cell lines with pronounced estrogenicity, but clinical trials are necessary to better understand these effects [109].
\n
Reaction on the skin can happen in BC patients under radiotherapy treatment. Twenty four patients received an EO mixture with 32.5% of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), 30% Aloe vera (Aloe barbadenisis), 10% of Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum), 10% primrose Oenothera biennis), 5% frankincense (Boswellia carteri), 5% geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), 5% lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), and 2.5% helichrysum (Helichrysum angustifolium) this EO mixture had a similar result as a medication used for treating this side effect and therefore can be used as an alternative treatment [110].
\n
\n
\n
6. Unsatisfactory EOs results for BC
\n
Some EOs used in research were not able to have satisfactory in vitro anticancer effects on MCF7 as EO from Sideritis perfoliata, Satureja thymbra, Salvia officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Pistacia palaestina [111], Nepeta cataria L. [112], Nectandra leucantha [113], Laurus nobilis L, Origanum syriacum L, Origanum vulgare L, Salvia triloba L. [37], Salvia officinalis [114], grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), ginger (Zingiber officinale) [83], and Anemopsis californica [115].
\n
\nOriganum vulgare EO, composed mostly of 4-terpineol, induced cell proliferation of MCF7, although at the concentration of 50 mg/mL opposite effect was found, but still with minor effect when compared to the result in other cancer cells [116]. Aloysia citriodora, Boswellia sacra, Boswellia serrata, Cistus ladanifer, Citrus × aurantium, Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Cymbopogon citratus, Foeniculum vulgar, Illicium verum, Satureja montana, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus capitatus, and Thymus vulgaris presented minor effects in MCF7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231 [94].
\n
EO of Semenovia suffruticosa grown in Kerman, Iran, induced cell death in MCF7, but it also had the same effect on normal cell line [117]. EO from the leaves of Solanum macranthum did not show anticancer properties in Hs578T [90].
\n
This information is helpful to elucidate some effects of EOs that are used by the population. Some EOs may not have any effect for BC or can even help stimulate BC cells or have toxic action. Due to this, it is important to determinate if they are safe for common use. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the results show unsatisfactory effects in regard to concentrations used, which does not prevent the use of these EOs in other researches with different outcomes.
\n
\n
\n
7. Conclusions
\n
Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes are part of the main components of essential oils, some of them already being isolated and with actions described, although it is important to establish the force of the use of multiple compounds together.
\n
A large number of essential oils from different plants have been described in the literature with promising in vitro effect in a variety of breast cancer cells and even with in vivo effects in murine model; it is important to continue this research and take it to the next level with clinical trials.
\n
The articles found in the literature and their results encourage the use of essential oils. The importance of plant research and the production of these oils demonstrated the difference they can make as a supporting anticancer agent or as a reducer of the side effects of breast cancer, which shows its power in the fight against breast cancer.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
The authors would like to thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), Brazil (CAPES) [Finance Code 001] and Instituto Oswaldo Cruz for financial support.
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"essential oils, antitumor activity, chemical composition, antitumor mechanism, breast cancer",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72202.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72202.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72202",totalDownloads:920,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2019",dateReviewed:"February 17th 2020",datePrePublished:"May 16th 2020",datePublished:"September 9th 2020",dateFinished:"May 16th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Essential oils are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for their antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and insecticidal properties. Their anticancer activity has been increasingly explored as the natural constituents of essential oils play an important role in cancer prevention and treatment. The chemical composition of essential oils includes monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, phenolic sesquiterpenes, and others. Several mechanisms of action such as antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, enhancement of immune functions, modulation of multidrug resistance, and synergistic mechanism of volatile constituents are responsible for their chemotherapeutic properties. This review focuses on the activity of essential oils and their chemical composition in regard to breast cancer.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72202",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72202",signatures:"Isadora de Fátima Braga Magalhães, Carla Junqueira Moraga Tellis, Kátia da Silva Calabrese, Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva and Fernando Almeida-Souza",book:{id:"9482",type:"book",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications",fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications",slug:"essential-oils-bioactive-compounds-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 9th 2020",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, Wanessa Almeida da Costa and Sebastião Gomes Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9482.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-698-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-697-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-699-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"223173",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Abreu-Silva",fullName:"Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva",slug:"ana-lucia-abreu-silva",email:"abreusilva.ana@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"287290",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida-Souza",fullName:"Fernando Almeida-Souza",slug:"fernando-almeida-souza",email:"fernandoalsouza@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bRewDQAS/ProfilePicture%202022-05-18%2023%3A29%3A36.984",institution:null},{id:"318732",title:"MSc.",name:"Isadora",middleName:null,surname:"De Fátima Braga Magalhães",fullName:"Isadora De Fátima Braga Magalhães",slug:"isadora-de-fatima-braga-magalhaes",email:"isadoradefatimamagalhaes@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade Estadual do Maranhão",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"318733",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla Junqueira",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga Tellis",fullName:"Carla Junqueira Moraga Tellis",slug:"carla-junqueira-moraga-tellis",email:"carlatellis@far.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"318734",title:"Dr.",name:"Kátia",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Calabrese",fullName:"Kátia Da Silva Calabrese",slug:"katia-da-silva-calabrese",email:"calabrese@ioc.fiocruz.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by essential oils",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Antitumoral activity of EOs and bioactive compounds",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Optimization of the EOs’ use against BC",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. EOs as an alternative for side effects reduction during BC treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Unsatisfactory EOs results for BC",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nShanmugam MK, Arfuso F, Kumar AP, Wang L, Goh BC, Ahn KS, et al. Modulation of diverse oncogenic transcription factors by thymoquinone, an essential oil compound isolated from the seeds of Nigella sativa, Linn. Pharmacological Research. 2018;129:357-364. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.023\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nRen P, Ren X, Cheng L, Xu L. Frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils suppress tumor progression through the regulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway in breast cancer. Oncology Reports. 2018;39:129-137. DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6067\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nBagheri SM, Asl AA, Shams A, Mirghanizadeh-Bafghi SA, Hafizibarjin Z. Evaluation of cytotoxicity effects of oleo-gum-resin and its essential oil of ferula Assa-foetida and ferulic acid on 4T1 breast cancer cells. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology: Official Journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology. 2017;38:116. DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_60_16\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nKumar PS, Febriyanti RM, Sofyan FF, Luftimas DE, Abdulah R. Anticancer potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines. Pharmacognosy Research. 2014;6:350-354. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.138291\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nPoma P, Labbozzetta M, Notarbartolo M, Bruno M, Maggio A, Rosselli S, et al. Chemical composition, in vitro antitumor and pro-oxidant activities of Glandora rosmarinifolia (Boraginaceae) essential oil. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0196947. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196947\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nKubatka P, Uramova S, Kello M, Kajo K, Samec M, Jasek K, et al. Zubor P, Anticancer activities of Thymus vulgaris l. in experimental breast carcinoma in vivo and in vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20:1749. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071749\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nGhasemian A, Al-Marzoqi AH, Mostafavi SK, Alghanimi YK, Teimouri M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Foeniculum vulgare mill essential oils. Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer. 2020;51:260-266. DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00241-w\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nWong RS. Apoptosis in cancer: From pathogenesis to treatment. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2011;30:87. DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-87\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nAkhbari M, Kord R, Jafari Nodooshan S, Hamedi S. Analysis and evaluation of the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of the essential oil isolated from Foeniculum vulgare from Hamedan, Iran. Natural Product Research. 2019;33:1629-1632. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1423310\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nSharopov F, Valiev A, Satyal P, Gulmurodov I, Yusufi S, Setzer WN, et al. Cytotoxicity of the essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) from Tajikistan. Food. 2017;6:73. DOI: 10.3390/foods6090073\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\n Jamali T, Kavoosi G, Ardestani SK. In-vitro and in-vivo anti-breast cancer activity of OEO (Oliveria decumbens vent essential oil) through promoting the apoptosis and immunomodulatory effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;2(48):112313. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112313\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nJamali T, Kavoosi G, Safavi M, Ardestani SK. In-vitro evaluation of apoptotic effect of OEO and thymol in 2D and 3D cell cultures and the study of their interaction mode with DNA. Scientific Reports. 2018;8:1-19. DOI: 10.1038/s41 598-018-34055-w\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nSaeidi M, Asili J, Emami SA, Moshtaghi N, Malekzadeh-Shafaroudi S. Comparative volatile composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic evaluation of the essential oil of Zhumeriamajdae from south of Iran. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2019;22:80-85. DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.20829.5418\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nGómez CE, Carreño AA, Ishiwara DP, Martínez ES, López JM, Hernández NP, et al. Decatropis bicolor (Zucc.) Radlk essential oil induces apoptosis of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;16:266. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1136-7\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nManaharan T, Thirugnanasampandan R, Jayakumar R, Kanthimathi MS, Ramya G, Ramnath MG. Purified essential oil from Ocimum sanctum Linn. Triggers the apoptotic mechanism in human breast cancer cells. Pharmacognos Magazine. 2016;12:327-331. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.185738\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nBuhagiar JA, Podesta MT, Wilson AP, Micallef MJ, Ali S. The induction of apoptosis in human melanoma, breast and ovarian cancer cell lines using an essential oil extract from the conifer Tetraclinis articulata. Anticancer Research. 1999;19:5435-5443\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nHarassi Y, Tilaoui M, Idir A, Frédéric J, Baudino S, Ajouaoi S, et al. Phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Myrtus communis essential oil from Morocco. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2019;16:1-8. DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2018-0100\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nSalehi F, Behboudi H, Kavoosi G, Ardestani SK. Monitoring ZEO apoptotic potential in 2D and 3D cell cultures and associated spectroscopic evidence on mode of interaction with DNA. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:1-4. DOI: 10.10 38/s41598-017-02633-z\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nKarin M, Cao Y, Greten FR, Li ZW. NF-κB in cancer: From innocent bystander to major culprit. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2002;2:301-310. DOI: 10.103 8/nrc780\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nZito P, Labbozzetta M, Notarbartolo M, Sajeva M, Poma P. Essential oil of Cyphostemma juttae (Vitaceae): Chemical composition and antitumor mechanism in triple negative breast cancer cells. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0214594. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214594\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nXing X, Ma JH, Fu Y, Zhao H, Ye XX, Han Z, et al. Essential oil extracted from Erythrina corallodendron L. leaves inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Medicine. 2019;98:e17009. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017009\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nChapuis N, Tamburini J, Green AS, Willems L, Bardet V, Park S, et al. Perspectives on inhibiting mTOR as a future treatment strategy for hematological malignancies. Leukemia. 2010;24:1686-1699. DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.170\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nHashim YZ, Phirdaous A, Azura A. Screening of anticancer activity from agarwood essential oil. Pharmacognosy Research. 2014;6:191-194. DOI: 1.4103/0974 -8490.13259\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nSuhail MM, Wu W, Cao A, Mondalek FG, Fung KM, Shih PT, et al. Boswellia sacra essential oil induces tumor cell-specific apoptosis and suppresses tumor aggressiveness in cultured human breast cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011;11:129. DOI: 10 .1186/1472-6882-11-129\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nPerveen S. Introductory chapter: Terpenes and terpenoids. In: Terpenes and Terpenoids. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79683\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nSilva WMC, Andersen JL, Holanda MT, Walter MEMT, Brigido MM, Stadler PF, et al. Exploring plant sesquiterpene diversity by generating chemical networks. PRO. 2019;7:240. DOI: 10.20944/preprints201903.0015.1\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nLi YL, Yeung CM, Chiu LC, Cen YZ, Ooi VE. Chemical composition and antiproliferative activity of essential oil from the leaves of a medicinal herb, Schefflera heptaphylla. Phytotherapy Research. 2009;23:140-142. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2567\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nSibanda S, Chigwada G, Poole M, Gwebu ET, Noletto JA, Schmidt JM, et al. Composition and bioactivity of the leaf essential oil of Heteropyxis dehniae from Zimbabwe. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004;92(1):07-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.010\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nBendaoud H, Romdhane M, Souchard JP, Cazaux S, Bouajila J. Chemical composition and anticancer and antioxidant activities of Schinus molle L. and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi berries essential oils. Journal of Food Science. 2010;75:C466-C472. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01711.x\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nLiu X, Zu Y, Fu Y, Yao L, Gu C, Wang W, et al. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. European Food Research and Technology. 2009;229:247-253. DOI: 10.1007/s002 17-009-1057-5\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nMonajemi R, Oryan S, Haeri RS, Ghanadi AR, Jafarian DA. Cytotoxic effects of essential oils of some Iranian citrus peels. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2005;4:183-187. DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2010.65\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nDe Sousa MH, Morgan J, Cesca K, Flach A, Moura N. Cytotoxic activity of Cunila angustifolia Benth essential oil. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2020;17:e190, 065. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900656\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nYousefzadi M, Riahi-Madvar A, Hadian J, Rezaee F, Rafiee R, Biniaz M. Toxicity of essential oil of Satureja khuzistanica: In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-microbial activity. Journal of Immunotoxicology. 2014;11:50-55. DOI: 10.3109/1547691X.2013.789939\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nSharifi-Rad J, Sharifi-Rad M, Hoseini-Alfatemi SM, Iriti M, Sharifi-Rad M, Sharifi-Rad M. Composition, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Satureja intermedia C.A. Mey essential oil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015;16:17812-17825. DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817812\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nChabir N, Romdhane M, Valentin A, Moukarzel B, Marzoug HN, Brahim NB, et al. Chemical study and antimalarial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Melaleuca armillaris (sol ex gateau) Sm essential oil. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2011;14:1383-1388. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0168\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nBakarnga-Via I, Hzounda JB, Fokou PV, Tchokouaha LR, Gary-Bobo M, Gallud A, et al. Composition and cytotoxic activity of essential oils from Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. rich, Xylopia parviflora (A. rich) Benth. and Monodora myristica (Gaertn) growing in Chad and Cameroon. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;14:125. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-125\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nAl-Kalaldeh JZ, Abu-Dahab R, Afifi FU. Volatile oil composition and antiproliferative activity of Laurus nobilis, Origanum syriacum, Origanum vulgare, and Salvia triloba against human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Nutrition Research. 2010;30:271-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.04.001\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nYeo SK, Ali AY, Hayward OA, Turnham D, Jackson T, Bowen ID, et al. β-Bisabolene, a sesquiterpene from the essential oil extract of opoponax (Commiphora guidottii), exhibits cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines. Phytotherapy Research. 2016;30:418-425. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5543\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nScalvenzi L, Grandini A, Spagnoletti A, Tacchini M, Neill D, Ballesteros JL, et al. Myrciasplendens (Sw.) DC. (syn. M. fallax (Rich.) DC.) (Myrtaceae)essential oil from Amazonian Ecuador: A chemical characterization and bioactivity profile. Molecules. 2017;22:1163. DOI: 10.3390/m olecules22071163\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nDe Alencar DC, Pinheiro ML, Pereira JL, de Carvalho JE, Campos FR, Serain AF, et al. Chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Anaxagorea brevipes (Annonaceae) and evaluation of its bioactivity. Natural Product Research. 2016;30:1088-1092. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1101103\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nSantana JS, Sartorelli P, Guadagnin RC, Matsuo AL, Figueiredo CR, Soares MG, et al. Essential oils from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves—Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2012;50:1248-1253. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.666880\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nDíaz C, Quesada S, Brenes O, Aguilar G, Cicció JF. Chemical composition of Schinus molle essential oil and its cytotoxic activity on tumour cell lines. Natural Product Research. 2008;22:1521-1534. DOI: 10.10 80/1478641 0701848154\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nDa Silva EB, Matsuo AL, Figueiredo CR, Chaves MH, Sartorelli P, Lago JH. Chemical constituents and cytotoxic evaluation of essential oils from leaves of Porcelia macrocarpa (Annonaceae). Natural Product Communications. 2013;8:277-279. DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800237\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nDing XF, Shen M, Xu LY, Dong JH, Chen G. 13, 14-bis (cis-3, 5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-β-elemene, a novel β-elemene derivative, shows potent antitumor activities via inhibition of mTOR in human breast cancer cells. Oncology Letters. 2013;5:1554-1558. DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1213\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nTan WN, Lim JQ , Afiqah F, Nik Mohamed Kamal NN, Abdul Aziz FA, Tong WY, et al. Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders. essential oils in combination with tamoxifen. Natural Product Research. 2018;32:854-858. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2 017.1361951\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nSaleh AM, Al-Qudah MA, Nasr A, Rizvi SA, Borai A, Daghistani M. Comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic mechanisms of Pallines spinosa flower and leaf essential oils against breast cancer cells. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 2017;42:2043-2065. DOI: 10.1159/000479900\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nZhong Z, Yu H, Wang S, Wang Y, Cui L. Anti-cancer effects of Rhizoma curcumae against doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells. Chinese Medicine. 2018;13:44. DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0203-z\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nLu JJ, Dang YY, Huang M, Xu WS, Chen XP, Wang YT. Anti-cancer properties of terpenoids isolated from Rhizoma curcumae—A review. Jornal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;143:406-411. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.009\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nZeng C, Fan D, Xu Y, Li X, Yuan J, Yang Q , et al. Curcumol enhances the sensitivity of doxorubicin in triple-negative breast cancer via regulating the miR-181b-2-3p-ABCC3 axis. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2020;174:113795. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113795\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nZhang P, Wang L, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Yuan Y, Debeb BG, Chen D, et al. miR-205 acts as a tumour radiosensitizer by targeting ZEB1 and Ubc13. Nature Communications. 2014;5(5):671. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6671\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nFurtado FB, Borges BC, Teixeira TL, Garces HG, Almeida Junior LD, Alves FC, et al. Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oil from Blepharocalyx salicifolius. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19:33. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010033\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nTan WN, Tan ZH, Zulkifli NI, Nik Mohamed Kamal NN, Rozman NA, Tong WY, et al. Sesquiterpenes rich essential oil from Garcinia celebica L. and its cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Natural Product Research. 2019;17:1-5. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1569012\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nDing W, Liping N, Xing H, Wei Z, Zhoua Q , Nong R, et al. Essential oil extracted from leaf of Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) yang: Chemical constituents, antitumor, antibacterial, hypoglycemic activities. Natural Product Research. 2018;23:1-4. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1542393\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nZhong ZF, Yu HB, Wang CM, Qiang WA, Wang SP, Zhang JM, et al. Furanodiene induces extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells via NF-κB-independent mechanism. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2017;8:648. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00 648\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nGottesman MM. Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Annual Review of Medicine. 2002;53:615-627. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103 929\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nWu M, Li T, Chen L, Peng S, Liao W, Bai R, et al. Essential oils from Inula japonica and Angelicae dahuricae enhance sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cells to doxorubicin via multiple mechanisms. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2016;180:18-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.015\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nDelou JMA, Vignal GM, Índio-do-Brasil V, Accioly MTS, da Silva TSL, Piranda DN, et al. Loss of constitutive ABCB1 expression in breast cancer associated with worse prognosis. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2017;9:415-428. DOI: 10.2147/BCT T.S131284\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nYu JQ , Lei JC, Zhang XQ , Yu HD, Tian DZ, Liao ZX, et al. Anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. hirtus Regel. Food Chemistry. 2011;126:1593-1598. DOI: 10.1016/j.foo dchem.2010.12.027\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nFarag MA, Al-Mahdy DA. Comparative study of the chemical composition and biological activities of Magnolia grandiflora and Magnolia virginiana flower essential oils. Natural Product Research. 2013;27:1091-1097. DOI: 10.1080/14 786419. 2012.696256\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nCianfaglione K, Blomme EE, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Lupidi G, Dall’Acqua S, et al. Cytotoxic essential oils from Eryngium campestre and Eryngium amethystinum (Apiaceae) growing in central Italy. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2017;14:e1700096. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700096\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nMartins ER, Díaz IE, Paciencia ML, Fana SA, Morais D, Eberlin MN, et al. Interference of seasonal variation on the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oils from the leaves of Iryanthera polyneura in the Amazon rain forest. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2019;16:e19003. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.20190037 4\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nHussain AI, Anwar F, Nigam PS, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from four Mentha species. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2010;90:1827-1836. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4021\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nGuerrini A, Sacchetti G, Grandini A, Spagnoletti A, Asanza M, Scalvenzi L. Cytotoxic effect and TLC bioautography-guided approach to detect health properties of amazonian Hedyosmum sprucei essential oil. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016:1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2016/163834 2\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nRigano D, Marrelli M, Formisano C, Menichini F, Senatore F, Bruno M, et al. Phytochemical profile of three Ballota species essential oils and evaluation of the effects on human cancer cells. Natural Product Research. 2017;31:436-444. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1185722\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nHassine M, Zardi-Berguaoui A, Znati M, Flamini G, Ben Jannet H, Hamza MA. Chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil from the flowers of tunisian Convolvulus althaeoides L. Natural Product Research. 2014;28:769-775. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.87947\n'},{id:"B66",body:'\nHaber WA, Agius BR, Stokes SL, Setzer WN. Bioactivity and chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Talauma gloriensis Pittier (Magnoliaceae) from Monteverde, Costa Rica. Records of Natural Products. 2008;2:1-5\n'},{id:"B67",body:'\nAfoulous S, Ferhout H, Raoelison EG, Valentin A, Moukarzel B, Couderc F, et al. Chemical composition and anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimalarial activities of leaves essential oil of Cedrelopsis grevei. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013;56:352-362. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.008\n'},{id:"B68",body:'\nThirugnanasampandan R, David D. In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Feronia elephantum Correa. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014;4:290-293. DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014B878\n'},{id:"B69",body:'\nSatyal P, Paudel P, Raut J, Deo A, Dosoky NS, Setzer WN. Volatile constituents of Pinus roxburghii from Nepal. Pharmacognosy Research. 2013;5:43-48. DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.105650\n'},{id:"B70",body:'\n Hoai NT, Duc HV, Do Thi Thao AO, Raal A. Selectivity of Pinus sylvestris extract and essential oil to estrogen-insensitive breast cancer cells Pinus sylvestris against cancer cancer cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2015;11:S290–S295. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.166052\n'},{id:"B71",body:'\nPeng Z, Wang Y, Fan J, Lin X, Liu C, Xu Y, et al. Costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone combination treatment inhibit breast cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through c-Myc/p53 and AKT/14-3-3 pathway. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:41254. DOI: 10.1038/srep41254\n'},{id:"B72",body:'\nGanea GM, Fakayode SO, Losso JN, Van Nostrum CF, Sabliov CM, Warner IM. Delivery of phytochemical thymoquinone using molecular micelle modified poly (d,l lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2010;21:285104. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/28/285104\n'},{id:"B73",body:'\nOdeh F, Ismail SI, Abu-Dahab R, Mahmoud IS, Al BA. Thymoquinone in liposomes: A study of loading efficiency and biological activity towards breast cancer. Drug Delivery. 2012;19:371-377. DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.727500\n'},{id:"B74",body:'\nEffenberger K, Breyer S, Schobert R. Terpene conjugates of the Nigella sativa seed-oil constituent thymoquinone with enhanced efficacy in cancer cells. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2010;7:129-139. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900328\n'},{id:"B75",body:'\nEffenberger-Neidnicht K, Schobert R. Combinatorial effects of thymoquinone on the anti-cancer activity of doxorubicin. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2011;67:867-874. DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1386-x\n'},{id:"B76",body:'\nBashmail HA, Alamoudi AA, Noorwali A, Hegazy GA, AJabnoor G, Choudhry H, et al. Thymoquinone synergizes gemcitabine anti-breast cancer activity via modulating its apoptotic and autophagic activities. Scientific Reports. 2018;8:1-11. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30046-z\n'},{id:"B77",body:'\nWoo CC, Loo SY, Gee V, Yap CW, Sethi G, Kumar AP, et al. Anticancer activity of thymoquinone in breast cancer cells: Possible involvement of PPAR-γ pathway. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2011;82:464-475. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.030\n'},{id:"B78",body:'\nWoo CC, Hsu A, Kumar AP, Sethi G, Tan KH. Thymoquinone inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis in a breast cancer xenograft mouse model: The role of p38 MAPK and ROS. PloS One. 2013;8:e75356. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0075356\n'},{id:"B79",body:'\nKabil N, Bayraktar R, Kahraman N, Mokhlis HA, Calin GA, Lopez-Berestein G, et al. Thymoquinone inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating the elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF-2K) signaling axis in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2018;171:593-605. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4847-2\n'},{id:"B80",body:'\nWang X, Xie J, Proud CG. Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) in cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9:162. DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120162\n'},{id:"B81",body:'\nAlobaedi OH, Talib WH, Basheti IA. Antitumor effect of thymoquinone combined with resveratrol on mice transplanted with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2017;10:400-408. DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.03.026\n'},{id:"B82",body:'\nYan X, Zhang G, Bie F, Lv Y, Ma Y, Ma M, et al. Eugenol inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation via downregulation of c-Myc/PGC-1β/ERRα signaling pathway in MCF10A-ras cells. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:12920. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13505-x\n'},{id:"B83",body:'\nZu Y, Yu H, Liang L, Fu Y, Efferth T, Liu X, et al. Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules. 2010;15:3200-3210. DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053200\n'},{id:"B84",body:'\nTaha AM, Eldahshan OA. Chemical characteristics, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil of egyptian Cinnamomum glanduliferum bark. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2017;14:e1600443. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600443\n'},{id:"B85",body:'\nKahkeshani N, Hadjiakhoondi A, Navidpour L, Akbarzadeh T, Safavi M, Karimpour-Razkenari E, et al. Chemodiversity of Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Bohse. essential oil from Iran and antimicrobial, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and cytotoxic properties of 1,8-cineole chemotype. Natural Product Research. 2018;32:2745-2748. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1378202\n'},{id:"B86",body:'\nMishra T, Pal M, Meena S, Datta D, Dixit P, Kumar A, et al. Composition and in vitro cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Hedychium spicatum from different geographical regions of western Himalaya by principal components analysis. Natural Product Research. 2015;30:1-4. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1049176\n'},{id:"B87",body:'\nDe Lima EM, Cazelli DS, Pinto FE, Mazuco RA, Kalil IC, Lenz D, et al. Essential oil from the resin of Protium heptaphyllum: Chemical composition, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and antimutagenicity. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2016;12:S42-S46. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176113\n'},{id:"B88",body:'\nSigurdsson S, Ögmundsdóttir HM, Gudbjarnason S. The cytotoxic effect of two chemotypes of essential oils from the fruits of Angelica archangelica L. Anticancer Research. 2005;25:1877-1880\n'},{id:"B89",body:'\nAbdallah HM, Ezzat SM. Effect of the method of preparation on the composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of Pituranthos tortuosus. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C. Journal of Biosciences. 2011;66:143-148. DOI: 10.1515/znc-2011-3-408\n'},{id:"B90",body:'\nEssien EE, Ogunwande IA, Setzer WN, Ekundayo O. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies on S. erianthum and S. macranthum essential oils. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2012;50:474-480. DOI: 10.3109 /13880209.2011.614623\n'},{id:"B91",body:'\n Piaru SP, Mahmud R, Abdul Majid AM, Ismail S, Man CN. Chemical composition, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of the essential oils of Myristica fragrans and Morinda citrifolia. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2012;92:593-597. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4613\n'},{id:"B92",body:'\nKeawsa-Ard S, Liawruangrath B, Liawruangrath S, Teerawutgulrag A, Pyne SG. Chemical constituents and antioxidant and biological activities of the essential oil from leaves of Solanum spirale. Natural Product Communications. 2012;7:955-958. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X1200700740\n'},{id:"B93",body:'\nNoudogbessi JP, Gary-Bobo M, Adomou A, Adjalian E, Alitonou GA, Avlessi F, et al. Comparative chemical study and cytotoxic activity of Uvariodendron angustifolium essential oils from Benin. Natural Product Communications. 2014;9:261-264. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X1400900232\n'},{id:"B94",body:'\nNajar B, Shortrede JE, Pistelli L, Buhagiar J. Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic screening of sixteen commercial essential oils on five cancer cell lines. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2020;17:e1900478. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900478\n'},{id:"B95",body:'\nNazaruk J, Karna E, Wieczorek P, Sacha P, Tryniszewska E. In vitro antiproliferative and antifungal activity of essential oils from Erigeron acris L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C. Journal of Biosciences. 2010;65:642-646. DOI: 10.1515/znc-2010-11-1202\n'},{id:"B96",body:'\nManzo A, Musso L, Panseri S, Iriti M, Dallavalle S, Catalano E, et al. Screening of the chemical composition and bioactivity of Waldheimia glabra (Decne.) Regel essential oil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2016;96:3195-3201. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7499\n'},{id:"B97",body:'\nFogang HP, Maggi F, Tapondjou LA, Womeni HM, Papa F, Quassinti L, et al. In vitro biological activities of seed essential oils from the camerooni an spices Afrostyrax lepidophyllus mild br. and Scorodophloeus zenkeri harms rich in sulfur-containing compounds. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2014;11:161-169. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300237\n'},{id:"B98",body:'\nSalehi F, Behboudi H, Kavoosi G, Ardestani SK. Incorporation of Zataria multiflora essential oil into chitosan biopolymer nanoparticles: A nanoemulsion based delivery system to improve the in-vitro efficacy, stability and anticancer activity of ZEO against breast cancer cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020;143:382-392. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijbiomac.2019.12.058\n'},{id:"B99",body:'\nOnyebuchi C, Kavaz D. Chitosan and n,n,n-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticle encapsulation of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil: Optimised synthesis,in vitro release and bioactivity. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2019;14:7707-7727. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S220202\n'},{id:"B100",body:'\nKavaz D, Idris M, Onyebuchi C. Physiochemical characterization, antioxidative, anticancer cells proliferation and food pathogens antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Cyperus articulatus rhizome essential oils. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019;123:837-845. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.177\n'},{id:"B101",body:'\nGali-Muhtasib H, Roessner A, Schneider-Stock R. Thymoquinone: A promising anti-cancer drug from natural sources. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2006;38:1249-1253. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.10.009\n'},{id:"B102",body:'\nPeriasamy VS, Athinarayanan J, Alshatwi AA. Anticancer activity of an ultrasonic nanoemulsion formulation of Nigella sativa L. essential oil on human breast cancer cells. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2016;31:449-455. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.035\n'},{id:"B103",body:'\nAl-Otaibi WA, Alkhatib MH, Wali AN. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis enhancement in breast and cervical cancer cells upon coadministration of mitomycin C and essential oils in nanoemulsion formulations. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018;106:946-955. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.041\n'},{id:"B104",body:'\nAl-Otaibi WA, Alkhatib MH, Wali AN. Evaluation of antitumor activity and hepatoprotective effect of mitomycin c solubilized in chamomile oil nanoemulsion. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents). 2019;19:1232-1242. DOI: 10.2174/187152 0619666190408114732\n'},{id:"B105",body:'\nOrtiz C, Morales L, Sastre M, Haskins WE, Matta J. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of sandalwood essential oil in human breast cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-10A. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016;2016:3696232. DOI: 10.1155/2016/3696232\n'},{id:"B106",body:'\nRaghavendra RM, Nagarathna R, NagendrA HR, Gopinath KS, Srinath BS, Ravi BD, et al. Effects of an integrated yoga programme on chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in breast cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care. 2007;16:462-474. DOI: 10.1111/j.136 5-2354.2006.00739.x\n'},{id:"B107",body:'\nLua PL, Salihah N, Mazlan N. Effects of inhaled ginger aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and health-related quality of life in women with breast cancer. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2015;23:396-404. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.03.009\n'},{id:"B108",body:'\nPruthi S, Simon JA, Early AP. Current overview of the management of urogenital atrophy in women with breast cancer. The Breast Journal. 2011;17:403-408. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2011.01089.x\n'},{id:"B109",body:'\nSimões BM, Kohler B, Clarke RB, Stringer J, Novak-Frazer L, Young K, et al. Estrogenicity of essential oils is not required to relieve symptoms of urogenital atrophy in breast cancer survivors. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology. 2018;10:1-11. DOI: 10.1177/1758835918766189\n'},{id:"B110",body:'\nHalm MA, Baker C, Harshe V. Effect of an essential oil mixture on skin reactions in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer: A pilot study. Journal of Holistic Nursing. 2014;32:290-303. DOI: 10.1177/0 898010114527184\n'},{id:"B111",body:'\nLoizzo MR, Tundis R, Menichini F, Saab AM, Statti GA, Menichini F. Cytotoxic activity of essential oils from Labiatae and Lauraceae families against in vitro human tumor models. Anticancer Research. 2007;27:3293-3300\n'},{id:"B112",body:'\nEmami SA, Asili J, Hossein Nia S, Yazdian-Robati R, Sahranavard M, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction of essential oils and extracts of Nepeta cataria L. on human prostatic and breast cancer cell lines. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2016;17:125-130. DOI: 10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.S3.125\n'},{id:"B113",body:'\nGrecco SD, Martins EG, Girola N, de Figueiredo CR, Matsuo AL, Soares MG, et al. Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic effects of the essential oil from Nectandra leucantha leaves. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2015;53:133-137. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.912238\n'},{id:"B114",body:'\nEl Hadri A, del Rio MG, Sanz J, Coloma AG, Idaomar M, Ozonas BR, et al. Cytotoxic activity of α-humulene and transcaryophyllene from Salvia officinalis in animal and human tumor cells. Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia. 2010;76:343-356\n'},{id:"B115",body:'\nMedina-Holguín AL, Holguín FO, Micheletto S, Goehle S, Simon JA, O’Connell MA. Chemotypic variation of essential oils in the medicinal plant, Anemopsis californica. Phytochemistry. 2008;69:919-927. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytoch em.2007.11.006\n'},{id:"B116",body:'\nBegnini KR, Nedel F, Lund RG, Carvalho PH, Rodrigues MR, Beira FT, et al. Composition and antiproliferative effect of essential oil of Origanum vulgare against tumor cell lines. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2014;17(11):29-33. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0063\n'},{id:"B117",body:'\nSoltanian S, Mohamadi N, Rajaei P, Khodami M, Mohammadi M. Phytochemical composition, and cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of Semenovia suffruticosa. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 2019;9:143-152\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Isadora de Fátima Braga Magalhães",address:null,affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9482",type:"book",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications",fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications",slug:"essential-oils-bioactive-compounds-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 9th 2020",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, Wanessa Almeida da Costa and Sebastião Gomes Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9482.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-698-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-697-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-699-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"166364",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Chia",email:"chiachinhua@yahoo.com",fullName:"Chin Hua Chia",slug:"chin-hua-chia",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"41577",title:"Inorganic Nanostructures Decorated Graphene",slug:"inorganic-nanostructures-decorated-graphene",abstract:null,signatures:"Hong Ngee Lim, Nay Ming Huang, Chin Hua Chia and Ian Harrison",authors:[{id:"157984",title:"Dr.",name:"Lim",surname:"Hong Ngee",fullName:"Lim Hong Ngee",slug:"lim-hong-ngee",email:"janet_limhn@yahoo.com"},{id:"159517",title:"Dr.",name:"Nay Ming",surname:"Huang",fullName:"Nay Ming Huang",slug:"nay-ming-huang",email:"huangnayming@gmail.com"},{id:"166364",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin Hua",surname:"Chia",fullName:"Chin Hua Chia",slug:"chin-hua-chia",email:"chiachinhua@yahoo.com"},{id:"166365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian",surname:"Harrison",fullName:"Ian Harrison",slug:"ian-harrison",email:"ian.harrison@nottingham.edu.my"}],book:{id:"3349",title:"Advanced Topics on Crystal Growth",slug:"advanced-topics-on-crystal-growth",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"83819",title:"Dr.",name:"Sander H.J.",surname:"Smits",slug:"sander-h.j.-smits",fullName:"Sander H.J. Smits",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"157023",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Sánchez-Navas",slug:"antonio-sanchez-navas",fullName:"Antonio Sánchez-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"157984",title:"Dr.",name:"Lim",surname:"Hong Ngee",slug:"lim-hong-ngee",fullName:"Lim Hong Ngee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Putra Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"159517",title:"Dr.",name:"Nay Ming",surname:"Huang",slug:"nay-ming-huang",fullName:"Nay Ming Huang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"159651",title:"Dr.",name:"Kui",surname:"Chen",slug:"kui-chen",fullName:"Kui Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"159687",title:"Prof.",name:"Agustín",surname:"Martín-Algarra",slug:"agustin-martin-algarra",fullName:"Agustín Martín-Algarra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"159750",title:"Dr.",name:"Astrid",surname:"Hoeppner",slug:"astrid-hoeppner",fullName:"Astrid Hoeppner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"159751",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutz",surname:"Schmitt",slug:"lutz-schmitt",fullName:"Lutz Schmitt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"162521",title:"Prof.",name:"Peer",surname:"Schmidt",slug:"peer-schmidt",fullName:"Peer Schmidt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brandenburg University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"166365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian",surname:"Harrison",slug:"ian-harrison",fullName:"Ian Harrison",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"advantages-of-publishing",title:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",intro:"
"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community."Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\n
Our platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\n
Our reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\n
Our expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\n
Our reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 184,650 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\n
Our services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
A Creative Commons license, so authors always keep their copyright;
\\n\\t
A dedicated Author Service Manager to guide the publication process from submission to publication;
\\n\\t
Professional copyediting and language editing;
\\n\\t
Monitoring with CrossCheck plagiarism identification software;
\\n\\t
Professional typesetting in fulltext, interactive XML;
\\n\\t
An open access e-book, plus beautifully produced hardcover and affordable paperback print-on-demand editions;
\\n\\t
Professional cover design;
\\n\\t
Access to our online Manuscript Tracking System;
\\n\\t
A dedicated landing page;
\\n\\t
Real-time user statistics for each book and chapter;
\\n\\t
Automated citation and reference options for each chapter;
\\n\\t
DOI for every book and every individual chapter;
\\n\\t
ISBN and ISSN registration;
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving in CLOCKSS;
\\n\\t
Distribution to libraries;
\\n\\t
Indexing in Web of Science Book Citation Index, OAPEN, PubMed Bookshelf;
\\n\\t
SEO optimization;
\\n\\t
Inclusion in and metadata distribution to repositories such as Google Scholar, EBSCO, WorldCat, OpenAIRE, CNKI;
\\n
\\n\\n
Our end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n
"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\n
Our platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\n
Our reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\n
Our expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\n\n
Our reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 184,650 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\n
Our services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\n
\n\t
A Creative Commons license, so authors always keep their copyright;
\n\t
A dedicated Author Service Manager to guide the publication process from submission to publication;
\n\t
Professional copyediting and language editing;
\n\t
Monitoring with CrossCheck plagiarism identification software;
\n\t
Professional typesetting in fulltext, interactive XML;
\n\t
An open access e-book, plus beautifully produced hardcover and affordable paperback print-on-demand editions;
\n\t
Professional cover design;
\n\t
Access to our online Manuscript Tracking System;
\n\t
A dedicated landing page;
\n\t
Real-time user statistics for each book and chapter;
\n\t
Automated citation and reference options for each chapter;
\n\t
DOI for every book and every individual chapter;
\n\t
ISBN and ISSN registration;
\n\t
Long-term archiving in CLOCKSS;
\n\t
Distribution to libraries;
\n\t
Indexing in Web of Science Book Citation Index, OAPEN, PubMed Bookshelf;
\n\t
SEO optimization;
\n\t
Inclusion in and metadata distribution to repositories such as Google Scholar, EBSCO, WorldCat, OpenAIRE, CNKI;
\n
\n\n
Our end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n
"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"4",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5911},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12562},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17573}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12562},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"11,14"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11519",title:"Vibration Monitoring and Analysis - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f0d2d82a5c1a49020abf39dc8aabd89d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Louay Yousuf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"322417",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Louay",surname:"Yousuf",slug:"louay-yousuf",fullName:"Louay Yousuf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11470",title:"Graphene - Recent Advances, Future Perspective and Applied Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"409e022e3baf48795e816576a6ee66e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mujtaba Ikram, Dr. Asghari Maqsood and Dr. Aneeqa Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11470.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"286820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mujtaba",surname:"Ikram",slug:"mujtaba-ikram",fullName:"Mujtaba Ikram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11484",title:"Thin Film Deposition - Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c10a55203c2f0f7d47c743e6cfa2492",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11484.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11525",title:"Wood Industry - Past, Present and Future Outlook",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ccb74142053c89e0e572ac1c5d717a11",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Guanben Du and Dr. Xiaojian Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11525.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"291315",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanben",surname:"Du",slug:"guanben-du",fullName:"Guanben Du"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b4ef3ce01f8f9b113dc28ac847b8c0d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yong A Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203937",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yong-zhang",fullName:"Yong Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11512",title:"Photodetectors - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"01d4be8e37c9bf12fd8dcb67c135b29b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Kuan W. A. Chee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11512.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206271",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuan",surname:"Chee",slug:"kuan-chee",fullName:"Kuan Chee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11121",title:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"81f076fab2acb567946aeaa4b7281fc1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11121.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11544",title:"Failure Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4ff5277ca99c7d717cc47be22b0d92de",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gobinath Ravindran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11544.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"145364",title:"Dr.",name:"Gobinath",surname:"Ravindran",slug:"gobinath-ravindran",fullName:"Gobinath Ravindran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11534",title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"170d1a20a1925b6a29c6146f12ade4a5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmed M. Nahhas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11534.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"140058",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Nahhas",slug:"ahmed-nahhas",fullName:"Ahmed Nahhas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11449",title:"Telehealth / Telemedicine – The Far-Reaching Medicine for Everyone and Everywhere",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"71545975025beddf27aa2931e0af5408",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11449.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11522",title:"Aeronautics - New Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6b8e86015392b400a37551116fc0c13",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Zain Anwar Anwar Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11522.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415526",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zain",surname:"Anwar Ali",slug:"zain-anwar-ali",fullName:"Zain Anwar Ali"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11523",title:"PID Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1feb4f88d8595c4e3106745eba0e4a4b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohammad Shamsuzzoha and Dr. G. Lloyds Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11523.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"87344",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Shamsuzzoha",slug:"mohammad-shamsuzzoha",fullName:"Mohammad Shamsuzzoha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:94},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4379},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"18",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience",parent:{id:"2",title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:65,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1649,numberOfWosCitations:1070,numberOfCrossrefCitations:727,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1699,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"18",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10922",title:"Music in Health and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a079df045b086b404399c5ed4ac049a",slug:"music-in-health-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal, Roshan Sutar and Anvesh Jallapally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10554",title:"Proprioception",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e104e615fbd94caa987df3a8d8b3fb8b",slug:"proprioception",bookSignature:"José A. Vega and Juan Cobo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59892",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-a.-vega",fullName:"José A. Vega"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9853",title:"Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79f611488f3217579b5c84978f870863",slug:"connectivity-and-functional-specialization-in-the-brain",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",biography:"Yongxia Zhou obtained a Ph.D. in Biomedical Imaging from the University of Southern California. Her research interest is radiology and neuroscience technology and application. She had been trained as an imaging scientist at several prestigious institutes including Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Her research focuses on multi-modal neuroimaging integration such as MRI/PET and EEG/MEG instrumentation to make the best use of multiple modalities for better interpretation of underlying disease mechanisms. She is the author and editor of more than twelve books for well-known publishers including IntechOpen and Nova Science. She has published more than 100 papers and abstracts in many reputed international journals and conferences and served as reviewer and editor for several academic associations.",institutionString:"University of Southern California",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc2c649900edf37ff3374fdc96a1586",slug:"neurostimulation-and-neuromodulation-in-contemporary-therapeutic-practice",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee and Seyed Mansoor Rayegani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. There are symptomatic or/and curative therapeutic approaches to combat COVID-19 related nervous system damage that are partly still under study.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Robert Weissert"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:8,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Pollution",value:38,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{id:"424419",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"Ayorinde",surname:"Ayorinde Adebayo",slug:"matthew-ayorinde-adebayo",fullName:"Matthew Ayorinde Adebayo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/424419/images/17356_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"354033",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Nasri",slug:"ahmed-nasri",fullName:"Ahmed Nasri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435702",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Hannachi",slug:"amel-hannachi",fullName:"Amel Hannachi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420857",title:"Prof.",name:"Ezzeddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"ezzeddine-mahmoudi",fullName:"Ezzeddine Mahmoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420856",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamouda",middleName:null,surname:"Beyrem",slug:"hamouda-beyrem",fullName:"Hamouda Beyrem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435703",title:"Dr.",name:"Hary",middleName:null,surname:"Demey",slug:"hary-demey",fullName:"Hary Demey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"425026",title:"Mr.",name:"Kholofelo",middleName:null,surname:"Clifford Malematja",slug:"kholofelo-clifford-malematja",fullName:"Kholofelo Clifford Malematja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435701",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Allouche",slug:"mohamed-allouche",fullName:"Mohamed Allouche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420855",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Aïssa",slug:"patricia-aissa",fullName:"Patricia Aïssa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435699",title:"Dr.",name:"Takoua",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"takoua-mhadhbi",fullName:"Takoua Mhadhbi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"442300",title:"Prof.",name:"Véronique",middleName:null,surname:"Perrier",slug:"veronique-perrier",fullName:"Véronique Perrier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"445179",title:"Mr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"aman-jaiswal",fullName:"Aman Jaiswal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445178",title:"Mr.",name:"Dhiraj",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"dhiraj-dutta",fullName:"Dhiraj Dutta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445180",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"rama-dubey",fullName:"Rama Dubey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424992",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Helal",slug:"mohamed-helal",fullName:"Mohamed Helal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"428329",title:"Mr.",name:"Collet",middleName:null,surname:"Maswanganyi",slug:"collet-maswanganyi",fullName:"Collet Maswanganyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428546",title:"MSc.",name:"Ndivhuwo",middleName:null,surname:"Shumbula",slug:"ndivhuwo-shumbula",fullName:"Ndivhuwo Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"352155",title:"Dr.",name:"Poslet",middleName:"Morgan",surname:"Shumbula",slug:"poslet-shumbula",fullName:"Poslet Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435064",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadtaghi",middleName:null,surname:"Vakili",slug:"mohammadtaghi-vakili",fullName:"Mohammadtaghi Vakili",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yangtze Normal University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"437268",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda Lunga",middleName:null,surname:"Sibali",slug:"linda-lunga-sibali",fullName:"Linda Lunga Sibali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437269",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ndibewu",slug:"peter-p.-ndibewu",fullName:"Peter P. Ndibewu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424106",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Aubrey Mhlongo",slug:"siyabonga-aubrey-mhlongo",fullName:"Siyabonga Aubrey Mhlongo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424233",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"ifeoluwa-oluwafunmilayo-daramola",fullName:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446429",title:"Dr.",name:"Dev Vrat",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboj",slug:"dev-vrat-kamboj",fullName:"Dev Vrat Kamboj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"425585",title:"Dr.",name:"NISHA",middleName:null,surname:"GAUR",slug:"nisha-gaur",fullName:"NISHA GAUR",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226635",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Sikaily",slug:"amany-el-sikaily",fullName:"Amany El-Sikaily",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"435668",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ghanem",slug:"sara-ghanem",fullName:"Sara Ghanem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426808",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yesim",middleName:null,surname:"Gucbilmez",slug:"yesim-gucbilmez",fullName:"Yesim Gucbilmez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423291",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Cagnetta",slug:"giovanni-cagnetta",fullName:"Giovanni Cagnetta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/166364",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"166364"},fullPath:"/profiles/166364",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()