\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5859",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Qualitative versus Quantitative Research",title:"Qualitative versus Quantitative Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The objective of this book is to fill the gap combining several studies from qualitative and quantitative research methods. The various chapters presented here follow several approaches that researchers explore in different context. This book intends to contribute to better understanding of the application areas of qualitative research method and to show how these business practices in social sciences can stimulate in various areas.",isbn:"978-953-51-3286-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3285-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4774-9",doi:"10.5772/65619",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"qualitative-versus-quantitative-research",numberOfPages:110,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d5ed2bf861d5745f24ef585da095d217",bookSignature:"Sonyel Oflazoglu",publishedDate:"June 28th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5859.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12150,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:75,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 12th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 2nd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 29th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 29th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 28th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"187211",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonyel",middleName:null,surname:"Oflazoglu",slug:"sonyel-oflazoglu",fullName:"Sonyel Oflazoglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187211/images/5783_n.jpg",biography:"Sonyel Oflazoğlu is an assistant professor of Entrepreneurship and Marketing at the Department of Marketing, Mustafa Kemal University, Turkey. She got her MS degree from Mustafa Kemal University, Institute of Social Sciences, Business Administration, and then she worked as a research assistant at Ankara University, Faculty of Political Sciences, in 2003. In 2008, she got a fellowship from the European Union to study PhD candidate student as a visiting researcher at Bucks New University, England; she received her PhD degree in 2010. Her research focuses on business networks, qualitative and quantitative research methods, consumer behaviour and entrepreneurship and innovation. She has authored several journal articles and book chapters, which were published through international publishers. Currently Dr. Oflazoğlu is involved in several research projects on social sciences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Mustafa Kemal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"439",title:"Operation Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration-operation-management"}],chapters:[{id:"54613",title:"Qualitative Method Versus Quantitative Method in Marketing Research: An Application Example at Oba Restaurant",doi:"10.5772/67848",slug:"qualitative-method-versus-quantitative-method-in-marketing-research-an-application-example-at-oba-re",totalDownloads:2430,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to present the unique aspects of the qualitative method that is rarely used against the quantitative method commonly used to obtain valid and reliable information in marketing research today. In this section, the qualitative method and the specific nature of the quantitative method are dealt with through an application beyond a theoretical‐based debate. In this context, a marketing research has been conducted on how to improve the quality of service of a restaurant operation that wants to increase the quality of the services it offers to its customers. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used simultaneously in the marketing research implemented. The specific directions that each step of the marketing research carried out and the way in which researchers should use these two methods in the marketing research are revealed through the application. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the quantitative findings about the work to be done in order to increase the service quality in the restaurant operation is numerically higher, but it is more limited in terms of guidance to the business managers. Findings obtained by the qualitative method are found to be more specific in terms of content and more functional at the point of guidance to the administrators.",signatures:"Yusuf Bilgin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54613",authors:[{id:"198044",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bilgin",slug:"yusuf-bilgin",fullName:"Yusuf Bilgin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54935",title:"Ethnography of Naming as a Religious Identity: Case of Antakya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68326",slug:"ethnography-of-naming-as-a-religious-identity-case-of-antakya",totalDownloads:1582,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Antakya is the central district of Hatay Province located in the eastern Mediterranean Region. Once populated by a variety of different ethno-religious communities, today it is still a place where Jewish, Christian, Sunni Muslim, and Arab Alevi (Nusayri) communities live together. This study is aimed at gaining insight into the naming preferences and naming rituals among different religious communities with a comparative perspective. The key question this study seeks to answer is how the religious belief to which people belong affects the names they are given and how the religious community draws a line between “self” and “other” based on the name. Names given to children or avoided as a taboo in different communities give the hints of a faith-based cultural memory a community established with its past. In this study, which is built on ethnography, field study method was utilized, and interviews were conducted with people from different communities. These interviews provided detailed insights into the variables people consider in naming their children, whether or not the religious identity to which they belong is influential in choosing a name, the naming experiences and rituals.",signatures:"Kadriye Şahin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54935",authors:[{id:"198238",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kadriye",surname:"Şahin",slug:"kadriye-sahin",fullName:"Kadriye Şahin"}],corrections:null},{id:"55098",title:"Research Methods in Library and Information Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68749",slug:"research-methods-in-library-and-information-science",totalDownloads:4715,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Library and information science (LIS) is a very broad discipline, which uses a wide rangeof constantly evolving research strategies and techniques. The aim of this chapter is to provide an updated view of research issues in library and information science. A stratified random sample of 440 articles published in five prominent journals was analyzed and classified to identify (i) research approach, (ii) research methodology, and (iii) method of data analysis. For each variable, a coding scheme was developed, and the articles were coded accordingly. A total of 78% of the articles reported empirical research. The rest 22% were classified as non‐empirical research papers. The five most popular topics were “information retrieval,” “information behaviour,” “information literacy,” “library services,” and “organization and management.” An overwhelming majority of the empirical research articles employed a quantitative approach. Although the survey emerged as the most frequently used research strategy, there is evidence that the number and variety of research methodologies have been increased. There is also evidence that qualitative approaches are gaining increasing importance and have a role to play in LIS, while mixed methods have not yet gained enough recognition in LIS research.",signatures:"Aspasia Togia and Afrodite Malliari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55098",authors:[{id:"199801",title:"Dr.",name:"Aspasia",surname:"Togia",slug:"aspasia-togia",fullName:"Aspasia Togia"},{id:"200167",title:"Dr.",name:"Afrodite",surname:"Malliari",slug:"afrodite-malliari",fullName:"Afrodite Malliari"}],corrections:null},{id:"55873",title:"Assessment of Care for Cultural Competence in Healthcare Services: A Systematic Rewiev of Qualitative Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69477",slug:"assessment-of-care-for-cultural-competence-in-healthcare-services-a-systematic-rewiev-of-qualitative",totalDownloads:1592,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Societies have a multicultural structure characterized by the spread of cultural diversity and having to live together with different ethnic origins, languages, and racial individuals. This requires that health professionals should adopt a care approach regarding cultural competence in order to prevent health inequalities due to cultural differences, to meet the health needs at desired level, and to enable maintenance of evidence‐based care. Objective: To assess the cultural competence of the care provided in healthcare services. Methods: Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Proquest, Sage, and ScienceDirect databases were scanned; seven articles matching the criteria were evaluated. Findings: (1) The number of articles that examined clearly and comprehensively in the context of qualitative research relationship between cultural competence and healthcare services was few, (2) the results couldn’t be combined into a common pavilion because many of the studies have processed on independent topics by addressing different dimensions of cultural competence, (3) in studies, it has been found that important components of care such as mutual communication, trust‐based care environment, positive and non‐judgmental approaches of health professionals, clinical skills, and linguistic differences were effective for cultural competence of healthcare services.",signatures:"Seyma Demir and Yasemin Yildirim Usta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55873",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55873",authors:[{id:"198029",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yasemin",surname:"Yıldırım Usta",slug:"yasemin-yildirim-usta",fullName:"Yasemin Yıldırım Usta"},{id:"200268",title:"MSc.",name:"Şeyma",surname:"Demir",slug:"seyma-demir",fullName:"Şeyma Demir"}],corrections:null},{id:"54805",title:"Limits and Possibilities to Combine Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68195",slug:"limits-and-possibilities-to-combine-quantitative-and-qualitative-approaches",totalDownloads:1831,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This essay analyzes the main characteristics of quantitative and qualitative approaches to empirical social and human research, showing the extent to which they leverage each other, the advantages of their shared use and the limitations of this relationship. This theoretical and practical work discusses the principles of each strategy and its possible cooperation, proposing, in a didactic way, this gathering. It builds on more than 20 years research experience of the author, who, jointly with her group, has combined these approaches. This text concerns only empirical research, and, due to the limited space, focuses only on some classic authors and references with their seminal theories. It is organized as follows: (1) analysis of the different rationales of quantitative and qualitative approaches, (2) principles supporting cooperation between them, (3) prerequisites for articulation, and (4) proposed operationalization of such cooperation.",signatures:"Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54805",authors:[{id:"198978",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Cecília",surname:"De Souza Minayo",slug:"maria-cecilia-de-souza-minayo",fullName:"Maria Cecília De Souza Minayo"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6583",title:"Marketing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ff1f842b67cc0b3301ea477c31d934b",slug:"marketing",bookSignature:"Sonyel Oflazo?lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187211",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonyel",surname:"Oflazoglu",slug:"sonyel-oflazoglu",fullName:"Sonyel Oflazoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2175",title:"Risk Management",subtitle:"Current Issues and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6406ba890ef4569efd8298e1121685d",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Nerija Banaitiene",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2175.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"146",title:"Risk Management Trends",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b787e4bce18617fb8b4778d72d78e25b",slug:"risk-management-trends",bookSignature:"Giancarlo Nota",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/146.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10232",title:"Prof.",name:"Giancarlo",surname:"Nota",slug:"giancarlo-nota",fullName:"Giancarlo Nota"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5396",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Practice-Oriented Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"297a3f7f82b2fba856f51501cf3e6864",slug:"entrepreneurship-practice-oriented-perspectives",bookSignature:"Mario Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5396.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5748",title:"Theory and Application on Cognitive Factors and Risk Management",subtitle:"New Trends and Procedures",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b1562b00413a902d3e060b18d00c92e",slug:"theory-and-application-on-cognitive-factors-and-risk-management-new-trends-and-procedures",bookSignature:"Fabio De Felice and Antonella Petrillo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5748.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6535",title:"Contemporary Issues and Research in Operations Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1cda5f95443dc740a295ff54da00793f",slug:"contemporary-issues-and-research-in-operations-management",bookSignature:"Gary P. 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Electrochemical technology can provide valuable cost efficient and environmentally friendly contributions to industrial process development with a minimum of waste production and toxic material. Examples are the implementation of electrochemical effluent treatment, for example, the removal of heavy metal ions from solutions, destruction of organic pollutants, or abatement of gases. Further progress has been made in inorganic and organic electro synthesis, fuel cell technology, primary and secondary batteries, for example, metal-hydride and lithium-ion batteries. Examples of innovative industrial processes are the membrane process in the chloralkali industry and the implementation of the gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) in hydrochloric acid electrolysis with oxygen reduction instead of hydrogen evolution at the cathode [1]. The main advantages of electrochemical processes are:
Dimensional analysis as a basic concept underlying the theory of transport processes and chemical reactor is familiar to every chemical engineer in analyzing laboratory data for reacting systems, the various rate constants, transfer coefficients, transport properties and reactor dimension must be combined in such a way that dimensional consistency is maintained. Most engineers are familiar with the Buckingham theorem which may be considered a formal restatement of the requirement of dimensional consistency [3]
An electrochemical reaction can be conducted in batch or continuous (mixed/plug flow) mode. Further, the reactors can be operated with or without recycle. Further classifications are possible on the basis of flow arrangement (parallel/series flow) or electrical connections (monopolar/bipolar). The electrodes may be flat (2-dimensional solid electrode) or porous (3-dimensional) electrode. Three-dimensional electrodes are used when high surface area is desired to compensate for the inherent low current density of the process. The electrodes can be configured to be horizontally placed or vertically placed [4]. The philosophy of scaling-up chemical process units requires the values of corresponding dimensionless groups of the two units are similar [5]. Several similarity criteria have been defined to guide the engineer to scale-up a reactor [6]. The criteria normally employed in thermo chemical reactors are those of geometric, kinematic and thermal similarity between the reactors. In the case of electrochemical reactors an additional criterion necessary to define the scale-up is that of current/potential similarity. These four criteria are discussed below:
Geometric similarity is achieved by fixing the dimensional ratios of the corresponding reactors. However, for electrochemical reactors, this criterion cannot normally be met, as increasing the inter-electrode gap would give a high voltage drop and increased energy costs. Further, in 3D electrodes an increased electrode thickness may cause a decrease in the average electric potential and/or promote secondary electrode reactions [7]. Therefore, geometric similarity is usually sacrificed in favor of current/potential similarity in electrochemical reactors. Scale-up in electrochemical reactors is achieved by using multiple cells and reactor units [8].
Kinematic similarity is concerned with the flow velocities within a system. In any continuous reactor, the gas and liquid flow loads, or more generally the Reynolds number govern the pressure drop, fluid hold-up and mass transfer capacity in the system [9]. Therefore it was desirable to maintain similar gas and liquid flow velocities through the corresponding reactors.
Thermal similarity implies matching the temperatures in corresponding portions of the reactors under comparison. This condition may be approached by temperature control through internal heat transfer surfaces and/or heat exchange with recycling reactants. Thermal similarity is difficult to maintain in the scale-up of electrochemical reactors due to the effect of Joule heating within inter-electrode dimensions of the order of millimeters. The method of providing cooling channels between cells (as in conventional fuel cell stacks) is not practical in other types of electrochemical reactor and in any case would defeat the purpose of the reactor design.
Electrochemical reactors, unlike their thermo chemical or chemical counterparts, require electrical similarity and this is usually the most important criterion in the scale-up of such reactors. Electrical similarity exists between two units when corresponding electrode potential and current density differences bear a constant ratio [8]. This criterion necessitates a constant inter- electrode gap on scale-up. One factor normally employed to quantify the effect is the Wagner number (Wa), which may be defined as:
Where (k) is the electrolyte conductivity, V the electrodepotential, i the current density and L the characteristic length. For electrical similarity, the Wagner number in the two reactors should have the same value at all points being compared. In 3D electrodes, an inverse Wagner number qualitatively describes the current distribution in the system [10]. These sets are the rules to get uniform current distribution for scale-up. i. e. for reactors operating under kinetic control, better uniformity is obtained for a higher slope of polarization curve, larger conductivity of electrolyte (k in equation (1)), smaller characteristic length (L in the equation (1)) and lower average current density. The constraints of current/potential similarity require that the scale-up of electrochemical reactors to industrial capacity is usually achieved by:
Fixing the inter electrode gap while increasing the superficial area of individual cells
Stacking individual cells in monopolar or bipolar multi-cell reactors (e. g. containing up to 200 cells)
Many industrial electrochemical processes use channel flow between two plane, parallel electrode as shown in Fig. (1 )
Parallel plate electrodes
The current distribution on such electrode is dependent on type of polarization occurring on the electrode surface; therefore current distribution can be classified as primary, secondary and limiting current distribution [11].
The primary current and potential distribution apply when the surface overpotentail can be neglected and the solution adjacent to an electrode can be taken equipotentail surface. Calculation of primary current distribution and resistance represents a first step toward analyzing and optimizing an electrochemical system. The cell resistance calculated can be coupled with calculation including mass-transfer and kinetic effects to optimize approximately a given cell configuration.
Calculation the primary current and potential distribution involves solution of Laplace\'s equation [∇2φ = 0]. Solution methods are analytically and numerically, the analytical methods involves the method of image [12],separation of variables [13], superposition [14,15], and Schwarz-Christoffel transformation [16]. The Schwarz-Christoffel transformation is a powerful tools for solution of Laplace\'s equation in systems with planar electrodes. This method was used by Moulten [17] which gave a classical solution for the primary current distribution for two electrode placed arbitrarily on the boundary of a rectangle, in their analysis they considered a special case of planer cells in which two plane electrodes placed opposite each other in walls of flow channel (Fig. (1)). The potential distribution is shown in Fig. (2) for L=2h. The current lines are represented by solid curves and equipotentail surface by dash curves. The two sets curves should be perpendicular to each other every where in the solution.
Moulten [17] represented the current distribution by the following equation:
Where v = l/2h,x measured from the center of electrode,(K)is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind tabulated in reference [18 ]. Primary current distribution is determined by geometric factors alone, thus,only the geometric ratios of cell are a parameter. Wagner number expresses the ratio of the polarization resistance at the interface over the ohmic resistance in the electrolyte approaches to zero in this case.
Current and potential lines in parallel plates electrode
When slow electrode kinetics are taken into consideration, the electrolytic solution near the electrode is no longer an equipotentail surface, and the result of calculation is secondary current and potential distribution. Secondary current distribution predominates if the kinetic resistance is higher than the ohmic resistance. The general effect of electrode polarization is to make the secondary current potential nearly uniform than the primary current distribution and an infinite current density at the edge of electrode is eliminated. This can be regarded as the result of imposing an additional resistances at electrode interface [19]. Calculation of secondary current distribution was achieved analytically and numerically by several investigators [20]. The prediction of current distribution using numerical methods is an essential step in the rational design and scale-up of electrochemical reactors and in engineering analysis of electrochemical processes.
A numerical method for predicting current density distribution in multi- ion electrolytes was developed, assuming steady-state, 2D, dilute solution theory and constant properties. The parallel-plate electrochemical reactor (PPER) geometry was used. The calculation of current density for the PPER had been a frequent subject of study but reported mathematical models exist only for limited cases. For example, the models of Parrish and Newman [21] and Caban and Chapman [22] were based on the thin diffusion layer approach, while by Pickett [23] on the mass transfer control assumption, and those of White, Bain and Raible [24] and Nguyen, Walton and White [25] ignore axial diffusion and axial migration and do not account for high velocities
The combined effects of activation and concentration polarization give rise to changes in primary current distribution resulting in what is known as tertiary current distribution. In such cases the potential of the solution does not obey the Laplace\'s equation due to concentration variation. When the concentration at surface of electrode approaches to zero, the limiting current condition occurs and distribution of current is limited by the mass transfer rate through the diffusion layer [26]:
Current distribution in parallel plate electrode [
Electrodes have been rotated at least since 1905 to provide some quantitative control of solution convection. Hydrodynamic theory for such electrode is generally considered to originate with Levich [27]. A number of rotating electrode geometries have been explored, namely the rotating cylinder electrode(RCE), rotating cone electrode, rotating hemispherical electrode, have been used, but only the RCE has grown to be generally accepted and increasingly widely used. Electrochemical reactors based on the RCE have particularly used in metal ion removal from dilute aqueous solutions, where the metal can be deposited on the surface of an inner rotating cathode. The enhanced mass transport to such RCE cathodes has already been considered and a number of industrial devices have utilized this (and related) technology:
The MVH cell [31]
The Turbocel [32]
A cell from Enthone±OMI [33]
A rotating cathode band cell from Heraeus El-ektrochemie GmbH [34].
The design and application of RCE reactors in metal ion removal have been extensively reviewed [35, 36, 37]. The primary and secondary current distribution were studies by many investigators for example, the primary and secondary current distribution for deposition of copper–nickel alloys from a citrate electrolyte was studied by Madore and Landolt [38,39]where an empirical equation for the primary current distribution on rotating cylinder electrode has been reported as follows:
Modeling of RCE cells has been focused on both the primary and secondary current distribution with very few studies of the tertiary current distribution.
Packed bed electrodes can be used for electrochemical recovery of heavy metals from a variety of industrial and laboratory model solutions (Bennion and Newman [40]; Doherty et al. [41]; El-Deab et al., [42]; Gaunand et al., [43]; Lanza and Bertazzoli, [44]; Podlaha and Fenton, [45] ; Ponce de León and Pletcher, [46]; Saleh, [47]; Soltan et al., [48].
The study of the behavior of fixed bed electrode falls within the scope of electrochemical engineering considered to be the application of the principal of analysis and design of the chemical engineering discipline to electrochemical processes. Fixed bed electrode does not normally operate with a uniform reaction rate and potential, because of ohmic voltage losses within their structure and consequently the specific surface area is not used to full. From a practical point view, it is desirable to utilize most of the internal surface area of the electrode. The estimation of the utilized specific surface area is therefore of great importance in the design and scale-up of these electrodes and one approach is by analogy to the chemical engineering analysis of heterogeneous reactions such as gas–solid catalytic reaction and gas–liquid absorption with chemical reaction, extended to the electrochemical case. Therefore, an effectiveness or effectiveness factor is introduced into account for the fraction of bed thickness electrochemically reactive. This effectiveness (
As a rough guide to the operation of fixed bed electrodes, the effectiveness should have a minimum value of 0. 5 if they are to be considered worthwhile alternative to plate electrode cell [49].
Two principle configuration of fixed bed electrodes have been developed,the flow through porous electrodes(FTPE) where fluid and current flow are parallel, and flow-by porous electrode (FBPE) where fluid flow perpendicularly to current [50]. The current and potential distribution in the first configuration is one-dimensional (the electrode potential varies in the direction of current flow) while the second type involving a two –dimensional problem( the electrode potential varies in the direction parallel to or perpendicular to current flow),which is inherently more complex than the first type.
In the first configuration, a dilemma can arise in choosing a sufficient electrode length to ensure a high conversion factor of the reacting species but avoiding at the same time, a too large potential distribution and consequently bad process selectivity. This is an obstacle for any tentative industrial application of the flow through porous electrode [51]. Alternatively in the second configuration the existence of two degree of freedom (thickness and length of electrode) make it possible to obtain simultaneously a uniform potential distribution and adequate residence time. Therefore this configuration is more adapted to an industrial use [52]. On the other hand, due to fact that first configuration obeys one-dimensional model,it is very valuable in the theoretical formulations of current and potential distribution in porous electrode [53]. In addition Fedikiw [54] found that if the aspect ratio (length/thickness) of flow-by electrode is large, it is reasonable to assume that the potential field is governed by one dimensional Laplace\'s equation and consequently the flow through type can be considered to simulated the behavior of a horizontal slab of the flow-by electrode.
The complex structure of porous electrode is almost or always reduced for purpose of analysis to a one-dimensional representation. A one-dimensional model of porous electrode is most frequently used; this choice avoids considerable mathematical difficulty and at the same time provides solutions which are in reasonable agreement with experiment [55].
Coeuret et al. [56–58] were the first to study and analyse the current and potential distribution in flow through fixed bed by using a mathematical approach similar to that proposed by the chemical engineering discipline for heterogeneous reaction. They represented the current and potential distribution by the following dimensionless relationship:
Where
Where (
It was found in scale-up of electrochemical reactor [59 ],the effectiveness factor (
Therefore a higher fraction of bed thickness reactive can be obtained either at lower thickness or higher value of potential. Practically, it is preferred to use higher thickness of bed to ensure a higher current supplied or production rate. On the other hand, it is necessary to utilize the maximum portion of surface area with maximum effective bed thickness. It is found that bed thickness not higher than 0. 6 cm must be taken as a maximum limit in the scale-up of the system under study and this system should not be operated beyond this value of bed thickness because it will be not utilized in the reaction zone and causing higher capital cost.
In recent years there are many researches have been done in scale –up of electrochemical reactor [60-62],the aim of these studies and the previous one are how to scaling up the electrochemical reactors to industrial case maintaining the same potential and current distribution. These factors have a vital role in developing the electrochemical system at different fields especially in waste water treatments.
On the contrary to the one-dimensional model a few works have been concerned with the fundamental study of fixed bed electrode obeying two dimensional model. Alkire et al. [63 ] were the pioneers in the analysis of two dimensional model, where a finite difference method was adopted for Laplace differential equation solution. Their study was extended to the limiting current condition in subsequent work [64 ].
The electrochemical cell can be controlled by mass transfer at the electrode surface. In the electrochemical cell, for example, a metal- ion concentration at the cathode surface decreased by electrolysis. The mass flux of a metal-ion generated by a special concentration gradient can be described by Fick\'s law.
Equation (9) can be expressed in one-dimensional form which can be applied to diffusive mass transport for large flat electrodes:
The current density of an electrochemical cell removing a metal-ion by electrochemical conversion couples the rate of electrochemical conversion with diffusive mass transport at and toward the electrode surface:
The index 0 refers to y=0 which means at the electrode surface. The mass transfer rate and associated current densities are given by the product of the mass transfer coefficient km and the concentration difference:
Setting C0=0 defines the mass transfer limited current density ilim:
An explicit equation for the mass transfer coefficient, km, can be found for laminar flow. Under turbulent flow one can only measure the mass transfer coefficient by measuring the mass transport limited current densities. However, this is a tedious affair as mass transfer is often influenced by a great number of variables.
Dimensional analysis allows one to reduce the number of variables which have to be taken into account for mass transfer determination by introducing dimensionless groups. For mass transfer under forced convection, there are at least three dimensionless groups. Those are the Sherwood number, Sh, which contains the mass transfer coefficient, the Reynolds number, Re, which contains the flow velocity and defines the flow condition (laminar/turbulent) and the Schmidt number, Sc, which characterizes the diffusive and viscous properties of the respective fluid and describes the relative extension of the fluid-dynamic and concentration boundary layer.
The experimental determination of Sh is quite easy in an electrochemical reactor. Measuring the limiting current and using equation (13), one obtains Sh from ilim.
In general, the dependence of Sh on Re and Sc can be presented in the form of a power series:
The design equation for the reactor scale-up is deduced by using dimensionless terms. Daewon et. al. [65] found that the dependence of Sh on Re, Sc, characteristic lengths, DC/A/L and DW/C/L could be described in the following form:
Therefore the characteristic length plays an important role in scale-up of the electrochemical reactor in addition to Reynolds and Sherwood number.
Recently the performance of a novel pilot plant scale,fixed bed flow through cell,consisting of a cathode formed by a bundle of stainless steal tubes have been investigated [66]. Two mass transfer correlation which represented the flow in bandle of tubes have been obtained for two tube diameters(0. 6cm and 1. 0 cm):
The design and scale-up of the electrochemical reactor play an important role in the development of industrial electrochemical processes. Therefore studying the controlling factors on scale-up make the operation of the system more efficient and economic on the commercialization stage. Current and potential distributions are the most significant parameters characterizing the operation of the electrochemical cell. The current density on the electrodes is directly proportional to the reaction rate and its distribution critically affects the electrochemical process. In parallel plate and rotating cylinder electrodes, primary and secondary current and potential distribution are very important, the primary current distribution apply when the surface overpotentail can be neglected and the solution adjacent to an electrode can be taken to be equipotentail surface, while secondary current distribution predominates if the kinetic resistance is higher than the ohmic resistance. In porous electrodes, an effectiveness or effectiveness factor should be taken into account which refers to the fraction of bed thickness electrochemically reactive. The effectiveness should have a minimum value of 0. 5 if they are to be considered worthwhile alternative to plate electrode cell. Studding above factors in addition to the mass transfer correlation are an important parameter for scale-up the electrochemical reactor and should be considered in any future study in any electrochemical reactor before implant to industrial application.
Aeelectrode area (cm2)
Cmetal concentration (mol cm-3)
Ddiffusion coefficient (cm2 s-1)
DC/A gap between cathode and anode (cm)
DW/C gap between reactor wall and cathode(cm)
FFaraday constant (96,487 C mol-1. )
icurrent density(A cm-2)
kmmass transfer coefficient(cms-1)
Mimolecular weight of chemical species i
nmass flux(gcm-2s-1)
n0mass flux at the electrode surface(gcm-2s-1)
ReReynolds number
Sscan rate
ShSherwood number
ScSchmidt number
vestoichiometric coefficient of the electrons consumed in electrochemical reaction
vdynamic viscosity(g cm-1 s-1)
Wlinear velocity (cm s-1)
Wideposited weight of chemical species i(g)
What is digital transformation? According to Ebert and Duarte [1], Digital Transformation (DX) is “about adopting disruptive technologies to increase productivity, value creation, and the social welfare”. The above definition is quite general meaning that DX can be adopted in many circumstances and by many actors: governments (from local to national level), multilateral organizations, industries. Digitalization, and in particular the concept of Digital Twin, has applications in many different fields [2]: Health, Meteorology, Manufacturing, Education, Cities and Transportation, and Energy.
Indeed, DX is having a huge impact on society at large. For instance, concerning labour force, a report from the World Economic Forum [3] states that by 2025, as a consequence of digitalization, 85 million jobs will be destroyed, while 97 million new jobs will be created worldwide. Thus, new competencies and skills will be necessary in a digitally transformed world. Among the top skills listed in the WEF report are the following: Critical thinking and analysis, Active learning and learning strategies, Analytical thinking and innovation, Complex problem-solving, Systems analysis and evaluation. We can observe that a person with a background in mathematics possesses the above skills. More generally, STEM education will offer great opportunities in DX. A recent study [4] shows that in the US the automation and the use of robots in the productive environment has increased the enrolment at Universities and higher education levels in the field like Computer Science and Engineering. This shows an increasing awareness of the workforce of the importance of updating labour competencies.
This paper focuses in particular on the digital transformation of Industry. Throughout this paper, the term “Industry” means business and commerce, public and private research, development, and production facilities; in practice, all the activities that lie outside the field of academic research and education. For the industrial sector, DX leads to huge changes in how a company is managed and can also significantly affect customer satisfaction and product quality. The effects of digital transformation can be seen at many levels of an organization: the way employees work, how business processes operate, and how to collect, analyze, and use data. All the above considerations imply that DX does not mean simply the digitization of information. This is just a first indispensable step of a bigger transformation of the way a company is managed: in short, DX requires a digital culture within an enterprise [5].
Digitalization is enabled by a series of technologies:
But one of the most important technologies enabling the Digital Transformation is Mathematics. Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization methods (MSO) have demonstrated their usefulness for solving problems in real life: forecast of air pollution, image processing, filtration processes, cultural heritage conservation, just to mention a few. MSO are becoming very important in a digitalized world, since they make it possible to extract information and knowledge from the data collected. In fact, in the last years research have developed new mathematical tools to be applied, for example, in Digital Twins [6, 7]. And some authors have talked explicitly of an “Era of Mathematics” [8].
This paper will give an overview of the mathematical tools that can be applied in a digitally transformed enterprise. It is organized as follows. Section (2) will describe the two main approaches of applied mathematics to digitalization: Physics-Based and Data-Driven. We will depict the main differences and how they can be combined to increase their effectiveness, with an example from an Industrial case. Section 3 will introduce some tools from linear algebra that can be applied to process collected data. Finally, in a concluding section, we will summarize our points and stress the importance of promoting Mathematics towards Industry.
The Digital Transformation implies the use of mathematical models and methods to take advantage from the (possibly huge) amount of data collected by an enterprise about its own processes. When an enterprise wants to digitalize its processes it may apply a physics-based approach or a data-driven approach. The above approaches imply different methods to deal with a problem, each one with its pros and cons [9]. In recent years, however, Hybrid methods have been developed building on the two approaches. The hybrids have been developed in such a way to sum up the advantages of both model-based and data-driven approaches while reducing the disadvantages.
With the Physics-Based (PB) approach, we mean a description of the process or device based on first principles. Thus, the digital counterpart of the process is a mathematical model that describes the physics of the system taking into account all the relevant scales. Such an approach is also named Model-Based to emphasize the role of mathematical modeling.
Thus given a system to be digitized, the enterprise has to translate it in a mathematical model with a variable degree of complexity. The complexity of the model depends on the problem at hand and on the business objectives. The model can be used to monitor the performances of the system and then decide how to manage possible anomalies. How possible anomalies can be detected? Sensors are positioned on the system to collect data about its functions. The data are then compared with model output evaluating the residual,
where
Physics-based models can be powerful tools to create a Digital Twin. They can give great support in the first design of the digital system; in fact, they can give useful information on the processes to be described without great moles of data. As an example, physics-based modeling can give a first idea on what variables shall be monitored.
Physics-based models are characterized by transparency: this makes straightforward the interpretation of results.
Generalization is another important characteristic of PB models. The underline assumptions, as well as the approximations due to the development of the model determine the extent to which a model, can be generalized to other cases not previously considered. In general, in a PB approach, the limits of applications of a model are known in advance and this makes clear the range of problems it can describe.
One of the main problems of such an approach is the complexity of the resulting system of equations; in the presence of multiple processes interacting with one another (multi-physics systems) and at multiple spatial and/or temporal scales (multi-scale systems), the difficulty in solving the equations will increase very rapidly. Some techniques have been developed, such as Reduced Order Modeling, to diminish model and computational complexity and end up with a more manageable system of equations, while maintaining the accuracy of results [10].
Nevertheless, such an approach is the one that permits a automotive industry to do crash test only via numerical simulations and new applications of the PB are growing up. For example, we are now able to simulate the whole heartbeat where all the physical parts (electrophysiology, the passive and active mechanics of the cardiac muscle, the microscopic force generation in sarcomeres, the blood flow in the heart chambers, and the valve dynamic) concur to the final simulation, see [11].
PB approaches have been applied also in the field of building automation: in [12] the authors focused on predictive maintenance of biomass boilers trying to minimize user discomfort.
Data-Driven (DD) approach implies the use of methods from Machine Learning or even Deep Learning to exploit directly the data collected by sensors on system performance. Artificial Intelligence tools are suitable when very high amounts of data are available and can be used to find hidden patterns in the sample that cannot be discovered otherwise. Such a pattern can be refined whenever new data are collected. In such a way, we can say that the tool “learns from experiences”.
The methods applied are diverse and comprises the following:
Support Vector Machines
Artificial Neural Network
Convolutional Neural Network
Recurrent Neural Network
Generative Adversarial Network
The main advantage of the DD approach is the ease with which the solutions can be found, compared with the first principle approach. They have proven to be a very good alternative to PB models. If enough data are available, tools like neural networks can find hidden structures in very complex problems, where it is difficult to describe exactly the underlined physical structure. To give an example in the field of Material Sciences, in [13] the authors developed a Neural Network to simulate a Cellular Mechanical Metamaterial (CMM) and compared the performances with Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), usually applied in this kind of problem. While the DNS needs about
The ability to generalize a DD model is very limited. A DD model can describe circumstances only spanned by the data already available. It will need a large number of new data to take into account a more general setting. The need for (possibly large) amount of information is an overall limit to the development of the DD approach; sometimes, one does not have sufficient data to describe properly a given process.
Another problem is the lack of transparency. DD model builds in general so-called
According to Gartner [15], thirty-seven percent of companies have implemented AI in some form, translating to a 270 percent increase over the last four years. Customers are accustomed to bots and AI mechanisms that provide, among others, recommendations on services such as Netflix or Spotify. Not surprisingly, 31 percent of companies plan to increase the share of artificial intelligence in their business.
Recently, some researchers attempted to compare the two approaches in order to understand the advantages and the disadvantages of both. For example, in [16] the authors compared PB and DD approaches to the problem of fault detection and isolation in an automotive application. They found the same performances for both approaches in terms of detection and robustness and described the main shortcomings of both. However, Moallemi and coauthors [17] applied both Model Based and DD models to the problem of Structural Monitoring of a building; they found that Model Based approach results in best performances and point out that scarcity of data limits the behavior of DD algorithms. Thus, the debate is still open on what is the best approach for digitalisation.
The recent tendency, however, is to take advantage of the benefits of both by building hybrid methods that mix together. First principles with data-intensive modeling [18, 19, 20]. In [21] the authors survey the research literature on this topic and propose a taxonomy of the developed methods. The integration of PB and DD approaches has several applications. PB models of complex processes require approximations to have a usable set of equations. Approximations are necessary whenever the process is not completely understood in all of its elements. This will introduce bias in model results. Another issue is due to the presence of physical parameters that have to be estimated some time with a small amount of data. On the other hand, Machine learning tools need a large amount of data to reproduce with precision a given process and have limited generalization capabilities. The use of DD techniques in combination with first principle modeling may help to overcome such limitations and this has been shown to be very useful in practice.
One attempt is the so-called
where
The interplay of Pb and DD approaches has been employed in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) management; in [23], the authors present a Component Based Reduced Order Model coupled with Baysian state estimation to allow a small aircraft to adjust dynamically its trajectory.
Hybrid methods have been applied to describe a spring-mass system subjected to damping that evolves according to multiple time scales [24]; such an application is relevant for many industrial settings and is generally very difficult to solve numerically.
Through the technologies described it is possible to solve usual problems of engineering and computational mechanics but also to explore new fields in which up to now mathematical modeling had not been able to replace the experience or the direct control of the mechanism. One of the most interesting areas is that of predictive maintenance [25], already mentioned above. In some sectors, such as in aircraft maintenance, the benefits of having guidelines available to ensure the correct functioning of circulating machines are well known: in civil aeronautics, periodic checks and periodic replacements, for example, of bolts or panels subjected to greater stress is an established practice, but this practice comes from the combination of experience and modeling. On the other hand, it is well known that it is not at all easy in a complex system to keep all the components under control to have guarantees on correct functioning and to prevent possible failures and/or breakages. Machines are often equipped with many sensors that monitor correct operation, signaling anomalies on what each sensor is capable of measuring. Unfortunately, it is often only from the combination of information that the general picture is obtained, and therefore if only the single sensor is monitored, this information collected is not really helpful in decisions. Some industrial sectors, such as boating or highly automated production, would greatly benefit from the possibility of preventing critical situations before failures occur that can put in danger the correct functioning of the machinery. The modeling available to complex tools—which work on different scales and interact with each other—often has to overlook some effects and does not allow predictive models so accurate as to be able to help decision makers determine if or when to intervene with substitutions or repairs. Most of the time one can notice a problem when it is already too late.
The recent literature on predictive maintenance foresees the possibility of combining the effect of a control on the physics of phenomena, possibly linked to the information of the sensors, and of an experience given by the analysis of the available data processed through artificial intelligence. For example, in [26] the authors describe the use of hybrid techniques for controlling the operation of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines. These are fundamental briks in modern industries (from Wikipedia): “CNC is the automated control of machining tools (such as drills, lathes, mills and 3D printers) by means of a computer. A CNC machine processes a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to meet specifications by following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly controlling the machining operation.” Authors in [26] present how it is possible to build a digital twin that provides information on the expected behavior of the machine and at the same time, through the data collected by the sensors inside the machine, the on-situ behavior of the machine. Then, by taking a comparison of the two, this reveals a good ability to highlight anomalies, based on the physical modeling. At the same time, however, the acquisition of a large amount of data through sensors allows the elaboration of a database that also includes a sort of forecasting model: this increases the knowledge of the ongoing process and helps in prediction.
The use of hybrid approach helps to meet the targets of predictive maintenance:
Fault diagnosis
Fault forecast
Intelligent decision
Intelligent maintenance.
Now we consider how the tools coming from linear algebra can manage to solve the problems considered in the previous section. We consider both problems, namely the search of a model that can justify some available data and the case where the model is given and some prediction is done via numerical computations. What we present next is inspired by [27, 28], where readers can find full details of the topics introduced in this section.
First, we consider that a dataset is given; instances
Our modeling problem is to describe the dependence of the output from the input, so to identify a mathematical law
Such a problem, if settled out in the square (
When a model is given, this is used to predict the behavior of the quantity of interest for forecasting, i.e., in unseen cases. Mathematical models are relations involving, in many cases, operations that are not tabled or easily computable. In order to understand how the tools of applied mathematics apply in such cases, we can start from a general formulation where the quantity of interest is a
To begin with a simple example, consider the approximation/extrapolation of data. As in the previous section, the inputs are made of vectors of numbers
This problem is exactly in the same framework as the ones seen in the previous section: a matrix problem where the matrix is the so-called collocation matrix
Remark. The choice of the functions
Moving from the approximation of a given function to different scientific models, we encounter the case of equilibrium laws based on first principles, as described in the previous section on Physics-Based approach. Also in this case the unknown is a function but in this case, the model is written as a solution to a mathematical problem
instead of considering general functions, look for a solution written as a linear combination of simple functions where the operation can be done simply
instead of considering exact modeling approximate the operators and look for solutions in particular cases, ad example in fixed sites
Applied mathematics tools aim to introduce methods that translate the original model in some approximation that is consistent with the original formulation and gives an accurate approximation of the unknowns. The initial problem
Because many problems seen in this excursus are finally modeled via linear systems, we aim to present some of the ingredients that can be used for the resolution of linear systems. The problem written in (Linear System PB) is the one that we aim to solve.
As commented, the unknown vector
First of all we introduce the rank
An important feature when data are collected with some error—or “noise”—is that the rank of the matrix could be affected by this error: some columns can be linearly independent only for effect of the randomness of the noise. Then, a different preliminary analysis—the so-called feature selection—that reduces the dimension of the columns could be necessary. One possible way to proceed is by exploring the Singular Value Decompostion of the matrix and, in particular, the order of magnitude of the singular values. All these procedures that avoid the presence of redundancy on the feature collection, end up with the so-called active features. When this preprocessing of the data is done, we need to solve the problem of the determination of
Overdetermined linear problems are the ones where the number of features (or active features as described above) are less than the number of individuals, that is, the number of rows of the matrix
In the general cases, in order to solve the linear problem
What about the need for companies of such technologies? What we experience every day is that new technologies are deeply changing markets, as if this is “second wave of digital transformation”. In fact, Robotics, Machine Learning, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence are becoming more and more common.
Using properly DX, companies have the opportunity to optimize operating costs and thus increase process efficiency via new services. Additionally, the digitalization of company data produces the so-called “digital capital” made of huge amounts of information from various sources, which increases the possibility to settle out predictive models. This allows companies to better meet customers’ needs. DX is the present for companies that aim to remain competitive, and the use of simple mathematical tools opens up great opportunities in unexpected fields.
However, Enterprises are not completely aware of this point and how they would benefit from the application of Mathematical research in their daily operations. In the last few years, a new professional figure emerged world wide to promote:
MSO towards enterpises, and
Industry-Academic Collaborations.
The above role is played by the
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
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\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
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\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. 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This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/164719",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"164719"},fullPath:"/profiles/164719",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()