Catalogue of selected GreenRisk4ALPs research products for risk-based decision support in protective forest and natural hazard management.
\r\n\tAtherosclerosis is a systemic disease. Some 60% of patients with peripheral artery disease will have ischaemic heart disease, and 30% have cerebrovascular disease. Within five years of diagnosis, 10-15% of patients with intermittent claudication will die from cardiovascular disease. Therefore, management begins with the identification and modification of risk factors that are common to peripheral artery disease, heart disease, and stroke. Treatment goals include reducing cardiovascular risk and improving functional capacity. Revascularization is indicated for persistent symptoms.
\r\n\tThe main objective of the book is to deal with peripheral arterial disease in the most diverse aspects. Addressing issues such as pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, clinical aspects, treatment, and prognosis.
\r\n\t
Managing natural hazard risks is highly relevant to everyone visiting or living in the Alpine Region (see chapter [1] of this book). Professional risk management is a tool that has been keeping people in the Alpine Region safe for more than 100 years where forests play a key role as risk prevention measure (see chapters [2, 3]) of this book). However, natural hazards such as rockfall, landslides and snow avalanches are still causing severe damages every year [1]. Hence, there is an urgent need to continuously improve Alpine risk management strategies to ensure people’s safety in the future [4].
This chapter informs stakeholders how to utilize scientific information from the Interreg Alpine Space project GreenRisk4ALPs (ASP635) [5], and how to form innovative alliances with researchers, which support the selection of science- and ecosystem-based risk mitigation measures. The main stakeholder groups are (i) public agencies involved in risk management, which often have to choose between green, technical and/or avoidance measures such as the reduction of land use in high risk areas; (ii) political actors like mayors, local parliaments or city councils and village boards, which are strongly involved in risk-related issues, and (iii) service providers, service users and citizens of the Alpine Region, for whom natural hazard risk management is highly relevant for their safety. For all these stakeholders it is usually a challenging task to be aware of the most current scientific studies or receive their results, to select the best-fitting ones and to integrate them into science-based solutions that will work in practice. Therefore, in this subchapter we demonstrate how to deal with scientific results and engage scientists after receiving first information about a research project that addresses questions which are important for your own work.
The first contact with a research project may be in any phase of the research process, e.g., in the initial phase, when a research project is being designed and formulated. Or in the end, when project results are finalized, and stakeholders are able to judge their relevance while selecting scientific information that is useful to their interest-oriented action and that can help to improve their own risk management solutions. This Road Map subchapter exemplifies the optimal use of scientific information produced during the GreenRisk4ALPs (GR4A) project. Yet, the way of “making sense of science” is applicable to all other project phases or other scientific projects aiming to facilitate the implementation of scientific information into practice.
The GR4A project aimed to provide scientific information supporting an ecosystem-based integrated risk management of natural hazards in the Alpine Space, and the acknowledgment of the key role forests have as an Ecosystem-based solution for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) in mountain areas (for risk and other definitions see chapters [1, 2] of this book). Within the project, an international collaboration of researchers and practitioners from 12 institutions developed various products for decision support (e.g., see chapters [6, 7, 8] of this book) by applying scientific principles, methods and standards. Many of the scientifically sound GR4A results are listed in a “Catalogue of selected GreenRisk4ALPs research products” (Table 1), consisting of a main product (a set of expected and aimed scientific information of a research project) and a by-product (scientific information which supported the development of the main product, but was not the aim of the project or necessarily mentioned in the documented research). The listed products were developed between 2018 and 2021, when researchers were identifying forests with protective functions and quantifying their protective effects against landslides, rockfall and snow avalanches in six GR4A Pilot Action Regions (PARs): Val Ferret, (Italy), Kranjska Gora (Slovenia), Oberammergau (Germany), Baronnies Provençales Regional Nature Park (France), Wipptal South (Italy), and Gries am Brenner and Vals (Austria) (see [9] for descriptions). These analyses and model developments were combined with investigating risk management measures that are currently being applied in the six PARs, as a starting point for considering improvements of existing or introduction of alternative risk management solutions. If you are already active or want to become active in ecosystem-based risk management of natural hazards in the Alpine Region, then the GR4A research products may support your daily or strategic activities. You can use the “Catalogue of selected research products” (Table 1) to select and include one or more (or parts of them) into your specific science-based and ecosystem-based risk management practice.
Research products | Main product | By-product | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
✓ | [6, 10, 11] | ||
✓ | [12, 13] | ||
✓ | [6] | ||
✓ | [6, 11] | ||
✓ | [7] | ||
✓ | [7] | ||
✓ | [7] | ||
✓ | [7, 14, 15] | ||
✓ | [7, 14, 15] | ||
✓ | [7, 14, 15] | ||
✓ | [7, 16, 17] | ||
✓ | [18, 19, 20] | ||
✓ | [18, 19, 20] | ||
✓ | [18, 19, 20] | ||
✓ | [18, 19, 20] | ||
✓ | [18, 19, 20] | ||
✓ | [8, 14, 15] | ||
✓ | [8, 14, 15] | ||
✓ | [8, 14, 15] | ||
✓ | [8, 14, 15] |
Catalogue of selected GreenRisk4ALPs research products for risk-based decision support in protective forest and natural hazard management.
Enables users to adapt the model (here the Flow-Py simulation tool) to address a specific question.
Before proceeding to the three steps needed for tailoring your own practice solution based on research results (subchapter 1.2), you must think about your willingness and ability to act realistically:
Ecosystem services (ES) important in the context of ecosystem-based natural hazard risk management. Adapted from [
For becoming part of an applied project or activity, scientific information selected from the “Catalogue of selected GreenRisk4ALPs research products” (Table 1) has to be integrated into the existing knowledge and experience of a particular actor [23]. Based on this new knowledge, practitioners can tailor their own projects or science-based activities in three basic steps. That is, you are encouraged to carefully consider each step and proceed to the next step if you answer most questions with a YES.
Estimate the relevance of the GR4A research products for your risk management practice OR your ES-oriented forest use.
You or your activities are part of the Alpine Region. You may be involved in forest management, civil protection, natural hazard risk management, live in a house or own a hotel protected by forests, operate or use highway or train infrastructure passing through endangered areas protected by forests. This direct object protective effect, which forest has to ensure for your safety or which is related to your occupation, is an example for the relevance and the key to answering whether GR4A research products related with direct object protective forests are relevant for you. Also consider all three alternatives: (1) Green prevention measures, (2) Technical prevention measures, and (3) Land use reduction in high-risk areas (Figure 1). In addition, consider how risk prevention against natural hazards fits into your actual economic and political agenda. It may also be the case that the specific newly designed and scientifically based prevention strategy opposes your specific interest in using a forest. In this case you are free to dismiss scientific solution(s) fully or parts of the solution(s) that you do not accept. Not all scientific solutions are appropriate for all users.
You may find it useful to think about networks of actors connected to the ES of your interest and then consider for whom your risk management or forest use might be particularly relevant. If you identify a potential ally, then the start of an alliance could improve the chances for success of your planned action. Yet, this potential ally (or allies) has to be interested also and open for the research product you are relying on. If you want to dismiss the scientific solution(s), then partnering with allies would mean that you can hinder the solution(s) and protect yourself from its potentially negative consequences.
Public goals are the backbone for national-to-global policies and basically governs us all. Linking (one or more) currently relevant public goals with your risk management or forest use may provide the highly required legitimacy for your applied project or action based on a GR4A research product. Therefore, it is advised to avoid legitimization by goals that are too unspecific such as the goal of sustainable forestry, because of their limited political reach. Instead, think widely! As a basis for your ideas, but more importantly also as a reference, you should consider goals introduced by national ministry programs or national strategies, well-acknowledged norms of a civil society or current and actual goals of international strategies. For example, the new EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change [24] is calling for rolling out physical solutions for more green spaces (p.12) and to do it in a cost-effective way (p.11). Protective forests are green spaces and solutions that are having certain cost–benefit advantages compared to other hazard mitigation measures [22, 25]. While including protective forests into risk management strategies, either to stabilize the soil or to reduce impacts of natural hazards, the GR4A research products may not only have the potential to contribute to increasing people’s safety but may also have a broader application as a climate-change mitigation measure. In contrast to immediately effective technical measures such as rockfall nets, Eco-DRR solutions have the potential to adjust to the challenges driven by global environmental change [26]. You must invest time and be creative to find out which strong public goals will serve your specific project and/or activity.
Estimate the soundness of the scientific information provided by the GR4A research product that is relevant for you. Undertake this step only if most of your answers in the previous STEP 1 were YES ☑.
First of all, check the ways your organization uses scientific information in daily practice. Are there specific open doors to science like working groups, scientifically knowledgeable collaborators or other persons experienced with science that work for your institution? Or, if you are a single person, think about how you are using scientific information in your daily life. Have you obtained science-based education or do you trust that your information about scientific results reflects the current state of knowledge? In any of these cases you should consider your existing links to scientific information. In general, such links are provided by the experts within your organization. These “integration forums” (for types see subchapter 2.2) may be either small or big, but they are essential to open the door to science [27].
The first task is to get into direct contact with the scientific organization(s) and its researchers who is offering a research product relevant for your risk management or ES-oriented forest use. Only through this direct consultation you will be in the position to get precise information that can help you to consider options for using this research product in a particular case. For example, if your tasks and interests are concerning the direct object protection provided by a particular forest, then you may want to check availability of maps of “Direct Object Protective Forest” for your region, or maps of “Efficient Green Mitigation Areas” (Table 1). All mentioned research products are based on scientific procedures and theoretical or data-based models, which are established within the scientific community, but they all have specific limitations. For example, models are limited in terms of included variables, available input data and uncertainties in their results (see chapters [3, 6, 28] of this book). However, the direct contact between you (or your integration forum) and the researchers will provide information into the underlying assumptions and limitations of the specific model. Based on this information, you can make a first evaluation about the suitability of its application to your needs and area of your interest.
If you gained sufficient background information about the procedures that the research product is relying on and its limitations and you still consider including scientific information into your applied project or practice-related action, then you have to undertake the next step: to judge the scientific credibility of the research results. To do so, you can first consult organizations’ websites while looking for indicators about the researchers who are offering the research product. Examples for such indicators are research results that have passed the peer-review process of established scientific journals or the existence of networks with other researchers and institutions, especially with those you already know or have collaborated with [29]. As you may not always be in the position to judge the scientific quality of the research, you can ask another research institution for an independent evaluation. This is not only limited to the information from the websites but applicable for all sources, including various media channels (e.g., LinkedIn, Facebook or Twitter). These social media channels increasingly provide links to innovative research and results, yet their scientific basis must be checked before you can be certain about proceeding to the project implementation (Step 3). Checking means, for example, to be certain that the research results are state-of-the-art and evaluated by the scientific community through peer review. Diverse media channels communicate (scientific) information eye-catching and condensed, which is their basic mission, but they need to be cross-checked, at least with the original source and/or scientific publication.
The first three sub steps (finding open doors to science, checking product limitations and scientific credibility) will often not be sufficient to decide whether the particular research product fully fits your needs. Science can neither answer every specific question from practice nor provide comprehensive best-solutions. Therefore, you must identify the specific contribution of a research result to your interests or solution (e.g., calculating the likelihood of a natural hazard to reach a hotel or the costs for avoiding damages). Rarely, but it can happen that the scientific information fully supports your planned activity (no additional information is needed and no additional aspects must be covered). Then select it and use it as an argument for your planned activity or incorporate it into your own project. Typically, some additional scientific information will be needed, which might require time and resources to collect. If you have resources, then contact the researchers and ask to fine-tune the procedure, so that scientific accuracy remains intact. Sometimes, deficits of scientific information will appear too big. In that case, you may think to either initiate an additional research project or don’t pursue your GR4A-based solution.
Estimate chances for implementing your GR4A-based solution. Undertake this STEP 3 only if most of your answers in the previous STEP 2 were YES ☑.
Laws influence humans through enabling or restricting their actions. Therefore, check the legal basis for implementing your GR4A-based solution. If your ES-oriented forest use would, for example, increase costs for the protection measures for a municipality, then you might already look for financial instruments that particular policies might be offering and check if municipalities are eligible to apply. In addition, researching legal limitations is advised, because overcoming them later might be a long-term political process which can increase the timeline for implementing your solution.
Risk management is costly, and cost-efficient solutions will save resources and open a broader room of action. Whatever your case might be, the issue of sufficient economic resources must be considered wisely, either while counting on private funding or having checked public funding sources (regional, national, international). In addition, public-private partnerships may be a funding option. Be realistic about the economic constraints for your project or your ES-oriented forest use. Project activities typically consume more resources than estimated. Thus, consider sources that may be available immediately or in the short term but look also for options in the longer term by clearly avoiding wishful thinking.
Your GR4A-based risk management activity or ES-oriented forest use may be controlled by the law and/or available economic resources but paying attention to different strategies of good governance and democracy may enlarge your opportunities for actions. Involving multiple actors (as one of good governance principles) may, for example, raise the awareness about your problem or enhance the acceptance of your ES-oriented forest use. Participation of multiple actors may also increase political or economic support for your GR4A-based solution (see also chapter [30] of this book).
However, all participation processes related to risk governance are highly susceptible for conflicts, for example, driven by questions to what extent the costs that are covered by many will benefit only some. Past examples show that participation processes may result in shifts toward certain interests or cause a “crisis in governmentality” instead of governance. This may endanger the democratic legitimacy of your activity. Therefore, it is advised to first assess potential conflicts that your GR4A-based solution may mitigate, increase or additionally trigger. Depending on your assessment you might still find it worth to proceed. Then, finding professional support for handling multi-actor participation in risk-related issues may be advisable. Not only that these issues are prone to conflicts but the line between your goals (e.g., fostering participation for rising attention and transparency) and counterproductive effects of the participation process (e.g., triggering fear by the community members) is very thin and often better perceived and handled by a professional with experience in conflict management.
In addition, be aware that you are part of the democratic environment, which means that you must be transparent about your activities. Depending on your issue and your target groups you may use multiple channels for distributing information. If your aim is for a broader outreach, you may want to use digital and print media reaching a wider population. Or you may collaborate with the local media for very locally specific issues. Tailored campaigns or public debates may also be a channel for spreading information. It is, for example, known from recent research that appropriate risk communication can trigger adaptive behavior (see chapter [31] of this book). Yet, for triggering such effects, you have to bear in mind that the inputs and research products used for risk communication need to be carefully considered. In this context, the modeling results from the GR4A project might be useful, for example, when trying to raise the awareness of laypersons about wider benefits of protective forests such as their benefits for mitigating climate change. Or to highlight the impacts that adaptations of protective forest management practices will have on biodiversity (e.g., selection of tree species and dead wood management). Otherwise, laypersons can hardly imagine the impact and importance of protective forests and their functions and effects on the life and livelihood in the Alpine Region.
For your final evaluation for using research product(s) offered by the GR4A project (Table 1), go through Step 1 to Step 3 again. They are summarized in form of a checklist below (Figure 2). Let these steps and their associated questions guide you, so that you arrive at a realistic estimation of your chances to solve a particular risk management problem or to realize your ES-oriented forest use in practice. The more positive answers you give, the better the chances are for the successful implementation of your tailored, applied risk management project or practice-related action. Good luck!
Checklist for the successful implementation of tailored, applied risk management projects.
This Checklist is intended to be used by stakeholders in practice. For the opposite case that scientists want to use a guide for fostering the support of practice for their research, please look into our “Road Map for decision targeted communication of green risk management” [32].
The RIU model is a theoretical model of knowledge transfer created in 2016 [29]. Stevanov and Krott [23] provide an explanation and anchor the model within the three phases of knowledge transfer: the most recent overview from [33] discriminates between (i) linear models (in the 1960s) where knowledge was expected to be implemented linearly by politicians and bureaucrats; (ii) co-production and other models (in the 1970s–1990s) where attention was drawn to the active part that politicians and bureaucrats can play while interacting with scientists and bringing their political judgements to the knowledge transfer; and (iii) embedded models (after 2000), where an even more active part of practice is offered and, in addition to the input of politicians and bureaucrats, explicit formats for societal input are provided. The RIU model belongs to the third group of embedded models, which try to enrich solutions and include public interests and values, while simultaneously keeping scientific knowledge as the basis. The RIU model accordingly acknowledges two distinct elements – Research (R) and Utilization (U), each following its own, different rationale. That is, research follows the formal, public rationale, and scientific information is generated to describe and explain real world phenomena. Utilization, on the other hand, does not rely on the rational (deliberative) discourse, but rests upon the power to induce change in practice, which serves the interest(s) of the dominant actors. Within the processes of transferring scientific information from the Research into forestry practice (Utilization), the scientific rationale as well as interests and power of actors from practice remain separate (Figure 3). Yet, the bridge between them is established through Integration (Figure 3) and its integration forums respectively [27].
The RIU model: transfer of scientific information from research into utilization by practice via integration. Adapted from [
The Road Map is a result of a theory-based analysis that was empirically proven by the GR4A project. Empirical evidence was collected by the means of observation, document analysis and expert interviews [34]. This evidence was crosscut (triangulated) for reliability purposes [34]. The theoretical basis of the Road Map builds on the key criteria of knowledge transfer summarized by the checklist of [29]. These key criteria of knowledge transfer were tested between 2016 and 2018 within the ALTERFOR project and its ten case study areas [35]. Results led to the further development of the theoretical basis and further adjustment of the key criteria (see [23]). Based on that, the PARs of the GR4A project [9] served to deepen the analysis and to look into the processes driving the selection of scientific information and the modes of exchange with the actors from practice. These different modes of information exchange, called integration forums [27], were investigated in all PARs. The three types of integration forums – existing, hybrid and new forums - were determined (Table 2) while using the following characteristics [27]: (i) if the forum has been identified as an already existing one (yes +, no -); (ii) if the forum has an existing link to science (yes +, no -), and (iii) if the forum is known by the research project (yes +, no -). Examples for each type of integration forums are given in Table 2, and details can be found in GR4A project reports [36, 37]. This knowledge on different types of integration forums is useful for Step 2 of the checklist where the scientific fit of research products is checked (see subchapters 1.2 and 1.3).
Integration forum | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Defining elements | Examples | ||
Forum is identified as already existing | Forum has existing links to science (gradual) | Forum is known by the project | ||
Existing |
| |||
Hybrid |
| |||
New |
|
Defining elements for each type of an integration forum (yes +, no
The RIU model represents a comprehensive knowledge transfer approach [29]. Each of its three elements - Research, Integration and Utilization - is related to specified tasks of knowledge transfer and backed up by empirical evidence. Empirical evidence from the GR4A project [36, 37, 38] as well as several other cases [39] shows that the transfer of scientific information from science into practice works best when both scientists and practitioners keep their specific, independent roles but strongly engage into the mutual communication.
In this mutual communication, scientists and practitioners come together to exchange information within particular integration forums [27]. For transferring scientific information into practice, workshops have been often recommended and applied within research projects [40, 41, 42, 43, 44]; however, workshops have been proven to be rather ineffective [45, 46]. This is because a workshop does not attract powerful actors and as such does not represent a place where relevant decisions are (or could be) made.
Most knowledge transfer models suggest continuous improvement of communication processes between researchers and actors from practice, aiming at a general consent [47, 48], that is, practitioners should be fully integrated into the research process. Such co-production approaches are often found in EU project calls, i.e., for multi-actor projects [49]. Based on the RIU model, however, we did not find empirical evidence showing that full integration of practitioners into the research will lead automatically to more successful knowledge transfer (Utilization), which has also been confirmed by other authors (e.g. [50, 51]). According to the RIU model, integration forums are not all-inclusive but selective with respect to relevant actors [27]. If integration aims for the general consent between science and practice regarding the content of the science-based solution, then it can be expected that the communication process will typically “hurt” both the scientists as well as the relevance of the solution for the practice. Furthermore, we did not find empirical evidence showing that mutual learning can help scientists by switching into the role of practitioners and vice versa, as it is proposed by most knowledge transfer models up to now.
To summarize, growing knowledge transfer efforts are positive developments. We offer a Road Map that was developed within the GR4A project for integrating research products into the risk management solutions of practice (see subchapter 1.2). We found that the project duration of three years resulted in innovative research products but has been proven to be too short for establishing the process of integrating these results into practical solutions effectively. In contrast to the expectations of many scientists and research funding programs the process of knowledge transfer is a long and bumpy road and needs considerable time and resources, which should be addressed more comprehensively in the future.
This work was conducted in the context of the GreenRisk4ALPs project (ASP635), which has been financed by Interreg Alpine Space programme, one of the 15 transnational cooperation programs covering the whole of the European Union (EU) in the framework of European Regional policy.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). 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Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. 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