\r\n\tTo viable rural development has a vital role for rural communities. In the design of policies to be successful that affect them rural people have to decide and implement. According to this, it is a critical point to involve the poor and disadvantaged, along with related stakeholders, agricultural and rural development. Hence, for the sustainable development by international initiatives and all other institutions were searched and to be present the agricultural and related research results. To help support the effort, various governmental and non-governmental agencies established fundings for sustainable rural development research and fostered the development of human well-being goals in rural areas via national and international initiatives. In this context, most efforts resulted in successful cases. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the theory, approaches, strategies, and cases, and key elements and challenges of sustainable development, and Bioeconomy, Green and Circular economy for sustainability, and UN SDGs-Agenda 2030 and EU Green Deal.
\r\n
\r\n\tI believe that this work will be fundamental in the field of SDG, and it will be a guiding, idea-generating key for researchers, practitioners, rural community, and policy decision-makers, and I hope that together we will establish sustainable rural life and development around the world. \r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80355-421-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-420-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-422-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"759ff88d0677241044b6c8037b924618",bookSignature:"Prof. Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11253.jpg",keywords:"Theory, Approaches, Social Economic, Environment, Bioeconomy, Green Economy, Human Well-Being, Peace, Green Deal, Transformative Policies, Agriculture, Farmers",numberOfDownloads:722,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 9th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 7th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 6th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Ozcatalbas studies rural development and extension, ICT, and energy policy. He has been a visiting scientist for Postdoc, at Leibniz Hannover University, Institute of Horticultural Economics. He is a member of the Turkish Agricultural Economics Association, and Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, Society of Agricultural Economics, Scientific Committee Member of the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",biography:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş graduated from Çukurova University Agricultural Faculty at Adana, Turkey in 1986 and completed his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics in the same institution in 1994. He joined to the Akdeniz University at Antalya in 1998 as an assistant professor of agricultural economics and promoted to professorship in 2011. Dr. Özçatalbas concentrated his work in the field of rural extension and development starting with his MSc and PhD studies, and ICT in agriculture, and rural tourism and development. He has been as a visitor scientist for Postdoc, in Leibniz Hannover University, Institute of Horticultural Economics (Institut für Gartenbau ökonomie), 1999-2000. Dr. Özçatalbaş’s research was focused on the information systems and rural development, and rural energy policy. Dr. Özçatalbaş is a member of the Turkish Agricultural Economics Association, and Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, Society of Agricultural Economics, Scientific Committe Member of the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion (TEMA). Dr Özçatalbaş is also an editor of the International Journal of Rural Tourism and Development (IRTAD, http://www.turizmvekalkinma.org/ ). He has around 100 papers in national and international journals, as well as 6 book chapters and 2 books. 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1. Introduction
Organocatalysis plays a pivotal role in the field of synthetic organic chemistry as well as the pharmaceutical industry through diversifying activation strategies owing to meeting the principles of green chemistry [1, 2, 3, 4] in terms of cost-effectiveness, longevity, and less toxic compared to conventional transition metal catalysis [5, 6, 7, 8]. In this regard, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) plays a major role in diversified organic transformations [9, 10, 11].
1.1 Renewable chemicals
Renewable chemicals or “bio-based chemicals” are chemicals obtained from renewable sources, such as agricultural feedstock, agricultural waste, organic waste products, biomass, and microorganisms [12]. In general, in chemical industries, processes include the utilization of fossil resources. As the need for energy consumption and population increasing, limited availability of fossil resources has become a risky task in the low or underdeveloped nations to perform trade. Henceforth, alternative renewable resources such as lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, and protein have become more focus of utility.
1.2 Carbene
The term “Carbene” refers to the presence of neutral bivalent carbon with six valence electrons in N-heterocyclic compounds (Figure 1). The first reported carbene (I) was by Bartrand et al. in 1988 [13], as resonance stabilized ylide form. After a few years, the first stable NHC was reported by Arduengo et al. as an imidazolium ring [14]. In NHC, the singlet state of carbene is more thermodynamically favorable than triplet carbene. Because nitrogen is present near to carbon of carbene, it lowers the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) while it increases the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital’s. The nucleophilicity of carbene also increases (A) not only above energy character but also presence of inductive effect, mesomeric and lone pair to vacant p-orbital favors singlet carbene. Most NHCs are based on imidazolium, triazolium, or thiazolium ring-containing molecules. NHCs dimerize reversible in the form of the Wanzlick equilibrium (B) [15, 16].
Figure 1.
The structure and stabilization of the first persistent carbene and NHC’s.
Since the discovery of metal carbenes in 1964 by Fisher et al. [17], fascinating applications in both catalysis and synthesis are being observed [18].
1.3 Late transition metals
Late transition metals are on the right side of the d-block, from group 8 to 11 (and 12 if it is counted as transition metals) as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Late transition metals.
1.4 Free carbine route
The general synthesis of carbene complexes involves the utilization of strong bases and harsh reaction conditions which involves high cost and more time.
1.5 Transmetalation route
It involves the transfer of the carbine fragment from a suitable metal center [generally Ag(I) or Cu(I)] to a precursor of the metal center of interest [19, 20, 21, 22] as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Transmetalation route for the synthesis of carbenes.
Even though, transmetalation method has operational simplicity but lacks atom economy. Hence, it is applied, in general, in scalable industrial processes.
2. Applications of late transition metal NHC’s
2.1 CO2 as building blocks
The exploitation of carbon dioxide as a renewable green source of carbon in organic synthesis is of continued interest. In this regard, late transition metal NHCs play a major role for the specified purpose.
2.1.1 Formylation of amines
The use of CO2 for procuring C1-containing molecules is an evolved methodology exploiting N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as efficient catalysts [23, 24]. NHCs promoted the formylation of a wide scope of N-H bonds, with CO2 and hydrosilanes (Figure 4) [25].
Figure 4.
Formylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilanes.
2.1.2 Carboxylation of terminal alkynes
Yu and Zhang [26] developed a Cu-NHC catalyzed conversion of CO2 to carboxylic acids in good to excellent yields under ambient conditions with wide substrate/functional group tolerance (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Mechanistic approach for carboxylation of terminal alkynes.
2.1.3 Methylation of amines
Olivier et al. have designed using CO2 as a C1− building block for the catalytic methylation of amines using simple zinc salts and ligands (Figure 6) [27].
Figure 6.
N-methylation of amines.
2.1.4 Insertion of CO2 into terminal alkynes via copper bis-NHC
Silver bis-NHC has exhibited better performance than Copper bis-NHC towards the carboxylation of terminal alkynes using Cs2CO3 as an additive (Figure 7) [28].
Figure 7.
Carboxylation of terminal alkynes.
2.1.5 Carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine
Tahani et al. synthesized dinuclear gold (I) complexes and investigated the carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine (PPA) (Figure 8) [29].
Figure 8.
Carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine.
2.2 Oxidation
2.2.1 Dehydrogenative oxidation of alcohols
Ir-NHC complexes were synthesized in aqueous media for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. In addition, primary alcohols were transformed to carboxylic acids in the absence of a base [30].
2.2.2 Oxidation of bio-polyols to lactic acid
Lactic acid has prominent applications in bio-plastics manufacturing. A recyclable NHC-iridium coordination polymer with a porous structure can oxidize a wide range of bio-polyols such as sorbitol to prepare lactic acid with superior selectivity and reactivity [31].
2.2.3 Dehydrogenative catalysis using alcohols
Huang et al. reported LTM-NHCs for the conversion of alcohols into aldehydes or ketones through acceptors alcohol dehydrogenation (AAD). In addition, they successfully demonstrated oxidative coupling of alcohols to form C-O, C-C, and C-N/C=N bond formations (Figure 9) [32].
Figure 9.
Dehydrogenative catalysis using alcohols.
2.2.4 Dehydrogenation of sugar alcohols
Manas and Campos et al. [33] reported Ir-NHC catalyzed oxidative protocol for the selective conversion of sorbitol, xylitol, and other polyols into lactic acid (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
Oxidation of sugar alcohols to lactic acid.
2.3 Dehydration
2.3.1 Cp*IrCl2(NHC) in hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID)
A recyclable Cp*IrCl2(NHC) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complex in ionic liquid could covert glycerol into 1,3-propanediol and subsequently to propionaldehyde by hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID) in excellent yields in the presence of air (Figure 11) [34, 35].
Figure 11.
Cp*IrCl2(NHC) in hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID).
2.3.2 Fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
A new heterogeneous and recyclable Fe-NHCs immobilized on mesoporous expanded starch and Starbon™ 350 could be utilized successfully for the effective dehydration of fructose to HMF [36].
2.4 Reduction/hydrogenation
2.4.1 Hydrogenolysis of aryl ethers using Ni-NHC
Ni-NHC complex in the presence of a suitable base (NaOtBu) could effectively convert C-O bonds in lignin to various useful scaffolds useful in biomass conversion [37]. Hartwig et al. mechanically investigated the reduction of diaryl ethers to corresponding phenols (Figure 12) [38].
Figure 12.
Hydrogenolysis of diaryl ethers.
2.4.2 Transfer hydrogenation using Ir-NHC
Using water soluble Ir-NHCs proved that glycerol can be exploited as a hydrogen donor to convert a biomass-derived phytochemical, levulinic acid, to selectively produce γ-hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV) and lactic acid (LA) [39].
2.4.3 Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts
Lu et al. reported homogeneous Ir-NHC catalysts, which can be utilized for the storage of H2 and fine chemicals through hydride transfer catalysis [40] (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts.
2.5 Miscellaneous organic transformations
2.5.1 Sugars to heterocycles
Zhang and Yong developed a synthetic protocol employing Cr-NHC along with ionic liquid for the selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose and fructose (Figure 14) [41].
Figure 14.
Conversion of sugars into heterocycles.
3. Conclusion
In this book chapter, authors tried to emphasize the applications of “Late Transition Metal” (LTM)-NHC catalyzed organic transformations as given in a nutshell below:
Oxidation of carbohydrates: To develop carbohydrate oxidation products as a useful alternative to those derived from petrochemical sources.
Hydrogenation of carbohydrates/fatty acids: This objective concerns the development of LTM-NHC catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbohydrates and unsaturated vegetable oils.
Dehydration/hydrolysis of carbohydrates/fatty acids: Development of dehydration/hydrolysis of carbohydrates/fatty acids with LTM-NHC catalysts to obtain fine chemicals and fuel intermediates.
Polymerization with renewable resources: This objective deals with the application of LTM-NHC catalysts in the polymerization of natural monomers of renewable chemicals or monomers derived from renewable resources to synthetic polymers (polymerization of lactic acid, glucose, glycerol, terpenes, etc.).
The present research is directed towards the conversion of methanol to H2 and CO2 using LTM-NHC catalysis.
CH3OHg+H2OLTM‐NHCCatalyst→3H2g+CO2gE1
We do hope this compilation on very important LTM-NHC applications would help wide readers among synthetic organic chemists.
Acknowledgments
Dr. RV is thankful to Dr. Ch.V. Rajasekhar, Scrips Pharma, and Dr. P.G. Kiran, Swastha BioSciences for their continued support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"late transition metals, NHC, renewable chemicals, fine chemicals, fuels, intermediates",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79294.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79294.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79294",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79294",totalDownloads:165,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:49,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"September 13th 2021",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"November 11th 2021",datePublished:"March 30th 2022",dateFinished:"November 11th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This title of the book chapter deals with the late transition metal-NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyzed transformations of renewable chemicals, i.e., bio-mass resources (carbohydrates/vegetable oils/natural products) into useful chemicals via oxidation, hydrogenation, dehydration, polymerization, hydrolysis, etc. along with brief introductory notes on late transition metals, carbenes, and renewable chemicals for better understanding to the reader.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79294",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79294",book:{id:"10999",slug:"carbene"},signatures:"Kurra Mohan, Bollikolla Hari Babu, Khandapu Bala Murali Krishna, Kotra Vijay and Varala Ravi",authors:[{id:"212519",title:"Dr.",name:"Varala",middleName:null,surname:"Ravi",fullName:"Varala Ravi",slug:"varala-ravi",email:"ravivarala@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"221476",title:"Dr.",name:"Bollikolla",middleName:null,surname:"Hari Babu",fullName:"Bollikolla Hari Babu",slug:"bollikolla-hari-babu",email:"dr.b.haribabu@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"440595",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotra",middleName:null,surname:"Vijay",fullName:"Kotra Vijay",slug:"kotra-vijay",email:"vijay.kotra@qiup.edu.my",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Quest International University Perak",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"440596",title:"Dr.",name:"Khandapu Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Murali Krishna",fullName:"Khandapu Bala Murali Krishna",slug:"khandapu-bala-murali-krishna",email:"balamuralichem@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"440597",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",fullName:"Kurra Mohan",slug:"kurra-mohan",email:"mohankurra496@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Renewable chemicals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Carbene",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3 Late transition metals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"1.4 Free carbine route",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"1.5 Transmetalation route",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"2. Applications of late transition metal NHC’s",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.1 CO2 as building blocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.1.1 Formylation of amines",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.1.2 Carboxylation of terminal alkynes",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.1.3 Methylation of amines",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.1.4 Insertion of CO2 into terminal alkynes via copper bis-NHC",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"2.1.5 Carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"2.2 Oxidation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"2.2.1 Dehydrogenative oxidation of alcohols",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.2.2 Oxidation of bio-polyols to lactic acid",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"2.2.3 Dehydrogenative catalysis using alcohols",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"2.2.4 Dehydrogenation of sugar alcohols",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"2.3 Dehydration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"2.3.1 Cp*IrCl2(NHC) in hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"2.3.2 Fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"2.4 Reduction/hydrogenation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"2.4.1 Hydrogenolysis of aryl ethers using Ni-NHC",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"2.4.2 Transfer hydrogenation using Ir-NHC",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"2.4.3 Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts",level:"3"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"2.5 Miscellaneous organic transformations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_3",title:"2.5.1 Sugars to heterocycles",level:"3"},{id:"sec_28",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_29",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_32",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Dalko PI. Enantioselective Organocatalysis. KGaA, Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co.; 2007'},{id:"B2",body:'Berkessel A, Groger H. Asymmetric Organocatalysis—From Biomimetic Concepts to Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis. KGaA, Wienheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2006'},{id:"B3",body:'Aleman J, Cabrera S. Applications of asymmetric organocatalysis in medicinal chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews. 2013;42:774-793. DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35380F'},{id:"B4",body:'Busacca CA, Fandrick DR, Song JJ, Senanayake CH. The growing impact of catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis. 2011;353:1825-1864. DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100488'},{id:"B5",body:'Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. 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Mechanistic investigations of the hydrogenolysis of diaryl ethers catalyzed by nickel complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2017;139:17667-17676. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10537'},{id:"B39",body:'Wang K, Heltzel J, Evan S, Culley K, Gabriel L, Adelina V. Transfer hydrogenation of levulinic acid from glycerol and ethanol using water-soluble iridium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 2020;919:121310. DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121310'},{id:"B40",body:'Lu Z, Cherepakhin V, Demianets I, Lauridsen PJ, Williams TJ. Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts: From hydrogen storage to fine chemicals. Chemical Communications. 2018;54:7711. DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03412e'},{id:"B41",body:'Yong G, Zhang Y, Ying JY. Efficient catalytic system for the selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose and fructose. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2008;47:9345-9348. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803207'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Kurra Mohan",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, India
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Bollikolla Hari Babu",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, India
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1. Introduction
Organocatalysis plays a pivotal role in the field of synthetic organic chemistry as well as the pharmaceutical industry through diversifying activation strategies owing to meeting the principles of green chemistry [1, 2, 3, 4] in terms of cost-effectiveness, longevity, and less toxic compared to conventional transition metal catalysis [5, 6, 7, 8]. In this regard, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) plays a major role in diversified organic transformations [9, 10, 11].
1.1 Renewable chemicals
Renewable chemicals or “bio-based chemicals” are chemicals obtained from renewable sources, such as agricultural feedstock, agricultural waste, organic waste products, biomass, and microorganisms [12]. In general, in chemical industries, processes include the utilization of fossil resources. As the need for energy consumption and population increasing, limited availability of fossil resources has become a risky task in the low or underdeveloped nations to perform trade. Henceforth, alternative renewable resources such as lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, and protein have become more focus of utility.
1.2 Carbene
The term “Carbene” refers to the presence of neutral bivalent carbon with six valence electrons in N-heterocyclic compounds (Figure 1). The first reported carbene (I) was by Bartrand et al. in 1988 [13], as resonance stabilized ylide form. After a few years, the first stable NHC was reported by Arduengo et al. as an imidazolium ring [14]. In NHC, the singlet state of carbene is more thermodynamically favorable than triplet carbene. Because nitrogen is present near to carbon of carbene, it lowers the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) while it increases the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital’s. The nucleophilicity of carbene also increases (A) not only above energy character but also presence of inductive effect, mesomeric and lone pair to vacant p-orbital favors singlet carbene. Most NHCs are based on imidazolium, triazolium, or thiazolium ring-containing molecules. NHCs dimerize reversible in the form of the Wanzlick equilibrium (B) [15, 16].
Figure 1.
The structure and stabilization of the first persistent carbene and NHC’s.
Since the discovery of metal carbenes in 1964 by Fisher et al. [17], fascinating applications in both catalysis and synthesis are being observed [18].
1.3 Late transition metals
Late transition metals are on the right side of the d-block, from group 8 to 11 (and 12 if it is counted as transition metals) as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Late transition metals.
1.4 Free carbine route
The general synthesis of carbene complexes involves the utilization of strong bases and harsh reaction conditions which involves high cost and more time.
1.5 Transmetalation route
It involves the transfer of the carbine fragment from a suitable metal center [generally Ag(I) or Cu(I)] to a precursor of the metal center of interest [19, 20, 21, 22] as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Transmetalation route for the synthesis of carbenes.
Even though, transmetalation method has operational simplicity but lacks atom economy. Hence, it is applied, in general, in scalable industrial processes.
2. Applications of late transition metal NHC’s
2.1 CO2 as building blocks
The exploitation of carbon dioxide as a renewable green source of carbon in organic synthesis is of continued interest. In this regard, late transition metal NHCs play a major role for the specified purpose.
2.1.1 Formylation of amines
The use of CO2 for procuring C1-containing molecules is an evolved methodology exploiting N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as efficient catalysts [23, 24]. NHCs promoted the formylation of a wide scope of N-H bonds, with CO2 and hydrosilanes (Figure 4) [25].
Figure 4.
Formylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilanes.
2.1.2 Carboxylation of terminal alkynes
Yu and Zhang [26] developed a Cu-NHC catalyzed conversion of CO2 to carboxylic acids in good to excellent yields under ambient conditions with wide substrate/functional group tolerance (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Mechanistic approach for carboxylation of terminal alkynes.
2.1.3 Methylation of amines
Olivier et al. have designed using CO2 as a C1− building block for the catalytic methylation of amines using simple zinc salts and ligands (Figure 6) [27].
Figure 6.
N-methylation of amines.
2.1.4 Insertion of CO2 into terminal alkynes via copper bis-NHC
Silver bis-NHC has exhibited better performance than Copper bis-NHC towards the carboxylation of terminal alkynes using Cs2CO3 as an additive (Figure 7) [28].
Figure 7.
Carboxylation of terminal alkynes.
2.1.5 Carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine
Tahani et al. synthesized dinuclear gold (I) complexes and investigated the carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine (PPA) (Figure 8) [29].
Figure 8.
Carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine.
2.2 Oxidation
2.2.1 Dehydrogenative oxidation of alcohols
Ir-NHC complexes were synthesized in aqueous media for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. In addition, primary alcohols were transformed to carboxylic acids in the absence of a base [30].
2.2.2 Oxidation of bio-polyols to lactic acid
Lactic acid has prominent applications in bio-plastics manufacturing. A recyclable NHC-iridium coordination polymer with a porous structure can oxidize a wide range of bio-polyols such as sorbitol to prepare lactic acid with superior selectivity and reactivity [31].
2.2.3 Dehydrogenative catalysis using alcohols
Huang et al. reported LTM-NHCs for the conversion of alcohols into aldehydes or ketones through acceptors alcohol dehydrogenation (AAD). In addition, they successfully demonstrated oxidative coupling of alcohols to form C-O, C-C, and C-N/C=N bond formations (Figure 9) [32].
Figure 9.
Dehydrogenative catalysis using alcohols.
2.2.4 Dehydrogenation of sugar alcohols
Manas and Campos et al. [33] reported Ir-NHC catalyzed oxidative protocol for the selective conversion of sorbitol, xylitol, and other polyols into lactic acid (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
Oxidation of sugar alcohols to lactic acid.
2.3 Dehydration
2.3.1 Cp*IrCl2(NHC) in hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID)
A recyclable Cp*IrCl2(NHC) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complex in ionic liquid could covert glycerol into 1,3-propanediol and subsequently to propionaldehyde by hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID) in excellent yields in the presence of air (Figure 11) [34, 35].
Figure 11.
Cp*IrCl2(NHC) in hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID).
2.3.2 Fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
A new heterogeneous and recyclable Fe-NHCs immobilized on mesoporous expanded starch and Starbon™ 350 could be utilized successfully for the effective dehydration of fructose to HMF [36].
2.4 Reduction/hydrogenation
2.4.1 Hydrogenolysis of aryl ethers using Ni-NHC
Ni-NHC complex in the presence of a suitable base (NaOtBu) could effectively convert C-O bonds in lignin to various useful scaffolds useful in biomass conversion [37]. Hartwig et al. mechanically investigated the reduction of diaryl ethers to corresponding phenols (Figure 12) [38].
Figure 12.
Hydrogenolysis of diaryl ethers.
2.4.2 Transfer hydrogenation using Ir-NHC
Using water soluble Ir-NHCs proved that glycerol can be exploited as a hydrogen donor to convert a biomass-derived phytochemical, levulinic acid, to selectively produce γ-hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV) and lactic acid (LA) [39].
2.4.3 Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts
Lu et al. reported homogeneous Ir-NHC catalysts, which can be utilized for the storage of H2 and fine chemicals through hydride transfer catalysis [40] (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts.
2.5 Miscellaneous organic transformations
2.5.1 Sugars to heterocycles
Zhang and Yong developed a synthetic protocol employing Cr-NHC along with ionic liquid for the selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose and fructose (Figure 14) [41].
Figure 14.
Conversion of sugars into heterocycles.
3. Conclusion
In this book chapter, authors tried to emphasize the applications of “Late Transition Metal” (LTM)-NHC catalyzed organic transformations as given in a nutshell below:
Oxidation of carbohydrates: To develop carbohydrate oxidation products as a useful alternative to those derived from petrochemical sources.
Hydrogenation of carbohydrates/fatty acids: This objective concerns the development of LTM-NHC catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbohydrates and unsaturated vegetable oils.
Dehydration/hydrolysis of carbohydrates/fatty acids: Development of dehydration/hydrolysis of carbohydrates/fatty acids with LTM-NHC catalysts to obtain fine chemicals and fuel intermediates.
Polymerization with renewable resources: This objective deals with the application of LTM-NHC catalysts in the polymerization of natural monomers of renewable chemicals or monomers derived from renewable resources to synthetic polymers (polymerization of lactic acid, glucose, glycerol, terpenes, etc.).
The present research is directed towards the conversion of methanol to H2 and CO2 using LTM-NHC catalysis.
CH3OHg+H2OLTM‐NHCCatalyst→3H2g+CO2gE1
We do hope this compilation on very important LTM-NHC applications would help wide readers among synthetic organic chemists.
Acknowledgments
Dr. RV is thankful to Dr. Ch.V. Rajasekhar, Scrips Pharma, and Dr. P.G. Kiran, Swastha BioSciences for their continued support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"late transition metals, NHC, renewable chemicals, fine chemicals, fuels, intermediates",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79294.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79294.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79294",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79294",totalDownloads:165,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 13th 2021",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"November 11th 2021",datePublished:"March 30th 2022",dateFinished:"November 11th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This title of the book chapter deals with the late transition metal-NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) catalyzed transformations of renewable chemicals, i.e., bio-mass resources (carbohydrates/vegetable oils/natural products) into useful chemicals via oxidation, hydrogenation, dehydration, polymerization, hydrolysis, etc. along with brief introductory notes on late transition metals, carbenes, and renewable chemicals for better understanding to the reader.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79294",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79294",signatures:"Kurra Mohan, Bollikolla Hari Babu, Khandapu Bala Murali Krishna, Kotra Vijay and Varala Ravi",book:{id:"10999",type:"book",title:"Carbene",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Carbene",slug:"carbene",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",bookSignature:"Satyen Saha and Arunava Manna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10999.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-930-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-929-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-931-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"226917",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyen",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"satyen-saha",fullName:"Satyen Saha"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"212519",title:"Dr.",name:"Varala",middleName:null,surname:"Ravi",fullName:"Varala Ravi",slug:"varala-ravi",email:"ravivarala@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"221476",title:"Dr.",name:"Bollikolla",middleName:null,surname:"Hari Babu",fullName:"Bollikolla Hari Babu",slug:"bollikolla-hari-babu",email:"dr.b.haribabu@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"440595",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotra",middleName:null,surname:"Vijay",fullName:"Kotra Vijay",slug:"kotra-vijay",email:"vijay.kotra@qiup.edu.my",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Quest International University Perak",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"440596",title:"Dr.",name:"Khandapu Bala",middleName:null,surname:"Murali Krishna",fullName:"Khandapu Bala Murali Krishna",slug:"khandapu-bala-murali-krishna",email:"balamuralichem@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"440597",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",fullName:"Kurra Mohan",slug:"kurra-mohan",email:"mohankurra496@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Renewable chemicals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Carbene",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3 Late transition metals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"1.4 Free carbine route",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"1.5 Transmetalation route",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"2. Applications of late transition metal NHC’s",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.1 CO2 as building blocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.1.1 Formylation of amines",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.1.2 Carboxylation of terminal alkynes",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.1.3 Methylation of amines",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.1.4 Insertion of CO2 into terminal alkynes via copper bis-NHC",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"2.1.5 Carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"2.2 Oxidation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"2.2.1 Dehydrogenative oxidation of alcohols",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.2.2 Oxidation of bio-polyols to lactic acid",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"2.2.3 Dehydrogenative catalysis using alcohols",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"2.2.4 Dehydrogenation of sugar alcohols",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"2.3 Dehydration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"2.3.1 Cp*IrCl2(NHC) in hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"2.3.2 Fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"2.4 Reduction/hydrogenation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"2.4.1 Hydrogenolysis of aryl ethers using Ni-NHC",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"2.4.2 Transfer hydrogenation using Ir-NHC",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"2.4.3 Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts",level:"3"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"2.5 Miscellaneous organic transformations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_3",title:"2.5.1 Sugars to heterocycles",level:"3"},{id:"sec_28",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_29",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_32",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Dalko PI. Enantioselective Organocatalysis. KGaA, Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co.; 2007'},{id:"B2",body:'Berkessel A, Groger H. Asymmetric Organocatalysis—From Biomimetic Concepts to Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis. KGaA, Wienheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2006'},{id:"B3",body:'Aleman J, Cabrera S. Applications of asymmetric organocatalysis in medicinal chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews. 2013;42:774-793. DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35380F'},{id:"B4",body:'Busacca CA, Fandrick DR, Song JJ, Senanayake CH. The growing impact of catalysis in the pharmaceutical industry. Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis. 2011;353:1825-1864. DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100488'},{id:"B5",body:'Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. 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Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol with silanes over N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2009;48:3322. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200806058'},{id:"B25",body:'Jacquet O, Gomes CDN, Ephritikhine M, Cantat T. Recycling of carbon and silicon wastes: Room temperature formylation of N-H bonds using carbon dioxide and polymethylhydrosiloxane. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2012;134:2934. DOI: 10.1021/ja211527q'},{id:"B26",body:'Yu D, Zhang Y. Copper, and copper-N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed C-H activating carboxylation of terminal alkynes with CO2 at ambient conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2010;107(47):20184-20189. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010962107'},{id:"B27",body:'Jacquet O, Xavier F, Christophe DNG, Thibault C. CO2 as a C1− building block for the catalytic methylation of amines. Chemical Science. 2013;4:2127. DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22240c'},{id:"B28",body:'Velázquez HD, Wu Z-X, Vandichel M, Verpoort F. Inserting CO2 into terminal alkynes via bis-(NHC)-metal complexes. Catalysis Letters. 2017;47(2):463-471. DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1920-5'},{id:"B29",body:'Bayrakdar TACA, Nahra F, Davis JV, Mohan MG, Captain B, Temprado M, et al. Dinuclear Gold(I) complexes bearing alkyl-bridged bis(Nheterocyclic carbene) ligands as catalysts for carboxylative cyclization of propargylamine: Synthesis, structure, and kinetic and mechanistic comparison to the mononuclear complex [Au(IPr)Cl]. Organometallics. 2020;39(15):2907-2916. DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00404'},{id:"B30",body:'Fujita K, Tamura R, Yuhi T, Yoshida M, Onoda M, Yamaguchi R. Dehydrogenative oxidation of alcohols in aqueous media catalyzed by a water-soluble dicationic iridium complex bearing a functional N-heterocyclic carbene ligand without using base. ACS Catalysis. 2018;7(10):7226-7230. 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Mechanistic investigations of the hydrogenolysis of diaryl ethers catalyzed by nickel complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2017;139:17667-17676. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10537'},{id:"B39",body:'Wang K, Heltzel J, Evan S, Culley K, Gabriel L, Adelina V. Transfer hydrogenation of levulinic acid from glycerol and ethanol using water-soluble iridium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 2020;919:121310. DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121310'},{id:"B40",body:'Lu Z, Cherepakhin V, Demianets I, Lauridsen PJ, Williams TJ. Iridium-based hydride transfer catalysts: From hydrogen storage to fine chemicals. Chemical Communications. 2018;54:7711. DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03412e'},{id:"B41",body:'Yong G, Zhang Y, Ying JY. Efficient catalytic system for the selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose and fructose. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2008;47:9345-9348. DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803207'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Kurra Mohan",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, India
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Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, India
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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
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Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. 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