Major VSSs for coffee and scope.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3839",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Helicobacter pylori is a universally distributed bacterium which affects more than half of the world population. The infection is associated with the development of various diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, besides extradigestive diseases. This book is a comprehensive overview of contributors on H. pylori infection in several areas. Its chapters were divided into sections concerning general aspects of H. pylori infection, immunopathology and genetic diversity, questions regarding possible routes of bacterium transmission, the importance of the strains characteristics in the development of gastric cancer and the possibilities of prevention, H. pylori infection in children, the possible association between its infection and extradigestive diseases, and the principal therapeutic regimens of bacterium eradication, considering the antimicrobial resistance.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1239-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7200-0",doi:"10.5772/57053",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",numberOfPages:392,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3dc63cbee177c36f568ff67aa6ec1413",bookSignature:"Bruna Maria Roesler",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2014",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3839.jpg",numberOfDownloads:31219,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:147,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:333,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:515,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 15th 2013",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2013",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 10th 2013",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 8th 2013",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 12th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"54995",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Roesler",slug:"bruna-maria-roesler",fullName:"Bruna Maria Roesler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/54995/images/system/54995.JPG",biography:"Dr. Bruna Maria Roesler is a pharmacist biochemist and holds a master´s degree in Pharmacology and a doctoral degree in Basic Sciences–Internal Medicine from the State University of Campinas (Campinas, SP, Brazil) where she has identified the principal genotypes of Helicobacter pylori strains in patients with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer (early and advanced stages) through molecular biology techniques. She has published her work in several peer-reviewed journals and given oral and poster presentations at various congresses. Her research also includes the etiology, epidemiology, and physiopathology of gastrointestinal diseases. 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\r\n\tPhotodetectors are sensors of electromagnetic radiation. These devices may be classified by mechanism of detection, such as photoelectric or photochemical effects, or by performance metrics, such as spectral response. In addition, unique materials or materials systems exhibit physical and chemical properties that allow control or interaction with light converting the optical signal into an electrical signal for applications in photonics, electronics, and optoelectronics.
\r\n\r\n\tThe present book entitled "Photodetectors - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications" aims to provide state-of-the-art knowledge on photodetector fundamentals and technology based on the latest research trends and exciting novel materials. Written by a team of world-renowned experts, with contributions from universities, research institutes, and industries, this book is timely and suitable for students and professionals engaged in photodetector technology research and development. Emphasis will range from synthesis methods, structural and performance characterization, new materials design, processing, and function, optoelectronic properties to theoretical analysis and simulations. Important experimental results are thoroughly addressed, embodying an advanced account of activities in this significant and exciting field in research and industry.
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On the one hand, in fact, the mobility of people and goods and the conditions with which it is met (times, price, safety, reliability) decisively influence the present and future competitiveness of production and territorial systems, and, jointly, the accessibility to a series of basic functions within modern societies: work activities, educational services, social and health services, leisure and recreational activities, etc. [1, 2]. It therefore represents a fundamental component of the economic and social dimension of sustainable development [3, 4]. On the other hand, the quantitative evolution of demand volumes and the relative modal shares is at the basis of important critical issues from the point of view of eco-compatibility and security of supply, or two essential determinants of the concept of intergenerational equity that is at the basis of sustainable development [5, 6]. The inability to completely dissociate the demand for transport from the evolution of economic indicators and the almost absolute preponderance of fossil fuels in satisfying it have in fact led to a continuous increase in the contribution of transport to climate-altering gas emissions in recent decades and, at the same time, to increase the vulnerability of present consumption trends with respect to the exhaustion of non-renewable resources and dependence on foreign countries [7, 8]. In this scenario, transport policy becomes a decisive hub for achieving global environmental commitments, including those envisaged by the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent developments, as well as the objectives of the Community energy policy. The sectoral dynamics also determine effects characterized by a particular territorial connotation, which assumes specific importance at the level of urban areas, where a preponderant share of movements are carried out and where, consequently, a series of characterizing problems are concentrated: delays due to congestion, employment of soil and competition with other uses (homes, commercial activities, non-motorized vehicles, green spaces), local pollution emissions and greater exposure of targets (people and things), visual and landscape intrusion [9, 10]. The management of choices and the ability to change the trends experienced up to now become in this scenario one of the essential components of urban sustainability policies, decisively influencing the quality of life and the overall level of attractiveness of cities. The need to attribute a specific value to transport, both in Ref. to global issues (climate change, energy dependence) and to those related to the local dimension (congestion, atmospheric pollution, noise, etc.), finds recognition in the European Development Strategy Sustainable [11, 12], which identifies the ability to promote a model of “sustainable transport” as one of the seven key challenges that the European system must face in the future.
A challenge based as for the other economic and social sectors, on the affirmation and diffusion of new technological solutions in the production/consumption patterns, but also, if not above all, on the recognition of the need to assign a transversal value to the mobility issue and related choices of satisfaction within the various sectoral policies (trade, industrial logistics, tourism, planning and management of the territory, etc.) in order to pursue the first (and functional to all the others) operational objective, or the dissociation of volumes of demand from economic growth.
In a constantly changing society there are three fundamental aspects that need to be considered:
Sharing (sharing economy): resources, especially if in excess, will be shared with others (“prosumer”, from consumer to producer of services). The demand will increasingly be oriented towards the use of shared services (in the United States car owners have drastically decreased: from 74% of Generation X, born between 1960 and 1975, it has gone to 48% of Millennials).
Information (big data and data analytics): there will be large amounts of data available from which to extract information, also to offer new services. Those who can use the data will enjoy enormous competitive advantages.
Supply of customizable and integrated services: the services will be customizable on the basis of demand, integrating those also provided by different subjects (providers). These trends will change the characteristics of the demand and supply of services also in the field of mobility.
According to [13, 14] it emerged that in 2050 two thirds of the world population will live in urban areas (over six billion people); the total amount of urban kilometers traveled will triple compared to the current situation; the costs for urban mobility will amount to over 800 billion per year; over 17% of the planet’s biocapacity will be used for urban mobility. In addition, regarding the urban distribution of goods [15, 16] between 2006 and 2014 the number of commercial vehicles in the world went from 250 to 330 million, mainly due to e-commerce; e-commerce turnover volumes are estimated to increase by 85% between 2015 and 2020 [17]. The demand for mobility of people and goods in urban areas has grown and is destined to increase further and it will not be possible to satisfy it by increasing the infrastructure. It will be necessary to switch to a disruptive technology that is the type of innovation that is considered when it quickly and radically changes a market or the ways in which to operate in it.
Some of interest for mobility may be:
Artificial intelligence;
Autonomous vehicles;
Electric mobility;
Big data and data analytics;
Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE);
5G, connected vehicles (V2X);
Technologies for Blockchain transactions.
Widely available over the next decade, these technologies will have a profound impact on mobility services.
The transport sector, with particular reference to the passenger car segment, being one of the main contributors to CO2 emissions, must undergo substantial improvements in environmental efficiency. Vehicle electrification is often seen as the primary option to help achieve this goal. Although electrification is a recurring theme in the history of the automotive industry, in recent years some changes in the reference context have opened up new development opportunities for electric vehicles: the phenomenon of climate change, the increase in oil prices and the long-term oil shortages, major technological innovations in sectors relevant to the automotive industry (e.g. in the battery industry), pressures to introduce innovations in the automotive sector and the response of manufacturers to the requirements contained in European legislation for reduction of carbon emissions [18, 19].
E-Mobility has become a keyword. Refers to vehicles that use electricity as their main source of energy, with the possibility of recharging the battery by connecting with an outlet to the electrical network, regardless of whether the vehicles are equipped with an auxiliary internal combustion engine to be used in long journeys distances or to keep the battery charged (battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and extended range electric vehicles). This system is not limited only to passenger cars, but also covers motorized two-wheeled vehicles, quadricycles, vans, etc. E-Mobility currently dominates the debate on the future of transport and is becoming popular with policy makers, research institutes and industry. National and local authorities are already providing support for the introduction of these low-carbon vehicles, granting them special tax treatments or favoring their use, compared to conventional cars, with other measures (parking facilities, access to traffic areas limited use of preferential lanes, etc.). Figure 1 illustrates the concept of E-mobility.
Concept of E-mobility.
The transition from a conventional to an electric car is not automatic, especially if users are not actively involved in the process and if they are not assisted in understanding the meaning and advantages of these new technologies [20, 21]. It is still necessary to overcome not only some major uncertainties in the market, which affect the propensity to buy and consumer behavior (regarding costs, autonomy and viability of electric mobility), but also delicate political issues. The Authorities should favor the development of e-Mobility without creating market distortions, adopting a principle of technological neutrality: the incentives should be linked to performance in carbon emissions (“from well-to-wheels”) and not to a specific technology. Furthermore, the incentives should not further aggravate overall energy taxation; the spread of electric vehicles should be linked to the use of renewable energy (with a positive environmental impact “from the well to the wheels”); Standardization Bodies and the industrial sector should agree, adopting common standards and protocols regarding the systems and devices for recharging batteries and the communication and information systems associated with them.
However, also with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions by improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines (e.g. by reducing vehicle weight and engine power) and by increasing the use of alternative fuels (methane, biodiesel, etc.), electric vehicles could be an important way to improve individual mobility while minimizing emissions, representing a major challenge for European industries. The development of electric mobility, in fact, will depend not only on the adoption of specific technologies, but also on the ability to organize and manage the activities of different actors: automotive industry, battery manufacturers, mobility service providers, energy suppliers and distributors [22, 23].
It is important to understand the mobility needs and the types of demand that electric vehicles can meet and the performance they can offer to families compared to cars with internal combustion engines. Excluding future advances that may allow the capacity of electric vehicles to be increased, the latter currently offer a limited range compared to traditional cars, with the possibility of quick recharging only by replacing the battery. Therefore, electric vehicles are better suited for travel in urban areas and over short distances. This need not necessarily be a handicap once consumers understand the difference between battery electric vehicles and conventional vehicles, and the benefits the former can offer: zero emissions “from tank to wheels”, affordable charging costs, flexibility in urban areas, etc. Electric vehicles offer consumers a wider choice to meet their mobility needs.
The important challenge is to be able to meet the different demand needs even if using different technologies. Therefore, the policies should guarantee the presence on the market of a differentiated mix of technologies. Meanwhile, hybrid vehicles currently on the market - including plug-in hybrids - offer a range comparable to vehicles with traditional engines. Alongside a diversification of the demand for mobility, there are also some changes in the use of the car. The high costs of batteries, current and predictable, associated with a limited range will continue to represent barriers to the purchase of electric vehicles. These difficulties could be mitigated through different mechanisms, such as car-sharing systems, corporate fleets and leasing. A conceptual change in the use of cars is observed, especially among young people: from an owned asset to an asset that can be rented only when necessary, such as is happening with bike-sharing services. Electric cars, such as electric motorcycles and bicycles, could reinforce this new relationship between citizens and mobility.
As a guideline, between 2025 and 2030 we could reach the breakeven point between the prices of electric cars (BEVs) and those with internal combustion power trains. All these will depend on the technological evolution of the accumulators; the growth in demand for batteries; the methods of their reuse and/or disposal; from access to raw materials to make them. As experiences in other countries (Denmark, Norway) show, the spread of electric-only vehicles is strongly linked to the availability of economic incentives. A widespread diffusion of the recharging network (columns) is fundamental. Dynamic inductive charging is being tested and it is not currently possible to understand if and when it will contribute to the spread of BEV power trains. The tendency to promote electric mobility in urban areas is shared by regulators. Technology providers are gearing up to answer this question.
The technology for the highest levels of automation is already available, but it is nevertheless necessary to gradually prepare for the impact that the phenomenon will have on the way of using vehicles. Mobility understood as the ability of people to move, in the shortest possible time, with the least use of resources and at the same time reducing the environmental impact should be a strategic objective for the institutions, with a view to integrating public mobility systems and collective with those of private and individual mobility [24, 25]. Obviously, this integration is also related to the complex issue of traffic management, especially urban traffic and in this sense computer networks will tend to take on ever greater importance due to the amount of useful information that can be exchanged and the possibility of crossing millions of data also in a predictive function. Figure 2 shows an example of connected vehicles.
Example of connected vehicles.
Expressions such as smart mobility and smart city are used to indicate intelligent infrastructural and mobility systems. With these terms we mean that set of logistics and transport systems that are supported and integrated by ICT. In particular, smart mobility refers to a new mobility model that uses new technologies for road safety and integrates information and innovations on board the vehicle to increase transport efficiency [26, 27].
Smart city does not mean, of course, digital city, even if in the past the tendency was to essentially make the two expressions coincide. The goal of the smart city is not digitization, which is instead an effective and flexible tool for improving many aspects of the quality of life of citizens and promoting the country’s economic growth. The approach to the issue of smart cities brings with its undoubted elements of difficulty, just think of identifying the interventions to be carried out, their alignment with the economic and social context of the city and the assessment of the impact on the community, without considering that the various projects, once conceived, must be able to be effectively carried out in that specific urban and social context. It is possible to argue that a city can be defined as “smart” that is to say “intelligent” when, according to a strategic, integrated and organic vision, using ICT tools to improve the lives of its citizens, it uses real-time information from various areas and exploits both tangible (e.g. infrastructure, energy and natural resources) and intangible (e.g. human capital, knowledge) resources, adapting from time to time to the needs of users with a view to sustainable development [28, 29].
It was estimated that in 2020 approximately 75% of new vehicles were able to connect to the internet, thus accessing different services and potentially allowing the exchange of information with the infrastructure (V2I), with other vehicles (V2V) and, generalizing, with anyone (V2X) (for example for updates of on-board software (SW) or the acquisition of travel information by various service providers). Figure 3 presents the different types of connections.
Different types of connections.
The spread of connected vehicles supports the adoption of increasingly high levels of automation (autonomous driving) and access to articulated mobility services offered by different subjects. Connected travelers and vehicles will become Internet of Things (IoT) or Internet of Everything (IoE) nodes. The demand for mobility will therefore be satisfied through a multimodal, on-demand, and shared offer. The consumer will have multiple offers, more choice between different service levels. Public and private operators will coexist. Vehicles and travelers, as nodes in the network, will generate data that will allow, if shared, an optimization of the offer and resources. The trend to take advantage of shared services and integration into the web through the IoT will push to meet the needs of mobility by accessing a different mobility service according to needs, rather than buying vehicles or making medium-long term choices.
The term autonomous refers to the ability and faculty to govern or stand alone. According to the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), or the US government agency for road safety, it defines an autonomous car “
In order to achieve a certain level of autonomy, the car exploits the ability to detect the surrounding environment through techniques such as radar, LIDAR, GPS and sensors. Therefore, the interaction between these components and the advanced control systems on board the car allows the latter to make decisions about the paths to follow and any obstacles and signals to monitor. To verify the degree of autonomy of the car, there are different classifications and standards coexisting with each other. The most adopted and followed by the scientific literature are the standard published by the NHTSA and the standard published by the SAE (a standardization body in the field of the automotive industry). In 2016, the NHTSA adopted the SAE J3016 standard, which therefore is configured as the reference standard. The latter has established six levels of autonomous driving that are based on the greater or lesser degree of automation of the vehicle, with the relative level of human participation in driving the car [32, 33, 34]:
Automation levels defined by the SAE [
There is significant consensus that, in the context of urban mobility, robotaxi fleets will be available between 2025 and 2030 (currently being tested). Autonomous vehicles and the services that can be activated thanks to their diffusion are expected to bring significant benefits to mobility [36, 37]. However, regulators will have to carefully govern the dissemination process. The advantages that can be found in the introduction of autonomous vehicles can be:
Increase of road safety;
Optimization of traffic flows with consequent reduction of urban congestion and better environmental impact;
Mobility guaranteed to the entire population (elderly, disabled, minors) and complete territorial accessibility;
Reduction of the “driver costs” currently incurred with the use of Local Public Transport (LPT) or Taxi;
Reduction of parking areas;
Transformation of time spent driving from unproductive to productive;
Diffusion of a new shared mobility model based on car sharing and ridesharing.
The spread of shared and autonomous on-demand services will offer solutions for Local Public Transport in the first and last mile, as feeder services of the power lines. They must be part of a flexible and integrated public transport service. Autonomous vehicles should be shared as much as possible, and not merely replace the current private vehicles. However, the driverless, without driver is the future of motoring, and more. In a first phase, an authorized driver must in any case be present in the driving seat: he will be able to carry out work or play activities but must always be available to regain control of the vehicle if requested by the computer system. In a second phase, less distant than one might imagine, there will be no driver, but only passengers in a vehicle entirely managed by technology. Every year around 1,400,000 people in the world die from being involved in road accidents: a massacre. The most accredited statistics on the causes of these accidents attribute them, in about 90% of cases, to inappropriate behavior or distraction of the driver. In only about 2% of cases, the responsibility is attributed to technological defects [38, 39].
With the widespread use of driverless, the decrease in the number and severity of accidents will be drastic: this is indicated by all independent scientific forecasts currently available.
However, technology still poses challenges. For example, environmental perception can be made more robust through the fusion of information from different sensors, a research area in which further development is expected in order to be able to make full use of all the information available. In addition, new deep learning algorithms for object detection have shown significant performance gains, but still need to be extended in order to operate with fused data from different sensors. Still, despite recent advances in solving the localization problem, there are problems with long-term mapping. Updating the maps with static, topometric, activity and semantic data as time changes in order to ensure the vehicle can be located precisely and consistently with respect to the environment is an open research topic with many challenges to be solved.
Despite the significant advances demonstrated in the field of planning algorithms, further improvements are anticipated in the field of real-time planning in dynamic environments. The field of control has also shown important progress in recent years, however, many of the fundamental results obtained have only been validated in simulation. Ensuring that the autonomous system pursues the intentions of higher-level decision making is crucial. Finally, it has been demonstrated how vehicle cooperation (V2V) can increase the performance of the perception and planning process, but there is still much to be achieved to offer greater scalability of multi-vehicle cooperation algorithms and despite the fact that the hardware has been standardized, there is currently no standard that defines what types of information vehicles should exchange [40].
But technological issues are only one, probably minor, aspect of a problem whose solution involves evaluating several issues to consider. One of these concerns the regulatory and ethical problems. The first refers to the legislative question. It is necessary to have a regulation that modifies the highway code in order to allow the circulation of autonomous cars. At the moment only a few states have opened road sections dedicated to the transit of autonomous cars. In the United States it is possible to test certain cars without a driver on board. In Japan, the test of autonomous cars without humans on board was allowed, as long as they were controlled and monitored remotely. In Germany, the presence of a human being is still required, but it is allowed to carry out technological tests while the driver can take care of other things, without having to keep their hands on the wheel. France is preparing a regulatory evolution to facilitate and expand the opportunities for experimenting with autonomous cars, as long as there is a human being on board.
Furthermore, the legislative problem is intertwined with the ethical-moral question, for which a definitive solution has not yet been found. This refers to who to attribute responsibility in the event of an accident. Who to blame in case of damage, if the manufacturing company or the owner/passenger and what decision to make the car make about who to save for example in a situation where the car has a school group in front of it and has to choose to avoid a collision with another vehicle. These issues are crucial in carrying out this technological diffusion.
The acronym MaaS (Mobility as a Service) describes a new way of moving which, to the concept of personal ownership of the vehicle, replaces the concept of shared mobility understood as a service to be used according to need [41].
Moving from a lifestyle based on the possession of the means of transport, in particular the car, to a lifestyle based on the concept of Mobility as a Service, is not easy but considering mobility as a shared service offers many advantages for the individual citizen, for society and for the environment. MaaS is an ICT platform to manage the supply–demand meeting of transport and services offered by different subjects through a single information system interoperable with the proprietary systems of the individual operators. Service providers will also be able to operate on larger scales than the local one [42]. A successful MaaS service also brings new business models and ways to organize and manage various transport options, with benefits for transport operators including access to improved user and demand information, and new opportunities to meet unmet demand. MaaS’s goal is to provide an alternative to private car use that can be cheaper, more sustainable, help reduce congestion and transport capacity constraints. For the user, MaaS can offer added value through the use of a single application to provide access to mobility, with a single payment channel instead of multiple ticketing and payment operations.
Mobility as a service is a relatively new concept that, in addition to changing the business model for the provision of transport services, promises a change in the means and methods of providing the service. This concept was created to be applied above all in large cities, where traffic congestion and levels of atmospheric and environmental pollution have reached their peak [43, 44].
Technology plays a fundamental role in making possible the spread of this business model, which has as its main feature the possibility for the citizen to choose the most suitable means of transport based on the route to be taken, passing from car to train, up to get to busses, trams, scooters and bicycles. In perspective, in fact, the user, through a single application, will have a service available on his smartphone that will allow him to plan the trip and to choose which means of transport to use for each journey to be made, paying for the single trip or taking advantage of monthly passes or unified rates for several different means of transport. The main feature of MaaS lies in offering travelers solutions based on their real travel needs. To do this, it is essential to combine public transport service providers (such as busses, trams and trains) with private services such as car sharing, bike sharing or car rental services. In this way, through a single platform, users can plan their trip and pay using a single account. The most advanced platforms will have to be able to show the user the different travel options with relative prices and travel times, to allow him to choose the best solution according to his needs.
Once the trip has been planned, the natural evolution of the service lies in allowing the user to book the means of transport directly in the App (taxi, car sharing, scooter, train) to be sure to arrive at their destination in the manner and on schedule without unnecessary waste of time [45].
In the long term, with a view to increasingly shared and sustainable mobility, Mobility as a Service should also allow roaming: a single application that can be used by the user to move around different cities without having to sign up for different services each time. Customization and flexibility in the transport system is an increasingly requested feature that has generated in recent decades a market space and growing interest in MaaS by both the public and the private sector. In the private sector, many services for sharing cars, bicycles, scooters and busses were born, for citizens and companies. But it is in the public sector that Mobility as a Service can be considered as a real revolution, able to connect trains, planes, trams and busses, to car sharing and bike sharing services that complete the range of customizable travel possibilities by the user. In Europe, the state that has made the most progress towards the concept of mobility as a service is Finland, where there are already pilot cases of MaaS. In Italy, on the other hand, the city that most of all believed in shared and sustainable mobility is Milan. Figure 5 illustrates the framework of MaaS.
Mobility as a service framework.
Shared mobility is a topic of great depth and importance as it is going to revolutionize the traditional essence of transport itself, and which takes the name of Sharing Mobility (SM) or also called Shared Mobility. SM is a particular mobility system, which allows people to move from one place to another, through shared vehicles [46, 47]. Users therefore do not only use proprietary vehicles for travel, but use rental services, which leverage on digital platforms for the provision of the service. This system describes a transport service that includes, public transport and taxis, bike sharing, car sharing, carpooling, scooter sharing, shuttle services and others (Figure 6). This shared mobilization system relies not only on private users who make their own vehicle available to others, allowing access to it, but this has also been possible thanks to the birth of companies that make their services available (as for example Car2Go and Enjoy in Italy).
Sharing mobility.
The SM aims to respond to new travel needs, trying to offer new options and solutions for transport. This system is able to provide more mobility choices to the user, put the last mile in contact with the first mile and reduce traffic congestion through the shared use of vehicles. In addition, it helps reduce air pollution, reduce transport costs, increase efficiency, and last but not least, it offers travel options for those who are unable to economically maintain a vehicle they own. This system also seeks to solve some historical problems inherent in traditional mobility, or to facilitate the sharing of vehicles and journeys between individuals, creating “tailor-made” services for each user of the platform, and maximizing the use of latent resources. Recent technological innovations have allowed the sharing of vehicles at lower transaction costs than in the past, thus allowing the sharing of vehicles that were normally designed for personal use (see for example Uber or Auting).
To classify a transport service under the “Sharing Mobility” label, certain characteristics must be present. In the first analysis, there is a need for the sharing of a mobility service, or that this service is shared between two users. This is possible in two different ways: there can be the use of the service simultaneously, as for example with BlaBlaCar, when the service is used simultaneously with other passengers, or differently the service can be offered in succession, when for example it is used a Car Sharing or Car-Pooling service (such as Uber) [48, 49].
Another important feature of shared mobility is the use of digital platforms, these are a necessary support for the creation of an original collaborative service. These platforms are based on the use of websites accessible from desktops, apps for smartphones and other mobile devices. Digital platforms allow levels of interactions unimaginable compared to the past, in fact they are able to easily put demand and supply in contact in real time, create relationships with service users, are easy and immediate to use and finally are more effective allowing to reduce transaction costs.
The use of the internet and the development of the “Information Technology System” (ITS) has proved to be of vital importance for these platforms; these tools have in fact allowed niche practices to impose themselves as forms of mass consumption, thus gaining visibility in the minds of consumers and at the same time market share.
The car in the model of traditional mobility is a “Status Symbol”, which indicates the acquisition of full freedom by the individual in travel and the ability to satisfy their interests: it is the quintessential symbol of emancipation. This has given rise to a model in which almost every individual owns one or more owned cars to make their trips around the city, with a consequent increase in the number of cars in circulation over time. Today, this increase is causing major problems both in the field of mobility and in the sustainable and environmental sphere, and this is how measures have been developed to reduce and discourage the use of individual vehicles, to induce users to more sustainable forms of transport.
SM can be a useful model for encouraging these behaviors. It is unthinkable to pass from a model that contemplates owned vehicles as a vehicle for travel, to a model that instead contemplates only shared means, without there being a period of experimentation and adaptation. The SM allows you to use your individual vehicle in a shared way, making your vehicle accessible to other users. Access to these services gives users new methods to evaluate which is the most favorable option regardless of the means of transport that you own or otherwise do not have at all. The main objective but also the most difficult to achieve since it must go to break already consolidated paradigms, is to encourage these practices of sustainable mobility, and make sure that the first choice of the individual is not to use his own vehicle, but rather the use of systems headed by the SM. Only in this way will it be possible to have decisive repercussions in the field of sustainability with the reduction of consumption of traditional mobility.
Technology plays a fundamental role in the orientation of users to choose the best vehicle to use for their journeys. There is a need to replace vehicle keys with smartphones, able to search, through mobility service aggregators, what is the best way to move to the preset destination.
SM could also solve traffic congestion problems. Often, in fact, the cars do not travel with their full load capacity, and many drivers are found on the streets who drive their vehicle without any passengers. This is even more relevant at peak times, when users are on their way to work or on their way home. The roads are invaded by thousands of vehicles at the same time, and this causes major traffic problems with consequent queues and delays. MS could partially solve this problem by reducing the number of vehicles on the roads. As previously mentioned, digital platforms are able to connect supply and demand in real time, and to bring users with the same travel needs together. With these tools, it would be relatively easy to organize the sorts of shuttle vehicles, traveling fully loaded to transport users who have a similar destination, thus reducing the number of vehicles needed to move on the roads. These forms of displacement are already present today but are still underused. There is a need to make users understand what the advantages are of sharing a vehicle.
A reduction of vehicles on the roads as well as advantages to the road mobility system would also lead to a reduction in polluting emissions from vehicles. MS is known not only for the use of innovative digital platforms, but also for the use of new forms of energy. This model is increasingly pushing towards an eco-sustainable approach, through the use of vehicles that no longer rely on traditional fuels, but on new electrical technologies. Electric vehicles are known to be non-polluting vehicles as they use electric propulsion for driving and are silent. In the main cities there are today Car Sharing services that use these vehicles, which are parked in special parking areas equipped with an electric charging column. In addition to being vehicles that respect the environment more, they are characterized by low cost of refueling compared to fossil fuel vehicles, they also arouse great interest in people, since electric is still a technology that is little used for traditional travel.
Today we have reached a point where the traditional transport system is no longer able to support the needs of users, everyone wants to go everywhere in the most efficient way, but the road network is now congested by too many vehicles that travel it, creating big problems in moving. The car is the vehicle that guarantees the greatest versatility, it can be used for short urban journeys or for long journeys from one city to another: therefore, it allows the driver a degree of freedom and autonomy that no other public transport can guarantee. People today want to feel free, and they do not want to feel constrained in their movements, so they are looking for the type of mobility that can meet these needs. For these reasons, MS can be the solution to all these problems: it promotes access to mobility services with respect to vehicle ownership and uses a digital platform capable of representing the best travel solutions both from the point of view of the child, travel time and lower cost, both from the point of view of environmental impacts and efficiency. It is a model that goes against the traditional paradigms of mobility, but at the same time wants to satisfy the same needs: freedom and versatility of movement.
Owning a car is a significant cost in families’ assets, in fact it can weigh up to 20% on family income. On the other hand, car sharing users are freed from these ownership costs, from the fixed costs of maintaining the vehicle, from insurance, and pay only what they consume. With traditional mobility based on ownership, we have reached a point where a vicious circle has been triggered, in which as the ownership of a private car increases, congestion on the road network and the need for new road infrastructure increases. With SM, on the other hand, we are experiencing the birth of a virtuous circle, in which the decrease in ownership and use of the private car follows a propensity to reduce ownership, which leads to a regeneration of the urban area and better accessibility within cities. Ownership by young people is perceived as something ancient, thanks to the internet they are now used to sharing, exchanging, reusing goods, and services. They are no longer willing to pay to own something for one-time use. They are inclined to pay for the actual use and are not interested in mere possession.
Innovations, especially radical ones, are capable of changing the game rules of a market. An innovation is said to be radical when it gives rise to new technological paradigms thanks to the Research and Development (R&D) of industrial or government laboratories, with the aim of combining product, process and organizational innovations to develop new markets. SM can be part of this context of radical innovation, as it is a model that is challenging traditional mobility and the most common transport methodologies.
Sharing Mobility can also be thought of as a disruptive type of innovation, an innovation that radically changes habits and the way consumers use a good or service, bringing about changes that can affect an entire ecosystem. As we have been able to analyze in the previous paragraphs, MS has led to new ways of conceiving mobility thanks to the support of new technologies, but many wonders if this model is truly capable of overwhelming and replacing the previous one based on ownership and possession of the vehicle.
In a decade, as a result of technologies, mobility management will be significantly more complex and business models will change. New mobility services (e.g., robotaxi) will be offered by more and more operators, public and private: carpooling, car sharing, ride sharing. It will be important to provide mobility services based on the integration, including multimodal, of Local Public Transport, private mobility, light mobility, shared transport services, etc. Public Transport operators will have to reposition their offer and services, forge alliances, review the value chain. A dynamic and integrated allocation of resources managed by various different entities (public and private transport services, physical network infrastructures, etc.) will be needed. An “intelligent” transport infrastructure will have to be developed, able to communicate with users and vehicles through multiple standards and control and regulation centers for the transport infrastructure offer will have to be implemented. It will be necessary to spread a greater culture, awareness of the economic value of the data generated as a result of access to shared services and autonomous driving. As a result of the high levels of vehicle automation, the spread of vehicle connections with the web, the cybersecurity aspects will assume absolute importance. As a result of its complexity and integration, mobility could be more vulnerable to malfunctions of its components (communication networks, power grid, control centers, etc.). It is therefore a field of work that is still open, in constant evolution.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sustainability has been a crescent worldwide topic in this past decades, especially after the 2000s, as climate change, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, water crisis, among other challenges, are becoming more evident, leading to a crescent concern in the minds of consumers [1, 2]. In food systems (e.g., coffee value chain), sustainability is especially visible: in order to attend the growing population and to avoid economic and social impacts, food production should increase by 70% until 2050 [3, 4]. Hence, the big challenge is how to produce more without destabilizing the ecosystems on which we depend [5].
For coffee, the chain is faced with many challenges, such as water pollution, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, among other climate-related problems, and social impact. Coffee is one of the most traded commodities of the world, but the production is mainly done by millions of small farmers around the world who depend on coffee for their livelihood. Thus, climate change may affect the production areas of coffee and the livelihoods of the producers [4, 6, 7], increasing the concerns for sustainability in the chain.
According to Baumgärtner & Quaas [1], sustainability, per se, can be understood as a normative notion as to how humans should act toward nature and how they are responsible in relation to the people around them and the future generations. The concern with preserving the natural resources for the future is not just a concept of the modern human, but it was present since the Neolithic Revolution and later in many populations around the world. The topic was also studied by economists for a long time, since the shortage of resources is of central concern to the science [8, 9].
Yet the term “sustainability” became popular in policy-oriented research, with the concept of sustainable development, a common goal for society in the twenty-first century, introduced in 1987 by the report Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report [10]. The ideas presented were also later discussed in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992—known as the Rio Summit—where a consensus and commitment of the academia were agreed in engaging in development and environmental problems [11].
Based on these ideas, sustainable development can be defined as “the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs,” and highlighted that, while environmental concerns are important, welfare and intergenerational equity should also be discussed. Thus, sustainability is not just about the environment, but has two more dimensions—economic and social. It is a multidisciplinary subject, and it is the intersection of these three dimensions that also allows the inclusion of socioeconomic factors, besides the environment aspect [9].
The social sphere is about improving poverty and having social inclusion; the economic sustainability regards perduring of renewable and nonrenewable resources of production system in the long run and the economic growth; lastly, environmental aspects are related to protection and conservation of living being (e.g., humans, animals, and plants) existing on Earth [12, 13, 14, 15]. This three-dimensional quality of sustainability is also embodied in the definition of the concept by the United Nations in its Sustainable Development Goals, recognizing that social improvement should walk alongside economic growth, while “tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests” [16].
According to Hajian & Jangchi Kashani [13], sustainability can also be seen in a weak or strong meaning. The former is based on an economic value, the resources are goods with capital value, while the latter sees resources as natural goods and services it delivers, based on biophysical principles, considering some functions that the environment does for humans.
Despite the definitions above, it is good to note that the term “sustainability” does not have an extremely clear meaning. According to Pretty [17], since the Brundtland Report, there have been over 70 definitions of sustainability, each in a subtle way that enhances different goals, values, and priorities. For example, there can be different types of visions of sustainability depending on from whose eyes we are looking through (e.g., people in underdeveloped country and developed countries) and the time period of the action, such as how many years are we talking about the future in terms of generations [13]. So, even with the three-dimensional diagram (economic, social, and environment) of sustainability already consolidated, we can still have some variations in the actions and challenges faced in different areas.
In the agriculture, for instance, one of the most important challenges regarding sustainability is how to reach food security in the future—that is, how to feed the growing population of the world—while facing climate changes, as appointed in the beginning of this chapter [18, 19]. Besides this goal, sustainability is also generally associated with economic viability for farmers, environmental conservation, and social responsibility. The goal is how to maintain or increase the production of goods, thinking about the economic viability fir farmers and food security, while working on the conservation of the resources, such as water, soil, and biodiversity [20].
To reach that, the sector already invested in some standards alongside the chain of certain agricultural product, in an attempt to cover the whole value chain from farmer to consumer [20]. According to Bager & Lambin [6], for the coffee sector, companies normally rely on the adoption of combined codes of conduct, voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs), corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs, direct relations with producers, and so on, to address the challenges of sustainability. It is good to note that the sector is also one of the models regarding sustainable actions, with third-party certification standards being widely used as VSSs, although internal standards and various supply chain interventions are gaining attention on the last years [6, 21, 22]. Other forms of addressing sustainability also include direct trade, single origin, and value chain transparency [6].
Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world, being responsible for 40% of world total production, 69.9 million bags in 2021. The country is also the largest green coffee exporter, with 45.7 million bags, or 32% of total exports [23]. As for differentiated coffees, which includes sustainable certified ones, the country exported 7.7 million bags in 2021 [24], mainly to the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, and United Kingdom. That amount represents a 50% increase in comparison to 2017.
The enrichment of Brazilian coffee in quality and sustainability parameters over the years has positioned the country as an international reference for institutional and private strategies toward agricultural best practices aligned with sustainability goals.
This chapter aims to exploit the quality-sustainability-led strategies largely adopted by multiple stakeholders at the Brazilian coffee chain as a response for local and global demand for guaranteeing high quality for consumers along with fair prices and quality conditions for coffee famers.
Due to the history and importance of sustainability in the coffee sector, this chapter aimed to give an overview on how this theme has been worked on the coffee value chain in recent years and the possible lessons we can get of that. To reach that, the chapter was divided in the methodology, followed by the findings that contemplated broad aspects of coffee production and demand, as well as the specific aspects of sustainability in these topics. It also included the topic of the standards, certification, and governance regarding sustainability in coffee. Lastly, the authors presented the key findings of this study.
The method used was a qualitative review of the academic literature and private reports on the coffee value chain and sustainability, based on the importance of the publications. It applied a set of key search terms in two scholarly electronic databases (Web of Science and Science Direct) and on Google Scholar in January–February 2022 to identify relevant papers. The string of key search words used were combinations of “coffee” and “sustainability,” “production,” “demand,” “green,” “certification,” “standards,” “voluntary sustainability standards,” ‘Designation of Origin,” and “Geographic Indication.” It was searched within the abstract, title, and keyword database categories of original research papers published in peer-reviewed English and Portuguese language academic. These articles were then selected based on the relevance in the platform’s journals. It was also included relevant reports in the coffee sector by instructions and actors such as the International Coffee Organization (ICO), the Global Coffee Platform, and The Economist. Finally, statistics and figures about the sector were obtained from sectoral reports and official databases, such as the Production, Supply & Distribution Online Database, from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Brazilian Coffee Exporters Council (CECAFÉ).
Coffee is a multibillionaire business and one of the most traded commodities of the word, involving thousands of companies and millions of coffee growers [6, 25]. According to ICO [26], since the 1990s, coffee production has had an increase of 60%, while the value of exports has more than quadrupled from USD 8.4 billion in 1991 to USD 35.6 billion in 2018, thanks to the rise in consumption and value in the chain. Regarding the production, it is condensed in more than 60 countries in the coffee belt (between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), with Brazil begin the largest producer (33–35%). Yet, most of these countries remain marginal actors, with the international trade of processed coffee dominated by a small number of actors that capture a large value share of the global value chain (GVC), such as members of EU and North America. This is also reflected in the consumption, with the top consumers being mainly developed countries, such as the United States, Germany, Japan, Italy, and France (with the exception of Brazil, the second largest consumer) [26, 27].
This led to some implications in the GVC: today, the coffee value chain is characterized as a buyer-driven chain, where roasters and multinational companies hold the power to coordinate and impose control on the actor in the chain. In this case, while these buyers are subjected to sophisticated institutional regulation within their home countries, they can still exercise power on the producer’s end, which can affect their livelihoods and environment. This has led to concerns among consumers and NGOs, who hold large companies accountable for their impact on the environment and laborers. This was especially true in the last years, due to high fluctuation on prices and increase of production costs, caused by climate changes and, since 2020, global chain disruption by the COVID-19 pandemic [26, 28, 29].
This increasing concern for sustainability by consumer (especially in tor consuming countries) is a trend occurring in all of GVCs and has led governments and companies to take action in addressing this matter and meet stakeholders expectations—also increasing income, protecting brand and reputation or differentiation—through the creation standards and regulations [6, 26, 30]. In 2021, the report “An Eco-Awakening” by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) [31] showed an increase of 71% on searches for sustainable goods over the past 5 years (2016–2020) around the world, a trend that continued even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consumers, waked by the social and environmental concerns, demand each year more actions by companies.
As for the coffee value chain, it is known as a pioneer in the adoption of VSSs, in particular “private” and multistakeholder initiatives, such as the third-party certifications (e.g., 4C, Rainforest Alliance, UTZ, Fairtrade, Organic, etc.) and standards by the private sector (e.g., Starbucks’ C.A.F.E. Practices and Nespresso’s AAA Guidelines) [6, 29, 32, 33, 34].
This trend has been present predominantly since the 2000s. Reinecke et al. [35] showed that the growth rate of coffee sustainable certification was 20% annually. Dietz et al. [36] saw that, while in 2008, the adoption of VSSs was made by 7% of exporters, in 2018, this number increased to 23%, while Panhuysen and Pierrot [37] showed that in the coffee year of 2019/20, 55% of total volume produced was certified with some VSSs. According to ICO [26], investments on sustainability in the coffee chain are estimated to reach USD 350 million annually, showing the great concern of the sector in attending sustainable goals.
As for the Global Coffee Platform [38], an inclusive and important multistakeholder membership organization that seeks sustainability in the coffee sector, the purchase of sustainable coffee (following third-party and second-party schemes) in 2020 reached 16,3 million bags of 60 kg, or 48% of total purchased, for the members. It is good to note that these players include the biggest coffee companies in the world, such as Nestlé, JDE, Melita and Strauss Coffee, which represented a share of 26.6% of world coffee exports and 20.5% of world coffee consumption in 2019/20. The increase in the sustainable coffee purchase between 2019 and 2020 was of 53.1%, with the major origins reported with sustainable coffee purchases being Vietnam, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, and Mexico. As for the mainly sustainable schemes, 4c certified coffee was the most common (58%), with a high percentage for two or more sustainability schemes, especially triple certification with 4C-Rainforest Alliance-UTZ (10% of the sustainable purchase in 2020).
Most of the biggest coffee companies around the world also have goals to elevate sustainable coffee purchase in the next years, or for a target of “100% responsible coffee in the next decade,” such as JDE, Nestlé, and Melita [38]. Despise these optimistic numbers, it is important to point out that not all the sustainable coffee is sold as so: Panhuysen and Pierrot [37] point out that, in 2019, 75% of coffee with VSS schemes were sold as conventional coffee, which might be a challenge for the sustainable coffee sector, affecting price premiums and the differentiation strategies by producers.
Voluntary private standards (VSS) and sustainability certification schemes have taken a central role in discussions about the future of agricultural production and agri-food chains. VSSs are considered important mechanisms to promote sustainability and upgrading in agri-food value chains [39]. In coffee chain, certification schemes are major issues due its importance and impacts in the sustainability as well for farmer’s higher incomes [40].
Sustainability coffee certificates in the global coffee industry are present since the world coffee deregulation aiming to guarantee enhanced quality and sustainability in the production regions. The major certifications in the global coffee scenario are Fairtrade (FT), Organic, Rainforest Alliance / UTZ, and the 4C Common Code/Global Coffee Platform (4C/ GCP) [36, 41, 42]. Table 1 summarizes the main scope and objectives of those VSSs.
VSS | Scope and objectives |
---|---|
FairTrade (FT) | It comprises economic, social, and environmental sustainability for producers, with focus on social aspects, and the strength of labor rights and working conditions. It sets minimum prices and social premia for producers and producers’ organizations. |
4C Common Code/Global Coffee Platform (4C/GCP) | It comprises 27 principles across economic, social, and environmental dimensions, aiming to exclude worst practices and increasing sustainability in coffee production and processing. |
Organic | It promotes organic farming practices, intended to avoid harmful practices to the environment, prohibiting the adoption of agrochemicals and promoting environmental practices, such as deforestation restriction and soil erosion control. |
Rainforest Alliance (RA)/UTZ | UTZ merged with RainForest Alliance in 2018. It establishes standards for responsible production and delivery, aiming to ensure sustainable practices and the integration of biodiversity conservation, community development, labor issues, and agricultural practices. |
As observed in Table 1, most common VSSs in coffee value chain comprise the three-dimensional aspect of sustainability—economic, social, and environmental, although in different ways and considering different indicators and measures. Some of them are more focused on one of the dimensions, such as Fairtrade for social aspects, and organic for the environmental dimension. Another important aspect is the scope of VSS in value chain: some of them are more related to one specific segment of the chain (such as organic in production), while others depend more on actions in/from different parts of the chain, such as Fairtrade.
Discussion on the role of VSS for coffee sustainability abound in literature [26, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. Based on prior studies, Elliott [44] summarizes different impacts of VSS on prices, quality and productivity, income and livelihoods, working conditions, environment impacts, and other aspects, such as markets, training, and capacity building. The findings presented mixed results, which lead to a controversial discussion on the VSS adoption for coffee farmers’ income. The same perspective is pointed out for Piao [42] when analyzing the adoption of the 4C system by coffee farmers in Brazil in the perspective of value chain upgrading. The authors had identified five types of upgrading (product, process, functional, social, and environmental) although most of the improvements can be characterized as environmental. Yet, the main gains are associated with coffee beans differentiation thought high-quality agronomic practices and coffee processing, not necessarily resulting in premium prices for farmers.
Although literature presents a number of positive impacts linked to VSS and certifications in coffee value chains, especially considering coffee farmers “at the bottom of the pyramid” [48], some studies reveal uneven results from region to region. Jena and Grote [47], for instance, observed differences in terms of coffee yield and household income for certified coffee farmers in India, Ethiopia, and Nicaragua, shedding light to role of cooperatives in promoting collective actions and capacity building.
Other issues arise when coffee producers are brought to the center of that discussion: the adoption of certification at the farm level is not always economically viable, once it may bring higher production costs [49]; frequent changes, such as the adoption of new agricultural practices, do not necessarily mean a systemic change toward sustainability [50, 51]; certification is not a synonym of higher prices or better household living and poverty reduction for producers [52, 53].
Despite higher prices at the final market and some changes toward more sustainable production models, certification is not a panacea for sustainability. In that sense, the governance of certification and standards along the value chains plays a central role.
Chain governance agents need to drive more attention to smallholders’ inclusion and to support more vulnerable and poorest coffee producers to comply with sustainability standards and develop deep changes toward social and environmental issues [44, 50]. Another governance challenge is related to the producers’ awareness of certifications and its meanings, especially for producers in cooperatives or groups [44]. It represents an important alert: collective actions for smallholders’ certification may not bring benefits on information sharing, transparency, and administrative competence, compromising its performance in the long run.
The complexity and interactions among the impacts of certifications need to be addressed, to shed light on potential bias or distortions. Impacts on price, for instance, may be related to improvements on quality rather than on the social and environmental aspects of certification itself [44]. Although certification can trigger the development of good agricultural practices and higher levels of assets for producers, the relation may be the other way around: producers already compliant with or close to requirements, or producers already having a minimum level of technical, financial, and structural assets, are generally those who get certified, and not the opposite, which may favor the large-scale producers’ adhesion to RA, UTZ, and 4C/GCP certifications [44].
Finally, it is important to consider the interactions and networks for coffee sustainability. Grabs and Carodenutto [54] discuss the role of corporate actors in the governance of sustainable global coffee chain, pointing out benefits but also risks and challenges, such as goal conflict, information asymmetries, and power imbalances. According to Elliott [44], studies also report high levels of dependence on organizations such as NGOs and governmental extension agencies to promote certifications among producers, which sheds light on the need of external assistance and raises questions on the sustainability of certification schemes over time.
The role of the state and public institutions for global value chain upgrading is central. De Marchi and Alford [55] discuss the role of state policies in global value chains, including the coffee one. State regulation is potentially associated with improved social and environmental conditions through the support or requirement of certification schemes. In Brazil, Caldarelli et al. [56] emphasize the importance of public policies to face challenges in Brazilian coffee chain, including efforts to promote quality improvements and social and environmental aspects through voluntary standards and certification schemes.
VSS and sustainable certifications in coffee value chains can emphasize different aspects of sustainability. In general, the adoption of VSS and certifications in coffee value chains brings positive results to the chain and especially to coffee farmers. Promoting product quality, higher revenues, and access to market. Nevertheless, benefits are uneven and not always related to other important indicators, such as household income and coffee yield and producers’ empowerment. In that sense, the adoption of VSS and sustainable certifications demands tighter governance. The role of organizations such as cooperatives and governmental agents is crucial to support the adoption of sustainable practices, favor collective actions, and hinder power imbalances between segments, promoting more genuine sustainability in coffee value chains.
Coffee is produced in more than 60 countries in the coffee belt (between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), but around 70% of the harvest is condensed in four countries: Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia. Brazil is, by far, the largest producer, with around 33–35% of total production, harvesting both Arabica and Robusta coffee beans [26]. Brazil has been an important (if not the most notable) coffee producer since the eighteenth century, with the commodity having a big role in the history and economy of the country [57].
The first coffee seed came to Brazil in the begin of the eighteenth century in the Northeast, but it was at the end of the century that the plant was introduced in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Paraná, among others, with different types of coffee being planted and modified by genetic engineering [57, 58]. At this time, coffee was planted by the growing high class (centered especially in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) in big properties that used slave labor. Later, with the abolition of slavery, labor was due mainly by European immigrants. With the popularization of the brew around the world, coffee had then become the great economic lever for Brazil in the nineteenth century, contributing to the industrialization of the Southeast region. In this century, Brazil was already the largest producer and exporter of the bean [59, 60].
Nowadays, the most prominent regions of production in Brazil are Paraná, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais, although, in each one, the coffee had a different role through history, which led to distinct characteristics in production that will be discussed in the following paragraphs [58, 61, 62]. Minas Gerais is the largest producer in Brazil (from 40–50%), with harvest condensed in Sul de Minas, Zona da Mata, and Cerrado Mineiro regions and mainly for Arabica variety. The second largest producer is Espírito Santo (25–30%), harvesting both Arabica and Robusta coffee beans (the state is the biggest producer of Robusta). São Paulo follows, being the third largest producer (Arabica variety) in Brazil (close to 10%). As for Paraná, the state used to be a big and historical producer of Arabica coffee, but, in the last decades, climate adversity has drastically reduced the harvest [63].
The state of São Paulo is one of the oldest producers and the most affected historically and economically by the culture back in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The most important areas of the state are the traditional regions of Alta Paulista and Alta Mogiana, and the relatively younger region of Garça, which begging production after the 1960s decade. The culture in the state applies mostly traditional techniques of cultivation, producing only Arabica beans in small properties [63, 64].
As for Minas Gerais states, the biggest producer, the regions of Zona da Mata and Sul de Minas coffee are also a century and traditional culture characterized by smaller farmers and traditional techniques of cultivation and lower production technology. While in Sul de Minas, only the Arabica variety is harvested, in Zona da Mata, both Arabica and Robusta are planted. As for the region of Cerrado Mineiro, coffee production is relativity new, when producers from São Paulo and Paraná migrated to this region in 1970, due to climate problems in these states and government incentive for a more modern cultivation in Minas Gerais. Due to this, the production of Arabica coffee in Cerrado Mineiro has a higher technological base and is mechanized, a differential from other Brazilian producer regions [57, 61].
In Espírito Santo, the production was initially concentrated in the Arabica variety. In the nineteenth century, the crop had come as a way to occupy the land, organized as big properties focused on the external market. Later, with economical changes, coffee was harvest majorly by small producers, especially in the South of the state, having similar characteristics as Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais [58]. In the North, however, Arabica coffee beans were not adapted for the high temperatures and low altitudes predominant in the area, and with the Programa Federal de Erradicação dos Cafezais (transl. Nation Program of Eradication of Coffee Plantations) in the 1960s decade, most of these crops were annihilated. Producers then started planting Robusta coffee beans, better adapted for the region. The variety had higher productivity and was benefited by the growth of the soluble coffee industry over the years and the expansion of the use of Robusta in blends with Arabica coffee [62].
The difference characteristic among these regions, on the other hand, is of great importance for coffee sustainable production in the context of origin-linked products. The interest in the origin of the coffee seeds began with the second wave of coffee consumption, only gaining more importance in the third wave, with the concept “seed to cup.” Coffee producers can then gain competitive advantage and economic benefits by differentiating its products by origin, mainly in the schemes of geographical indications (GIs) [45, 62, 65].
Coffee Geographical Indication Certification was a standard that emerged due to the contributions from representatives of companies, exporters, farmers, and coffee sector stakeholders as a way to increase productivity in farms, to improve market access and the livelihood of coffee famers through sustainable improvement, helping with protection of natural resources and biodiversity [66]. GIs is based on the specific features of products on determined locations, due to a combination of natural resources, traditional local skills and knowledge, and historical and cultural aspects of the origin in question. Producers can then use these different characteristics to add value and promote their products, also protecting the local resources and culture, playing an important role in the sustainable development of local communities [45, 67].
In the economical aspect, GIs have positive impacts by different mechanism, such as providing legal protection for the geographical name of the origin of the product; recognizing the role of primary producers and increase farmer acceptance; boosting competitiveness; positive correlation of GI with intention to pay (premium prices), helping improve farm efficiency and coffee quality; creating new strategies beyond the product (e.g., local ecotourism area [45, 65, 66]. In the coffee scene, the IGs are already commonly used by countries such as Colombia, Indonesia, and Thailand as a way to obtain economic, environmental, and social benefits, such as premium prices, brand value, increase in profit, and decrease in production cost, and improve livelihood of farmers, etc. [66, 67, 68].
As for Brazil, the use of GIs in coffee has gained significant importance in the last decades. The protection of GI was determined in Law No. 9.279/1996 in articles 176–182, with the National Institute for Industrial Protection (INPI) responsible for defining procedures for creating GIs and the regulation and control made by the Ministry of Agriculture and Supply (MAPA). According to the law, there are two ways to indicate the geographical region of a product: by Indication of Origin (IP) and Designation of Origin (D.O) [60, 61, 62]. The difference between the two of them can be checked in Table 2.
Indication of origin (IO) | Designation of origin (D.O) |
---|---|
An indication of origin is the geographical name of a country, city, region or locality in its territory, which has become known as a center for the extraction, production or manufacture of a particular product or the provision of a particular service. | Denomination of origin is the geographical name of a country, city, region or locality in its territory, which designates a product or service whose qualities or characteristics are exclusively or essentially due to the geographical environment, including natural and human factors. |
In Table 2, we can see the difference between the Indication of Origin (IO) and Designation of Origin (D.O), the two kinds of geographic indications find in Brazil. The first one, IO, explicated the name of the origin, functioning based on the notoriety or reputation of the region. As for D.O, works as the very designation of an agricultural or extractive product, whose qualities are intrinsically linked in an exclusive or essential way to the geographical environment.
In 2022, eight IOs and five D.Os for coffee production exist in Brazil [69]. The oldest GI used in the country is the IO for the Cerrado Mineiro region, created in 2005, and according to Almeida and Tabaral [61], it’s the first region in the world to issue a D.O. seal for green coffee as well for roasting coffee in 2013. Other GIs in Brazil are issued in the main producing regions of coffee of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Espírito Santo, Rondônia, and Bahia states, accounting for more than 400 cities around the country [69].
A crescent investment for producers in the last years is regarding the Robusta Beans that are achieving recognition in the global market. Thus, the last GI appointed by the government is the IOs for Espírito Santo and Matas de Rondônia. For this last IO, there is a crest adoption of the denomination “Amazonian Robustas,” which also reflects the concerns of coffee producers with sustainability [69]. All of the IOs and D.Os can be observed in Table 3 and Figure 1.
GI of coffee in Brazil. Source: Adapted from Brazil [
In Table 3 and Figure 1, the multiple IOs and D.Os of coffee in Brazil are shown. Table 3 presents the variety of coffee in question, as well as the state, creation date, and the logo of each geographic indication. In Figure 1, the same IO and D.O are shown in the map of Brazil. As we can see, these geographical indications are present in six states, but are concentrated in Minas Gerais state, the largest producer in Brazil.
The differentiation strategy aiming value creation for coffee farmers in Brazil has been in place since the deregulation of coffee market in mid-1990s [70]. Industry played an important role to define quality standards through the Brazilian Coffee Quality Program since 1989 with continual enrichment aiming to match the growing interest of the consumers toward the coffee origin and quality. The private and public prizes rewarding famers and roasters for good practices have been another salient institutional tool to achieve and enhance quality and sustainable practices along the coffee chain.
Nevertheless, the VSS adoption and GI’s creation have been modern strategies for quality and suitability achievement as demonstrated in this chapter. Brazil, as the largest global coffee producer, has also a great potential regarding GI strategies, which can lead to differentiation strategies and economic benefits for small farmers, also contributing to sustainable production and valorization of the cultural environmental of these regions. However, public and private action should consider economic and social barriers to achieve the VSS and VI’s protocols, developing means to foster, maintain, and enhance a quality and sustainability mind set along the coffee chain [60, 65, 71].
The coffee value chain has great importance in the agribusiness, involving a huge number of actors from its production to its consumption, and Brazil has a huge part in this as the largest producer and second largest consumer. Thus, in the context of sustainability in the GVC, it’s important to look more thoroughly in the aspects of the Brazilian coffee scenario. Around the world, the sector is already considered a pioneer in the adoption of VSSs, in particular, “private” and multistakeholder initiatives, such as Fair Trade and Organic certifications, which are also applied in Brazil.
Yet, these VSSs are mainly driven by the consumer ends, and there has been contrasting evidence of the real effectiveness of these standards in the incomes and livelihood of producers, thus presenting a possible challenge in the sustainability of the chain. What is known is that these standards may have different effects depending on the country studied.
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In order to elaborate on this experience, it delves into theoretical groundings of second-order cybernetics, biosemiotics, and ecological psychology, which are then applied to the field of music. Much effort is made to provide a broader framework to illustrate the transition from a disembodied to an embodied approach to musical semiotics. 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This analysis reveals “who is who” in the process of the visualization semiosis and helps in design and development of the real visualization systems. The analysis allows to describe the problems arising at developments of specialized systems in terms of the semiotics and showing how this analysis can serve as a tool for the visualization systems design. It is important to analyze the sign nature of the human‐computer interface and the visualization. Such conceptions as computer metaphor, metaphor action, and metaphor formula are defined. The properties of metaphors are analyzed with a view to possible usage of metaphors for specific applications. The properties are considered by the example of the hierarchical sequence of the natural Room‐Building‐City (Landscape) metaphors. Also the properties of the molecule metaphor are considered in the context of software visualization systems. In conclusion, some approaches to the theory of computer visualization are outlined.",book:{id:"5702",slug:"interdisciplinary-approaches-to-semiotics",title:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics",fullTitle:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics"},signatures:"Vladimir L. Averbukh",authors:[{id:"135209",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Averbukh",slug:"vladimir-averbukh",fullName:"Vladimir Averbukh"}]},{id:"56192",title:"The Art of ‘Scoring’ Cosmopoiesis in Archaic Melic Verse: How the Singing-Poets of the Hellas of Yore Musically Mapped Their Lebenswelt",slug:"the-art-of-scoring-cosmopoiesis-in-archaic-melic-verse-how-the-singing-poets-of-the-hellas-of-yore-m",totalDownloads:1409,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Among the Hellenes in archaic ‘Song culture’, it was axiomatic that when the ‘inspired’ aoidos declaimed ‘sacred song’ (θέσπις ἀοιδή), the voice of the divine itself sounded forth. But what credited such a claim? What property of ‘melic verse’ encoded the voice of the Gods? Pursuant to what semiotic rationale? To answer these questions, this chapter looks at (1) what counted as the ‘divine’ for the early Hellenes, (2) how the ‘inspired’ aoidos was able to ‘source’ it, (3) how he made it afford intelligence about cosmopoiesis and, finally, (4) how he gave this intelligence an expression that was legible to his listeners. The case is made that information about cosmopoiesis was encoded in the melodies and metre that accompanied the ordinary words used in melic verse. The semiotic rationale behind this claim was a mimetic correlation between (i) the ‘arithmology’ used to compose melodies and rhythms and (ii) the ‘arithmology’ used to quantify the blends of cosmic energies that powered the song's subject matter into its ‘complexion’. Hence, listening to ‘sacred song’ amounted to hearing two narratives about the object of the song: one in the ‘ordinary’ words of mortals recounting what it means ‘sub species hominis’, the other in melody relating its ‘sacral’, cosmopoietic significance.",book:{id:"5702",slug:"interdisciplinary-approaches-to-semiotics",title:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics",fullTitle:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics"},signatures:"Fionn Bennett",authors:[{id:"195599",title:"Dr.",name:"Fionn",middleName:null,surname:"Bennett",slug:"fionn-bennett",fullName:"Fionn Bennett"}]},{id:"54260",title:"An Operational Approach to Conceptual Understanding Using Semiotic Theory",slug:"an-operational-approach-to-conceptual-understanding-using-semiotic-theory",totalDownloads:1075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Duval suggests that understanding of a mathematical concept is accessed through the commonality in its associated registers of representation. In this chapter, we present two studies where students in treatment (with a broader experience using registers of representations and comparison (with more limited experience using registers of representation) populations were interviewed to assess their ability to perform both familiar and unfamiliar treatments and conversions. As most mathematical concepts include a range of associated registers of representations, we assess the importance of using a broader range of treatments and conversions among these registers and suggest an operational approach to using these treatments and conversions to gain insight into the understanding of the concept.",book:{id:"5702",slug:"interdisciplinary-approaches-to-semiotics",title:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics",fullTitle:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics"},signatures:"Daniel L. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. 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