Quantitative phase composition of the raw waste clay.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9405",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Quinazolinone and Quinazoline Derivatives",title:"Quinazolinone and Quinazoline Derivatives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"One of the problems with modern public health is target searching for new highly effective medicinal preparations. Among those medicinal preparations are the natural and synthetic origins of quinazolinone-4 derivatives. Quinazolinone derivatives are reported to be physiologically and pharmacologically active. They also exhibit a wide range of activities such as anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antimalarial, and sedative properties. Some of these compounds are identified as drugs used as diuretics, vasodilators, and antihypertensive agents. Moreover, sulfonamide derivatives have been widely used as bacteriostatic agents. Prompted by the above-mentioned facts and in conjunction with our ongoing program on the utility of readily obtainable starting material for the synthesis of heterocyclic systems of biological interest, we have decided to synthesize a series of quinazolinone derivatives having sulfonamide moiety with a potentially wide spectrum of biological responses.",isbn:"978-1-83880-140-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-139-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-053-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85315",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"quinazolinone-and-quinazoline-derivatives",numberOfPages:126,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"95a736fcc80804d0875730b3515aa659",bookSignature:"Ali Gamal Al-kaf",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9405.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5725,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:20,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 25th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 10th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"191580",title:null,name:"Ali Gamal",middleName:null,surname:"Al-kaf",slug:"ali-gamal-al-kaf",fullName:"Ali Gamal Al-kaf",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191580/images/system/191580.jpeg",biography:"PhD. in pharmaceutical sciences from Russia 2006, Chief Council for Accreditation and Quality Assurance. Previous Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy at Sana\\'a University. Professor of Medicinal Chemistry Department. Member of Yemeni Medical Council. Member of many associations and international groups. Executive Editor in Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. Editor and Associate Editor of some international journals. My interest is synthesis and biological activity of 4-oxopyrimidine and quinazolinone -4 derivatives, Structural biology and bioinformatics in drug design, study of Yemeni medicinal plants , development and validation of Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for different drugs and antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in Yemen.\nAuthor of more than 70 publications, 4 patents and 11 books.",institutionString:"Sana'a University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Sana'a University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Yemen"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"85",title:"Organic Chemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"68832",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Newest Research in Quinazolinone and Quinazoline Derivatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88913",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-newest-research-in-quinazolinone-and-quinazoline-derivatives",totalDownloads:691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ali Gamal Al-kaf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68832",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68832",authors:[{id:"191580",title:null,name:"Ali Gamal",surname:"Al-kaf",slug:"ali-gamal-al-kaf",fullName:"Ali Gamal Al-kaf"}],corrections:null},{id:"70910",title:"Biological Activity of Quinazolinones",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90621",slug:"biological-activity-of-quinazolinones",totalDownloads:971,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chemical structure of quinazolinones includes benzene ring fused with 2-pyrimidinone (1), 4-pyrimidinone (2) or 2,4-pyrimidinedione (3) ring, and are named as quinazolin-2(1H)-one, quinazolin-4(3H)-one or quinazolin-2,4(1H, 3H)-one, respectively. The chemical structure of quinazolinones constitutes a crucial scaffold of natural and synthetic compounds with various therapeutic and biological activities. Quinazolinones are first synthesized by Stefan Niementowski (1866–1925) and named after Niementowski quinazolinone synthesis. Quinazolinones have strongly attracted the interest of medicinal chemist as they constitute a large class of compounds that exhibited broad spectrum of biological activities including antimicrobial, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, etc. This chapter provides a brief overview on the recent advances on chemical and pharmacological aspects of quinazolinone derivatives published in the last decade.",signatures:"Awwad A. Radwan and Fars K. Alanazi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70910",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70910",authors:[{id:"120893",title:"Dr.",name:"Fars Kaed",surname:"Alanazi",slug:"fars-kaed-alanazi",fullName:"Fars Kaed Alanazi"},{id:"312180",title:"Prof.",name:"Awwad",surname:"Radwan",slug:"awwad-radwan",fullName:"Awwad Radwan"}],corrections:null},{id:"69071",title:"Synthesis of Quinazoline and Quinazolinone Derivatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89180",slug:"synthesis-of-quinazoline-and-quinazolinone-derivatives",totalDownloads:801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Active heterocyclic compounds are one of the main topics of interest for the medicinal chemists as they display a number of pharmacological activities. Nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen containing five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds have occupied enormous significance in the field of medicinal chemistry. The most important six-membered heterocyclic compounds are quinazoline and quinazolinone derivatives for their biological activities. The current chapter outlined the different methods for synthesis of quinazoline and quinazolinone derivatives that possess broad spectrum of biological activities.",signatures:"Heba E. Hashem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69071",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69071",authors:[{id:"299601",title:"Dr.",name:"Heba",surname:"Hashem",slug:"heba-hashem",fullName:"Heba Hashem"}],corrections:null},{id:"70889",title:"4(3H)-Quinazolinone Derivatives: Syntheses, Physical Properties, Chemical Reaction, and Biological Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90104",slug:"4-3-em-h-em-quinazolinone-derivatives-syntheses-physical-properties-chemical-reaction-and-biological",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"4(3H)-Quinazolinone derivatives have considerable great interesting due to the diverse range of their biological properties. This review summarized the methods of preparation of 2-substituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone, 3-substituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone and 2,3-disubstituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives. Chemical reaction of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives and the reactivity of the 2-methyl group, reactivity of the 3-amino group, electrophilic substitution, oxidation, reduction, reaction of 4(3H)-quinazolinones with metal ions, Mannich reaction, cycloaddition reaction as well as other reagents were discussed. Also, biological properties of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives were given herein.",signatures:"Samir Y. Abbas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70889",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70889",authors:[{id:"197515",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Abbas",slug:"samir-abbas",fullName:"Samir Abbas"}],corrections:null},{id:"69002",title:"Quinazolinone and Quinazoline Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89203",slug:"quinazolinone-and-quinazoline-derivatives-synthesis-and-biological-application",totalDownloads:1071,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Drug discovery and optimization comprise one of the most significant targets in medicinal chemistry. Quinazoline and quinazolinone derivatives and nitrogen-containing heterocycles have received significant attention due to their widely and distinct biopharmaceutical activities. Quinazolines and quinazolinones are considered as noteworthy chemical for the synthesis of diverse physiological significance and pharmacological utilized molecules. Quinazolines are building blocks for about 150 naturally occurring alkaloids with a broad range of biological activity. The various substituted quinazolines and quinazolinones displayed important, for example, sedative hypnotics, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipsychotic, antifungal, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, anti-Parkinsonism, cancer, and other activities. This chapter aims to highlight the latest evidence of quinazolinone and quinazoline derivatives as a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry.",signatures:"Satyendra Mishra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69002",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69002",authors:[{id:"304108",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyendra",surname:"Mishra",slug:"satyendra-mishra",fullName:"Satyendra Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"69015",title:"Synthesis and Pharmacological Research Regarding New Compounds with Quinazolin-4-One Structure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89164",slug:"synthesis-and-pharmacological-research-regarding-new-compounds-with-quinazolin-4-one-structure",totalDownloads:742,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The quinazoline scaffold is found in the chemical structure of many marketed drugs used in CNS disorders as antidepressants, anxiolytics, or hypnotics. Also, the carbamate ester derivatives have different certain therapeutic actions, such as hypnotic or parasympathomimetic ones. We have obtained new 4(3H)-quinazolinones by bringing together in the same structure the quinazoline nucleus and carbamate ester group. The compounds named Q1–Q5 were characterized by measuring the melting points, by determining the infrared and NMR spectra, and by elemental analysis. The pharmacological tests evidenced that the compounds have a very low acute toxicity, lethal doses being >2000 mg/kg bw. The compounds had different actions observed in forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), or elevated plus maze (EPM), probably influenced by the presence of different radicals on the nucleus. Thus, Q1 with a nitro group in structure manifested the highest antidepressant effect, showing a reduction of immobilization time in FST and TST. On the other hand, Q3 and Q5, with two groups methoxy, respective ethoxy, had a slight anxiolytic effect, highlighted by an increase of the time spent in open arms and a decrease of the time spent in closed arms of EPM.",signatures:"Cornel Chiriţă, Carmen Limban, Diana Camelia Nuţă, Emil Ştefănescu, Simona Negreş, Cristina Elena Zbârcea, Cristina Daniela Marineci, Oana Cristina Șeremet, Mihaela Trandafir (Bratu), Alexandru Vasile Missir and Ileana Cornelia Chiriţă",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69015",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69015",authors:[{id:"191896",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornel",surname:"Chirita",slug:"cornel-chirita",fullName:"Cornel Chirita"},{id:"191898",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",surname:"Negreș",slug:"simona-negres",fullName:"Simona Negreș"},{id:"191901",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina Elena",surname:"Zbârcea",slug:"cristina-elena-zbarcea",fullName:"Cristina Elena Zbârcea"},{id:"302234",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Limban",slug:"carmen-limban",fullName:"Carmen Limban"},{id:"302236",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana Camelia",surname:"Nuță",slug:"diana-camelia-nuta",fullName:"Diana Camelia Nuță"},{id:"302237",title:"Prof.",name:"Emil",surname:"Ștefănescu",slug:"emil-stefanescu",fullName:"Emil Ștefănescu"},{id:"302238",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina Daniela",surname:"Marineci",slug:"cristina-daniela-marineci",fullName:"Cristina Daniela Marineci"},{id:"302239",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",surname:"Bratu",slug:"mihaela-bratu",fullName:"Mihaela Bratu"},{id:"302240",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandru Vasile",surname:"Missir",slug:"alexandru-vasile-missir",fullName:"Alexandru Vasile Missir"},{id:"302241",title:"Prof.",name:"Ileana Cornelia",surname:"Chiriță",slug:"ileana-cornelia-chirita",fullName:"Ileana Cornelia Chiriță"},{id:"311054",title:"Prof.",name:"Oana Cristina",surname:"Seremet",slug:"oana-cristina-seremet",fullName:"Oana Cristina Seremet"}],corrections:null},{id:"71490",title:"Quinazoline Based Synthesis of some Heterocyclic Schiff Bases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89871",slug:"quinazoline-based-synthesis-of-some-heterocyclic-schiff-bases",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"3-amino-2-methylquinolin-4(3H)-one on condensation with different substituted naphthanones in presence of acetic acid under classical procedure to affords novel series of Schiff bases containing quinazoline moiety. The procedure is simple and easy to obtain the resultant quinazoline Schiff bases in good yields. The product 2a–d is purified by crystallization in pure 94% ethanol and characterized by thin layer chromatography. The newly synthesized imines (Schiff bases) are confirmed on the basis of spectral techniques, 1H NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy.",signatures:"Sainath Bhanudas Zangade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71490",authors:[{id:"304895",title:"Dr.",name:"Sainath",surname:"Zangade",slug:"sainath-zangade",fullName:"Sainath Zangade"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5872",title:"Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3033eede333da3fe931089b0791c52bd",slug:"nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs",bookSignature:"Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191580",title:null,name:"Ali Gamal",surname:"Al-kaf",slug:"ali-gamal-al-kaf",fullName:"Ali Gamal 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Blanco and Yueh-Hsin Lo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"617",title:"Sustainable Forest Management",subtitle:"Current Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8d91cf4745e90f7510e056fd508dc46",slug:"sustainable-forest-management-current-research",bookSignature:"Jorge Martin Garcia and Julio Javier Diez Casero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/617.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88987",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio J.",surname:"Diez",slug:"julio-j.-diez",fullName:"Julio J. Diez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82854",title:"Low-Emission, Cementless Binders and Concrete: Future Proof Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106149",slug:"low-emission-cementless-binders-and-concrete-future-proof-materials",body:'Geopolymers are inorganic amorphous aluminosilicates. Geopolymers are made up of chains of AlO45− and SiO44− tetrahedra that are irregularly connected by these tetrahedra. These chains are arranged in layers, and between them, there are cations of sodium as well as groups of OH and H2O. In this structure, there are periodic cations of aluminium, surrounded by four oxygen atoms [1].
The geopolymer binder binds and hardens as a result of many chemical reactions between aluminosilicate oxides in a strongly alkaline environment, forming three-dimensional polymer chains Si–O–Al–O [2, 3]. The geopolymerisation mechanism is highly dependent on the nature of alkaline activators as well as the chemical composition of precursors. The components used as precursors for geopolymerisation are low calcium aluminosilicates, e.g. silicious fly ash or blast-furnace slag. As shown in the figure, in addition to fly ash and granulated blast-furnace slag, raw materials such as metakaolin, halloysite and volcanic tuff are good precursors (Figure 1). According to Davidovits [2], the process of geopolymerisation consists of four main stages (dissolution, diffusion, polycondensation and hardening). This process was also described in a similar way by Glukhovsky [1]. De Silva et al. [3] suggested a three-step description of the geopolymerisation process (dissolution, agglomeration and polycondensation). Currently, one of the most important experts in the technology, microstructure and process of geopolymerisation of geopolymer materials is an Australian professor – John Provis, who promotes renaming geopolymers as Alkali-Activated Materials (AAM) [4].
Scheme for obtaining geopolymers.
Geopolymers are cementless, hardened, mechanically resistant materials with properties similar to natural stone or well-known concrete. The bonding process of such materials is different compared with the hydration process of cement, which involves the hydrolysis of calcium silicates and the formation of a hydrated C-S-H phase, with the simultaneous release of calcium hydroxide. The bonding process of geopolymers is slower compared with cement bonding. However, according to the literature, this time is sufficient to use the geopolymer binder to obtain concrete [2].
The preliminary research, held in the 1970s of the twentieth century in Poland, had led to development of geopolymer material by alkaline activation of granulated blast-furnace slag [5, 6, 7, 8]. These studies were pioneering research in the country, which was a starting point for the numerous studies on geopolymer binder in other research centres such as Ł-ICIMB in Cracow, AGH in Cracow, Cracow University of Technology, and Poznan University of Technology. As it turned out, the volcanic tuff from Filipowice proved to be a good precursor for obtaining geopolymer materials [9]. In addition, the authors of the cited study have shown that post-mining waste such as coal shale [10], fly ash from lignite combustion [11] and calcined clay [12] can be an attractive material for the production of geopolymer binders.
The Ł-ICIMB (Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials) has been conducting research on the use of fly ash from national power plants as a precursor for the production of geopolymer concrete [13, 14, 15]. Based on the XRD, SEM and thermal studies, it was found that the binding and hardening processes of cementless binder, based on fly ash, are the result of the dissolution of the active components of fly ash in a solution of sodium hydroxide. Obtained gel of silicoaluminates crystallises to form a hydrated sodium aluminosilicate of the sodalite or other type of zeolites such as: hydrosodalite, zeolite P, chabazite-Na and faujasite [16]. The resulting phases are durable and resistant to water and ambient environment, as confirmed by long-term strength tests [15, 17].
The degree of suitability of fly ash for geopolymerisation is determined by the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio [18] and the CaO/SiO2 ratio [19, 20] in fly ash, which determine the content of active components, which enter the solution under the influence of an alkaline activator [21]. According to the literature, most fly ashes have suitable properties, allowing the obtaining of binding cementless binders [18, 22]. However, as shown in [13, 15], the most advantageous fly ash allowing the production of high-strength binders and concrete is silicious micro-fly ash. The ability to convert the fly ash into geopolymer material is related mainly to the glassy phase composition, degree of gradation and loss of ignition [23, 24, 25].
Many studies have been conducted on the production of geopolymer materials based on fly ash [13, 17, 26, 27, 28]. The properties of hardened materials depend not only on the properties of the precursors, but also on the used activators. The most commonly used activators are sodium or potassium water glass, NaOH or KOH solution or a mixture of these compounds at experimentally determined proportions and concentrations [29, 30, 31, 32]. The use of hydrothermal treatment (low-pressure steaming or autoclaving) accelerates the geopolymerisation reaction [16, 33, 34].
Geopolymer binder and concrete are widely considered to be low-carbon materials. Recently, many research centres around the world are undertaking research in the field of technology to obtain such materials. This has been included in the Roadmap of the European Cement Association (CEMBEREAU) as one of the options for reducing direct carbon dioxide emissions from the cement industry [35]. Taking into account that the cement industry is currently responsible for around 7% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions [36], the proposal of the use of geopolymer binders in a partial exchange for high-energy and energy-consuming cement binders can significantly reduce the environmental burden and protect raw materials resources by increasing the use of waste materials and industrial waste. However, according to the literature review, most of the available studies have used either large quantities of alkaline activators or thermal processing in order to obtain geopolymer materials with properties comparable to or superior to traditional cement concrete. Such procedures raise production costs and energy consumption [37].
However, high cost of activators is a serious hindrance in the wide and industrial application of cementless geopolymer materials. This main reason hinders the competitiveness of alkali activated binders to Portland cement in spite of a much less energy-consuming of geopolymer binders. According to the data presented in [38], almost 60% of carbon dioxide emission from the process of producing geopolymer materials is associated with the production of alkaline activators. Therefore, some authors of publications on the production of geopolymer concrete believe that this technology does not lead to a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emission [39, 40, 41]. When making a reliable assessment of the environmental impact of the production and use of geopolymer materials, it is important to pay attention to the method of calculation and the data adopted by the authors. As Davidovits [42] explains, taking into account the life cycle of concrete, the production and use of geopolymer concrete lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Furthermore, a majority of the authors believe that using geopolymer concrete instead of traditional cement concrete reduces CO2 emission into the atmosphere [43, 44, 45, 46].
The development of geopolymer technologies is justified because of the environmental and economic aspects, as well as the expectations of civil engineers. This technology is currently under research not only in the sphere of aggregate concrete but also in the technologies of obtaining lightweight geopolymer concrete [47, 48], self-compacting geopolymer concrete [43, 49] and even geopolymer foam concrete [44] or reinforced geopolymer concrete [27, 47].
The number of publications devoted to geopolymer concrete is constantly growing. In 2019–2020, it amounted to around 5200 and was almost twice as high as in 2017–2018 and more than eight times as high as in 2011–2012 [50]. However, only about 10% of the publications concern research on the aspects of construction and engineering applications [28], while the remainder is confined to laboratory-scale research [48, 51]. Despite many studies, the results of which can be observed in numerous publications [27, 28, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54], geopolymer concrete has not received international appreciation as a construction material. It seems to be necessary to develop standards for the production of geopolymer concrete and procedures for designing geopolymer concrete structures [50].
An example of one of the first uses of geopolymer concrete is the building of the University of Queensland – Global Change Institute (GCI). The structure of this four-storey building is constructed from, among other, suspended slab floors and facade panels made of geopolymer concrete. The precursor used for the production of geopolymer concrete was a mixture of fly ash and blast-furnace slag [55]. In Australia, a widely developed technology is the production of sewer pipes, railway sleepers, burial crypts, culverts and wall panels from geopolymer concrete [56, 57]. Currently, one of the largest applications of geopolymer concrete is the element of the taxiway at Brisbane West Wellcamp Airport [58]. Long-term durability studies preceded the use of this concrete as a structural material [57]. However, according to Srividya et al. [50], in the current state of knowledge, it is necessary to further document the durability of such material under different exposure conditions and over a longer period of time. Regardless of ongoing research around the world, extensive literature reviews summarising scientific achievements in the field of geopolymer concretes have been published in recent years [37, 50].
The presented chapter presents the results of research on geopolymer materials obtained in the process of alkaline activation of fly ash and on geopolymer concrete with their participation. The optimal parameters of the activator quantity and the cure method for obtaining high-strength concrete were determined in previous works [13, 15]. Preliminary research carried out at the Ł-ICIMB on the development of an active additive for cement and concrete based on domestic kaolin resources has led to the establishment of optimal conditions for the thermal processing of raw clay for the conversion of the kaolin component into amorphous metakaolin [59]. The chapter also presents extensive studies and their results on increasing the durability of concrete in a low-temperature environment by enriching the concrete formula with kaolin mineral additive which were partially discussed in [15].
Three types of fly ash were selected for the study: siliceous fly ash from hard coal combustion (FA1, FA2), fluidised fly ash from lignite combustion (FA3) and calcareous fly ash (FA4, FA5, FA6). FA2 ash, termed ‘micro-fly ash’ was selectively sampled. The FA5 and FA6 calcareous fly ashes were subjected to special treatment to improve some of their properties. The carbon fractions were extracted and rejected from the FA5 and FA6 ash. Moreover, the FA6 ash was additionally ground after the separation of the carbon fractions. Figure 2 shows SEM image of the ashes used in the study.
SEM image of: A: ‘micro-fly ash’ - FA2, B: calcareous fly ash after the carbon extraction - FA5, C: extracted carbon particles from calcareous fly ash -FA4, and D: calcareous fly ash after additional grinding - FA6 [
Based on SEM image observations, it was found that the ashes used in the studies differed significantly in size and shape of the particles. While micro-fly ash (FA2) is characterised by fine oval-shaped particles (Figure 2A), calcareous fly ash is characterised by a more irregular shape (Figure 2B). The additional grinding of the calcareous ash after extraction of the carbon fractions (Figure 2C) resulted in the release of fine particles from conglomerates of larger ash particles as shown in Figure 2D. As a result of this procedure, very fine-grained ash was obtained. The results of the laser analysis obtained for FA2 and FA6 ashes are shown in the diagram (Figure 3).
Cumulative curve of particle size distribution of FA2 and FA6 fly ashes.
FA2 and FA6 ash particles showed significant differences in the granulometric distribution of these samples. FA2 fly ash is characterised by a predominant number of grains smaller than 10 μm (more than 90%). The maximum FA2 ash particle size was about 50 μm. The FA6 fly ash sample is characterised by larger particles. The percentage of particles smaller than 10 μm is about 40%, despite the additional grinding of the ash. The maximum particle size for this sample is about 100 μm. By analysing the particle size distribution curve of FA6 fly ash, it can be concluded that this material has a particle accumulation in the range of 10–60 μm and 0.5–1 μm.
As an additive to increase the durability of geopolymer concrete, a material containing a metakaolin component obtained by calcination of waste clay was used in the studies. The conditions of calcination were established on the basis of XRD studies and on the basis of the results of studies obtained using thermal analysis [13]. The phase composition of the clay used, as determined by XRD studies, is shown below.
The clay used contains significant amounts of calcite (Figure 4, Table 1). As can be seen fromFigure 4, characteristic lines for calcite of considerable intensity are observed. The other components of the clay are kaolinite, quartz and a trace of minerals with a total content of less than 1%.
XRD pattern of the raw waste clay.
Material | Quantitative contribution of phase composition [%] | Standard deviation [%] |
---|---|---|
Calcite | 67.7 | 0.38 |
Kaolinite | 17.9 | 0.42 |
Quartz | 13.6 | 0.14 |
Anatase | 0.40 | 0.06 |
Calcium titanate | 0.40 | 0.10 |
Quantitative phase composition of the raw waste clay.
Based on DTA and DTG curves, dihydroxylation of kaolinite present in the waste clay begins in the temperature above 400°C, with the maximum of the endothermal effect at the temperature of 560°C (Figure 5). As a result of dihydroxylation, the metakaolin arises. According to Kurdowski [61], simultaneously with further temperature increase, the OH− ions are eliminated and the structure of metakaolin is destroyed. The spinel phase of aluminosilicate and silicon is formed. Further temperature increase leads to conversion of these phases into mullite.
DTA and DTG curves of the raw waste clay sample.
The DTA and DTG curves (Figure 5) also show an endothermic effect with a maximum temperature of 800°C associated with the decomposition of calcite. According to the accepted assumptions, the thermal activation temperature used in the waste clay studies should lead to the transformation of kaolinite into metakaolin, preventing its crystallisation into mullite. In addition, the thermal activation of clay assumes the lowest possible calcination temperature to prevent the complete decomposition of calcium carbonate in order to achieve the lowest possible level of CO2 emissions. For the waste clay used in the study, the time of calcination was established to 2 hours and the optimum temperature of this process was determined as 700°C.
The fly ash was activated using the 8 M NaOH solution. The ratio of the alkaline solution (as an activator) to the fly ash was determined experimentally. It was 0.5 or 0.6 depending on the applicable fly ash. The samples in the form of prisms with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 160 mm were prepared for testing. After ash paste was obtained, the samples were cured under low-pressure conditions at 80°C with an ongoing 24-hour heating-maturing-cooling cycle. The samples were then subjected to compressive strength tests, which are summarised in Figure 6.
Compressive strength of the fly ash pastes activated with the 8 moles/dm3 NaOH solution and steam cured under low pressure at 80°C [
In addition, to determine the effect of curing conditions of alkali-activated micro-fly ash (FA2), strength tests of hardening samples of geopolymer binder under ambient conditions were carried out. Figure 7 shows the results of the compressive strength tests of the curing samples at room temperature and humidity. It has been observed that, without the use of low-pressure steam curing conditions, curing the geopolymer binder at room temperature (20
The influence of the curing condition on the compressive strength of alkali activated fly ash FA2.
Figure 8A shows the microstructure of the hardened geopolymer (FA2) characterised by the highest compressive strength. SEM image observations show a porous geopolymer structure formed between the fly ash particles under the influence of alkaline activation. The formed geopolymer phase adheres closely to the fly ash particles, forming a compact structure of hardened material (Figure 8B). A larger ash particle with a diameter of about 30 μm is visible in the test area.
SEM images of: A: of the hardened binder obtained from the FA2 (magnification 2000), and B: magnification 20,000 [
The studies carried out at a higher magnification, together with the EDS analysis, made it possible to identify the composition of the formed compounds. At selected points of this sample, EDS analysis shows the formation of the geopolymer microstructure around the ash particles under the influence of alkaline activation with a variable Si/Al ratio (Figure 8B and Table 2 p. 2, p. 3 and p. 4).
Point | Na | Mg | Al | Si | S | K | Ca | Ti | Fe | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.57 | 0.78 | 19.8 | 31.8 | 0.00 | 6.96 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 5.16 | 31.3 |
2 | 2.57 | 0.73 | 16,0 | 41.2 | 0.41 | 7.99 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 29.4 |
3 | 7.42 | 1.48 | 14.9 | 27.6 | 0.44 | 3.89 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 5.09 | 37.8 |
4 | 7.96 | 0.99 | 13.1 | 17.8 | 1.45 | 2.14 | 1.91 | 0.41 | 4.48 | 48.8 |
According to XRD analysis, quartz and mullite derived from fly ash are present in the hardened geopolymer paste (Figure 9). Identified reflections for hydrosodalite, recorded on the diffractogram, prove the presence of this phase in the hardened matrix of the material obtained from FA2 fly ash in alkali activation process.
XRD pattern: 1) – of the FA2 fly ash, 2) – of the hardened geopolymer paste obtained from the FA2 ash [
The compositions of concrete mixes to obtain cementless geopolymer concrete were determined on the basis of the principles of designing ordinary concrete, assuming that in place of cement, the ashes selected for the study were used as the binder component in the concrete mix.
To prepare the reference concrete (B0FA1), the developed concrete mix was used, where the content of binder was 260 kg/m3 in which 23% of cement was replaced by silicious fly ash (FA1). This fly ash is coherent with requirements from PN-EN 450 standard. Three aggregates’ fractions were used: fine sand (0/2 mm), fine gravel 2/8 mm and gravel 8/16 mm. Apart from the micro fly ash (FA2), during the BFA2 + G mix preparation, the mineral additive – calcined at 700°C waste clay was added in place of 15% of micro fly ash FA2. The 8 mole/dm3 NaOH solution was used as the activator, while for the BFA2 + G concrete mix, the mixture of 8 mole/dm3 NaOH solution with water glass with an SiO2/Na2O molar modulus of 2.5 was used. Table 3 shows the designations of the concrete samples, consisting of a member containing the type of initial components used to obtain the cementless geopolymer concrete.
Concrete designation | Binder | w/s | Kind of activator | Compressive strength [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|
B0 FA1 | 77% OPC + 23% FA1 | 0.5 | — | 30.8 |
BFA1 | FA1 | 0.5 | 8 M NaOH | 14.8 |
BFA2 | FA2 | 0.5 | 8 M NaOH | 26.6 |
BFA3 | FA3 | 0.6 | 8 M NaOH | 5.5 |
BFA6 | FA6 | 0.6 | 8 M NaOH | 10.6 |
BFA2 + G | 85% FA2 + 15% calcined waste clay | 0.6 | 8 M NaOH/Na2SiO2 = 1/2 | 73.5 |
List of materials used as a binder to obtain geopolymer concrete and kind of the activator [15].
The concrete mixes, after being cast into 100 x 100 x 100 mm cubes, were cured at 80°C under low-pressure steam conditions. In Figure 10, the compressive strength of tested geopolymer concretes hardened in 24 h low-pressure process is shown. From all tested concretes, which contain different fly ashes subjected to alkali activation by 8 mol NaOH solution, the highest compressive strength (26.6 MPa) was obtained by BFA2 concrete; however, it does not receive the value of compressive strength for reference concrete (30.8 MPa). BFA2 + G concrete with the addition of waste clay is characterised by exceptionally high compressive strength (73.5 MPa), exceeding the strength of the cement reference concrete samples by almost 180%. In order to check the influence of the environmental conditions under which the samples were cured after steam curing, they were additionally stored in ambient conditions and in water at temperature of 20°C.
Compressive strength of concrete samples after low-pressure steam curing [
The concrete samples were additionally stored for a period of 28 days, both in ambient condition and in water, they did not lose the original strength, which they had obtained immediately after steam curing and obtained the high compressive strength, sometimes exceeding those of the initial sample. Figure 11 shows the compressive strength of samples of the tested concretes after the low-pressure steam curing, stored additionally 28 days in water and in the ambient condition. To test the freeze-thaw resistance of the developed geopolymer cementless concretes, concrete samples were subjected to impact of low temperature. Unfortunately, not all samples of geopolymer concretes passed this test, which include of 150 freeze-thaw cycles. All samples prepared exclusively from fly ash as a binder, were completely destroyed, some of them after only 50 freeze-thaw cycles. The modification of the BFA2 concrete composition by replacing fly ash with 15% of a specially prepared additive—calcined waste clay—significantly improved the frost resistance of the geopolymer BFA2 + G concrete (Figure 12).
Compressive strength of the concrete samples stored in ambient conditions and in water for 28 days after steam curing [
Compressive strength of the geopolymer concretes after steam curing compared with the samples after frost resistance testing [
Studies on the effect of carbonisation on the durability of the obtained geopolymer concrete were carried out in a test chamber. The pre-steamed samples were stored for another 28 days in ambient conditions and then were placed in a chamber, where they were subjected to the impact of high concentration of CO2 (4%) for 56 days. The geopolymer concrete samples obtained higher strengths after the carbonisation process (Figure 13), which means that the samples after a period of preliminary steaming and further exposure show an increase in strength. The process of low-pressure curing does not lead to the achievement of the maximal strength of the material.
Compressive strength of geopolymer concretes after low-pressure steam curing compared with the results of tests after carbonisation process.
The tests were carried out on the sample of the BFA2 + G concrete, which, due to the results achieved and the potential possibilities of use, as well as scientific value, raises universal interest. It is a cementless concrete made from secondary and waste materials which, after alkaline activation and subjected to low-pressure steam curing, was characterised by high compressive strength, high freeze-thaw resistance and durability both during curing in ambient conditions and in water and after conducting the carbonisation tests.
Figure 14 shows photograph exemplifying the structure of the fracture surface of the concrete sample after 3 years of storage in ambient conditions.
Macroscopic image of the structure of a geopolymer concrete sample.
Further testing was carried out on the sample of the BFA2 + G, obtained by alkaline activation of fly ash with the addition of calcined clay. Figure 15 shows the image under the scanning microscope of the microstructure of the fractured surface of the BFA2 + G concrete sample after 3 years of storage under ambient conditions. The test sample, extracted from the solidified matrix that bonds the aggregate particles, is not homogeneous. It contains partially reactivated fly ash particles. (Figure 16A) or more degraded fly ash particle (Figure 16B) which is a result of alkaline activation. The geopolymerisation products occur in a different morphology (Figure 17 and 18). The basic filler is a material formed by the reaction of the phase components of fly ash with an alkaline activator, which surrounds the unreacted fly ash particles (Figure 15A). The extender, formed by the alkaline activation of the components of the fly ash with the addition of calcined clay, is visible between the particles of the aggregate and the sand, which has a compact microstructure well bonded to the aggregate surface (Figure 15A). This substance consists mainly of silicon, aluminium and sodium. In the observed area of the sample, round, smooth ash particles are visible, which indicates that the alkaline reaction with the ash components occurs mainly in their surface layer (Figure 18). This is a normal phenomenon. They mainly contain silicon and aluminium and are characterised by a high sodium content. This component comes from the activator. In addition to the amorphous extender, clusters of crystallised hexagonal needle-like forms of the zeolite group are visible (Figures 15B and 17).
SEM images of selected areas of the BFA2 + G concrete sample: A: zeolite phase of alkaline fly ash activation products [
SEM images of: A: partially reactivated fly ash particle with geopolymerisation products surrounding it and B: degraded fly ash particle as a result of alkaline activation.
The morphology of alkaline activation products in the form of needle-shaped, hexagonal crystals. They are the needle crystals of the zeolite group with high sodium content [
SEM image of alkaline activation products formed around the surface of fly ash particles [
Analysis of the phase composition conducted in the papier [15], as well as the SEM studies (Figure 17 and 18), indicates the content of crystalline phases in the test sample, originating from the base materials used. These include quartz, mullite, haematite and calcite. Based on the recorded in the papier [15] peaks with ‘d’ values of 4.7 Å and 3.64 Å on XRD pattern, it can be assumed that cancrinite (Na6Ca2Al6Si6O24 (CO3)2), a zeolite occurring in hexagonal needle-like forms, is present in the tested sample. The cluster of needle-like forms shown in Figure 17, with the EDS analysis carried out at point 1, indicates the possibility of the formation of this compound. The results of elemental X-ray microanalysis shown in the table show significant differences in the composition of geopolymer compounds formed as a result of the alkaline activation of FA2 ash with the addition of clay (Table 4).
Point | Na | Mg | Al | Si | S | K | Ca | Fe | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 on Figure 17 | 14.5 | 0.13 | 1.37 | 3.30 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.80 | 46.1 |
1 on Figure 18 | 3.00 | 0.59 | 8.02 | 12.2 | 0.64 | 1.04 | 0.66 | 1.21 | 33.5 |
EDS analyses of selected points in the micro region on Figures 17 and 18 (atomic percentage (%).
The identified cancrinite (Figure 17, Table 4) contains significantly more sodium than the zeolite formed around the surface of the fly ash particle (Figure 18, Table 4). The content of this compound in concrete with other zeolites, such as hydrosodalite, formed by alkaline activation of fly ash, has been indicated by many researchers, as described by Davidovits [62] and Zhao et al. [63].
Probably, this phase crystallised from the amorphous precursors under the influence of CO2 from the air, in which the developed geopolymer concrete was kept during the 3-year conditioning period. More likely, the crystallisation of this phase seems to be caused by alkali activation of mineral components of calcined clay which includes apart from metakaolinite some amounts of undecomposed calcite. This thesis could be based according to tests carried out by Esaifan et al. [64], who proved the presence of both minerals: hydrosadalite and cancrinite by conducting the synthesis of those zeolites’ minerals from calcite-containing clay under hydrothermal conditions. Calcite is a source of the necessary Ca2+ ions required to form cancrinite. This phase can crystallise already in a use of NaOH solution, not only by using a mixture of sodium silicate with NaOH solution [64]. In the results interpretation of XRD tests, the structure of hydrosadalite and cancrinite tested by Barnes et al. [65] turned out very helpful. According to these authors for those mineral phases on XRD pattern, many common diffraction peaks occur. The main identifying peaks for cancrinite unlike hydrosadalite are 4.67 Å and 3.24 Å.
The presented work is based on the results of many years of studies carried out at Ł-ICIMB in Cracow, aiming the decrease of CO2 emission from cement and concrete production. One of many ways of achieving this aim is the development of new, low-emission binders and concrete, which could complement the so-called classic materials such as cement and cement concrete and replace cement in certain areas of its application.
In the conducted research, focused on utilisation for obtaining the cementless binders and concrete, commonly available fly ashes from Polish power plants. According to conducted freeze-thaw tests, all samples of geopolymer concretes containing as a binder fly ash had been damaged after 150 freeze-thaw cycles. Even BFA2 concrete, despite high fresh compressive strength, failed this test. Especially low freeze-thaw resistance was demonstrated by geopolymer concretes based in alkali activated fluidised fly ash and untreated calcareous fly ash. After 50 cycles of freeze-thaw, those concretes were totally destroyed. The modification attempt of increasing the durability of concrete by addition of calcinated clay, as a partial replacement of fly ash, became a success. This test was conducted for the BFA2 concrete, which is characterised by the highest compressive strength among from tested concretes. Although it is known that the addition of metakaolin increases the strength of the fly ash based geopolymer [66], the results presented in this chapter are difficult to interpret unambiguously because, at the same time, the type of activator was changed, introducing 30% of water glass in place of sodium hydroxide. Consequently, the structure of the geopolymer filler of the hardened BFA2 + G geopolymer concrete is different compared with BFA2 concrete containing the same silicious micro fly ash from coal combustion.
The results obtained confirm the statements of numerous authors on the possibility of shaping the functional properties of geopolymer materials by selecting the suitable base materials, the type and quantity of activator, as well as hardening conditions. Currently, one of the factors determining the development of geopolymer in civil engineering will be the cost of material production. Therefore, it is advisable to look for cheaper, alternative activators. Reducing the carbon footprint is also an important element. It is worth paying attention to the comparison of the CO
Taking into account the tendency to reduce coal burning in the energy sector, it should be noted the possibility of the limitation the extraction of the best for geopolymer concrete, silicious fly ash. This will be followed by work on the identification of other aluminosilicate precursors from both waste materials and industrial waste. A suitable example is an attempt to obtain appropriately transformed calcareous fly ash as the main component of cementless geopolymer concretes. The presented results of the use of refined calcareous fly ash, through the separation of carbon fractions and additional grinding, confirmed the possibility of obtaining cementless geopolymer concrete from such a material. A similar effect was obtained by Blaszczyński and Król [67], who, as one of the few authors, also obtained a geopolymer binder from tentatively refined calcareous ashes by removing carbon particles and pre-grinding them. Ash of this kind has not found application as an ingredient for cement production, so there are great opportunities for its acquisition.
For the widespread production of structural materials based on geopolymer binders and concrete, it is necessary to carry out long-term durability studies and develop guidelines for testing procedures and standard requirements so that the geopolymer material “native to ancient Egypt” with the new name AAM (Alkali-Activated Material) becomes the material of the future [4].
Part of the research results on the development of geopolymer concrete based on waste aluminosilicate materials, in particular fly ash, were published in the journal Cement Wapno Beton [15]. Results of tests, showed in this chapter, make a significant contribution, which led to interpret the phenomenon that occurs during alkali activation of chosen aluminosilicates industrial wastes. It has extended current knowledge in a field of geopolymer materials.
Among the fly ashes described, selected for research as base materials for obtaining cementless binders and geopolymer concretes, the best properties were demonstrated by fine-grained, specially selected siliceous fly ash from hard coal combustion—so-called micro fly ash.
It was demonstrated that a large role in the formation of the microstructure of the hardened geopolymer concrete showing high durability under the tested conditions of exposure to both water and ambient condition and low temperatures can be attributed to the modification of developed geopolymer microstructure by the presence of metakaolin and calcium carbonate in the calcined at 700°C clay [14, 60, 64, 66]. This modification resulted by the occurrence in the geopolymer microstructure, in which needle-like forms were identified using a scanning microscope, which, following other authors, can be attributed to the formation of cancrinite [64, 68].
We would like to thank the Cement Wapno Beton foundation for disseminating the results of our research in the article entitled ‘Microstructure and properties of geopolymers formed in the alkali activation process of fly ash’, which resulted in our invitation to take part in the preparation of the chapter of the book entitled ‘Advanced Cement-Based Materials’. This research was accomplished within statutory activity at Research Network – Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials by the team represented Materials Engineering Research Group.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:189,paginationItems:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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