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García-Valdovinos and Guillermo Delgado-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"22633",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Valdovinos",fullName:"Luis Garcia-Valdovinos",slug:"luis-garcia-valdovinos"},{id:"22640",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomás",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado-Jiménez",fullName:"Tomás Salgado-Jiménez",slug:"tomas-salgado-jimenez"},{id:"26741",title:"MSc.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado-Ramirez",fullName:"Guillermo Delgado-Ramirez",slug:"guillermo-delgado-ramirez"}]},{id:"15222",title:"Sliding Mode Control Applied to a Novel Linear Axis Actuated by Pneumatic Muscles",slug:"sliding-mode-control-applied-to-a-novel-linear-axis-actuated-by-pneumatic-muscles",signatures:"Dominik Schindele and Harald Aschemann",authors:[{id:"11584",title:"Prof.",name:"Harald",middleName:null,surname:"Aschemann",fullName:"Harald Aschemann",slug:"harald-aschemann"},{id:"11585",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominik",middleName:null,surname:"Schindele",fullName:"Dominik Schindele",slug:"dominik-schindele"}]},{id:"15223",title:"Adaptive Sliding Mode Control of Adhesion Force in Railway Rolling Stocks",slug:"adaptive-sliding-mode-control-of-adhesion-force-in-railway-rolling-stocks",signatures:"Jong Shik Kim, Sung Hwan Park, Jeong Ju Choi and Hiro-o Yamazaki",authors:[{id:"18862",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong Shik",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jong Shik Kim",slug:"jong-shik-kim"},{id:"19308",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Sung Hwan Park",slug:"sung-hwan-park"},{id:"19309",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeongju",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Jeongju Choi",slug:"jeongju-choi"},{id:"19310",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiro-o",middleName:null,surname:"Yamazaki",fullName:"Hiro-o Yamazaki",slug:"hiro-o-yamazaki"}]},{id:"15224",title:"A Biomedical Application by Using Optimal Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Control",slug:"a-biomedical-application-by-using-optimal-fuzzy-sliding-mode-control",signatures:"Bor-Jiunn Wen",authors:[{id:"22312",title:"Mr.",name:"Bor-Jiunn",middleName:null,surname:"Wen",fullName:"Bor-Jiunn Wen",slug:"bor-jiunn-wen"}]},{id:"15225",title:"Sliding Mode Control of Second Order Dynamic System with State Constraints",slug:"sliding-mode-control-of-second-order-dynamic-system-with-state-constraints",signatures:"Aleksandra Nowacka-Leverton and Andrzej Bartoszewicz",authors:[{id:"18337",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoszewicz",fullName:"Andrzej Bartoszewicz",slug:"andrzej-bartoszewicz"},{id:"22681",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Nowacka-Leverton",fullName:"Aleksandra Nowacka-Leverton",slug:"aleksandra-nowacka-leverton"}]},{id:"15226",title:"Sliding Mode Control System for Improvement in Transient and Steady-state Response",slug:"sliding-mode-control-system-for-improvement-in-transient-and-steady-state-response",signatures:"Takao Sato, Nozomu Araki, Yasuo Konishi and Hiroyuki Ishigaki",authors:[{id:"10959",title:"Dr.",name:"Nozomu",middleName:null,surname:"Araki",fullName:"Nozomu Araki",slug:"nozomu-araki"},{id:"18155",title:"Dr.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Takao Sato",slug:"takao-sato"},{id:"24185",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Konishi",fullName:"Yasuo Konishi",slug:"yasuo-konishi"},{id:"24186",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ishigaki",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ishigaki",slug:"hiroyuki-ishigaki"}]},{id:"15227",title:"A New Design for Noise-Induced Chattering Reduction in Sliding Mode Control",slug:"a-new-design-for-noise-induced-chattering-reduction-in-sliding-mode-control",signatures:"Min-Shin Chen and Ming-Lei Tseng",authors:[{id:"21070",title:"Dr.",name:"Min-Shin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Min-Shin Chen",slug:"min-shin-chen"},{id:"21674",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming-Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Tseng",fullName:"Ming-Lei Tseng",slug:"ming-lei-tseng"}]},{id:"15228",title:"Multimodel Discrete Second Order Sliding Mode Control: Stability Analysis and Real Time Application on a Chemical Reactor",slug:"multimodel-discrete-second-order-sliding-mode-control-stability-analysis-and-real-time-application-o",signatures:"Mohamed Mihoub, Ahmed Said Nouri and Ridha Ben Abdennour",authors:[{id:"22147",title:"Prof.",name:"Ridha Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Abdennour",fullName:"Ridha Ben Abdennour",slug:"ridha-ben-abdennour"},{id:"22148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Mihoub",fullName:"Mohamed Mihoub",slug:"mohamed-mihoub"},{id:"22321",title:"PhD.",name:"Ahmed Said",middleName:null,surname:"Nouri",fullName:"Ahmed Said Nouri",slug:"ahmed-said-nouri"}]},{id:"15229",title:"Two Dimensional Sliding Mode Control",slug:"two-dimensional-sliding-mode-control",signatures:"Hassan Adloo, S.Vahid Naghavi, Ahad Soltani Sarvestani and Erfan Shahriari",authors:[{id:"21329",title:"Mr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Adloo",fullName:"Hassan Adloo",slug:"hassan-adloo"},{id:"21337",title:"MSc.",name:"Seyed Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Naghavi",fullName:"Seyed Vahid Naghavi",slug:"seyed-vahid-naghavi"},{id:"48503",title:"BSc.",name:"Erfan",middleName:null,surname:"Shahriari",fullName:"Erfan Shahriari",slug:"erfan-shahriari"},{id:"61011",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahad",middleName:null,surname:"Soltani Sarvestani",fullName:"Ahad Soltani Sarvestani",slug:"ahad-soltani-sarvestani"}]},{id:"15230",title:"Sliding Mode Control Using Neural Networks",slug:"sliding-mode-control-using-neural-networks",signatures:"Muhammad Yasser, Marina Arifin and Takashi Yahagi",authors:[{id:"18569",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Yasser",fullName:"Muhammad Yasser",slug:"muhammad-yasser"},{id:"33242",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Arifin",fullName:"Marina 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Drought is the foremost constraint on agricultural production. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a major source of textile fibers and oil around the world. More than 32 million ha of cotton are produced in 76 countries [2]. In terms of cotton production, China is ranked among the top two countries in the world [3]. However, cotton production in China, as well as other countries, has recently declined due to increasing drier environments [3, 4]. Chinese agriculture consumes 62% of the country’s annual water consumption, and the country is in a moderate water shortage [4]. In agriculture, cotton is the crop with the highest water consumption. In China, cotton is grown mainly in the Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, an area characterized by very low air humidity and a severe water shortage.
Cotton is the most important crop in China, accounting for around 25% of global fiber production. There is more than one-third of all agricultural land in the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region dedicated to cotton plantations [5]. This region has a warm climate with average temperatures of 11.4°C and 49 mm precipitation annually, low groundwater levels, sandy soils, and severe soil salinization [6, 7, 8, 9]. In southern Xinjiang, cotton has low germination rates, low survival rates, and low yields [10].
Plants are able to generate significant amounts of reactive aldehydes when faced with a variety of abiotic stresses (such as salinity, desiccation, and cold) [11], which can impair plant growth and crop productivity. Cotton varieties that survive droughts and other adversities must be developed urgently to combat these conditions. In arid lands where freshwater scarcity is a severe constraint on agricultural production, it is necessary to develop more tolerant varieties of plants. It is often difficult to obtain drought-tolerant crops through traditional breeding programs because of the time and labor involved, in addition to the need for large-scale facilities, such as rainout shelters. Interestingly, biotechnological improvements have been attempted since the 1990s, which is inspiring. However, the majority of transgenic cotton is aimed at controlling insect pest damage by expressing a variety of insecticidal proteins from
Plants that are known as bryophytes (mosses, hornworts, liverworts, etc.) are among the oldest species in the world’s flora; they are thought to be small, non-vascular, and green plants. Many bryophytes survive even with a total loss of water in their vegetative tissues [21, 22]. The study of drought-tolerant mosses is of particular interest because their genetic engineering properties can be used to increase drought tolerance in arid-zone crops. The desiccation-tolerant moss
The natural habitat of
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes show promise as candidate genes to increase plant resistance, especially
It is possible to improve cotton drought tolerance using transgenic technology. The drought tolerance of transgenic cotton has recently been enhanced by using several genes (Table 1). As an example, AtLOS5, encoding an aldehyde oxidase cofactor sulfurase; GhAnn1, an annexin gene; isopentenyl transferase (IPT), an enzyme responsible for cytokinin biosynthesis; and 14-3-3 genes involved in plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity [17, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Increased drought tolerance was also observed in transgenic cotton overexpressing the OsSIZ1 gene from
Gene name | Gene types/function | Gene source | References |
---|---|---|---|
Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene/aldehyde oxidase activity | Yue et al. [24] | ||
Annexin gene | Zhang et al. [25] | ||
Isopentenyl transferase gene/rate-limiting enzyme for cytokinin biosynthesis | Kuppu et al. [26]; Zhu et al. [17] | ||
Regulate the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase | Yan et al. [27] | ||
bZIP transcription factor family gene | Liang et al. [28] | ||
Homeodomain-START transcription factor gene | Yu et al. [29] | ||
Related to ABA insensitive3/viviparous1 | Mittal et al. [30] | ||
Transcription factor gene | Liu et al. [31] | ||
Zinc-finger protein gene | Hozain et al. [32] | ||
Vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) gene | Pasapula et al. [33]; Zhang et al. [34] | ||
Vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene | Shen et al. [35] | ||
SUMO E3 protein gene/participates in a sumoylation reaction | Mishra et al. [36] | ||
Aldehyde dehydrogenases gene | Yang et al. [37, 38] | ||
Histone H2B monoubiquitination E3 ligase gene | [39] | ||
Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors | [40] | ||
bZIP AREB/ABF transcription factor orthologs | [41] | ||
Heat-shock proteins gene | [42] |
Overexpression of various genes in cotton that reported to enhance drought tolerance.
A number of fiber quality parameters and yield were improved with cotton
The experiment sites location and experiment design. (a) Site of Xinjiang in the world map; (b) experiment site in Xinjiang map; (c) experiment design in the north of Xinjiang (44o 18′13.91″ N, 86o 13′11.03″ E, average temperature 18.8°C, average annual rainfall 194.8 mm); (d) experiment design in south of Xinjiang (80o 43′45″ E, 37o 00′57″ N, frost-free period 210 days, average temperature 11.9°C, rainfall < 50 mm, evaporation > 2600 mm).
A variety of irrigation protocols were evaluated and optimized to use
As ROS are generated, oxidative stress is induced, lipid membranes are destroyed, and 200 types of aldehydes are accumulated, many of which are highly reactive and toxic. Aldehydes must be effectively removed and detoxified in arid environments to improve plant productivity. Plants have developed many enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms to scavenge these toxic compounds [24]. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily proteins may also play a role in scavenging ROS enzymatically [43]. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) have been found to play a central role in plants exposed to stressful conditions in the detoxification of aldehyde [44]. This superfamily of enzymes metabolizes endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to their carboxylic acids by using the coenzyme NAD(P)+, producing NAD(P)H and thereby reducing oxidative/electrophilic stress [45]. ALDHs belong to a group of NAD(P)+
To make
Using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method, genomic DNA was isolated from cotton seedlings at the five-leaf stage. PCR was used to detect the
We collected root samples from cotton seedlings after 1month of growth. Three biological replicates of each treatment were carried out. The total RNA was extracted using the RNAprep Pure Plant Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, sequencing libraries were prepared using the NEB Next Ultra RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB, Beverly, CA, USA). Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform was used for sequencing with 150 bp paired-end reads. Based on the length of the gene and the number of reads mapped to the gene (Novogene company, China), the expected fragments per kilobase of genes per million mapped reads (FPKM) of each gene were calculated. Differentially expressed genes were defined using the DESeq R package with an adjusted P-value (q-value) of 0.05. We used the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) to test the statistical enrichment of DEGs in KEGG pathways. Five hundred and seventy-eight co-expressed genes were detected in the two
The analysis of the difference between two
Following the identification of
Various biotic and abiotic stresses trigger ROS accumulation in plant cells, which leads to oxidative stress with lipid peroxidation, which also causes free radical reactions involving membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids [67]. ROS are produced when toxic aldehydes accumulate from lipid peroxidation [68]. Aldehyde-detoxifying enzymes ALDH3I1 and ALDH7B4 are both significant ROS scavengers and proteins that inhibit lipid peroxidation in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, overexpression of these genes reduced lipid peroxidation under drought and salt stress [60].
It remains to be seen whether overexpression of
From 2013 to 2018, transgenic lines of cotton were grown in northern and southern Xinjiang to determine whether the
TC lines in northern Xinjiang have been found to be better in growth and development than NT lines to some extent, after applying six different water retention treatments at different growth stages. Water deficit stress during the bud stage will cause the plant stalk length and boll number to decrease. Cotton yields were significantly decreased if twice deficit stresses were met during the bud or flower stage. Cotton growth and yield are critically dependent on water availability during the bud stage. Fiber parameters such as fiber strength, ginning out-turn of the fibers, fiber length, and length uniformity of the
During harvesting season, boll weight, seed index, cotton yield, and fiber yield were measured in managed treatment plots under full and deficit irrigation conditions in northern Xinjiang in 2014 and 2016. Under drought stress, both
To determine the performance of the
In addition to treatments, cotton yields vary by year. As with the boll number per plant, the cotton yield per hectare, fiber yield per hectare, and cotton yield per plant were significantly higher in the transgenic lines than in the NT lines. The average seed yield for all treatments was 68% (variable from 14–128%) and 41% (variable from 10–102%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively [37]. Fiber elongation was increased in transgenic lines. Fiber strength also increased in transgenics after irrigation. There were no significant differences in fiber uniformity and micronaires between genotypes.
Cotton productivity and yield are largely influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics and irrigation methods. In this study, the TC lines performed better than the NT lines, despite soil, air humidity, and temperature affecting plant yield [71, 72, 73]. This study evaluated the drought tolerance ability of
The lack of rainfall makes irrigation vital for agricultural production in arid and semi-arid lands. In arid zones, for example, normal irrigation above 600 mm during the vegetation period is sufficient for stable cotton harvesting [5]. Our desert oasis drought experiments in southern Xinjiang with sandy loam soils designed the 75% deficit irrigation and less than 600 mm different irrigation strategies to conserve more irrigation water and keep cotton yield constant. We used three irrigation schedules: DSSIS (Decision Support System for Irrigation Scheduling) forecasts (F), soil moisture sensors (S), and experience irrigation (E). Full irrigation (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI, 75% of full) were applied from 2016 to 2018 (Figure 2). Different irrigation protocols and water consumption affected the growth and yield of cotton, and the “Smart Irrigation” irrigation scheme based on the Root zone water quality model (RZWQM2) was found to be the best irrigation scheme for sustainable cotton production in an arid land. The results indicated that deficit irrigation schemes can be utilized in the desert-oasis ecotone, and in conjunction with the use of
Moreover, through mixed model analysis, we found that the cotton line always has a significant effect on plant phenotype, physiology, and yield components in southern Xinjiang, and cotton line and irrigation scheduling both have significant effects on cotton growth and development separately. In addition, irrigation scheduling and irrigation levels have a significant interaction effect. The relationship between yield and crop water use was calculated as overall water use efficiency (WUE). The EI schedule consumed more water (EFI, 547 mm, and EDI, 409 mm) than either the FI (FFI, 385 mm, and FDI, 288 mm) or SI (SFI, 254 mm, and SDI, 186 mm) schedules. Compared to NT plants, WUE was higher in
The individual irrigation level and timing significantly affected vegetative growth parameters, plant height, and leaf area, but the differences did not differ substantially between years despite differing precipitation levels. In each irrigation treatment, the TC, and especially the L16, grew significantly higher than the NT controls from 2016 to 2018. There was a dramatic reduction in the leaf area of NT under SDI in all years, but there was no difference in the leaf area of TC [37]. Therefore, the irrigation treatments can be ranked as forecast irrigation > flood irrigation > soil moisture irrigation based on their ability to maintain high instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE).
We also used managed treatment plot experiments and field-scale in purple clay loam soil sites at Manas Experimental Station, northern Xinjiang. The two experiments differed in terms of growth space and water consumption. In the managed plot experiment, 50% less of full irrigation significantly reduced cotton vegetative growth and cotton yield (*50% loss of cottonseed and lint yield compared with full irrigation), whereas, in the field, 30% less of full irrigation did not affect cotton vegetative growth or yield. The reason for this can be explained by the amount of water used, which was 675 L of water m−2 with full irrigation and 472 L m−2 with deficient irrigation in the field, 566 L m−2 (control), and 283 L m−2 (stress) in the managed treatment areas.
The study also provides guidelines for optimal irrigation protocol and minimum water requirements for the use of
It has been widely used in plant biotechnology to improve crop traits with CRISPR/Cas9 technology [75, 76] and it will be applied to crop breeding in the near future [77], especially for gene knock out in crops. To overcome complex and changing adversity, crop breeding must be multi-resistant because climate change leads to an increase in both biotic and abiotic stresses. The pursuit of homologous genes from extreme xerophytes plants, but with a low degree of identity to crop, will significantly increase drought tolerance.
This work was supported by grants from the Tianshan Youth Program (Grant No. 2019Q035), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31700289), The third comprehensive scientific investigation in Xinjiang (2021xjkk0502), and the West Light Talents Cultivation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2016-QNXZ-B-20). We are grateful to Xin Wei and Professor Jianhui Xu from the Research Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, for their support in the fieldwork. We thank Fanjiang Zeng and Xiangyi Li from Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystem, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing experimental conditions. We are also thankful to the anonymous reviewers who put a great deal of effort into reviewing and editing this chapter.
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The complex structure, spectroscopic characterization, and the spectra‐structure correlation have been analyzed by different Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques combined with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface plasmon resonance UV‐Vis methods.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Goran S. Nikolić, Milorad D. Cakić, Slobodan Glišić, Dragan J.\nCvetković, Žarko J. Mitić and Dragana Z. Marković",authors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"},{id:"195519",title:"Dr.",name:"Milorad",middleName:null,surname:"Cakic",slug:"milorad-cakic",fullName:"Milorad Cakic"},{id:"195520",title:"MSc.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:null,surname:"Glišić",slug:"slobodan-glisic",fullName:"Slobodan Glišić"},{id:"195521",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"J.",surname:"Cvetkovic",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetkovic"},{id:"195522",title:"Dr.",name:"Žarko",middleName:null,surname:"Mitić",slug:"zarko-mitic",fullName:"Žarko Mitić"},{id:"195523",title:"MSc.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Marković-Nikolić",slug:"dragana-markovic-nikolic",fullName:"Dragana Marković-Nikolić"}]},{id:"53388",doi:"10.5772/66107",title:"Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imaging for Cultural Heritage",slug:"fourier-transform-hyperspectral-imaging-for-cultural-heritage",totalDownloads:1819,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Hyperspectral imaging is a technique of analysis that associates to each pixel of the image the spectral content of the radiation coming from the scene. This content can be helpful to recognize the chemical nature of the materials within the scene or to calculate their colours under particular conditions. Different solutions of hyperspectral imager have been realized with different spatial resolution, spectral resolution and range in the electromagnetic spectrum. In particular, improving the spectral resolution allows discriminating smaller features in the spectrum and the unambiguous detection of the absorption bands characteristic of superficial materials. Hyperspectral imagers based on interferometers have the advantage of having a spectral resolution that can be varied according to the needs by changing the optical path delay of the interferometer. A spectrum for each pixel is obtained with an algorithm based on the Fourier transform of the calibrated interferogram. We present the results of the application of a hyperspectral imager based on Fabry‐Perot interferometers to the field of cultural heritage. On different artworks, the hyperspectral imager has been used for pigment recognition, for colour rendering elaborations of the image with different light sources or standard illuminants and for calculating the chromatic coordinates useful for specific purposes.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Massimo Zucco, Marco Pisani and Tiziana Cavaleri",authors:[{id:"20909",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Q.",middleName:null,surname:"Pisani",slug:"marco-q.-pisani",fullName:"Marco Q. Pisani"},{id:"20910",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo E.",middleName:null,surname:"Zucco",slug:"massimo-e.-zucco",fullName:"Massimo E. Zucco"},{id:"194761",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Cavaleri",slug:"tiziana-cavaleri",fullName:"Tiziana Cavaleri"}]},{id:"53143",doi:"10.5772/66338",title:"Inversion-Based Fourier Transform as a New Tool for Noise Rejection",slug:"inversion-based-fourier-transform-as-a-new-tool-for-noise-rejection",totalDownloads:2094,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In this study, a new inversion method is presented for performing two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform. The discretization of the continuous Fourier spectra is given by a series expansion with the scaled Hermite functions as square-integrable set of basis functions. The expansion coefficients are determined by solving an overdetermined inverse problem. In order to define a quick algorithm in calculating the Jacobian matrix of the problem, the special feature that the Hermite functions are eigenfunctions of the Fourier transformation is used. In the field of inverse problem theory, there are numerous procedures for noise rejection, so if the Fourier transformation is formulated as an inverse problem, these tools can be used to reduce the noise sensitivity. It was demonstrated in many case studies that the use of Cauchy-Steiner weights could increase the noise rejection capability of geophysical inversion methods. Following this idea, the two-dimensional Fourier transform is formulated as an iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) problem using Cauchy-Steiner weights. The new procedure is numerically tested using synthetic data.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Mihály Dobróka, Hajnalka Szegedi and Péter Vass",authors:[{id:"189265",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihály",middleName:null,surname:"Dobróka",slug:"mihaly-dobroka",fullName:"Mihály Dobróka"},{id:"194562",title:"MSc.",name:"Hajnalka",middleName:null,surname:"Szegedi",slug:"hajnalka-szegedi",fullName:"Hajnalka Szegedi"},{id:"194563",title:"Dr.",name:"Péter",middleName:null,surname:"Vass",slug:"peter-vass",fullName:"Péter Vass"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1286,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing"}]},{id:"74032",title:"Wavelets for EEG Analysis",slug:"wavelets-for-eeg-analysis",totalDownloads:1268,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter introduces the applications of wavelet for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis. First, the overview of EEG signal is discussed to the recording of raw EEG and widely used frequency bands in EEG studies. The chapter then progresses to discuss the common artefacts that contaminate EEG signal while recording. With a short overview of wavelet analysis techniques, namely; Continues Wavelet Transform (CWT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD), the chapter demonstrates the richness of CWT over conventional time-frequency analysis technique e.g. Short-Time Fourier Transform. Lastly, artefact removal algorithms based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and wavelet are discussed and a comparative analysis is demonstrated. The techniques covered in this chapter show that wavelet analysis is well-suited for EEG signals for describing time-localised event. Due to similar nature, wavelet analysis is also suitable for other biomedical signals such as Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Nikesh Bajaj",authors:[{id:"326400",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikesh",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",slug:"nikesh-bajaj",fullName:"Nikesh Bajaj"}]},{id:"53524",title:"Fourier Analysis for Harmonic Signals in Electrical Power Systems",slug:"fourier-analysis-for-harmonic-signals-in-electrical-power-systems",totalDownloads:4568,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The harmonic content in electrical power systems is an increasingly worrying issue since the proliferation of nonlinear loads results in power quality problems as the harmonics is more apparent. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of the harmonics in the electrical power systems such as cables, transmission lines, capacitors, transformers, and rotating machines, the induction machine being the object of our study when it is excited to nonsinusoidal operating conditions in the stator winding. For this, a model is proposed for the harmonic analysis of the induction machine in steady‐state regimen applying the Fourier transform. The results of the proposed model are validated by experimental tests which gave good results for each case study concluding in a model proper for harmonic and nonharmonic analysis of the induction machine and for “harmonic” analysis in an electrical power system.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Emmanuel Hernández Mayoral, Miguel Angel Hernández López,\nEdwin Román Hernández, Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero, José\nRafael Dorrego Portela and Victor Ivan Moreno Oliva",authors:[{id:"187793",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"emmanuel-hernandez",fullName:"Emmanuel Hernández"},{id:"202757",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández López",slug:"miguel-angel-hernandez-lopez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Hernández López"},{id:"202758",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Cortina Marrero",slug:"hugo-jorge-cortina-marrero",fullName:"Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero"},{id:"202759",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin Román",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"edwin-roman-hernandez",fullName:"Edwin Román Hernández"},{id:"202760",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Iván Moreno",middleName:null,surname:"Oliva",slug:"victor-ivan-moreno-oliva",fullName:"Victor Iván Moreno Oliva"},{id:"202761",title:"Dr.",name:"José Rafael Dorrego",middleName:null,surname:"Portela",slug:"jose-rafael-dorrego-portela",fullName:"José Rafael Dorrego Portela"}]},{id:"53366",title:"New Spectral Applications of the Fourier Transforms in Medicine, Biological and Biomedical Fields",slug:"new-spectral-applications-of-the-fourier-transforms-in-medicine-biological-and-biomedical-fields",totalDownloads:2392,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter reviews some recent spectral applications of the Fourier transform techniques as they are applied in spectroscopy. An overview about Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) used like a powerful and sensitive tool in medical, biological, and biomedical analysis is provided. The advanced spectroscopic techniques of FTS, such as Fourier transform visible spectroscopy (FTVS), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS), Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FTIR imaging), and their biomedical applications are described. A special attention has been paid to the description of the FTVS method of commercial quantum dots like an innovative and reliable technique used in the field of nanobiotechnology.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Anca Armăşelu",authors:[{id:"189080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Armăşelu",slug:"anca-armaselu",fullName:"Anca Armăşelu"}]},{id:"53419",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Study of Hydrated Biological Macromolecules",slug:"fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-in-the-study-of-hydrated-biological-macromolecules",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"The interaction between biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other biomolecules in the cell) and environmental water is an important determining factor in their conformational properties, stability and function. The hydration processes of biopolymers have been extensively studied in the past 20 years with reference to a considerable variety of models and concepts. In all recent works, a distinction is made between intracellular water that maintains the ordinary liquid state (bulk water) and water ordered in extended hydrogen‐bonded lattices at the surface and structured in the internal grooves of macromolecules (hydration water) in dependence on the chemical properties of the macromolecule surface. FTIR spectroscopy has been implemented in this field both for the sensitivity in the conformational analysis of biological macromolecules and the reliability in the investigation of the water network. A perturbation technique such as dehydration‐rehydration treatment modifies the macromolecule structure and water distribution. It was applied to two structurally different proteins: lysozyme, a globular (α + β) protein and collagen, a fibrous protein characterized by the triple helix structure. Submitted to the treatment both of them display irreversible conformational changes.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Maria Grazia Bridelli",authors:[{id:"108760",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Bridelli",slug:"maria-grazia-bridelli",fullName:"Maria Grazia Bridelli"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"974",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. 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