Usability evaluation results for each the mobility handicapped [1].
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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K. Bain, Prem Chand and K. Veerabhadra Rao",authors:[{id:"25044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Bain",fullName:"Ashim Bain",slug:"ashim-bain"},{id:"31754",title:"Dr.",name:"Prem",middleName:null,surname:"Chand",fullName:"Prem Chand",slug:"prem-chand"},{id:"31755",title:"Dr.",name:"K.Veerabhadra",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",fullName:"K.Veerabhadra Rao",slug:"k.veerabhadra-rao"}]},{id:"16771",title:"Compositional and Optical Gradient in Films of PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) Family",slug:"compositional-and-optical-gradient-in-films-of-pbzrxti1-xo3-pzt-family",signatures:"Ilze Aulika, Alexandr Dejneka, Silvana Mergan, Marco Crepaldi, Lubomir Jastrabik, Qi Zhang, Andreja Benčan, Maria Kosec and Vismants Zauls",authors:[{id:"27354",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilze",middleName:null,surname:"Aulika",fullName:"Ilze Aulika",slug:"ilze-aulika"},{id:"29564",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreja",middleName:null,surname:"Bencan",fullName:"Andreja Bencan",slug:"andreja-bencan"},{id:"37063",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandr",middleName:null,surname:"Dejneka",fullName:"Alexandr Dejneka",slug:"alexandr-dejneka"},{id:"364296",title:"Dr.",name:"Mergan",middleName:null,surname:"Silvana",fullName:"Mergan Silvana",slug:"mergan-silvana"},{id:"364297",title:"Dr.",name:"Crepaldi",middleName:null,surname:"Marco",fullName:"Crepaldi Marco",slug:"crepaldi-marco"},{id:"364298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jastrabik",middleName:null,surname:"Lubomir",fullName:"Jastrabik Lubomir",slug:"jastrabik-lubomir"},{id:"364299",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosec",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",fullName:"Kosec Maria",slug:"kosec-maria"},{id:"364300",title:"Dr.",name:"Zauls",middleName:null,surname:"Vismants",fullName:"Zauls Vismants",slug:"zauls-vismants"}]},{id:"16772",title:"Photo-induced Effect in Quantum Paraelectric Materials Studied by Transient Birefringence Measurement",slug:"photo-induced-effect-in-quantum-paraelectric-materials-studied-by-transient-birefringence-measuremen",signatures:"Toshiro Kohmoto and Yuka Koyama",authors:[{id:"27366",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kohmoto",fullName:"Toshiro Kohmoto",slug:"toshiro-kohmoto"},{id:"38550",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaka",middleName:null,surname:"Koyama",fullName:"Yaka Koyama",slug:"yaka-koyama"}]},{id:"16773",title:"Photoluminescence in Doped PZT Ferroelectric Ceramic System",slug:"photoluminescence-in-doped-pzt-ferroelectric-ceramic-system",signatures:"M. D. Durruthy-Rodríguez and J. M. Yáñez-Limón",authors:[{id:"44226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Dolores",surname:"Durruthy-Rodríguez",fullName:"Maria Durruthy-Rodríguez",slug:"maria-durruthy-rodriguez"},{id:"357727",title:"Dr.",name:"J. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Yáñez-Limón",fullName:"J. M. 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Harvesting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63bc4c27bdf9ec1e00aa20ff6f1d804f",slug:"small-scale-energy-harvesting",bookSignature:"Mickael Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82663",title:"IoT-Based Route Guidance Technology for the Visually Impaired in Indoor Area",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105549",slug:"iot-based-route-guidance-technology-for-the-visually-impaired-in-indoor-area",body:'The mobility handicapped refers to people who have temporary or continuous movement restrictions or inconveniences when using public transportation facilities due to behavioral inadequacies, and as of 2017 in Korea, the transportation vulnerable population is expected to reach 28.9% of the total population and an annual growth rate of 2% over the next 5 years. Accordingly, the improvement in convenience in the use of public transportation facilities such as railway stations for the mobility handicapped is becoming an urgent problem. Among the mobility handicapped, especially the visually impaired have many inconveniences in using public transportation such as railways due to their physical characteristics. In addition, it is difficult for the visually impaired to safely escape through various types of emergency evacuation information and escape systems in case of emergency situations such as fires in railway stations, so it has potential safety problems for them. Among the mobility handicapped, especially the visually impaired feel more difficult and inconvenient in indoor activities than other mobility handicapped due to their lack of behavioral information and lack of information for them.
Recently, various walking-supported technologies for the visually impaired using global positioning system (GPS) signal-based location information have been introduced, helping them in their outdoor activities. However, since GPS signals cannot be used in underground or indoor areas such as railway stations, various walking support systems that have been introduced recently cannot be used. According to a survey report by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport [1], as shown in Table 1, it is identified that the level of user satisfaction of the mobility handicapped including the visually impaired is 10–20% lower than that of the general public at railway station and bus terminal [1, 2, 3, 4].
Division | Sum | Very satisfaction | Satisfaction | Normal | Unsatisfaction | Very unsatisfaction | No use | User satisfaction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The physically disabled | 156 | 3 | 7 | 91 | 35 | 20 | 22 | 52 |
The visually disabled | 69 | 0 | 7 | 42 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 54 |
The hearing disabled | 63 | 3 | 3 | 42 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 57 |
The complex disabled | 68 | 3 | 4 | 38 | 17 | 3 | 8 | 56 |
The pregnant | 93 | 6 | 24 | 43 | 20 | 0 | 17 | 63 |
The older | 374 | 45 | 105 | 165 | 50 | 9 | 83 | 67 |
The ordinary | 430 | 68 | 188 | 160 | 11 | 3 | 63 | 72 |
Usability evaluation results for each the mobility handicapped [1].
In order to increase the satisfaction ratio for the physical disabled, large-scale hardware investment such as the installation of elevators for interfloor movement and improvement in facilities such as application of barrier-free (BF) design is essential. However, on the other hand, the visually impaired need routes and risk information, not large-scale facility investors like the disabled. Various mobility convenience facilities to support the mobility of the visually impaired in indoor areas are continuously installed, but the level of the user satisfaction ratio is not improving as the facilities installation rate increases. Accordingly, although it is important to install hardware-based mobile convenience facilities, measures to improve the user satisfaction in view of software are required [3, 4, 5].
In order to solve these problems, various technologies for supporting independent walking for the visually impaired are being introduced and developed in many countries and institutes, as shown in Table 2 [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. It is confirmed that these various technologies are having difficulty in practical use in terms of usability, such as electronic sticks like NAVIWALK [14, 25], or still in the early stages of technology development. In particular, most of these are technologies for outdoor application, and except for some, it is analyzed that indoor technology is still in the early stages of development.
Nations | project of the visually impaired people | Institute |
---|---|---|
Korea | Bus information terminal (BIT) | Rosisy Co., Ltd. |
Accessory technology for the visually impaired (NAVIWALK) | Naviworks Co., Ltd. | |
Accessory technology for the visually impaired | Freemfor Co. & Isonic Co., Ltd. | |
Accessory technology for the visually impaired (destination guidance sticks) | Daegu Univ. | |
Accessory technology for the visually impaired (Smart-walk) | Daegu Univ. | |
Voice guidance system for the visually impaired | Nowon-gu District Office | |
Accessory technology for the visually impaired (Visually impaired Navigation) | HIMS International Co., Ltd. | |
Sound signal for the blind using GPS | Korea Road Traffic Authority | |
USA | Wireless pedestrian navigation system (Drishti) | Univ. of Florida |
Trinetra project (the third eye) | CMU | |
Seeing AI | MS | |
Access program | Go-Metro | |
Drone system to help blind people exercise | Univ. of Nevada | |
Accessible pedestrian signals (APS) | USA Government | |
EU | GuideCane | World Int’l Sensory Aid |
Brumel navigation system | Brunel Univ. | |
Walking guidance technology using Bluetooth-based beacons | Wayfindr | |
OnTheBus System Project | Autonoma Tech. Univ. | |
GPS-based visually impaired navigation app (Blindsquare) | Scandinavia |
Technology development research and practical application examples.
Recently, the use of smartphones has become common among visually impaired people in external activities in Korea. Accordingly, in this chapter, a technology for supporting mobility in indoor spaces of the visually impaired people based on smartphones that do not require large-scale facilities was presented, and its applicability was verified [7, 8, 13]. That is, Internet of things (IoT) sensor-based route guidance technology that can improve the satisfaction of the visually impaired in indoor space through smartphone-based technology and user satisfaction evaluation results was represented.
In this section, the technology analysis through patent analysis and patent trend analysis for predicting future technology directions are conducted in relation to the support system technology for the mobility handicapped, centered on the visually impaired. In general, since related information is disclosed to the public after 18 months have elapsed since the patent application is filed, the quantitative meaning of patents filed in 2019–2020 is not valid, so quantitative analysis is limited to the end of 2018.
Looking at the overall patent trend by year of the support system technology for the mobility handicapped, from a macroscopic point of view, except for a brief decrease around 2010, the overall number of applications has been steadily increased, and it has been shown to have increased rapidly since 2010 (Figure 1). Korea has 433 cases, occupying 17% of the total valid patents; China has 1078 cases, occupying 41% of the total patents; Japan has 151 cases, occupying 6% of the total patents; the USA has 720 cases, occupying 27% of the total patents; and Europe has 237 cases, occupying 9% of the total patents. Looking at the patent trend by year in Korea, the number of patents increased from 2010, and after a sharp increase and peak in 2014, it decreased in 2016 and then increased again. In the USA, patents started to increase from 2006. In 2015, 102 applications were filed, the most among major market countries, and it appears to be declining in 2018. Patents in China started to increase from 2011, and in 2018, 202 applications were filed, the most among major market countries, and it is increasing steadily. In Japan, patents increased sharply in the early 2000s, since then increased and decreased repetitively, but, overall, it showed an increasing trend, but it has been decreasing since 2018. In Europe, the number of patents started to increase from 2011, and in 2015, 34 applications were filed, the most among major market countries, and it has been declining since 2016 [8, 27, 28].
Patent application trends by year in major market countries [
The technology market generally goes through stages of “Birth ⇒ Growth ⇒ Maturity ⇒ Decline ⇒ Recovery” (Figure 2). In the field of interactive support system technology for the mobility handicapped, accordingly as it was investigated that the number of applicants as well as the number of applications continued to increase from Section 1 (2003–2006) to Section 4 (2015–2018), it was analyzed that currently it was located in the growth stage. The growth stages of the technology market by country seem to have entered a period of growth. That is, the technology position of Korea patent (KIPO), US patent (USPTO), Chinese patents (SIPO), Japanese patent (JPO), and European patents (EPO) is analyzed to have entered a period of growth, as both the number of applications and the number of applicants were increasing from Section 1 (2003–2006) to Section 4 (2015–2018).
Growth stage of technology market.
The main examples of development related to the mobility support system for the visually impaired are shown in Table 3, and only a few of them are introduced in this section.
Class | Nation | Project | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
The visually impaired | Korea | Bus Information Terminal (BIT) | LOGISYS |
Passage assistance technology for the visually impaired (NAVIWALK) | NAVIWORKS | ||
Passage assistance technology for the visually impaired | PRIMPO, ISONIC | ||
Passage assistance technology for the visually impaired (Destination Guide Cane) | Daegu University | ||
Smart-walk technology for the visually impaired | Daegu University | ||
Voice guidance system for the visually impaired | Nowon-gu Office | ||
Passage assistance technology for the visually impaired (only navigation for the visually impaired) | HIMS International | ||
A sound signal device for the visually impaired using GPS | Road Traffic Authority | ||
USA | Wireless Pedestrian Navigation System (Drishti) | University of Florida | |
Trinetra Project (the third eye) | Carnegie Mellon University | ||
Seeing AI | Microsoft | ||
Access program | Go-Metro | ||
Drone System that helps visually impaired people to exercise | University of Nevada | ||
Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS) | USA Government | ||
Europe | GuideCane | Wormald International Sensory Aids | |
Brumel navigation system | Brunel University | ||
Walking guidance technology using Bluetooth-based beacon | Wayfindr | ||
OnTheBus System Project | Universitat Autonoma | ||
GPS-based navigation app for the visually impaired (Blindsquare) | Scandinavia | ||
Handicapped, Elderly, Infant | Korea | Bus boarding reservation service for the handicapped | Jeonju City |
USA | Senior Pedestrian Focus Areas for Senior Pedestrians | New York City | |
Travel Assistance Device | University of North Florida | ||
Europe | SafeWalk and C-Walk sensors | Traficon | |
SMART-WAY | Germany | ||
WAY4ALL | Austria | ||
Japan | Intelligent Wheelchair Robot (TAO Aicle) | AISIN SEIKI | |
Current status of pedestrian facilities for the elderly | Japan Government | ||
Other | Korea | Development of customized public transportation service technology for the mobility handicapped | Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport |
USA | Pedestrian sanctuary | Department of Transportation | |
School zone system | Department of Transportation | ||
Car swivel seat | Department of Transportation | ||
Policies and legal systems related to the mobility handicapped | Department of Transportation | ||
Europe | Mobility project to improve public transport accessibility | CIVITAS | |
Intelligent bus stop system of the ACCESS2ALL project | European Commission | ||
HaptiMap project | Lund University | ||
PocketNavigator | European Commission | ||
Japan | Accessible Japan for the mobility handicapped | Japan Government | |
Acoustic signal system technology development | Japan Government | ||
Pedestrian protection zone | Japan Government | ||
WHILL autonomous driving system | Japan Government | ||
China | Wheelchair Accessible Tour Guide | China Government | |
Policies to increase accessibility for the mobility handicapped | China Government |
When the NAVIWALK cane developed in Korea comes into contact with the radio frequency identification (RFID)-tag-inserted braille block, there is a product that reads the data of the current location and guide information stored in the tag and provides it with voice.
For this purpose, the RFID tag embedded in the braille block is detected through the antenna of the tip of the carrying cane (Figure 3). Because NAVIWALK is an offline system, it is easy to build and has low construction and operation costs, and it is easy to add, change, and modify location information and information messages wirelessly without physical changes, so because there are no restrictions on RFID tag installation, generally, it is suitable for commercialization. The principle of operation is that when the NAVIWALK cane comes into contact with the RFID-tag-inserted braille block, the data of the current location and guide information stored in the tag are read and provided as voice information to provide information to the visually impaired.
Smart cane configuration diagram of NAVIWALK model [
In order to overcome the limitation that the existing canes for the visually impaired could not detect obstacles higher than waist height, as shown in Figure 4, Isonic-Primpo is characterized by attaching an ultrasonic sensor to support a wider detection range [15]. It can detect obstacles located within 2 m from the user and even thin and slender obstacles with a thickness of 3 cm, and it can recognize up to an angle of 25° left and right. It can inform the user of the color of obstacles with a voice and can inform the user of brightness level with a voice. User-centered voice support is possible while delivering obstacle location information with a stronger vibration as it gets closer. In particular, as an obstacle detection electronic cane, it has the great advantages in its strong vibration tactile system and voice recognition support that can overcome visual limitations.
Isonic-Primpo voice recognition support for the visually impaired [
The visually impaired people have limitations in some exercise, such as running outside without a guide, but it has been confirmed that the visually impaired have higher spatial localization skills than the general public. This study became the basis for the ability of the visually impaired people to follow drones in a running track environment. In fact, the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), developed a drone system (Figure 5) that helps exercise of the visually impaired people through low-cost flying drones [15]. Equipped with a total of two cameras, a downward-facing camera that follows the track’s line and a separate camera that focuses on the marker on the runner’s shirt, the drone flies about 10 feet ahead of the runner running at eye level and provides sound guidance. As the runner speeds up or slows down, the drone adjusts its own speed to guide the movement of the visually impaired. The study was conducted with two visually impaired persons, and the results of the study confirmed that the visually impaired could accurately identify and follow the drone, and the qualitative results showed that the participants were accustomed to following the drone, and that the drone system had high efficiency when following and locating the drone.
Conceptual diagram of UNR’s drone system that helps exercise of the visually impaired [
HearHere is a navigation system for the visually impaired, which proceeds in two steps [17]. Figure 6 shows the overview of this project process. First, the hardware equipped with the sensor is installed on the glasses to measure the direction of the user with the sensor, and the measured information is transmitted to the smartphone through Bluetooth module, and the software installed on the smartphone creates small destinations at regular intervals on the route to the destination based on the transmitted location information.
Google’s HearHere project process [
When the destination is set, the walking route from the current location to the destination is calculated, and a virtual waypoint that will generate a sound in units of 10 m is created. A visually impaired person feels as if a sound is emitted from the nearest waypoint, and when the waypoint is reached, the next waypoint is updated to sound.
Initially, NavBelt, a combination of navigation and belt, was developed to search for obstacles in the path for the visually impaired to walk; however, since the walking part must also identify obstacles on the lower foot, a broader concept of GuideCane was developed [9]. The GuideCane and its functional components, as shown in Figure 7, are very similar to a white cane, in which the user holds the GuideCane in front of him while walking, but the details are different, although the GuideCane is considerably heavier than a regular cane, since it rolls on wheels that support the weight of the GuideCane during operation, it has normal weight. A submotor operating under the control of a built-in computer can move the wheels left and right based on the cane, and both wheels are equipped with encoders that determine the relative motion, and for obstacle detection, GuideCane is equipped with 10 ultrasonic sensors, so it can detect dangerous obstacles. To specify the desired direction of motion, the user manipulates the mini joystick on the handle, and based on user input and sensor data from the encoder, the computer determines where to turn next.
Configuration of GuideCane [
The visually impaired people have a lot of difficulties due to their visual limitations when moving outside. However, recently, various route guidance support systems using GPS signals have been developed and introduced to help them find their destination, but there are still many difficulties in mobility in underground and indoor areas such as railway stations where GPS signals cannot be used. Various technologies that can use location information in this indoor area are being developed, but most of them require the construction of many infrastructure facilities, and at the same time, users must have a dedicated terminal or additional device to use these services, etc. [6, 7, 8, 9]. Therefore, it is difficult to put it into practical use. In this chapter, to increase practicality through the analysis of these existing studies, IoT-sensor-based route guidance technology was designed through positioning in the indoor space so that the user installs only the smartphone app and minimizes the construction of infrastructure facilities [7, 13].
Braille blocks for the visually impaired are installed on the floor of most indoor areas, including railway stations, and rounded type is installed on the path of the braille blocks, and linear type is installed at junctions or end points to help the visually impaired. In this chapter, the IoT sensor is embedded in the braille block installed on the floor, and the mobile app determines the user’s location and calculates the route to their destination based on the signal from the sensor. Following the confirmed user’s current location and desired route, route information is guided through voice and screen of the mobile terminal. Figure 8 shows the outline of the route guidance technology in the indoor area proposed in this chapter and the application screen of the mobile terminal.
Configuration of IoT-based route guidance technology for the visually impaired.
The app screen is used by the visually impaired, not the general public, must be designed in accordance with the national app accessibility standard, and must also be certified by an authorized agency. The app developed in this chapter is designed and certified according to this standard. When the user’s location information in the indoor area is confirmed, a route guidance service to the desired place is possible, and additionally, information on major facilities around the moving route and risk information can be provided. In other words, until now, it was impossible to provide various pieces of information to improve mobility as GPS signals were not available in indoor areas. However, through the location information through the IoT sensor proposed in this chapter, it is possible to apply various services for the visually impaired to support movement in indoor spaces. Figure 1 shows an overview of route guidance technology for the visually impaired.
As described in Section 3.1, the IoT sensor installed on the floor to identify the user’s location in the indoor area is a Beacon (hereinafter referred to as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in this chapter), and this sensor is based on the MAP of the indoor area that provides the route guidance service. As a result, IoT sensor mapping was done through the following appropriate zone design for each sensor:
Zoning so that travel routes do not overlap
Zoning by equalizing the installation interval of the sensor
Mapping of direction information for each zone to provide user movement direction information
Mapping with points of interest (POIs) management information by establishing standard identification code of sensor
After zoned on the MAP of the indoor area for location-based service in this way, the IoT sensors were mapped for each zone, and then, each identifier code system for each mapped sensor was designed. In this chapter, the BLE sensor standard data structure was applied in consideration of service scalability and terminal compatibility with the platform (Android and iOS). It was designed to use the identifier for classifying route guidance services for the visually impaired in the universally unique identifier (UUID) field of the data structure, the local information identifier for the area where the indoor area is located in the Major field, and the facility information identifier of the indoor area in the Minor field. The information in these two fields is configured differently depending on the characteristics of indoor areas such as railway stations, underground shopping malls, and buildings. In the figure, the allocation range means information about each zone zoned in the sensor mapping process. Each BLE sensor having information by such a standard identification code emits a radio frequency (RF) signal having physical location information by allocating it to each zone in the indoor area map. Table 4 shows an example of designing an identifier code for the major and minor fields when the indoor area to be serviced is a metro station. If the area to be serviced is not a railway station, but a different area such as an underground shopping mall, the structure of the Major and Minor fields will be adjusted according to the characteristics of the target area.
Major | Minor | |
---|---|---|
Structure | [J1] [J2] [J3] [J4] [J5] | [M1] [M2] [M3] [M4] [M5] |
Allocation range | [J1]: 0–5, [J2]: 0–9 [J3]: 0–9, [J4]: 0–9 [J5]: 0–9 | [M1]: 0–5, [M2]: 0–9 [M3]: 0–9, [M4]: 0–9 [M5]: 0–9 |
Code allocation | [J1][J2][J3]: Station Code(000–599) [J4][J5]: Region/Line Classification(00–99) *Region/Line Classification 00–29: Seoul area, 30–39: spare 40–49: Busan, 50–59: Daegu, ... | [M1][M2]: Consecutive numbers(00–59) [M3][M4]: Use classification(00–99) [M5]: Classification of floors *classifications of floors 0: top fourth floor, 1: top third floor 2: top second floor, 3: top first floor 5: bottom fourth floor, ... |
Examples | [09801] Seoul area/line 1/Seoul station [02906] Seoul area/line 6/Bugok station, ... | [01014]: Platform Up/bottom first floor [01353]: Transfer parking/top first floor, ... |
Example for Beacon identifier code in case metro station.
In this chapter, the user’s location in the indoor area is confirmed based on the smart braille block with the built-in BLE sensor with the data structure presented in Section 3.2. Although the user’s location is identified based on a receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI) signal from a sensor installed on the floor, sensor signals of adjacent sections can be received at the same time, so a method of determining in which section the user is actually located is required. In addition, in order to increase the accuracy of the route guidance information, even if the area of the sensor where the user is located is determined, it is necessary to monitor how far away from the sensor and whether the user deviates from the set route while moving.
To measure the user’s moving direction and distance from the sensor, a hybrid positioning algorithm is applied through pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) technology, which corrects the position through various sensors built into the mobile terminal. PDR is a technique for estimating the relative position change from the previous position through the detection of a pedestrian’s steps, estimation of the stride length to determine the distance traveled, and estimation of the direction to determine the direction of walking by using the measurement values of three sensors in the inertial measurement unit (IMU) built into the smartphone. For positioning error correction, Kalman filter (KF) was applied to remove the error included in the RSSI value measured by the inertial sensor of the mobile terminal, and an algorithm for correcting the accumulated error of the inertial sensor of the smartphone was applied. During positioning, error correction and algorithms are applied according to the situation such as the position of terminal, stride length, and speed. The user’s current location, movement direction, and movement distance are determined using map information based on the link information between nodes of the BLE sensors mapped to the indoor area map and a hybrid positioning algorithm. Route guidance is provided to the user through the app based on the user’s current location information determined by this algorithm.
The overview of the user tracking algorithm through the BLE signal is shown in Figure 9. It shows the concept of tracking information and area determination when a user enters area A and then moves to area C via area B. Multiple BLE signals are simultaneously received at the user’s current location; in consideration of the magnitude of these signals and the magnitude of the received signal of each signal in the previous position, the user’s moving position is estimated and which current sensor zone the user is in is determined. As shown in Figure 10, when the user enters area A and exits area C through area B, multiple BLE signals may be received by the user’s terminal, and some signals may be within the error range. The current user location is estimated in consideration of the strength of the received BLE signals, the mapped link information between the sensors, and area information from the previous location.
Concept of BLE-based tracking information.
Calibration concept when ambient signals are measured higher.
As shown in Figure 10, based on the received sensor information, it is estimated which area the user is in now or from which area the user is moving to which area. In the figure, “A → B” means that, although it is estimated that the user is moving from area A to area B, the user is currently in area A. The part shown in Figure 10 is the case that the signals of sensor No. 2 of A and No. 3 sensor of B and the signals of sensor No. 1 of A and No. 4 sensor of B are received within the error range, respectively; although it is ambiguous to determine where the signal is in A or B area from only this received signal, since the previous position is in area A, in this algorithm, it is determined that the user is moving to area B, while he is in region A.
As described above, after estimating the user’s location as a zone first, which sensor the user is located in is estimated in detail by the method shown in Figure 11. It is checked whether the sensor signal received from the terminal is a signal from a valid sensor, and if it is a valid signal, it is determined as the first priority signal of the user’s current location based on the received RSSI value through the above-described location correction algorithm. In addition, the sensor after ranking correction is compared with the previous tracking information to check whether there is a change, and finally, the user’s tracking information is updated.
Node link of sensors when the desired route is straight line.
Figure 11 is an example of a case in which the BLE signal of area C is strongly measured in area A. In this case, since the strongest signal combination is No.1 and No.2 BLE of area A, the surrounding BLE information is searched. Through this, the nearest BLE after BLE No. 1 and No. 2 is determined as No. 3 and signal No. 5 is ignored. Figure 12 shows the flowchart for checking the user’s tracking information based on the algorithm described so far. That is, it is checked whether the BLE signal received from the mobile phone is a valid BLE signal, and if it is a valid signal, it is determined as the first priority signal of the user’s current location based on the received RSSI value through the above-described location correction algorithm. In addition, the BLE after ranking correction is compared with the previous tracking information to check whether there is a change, and finally, the user’s tracking information is updated. That is, the BLE signal processing order for user tracking is processed according to the following order.
Flowchart of user tracking information checking.
For route guidance in an indoor area, the criteria for continuous route guidance are divided into one unit through a smart braille block with built-in IoT sensors, and separate map node information is stored in the server for each divided unit. And when the user arrives at a location where route guidance is possible, the map node information of the corresponding unit is designed to be downloaded from the server to the mobile terminal. When the user’s mobile terminal detects the sensor of the smart braille block, the current location is provided to the user by voice, and basic information and brief usage of the app are provided by voice. A list of facilities for a destination reachable from the current location is provided, and when the user selects a facility corresponding to the destination, route information is set up to that facility, and route guidance information can be provided in image and voice according to the user’s movement.
For the evaluation of the system and algorithm presented in this chapter, a mobile app was produced based on the design presented in Section 3, and the user satisfaction was evaluated through a survey for the visually impaired before and after the application of the system of this chapter. For the user satisfaction survey, the waiting room of Busan City Hall Station was selected as an application target, and the nodes of the smart braille block were coded through the field survey, and route guidance information for the visually impaired to the destination could be provided through the connection of the coded nodes. Figure 13 shows the mapping of IoT sensors and their connection status according to the smart braille block in the waiting room of Busan City Hall Station. The city hall, two ticket gates, toilets, and preferential ticketing machines, which are destinations that can be reached from ① of the station exit gate 4, are displayed, and it can be confirmed that they are linked to each other. If a destination is selected from the location where the main facilities including the exit gate ①, which are each destination, are located, nodes are linked to the destination and route guidance is provided along the linked route.
Mapping of IoT sensors in case Busan City hall station.
Figure 14 shows some part of the screen of the mobile app produced. The left first screen is the initial screen displayed when the user runs the app after arriving at the location of major facilities in the station; through voice recognition, the visually impaired people can easily select the destination they want to go to. Furthermore, it was also produced to provide a user interface (UI) that allows users to select and set destinations through screen touch rather than voice recognition. When a destination is selected through voice recognition or screen touch, the route is set by linking the sensor nodes as shown in Figure 13 to the destination route, and the route to the destination is sequentially guided as shown in the middle two screens in Figure 14. In this case, route information is sequentially provided to the visually impaired through the voice displayed in red as well as the image to be guided, and when they finally arrive at the destination, the voice guidance is terminated.
Developed mobile app windows (in Korean).
Based on the produced mobile app, a simulation test was conducted to evaluate the development system targeting 23 visually impaired people in Busan through the Busan Blind Union. Although it is necessary to evaluate through the use of the development system in actual station, due to the corona situation, evaluation was conducted through a satisfaction survey through a simulation test. In the simulation test, an environment was established where the visually impaired could experience the voice route guidance system through a mobile app rather than the actual Busan City Hall station site. In other words, node information of the sensors installed in the actual Busan station was built in the actual Busan City Hall station server, and when the user selects a destination, the sensor node according to the route to the destination is linked as in reality. However, for location confirmation according to the user’s movement, the movement was simulated in the app in consideration of the average movement speed of the visually impaired, and the link with the server was constructed so that route information could be provided according to the node link set identical to the actual station.
The design of the questionnaire is important in the user satisfaction survey according to the use of the development system. In this chapter, the basic survey items were applied mutatis mutandis by reviewing the “2017 Transportation Convenience Survey Study” conducted annually by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for the system use satisfaction survey for the test subjects. In order to understand the user satisfaction and the effect of the system on route movement, the NASA-TLX survey items were reflected as items for the satisfaction survey through the review of experts in related fields [4, 6, 23]. Figure 15(a) shows a photograph of the user satisfaction survey conducted by the Busan Blind Union for the 23 visually impaired persons, and Figure 15(b) shows the results of the user satisfaction survey before and after the application of the development system of this chapter. As shown in the figure, the user satisfaction ratio before the application of the development system was 6.81 out of 10, but after using it, it was analyzed to be 8.81, which was an improvement of about 19.4%, confirming that the application effect of the proposed system was very good. In addition, the visually impaired people were reluctant to use railroad stations due to difficulties in finding routes when using them, but if the system of this chapter is applied to the field, a majority opinion that it would be very useful and helpful when moving at an actual station through a simulation walking through this app before going to the station was suggested.
Results of the satisfaction ratio survey.
In order to improve the mobility of the visually impaired in indoor area, an IoT-sensor-based route guidance technology was designed and presented in this chapter. To this end, a system was developed, such as an IoT-sensor-based user positioning algorithm and a mobile app that reflects the UI according to the app accessibility guidelines that reflect the user’s convenience. For the evaluation of the developed technology, the IoT sensor map was mapped for the urban railway station, which is one of the representative indoor areas, and the app for the simulation test was additionally produced, and the user satisfaction level of the application of this developed system for the visually impaired was investigated. As a result of the user satisfaction survey, it was confirmed that the user satisfaction improved significantly compared to before the application of this developed system. In addition, with just the app for the simulation test the visually impaired people who participated in the simulation test could check the station and the route to destination before going out in advance and experience the route to the station they wanted to go, so it was possible to confirm the utility of the technology proposed in this chapter, such as many opinions were suggested that it can be usefully used. Moreover, if the improvement of the voice recognition rate specialized for the relevant indoor area, such as a railway station, is supplemented, it is expected that it will be possible to dramatically improve the mobility support of the visually impaired and user satisfaction through the minimum hardware installation in the indoor area and software technology.
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Placenta-derived MSC have been used to treat a variety of disorders, such as, cancer, liver and cardiac diseases, ulcers, bone repair, and neurological diseases. Placenta-derived MSC are relatively new types of MSC with specific immunomodulatory properties and whose mechanisms are still unknown. Placenta-derived MSC secrete some soluble factors that seem to be responsible for their therapeutic effects, i.e., they have paracrine effects. On the other hand, Placenta-derived MSC can also serve as cellular vehicles and/or delivery systems for medications due to their migration capacity and their tropism for injury sites. Nanotechnology is an important field, which has undergone rapid development in recent years for the treatment of injured organs. 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These cells remain in a quiescent state until they are activated by different factors, usually those generated by an alteration in the parenchymal tissue. These cells have characteristic membrane markers such as CD73, CD90, and CD105. Those are a receptor, which in response to their ligand induces strong changes in different metabolic pathways that lead to these cells, both to generate molecules with different activities and to leave their stationary phase to reproduce and even differentiate. This review describes the metabolic pathways dependent on these membrane markers and how they influence on parenchymal tissue and other stromal cells.",book:{id:"6658",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",title:"Stromal Cells",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications"},signatures:"Maria Teresa Gonzalez Garza",authors:[{id:"181389",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Garza",slug:"maria-teresa-gonzalez-garza",fullName:"Maria Teresa Gonzalez Garza"}]},{id:"63044",title:"Stromal-Epithelial Interactions during Mammary Gland Development",slug:"stromal-epithelial-interactions-during-mammary-gland-development",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Mammary gland is an organ, which undergoes the majority of its development in the postnatal life of mammals. The complex structure of the mammary gland comprises epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming the parenchymal tissue and adipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cell composing the stromal compartment. During puberty and in adulthood, circulating hormones released from the pituitary and ovaries regulate the rate of development and functional differentiation of the mammary epithelium. In addition, growing body of evidence shows that interactions between the stromal and parenchymal compartments of the mammary gland play a crucial role in mammogenesis. This regulation takes place on a paracrine level, by locally synthesized growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, as well as via direct cell-cell interactions. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about the complex nature of interactions between the mammary epithelium and stroma during mammary gland development in different mammalian species.",book:{id:"6658",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",title:"Stromal Cells",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications"},signatures:"Żaneta Dzięgelewska and Małgorzata Gajewska",authors:[{id:"165068",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Gajewska",slug:"malgorzata-gajewska",fullName:"Malgorzata Gajewska"},{id:"249847",title:"Ms.",name:"Żaneta",middleName:null,surname:"Dzięgelewska",slug:"zaneta-dziegelewska",fullName:"Żaneta Dzięgelewska"}]},{id:"69757",title:"Flow Cytometry Applied to the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiencies",slug:"flow-cytometry-applied-to-the-diagnosis-of-primary-immunodeficiencies",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Primary immunodeficiencies are the result of biological defects associated with functional immune abnormalities. It consists of a group of disorders showing a higher incidence and severity of infections, expression of immunological dysregulation such as inflammation and lymphoproliferation. The immunophenotyping and in vitro functional characterization of immunodeficient patients contribute, together with the clinical aspects, to define the underlying immune defect particularities. Flow cytometry applications in primary immunodeficiency assessment are multiple and include the study of a wide range of specific cell lymphocyte subpopulations. This chapter describes the main techniques used in the diagnosis of a wide variety of primary immunodeficiencies, in which intracellular proteins or activation markers involved in immunity are evaluated, as well as functional proliferation, cytokine production, phosphorylation of transcription factors, cytotoxic and degranulation capacity. Flow cytometry is a tool that allows rapid and accurate evaluation of multiple lymphocyte populations and immunological function, and this information is essential for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with primary immunodeficiencies.",book:{id:"6913",slug:"innovations-in-cell-research-and-therapy",title:"Innovations in Cell Research and Therapy",fullTitle:"Innovations in Cell Research and Therapy"},signatures:"Mónica Martínez-Gallo and Marina García-Prat",authors:[{id:"286242",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Gallo",slug:"monica-martinez-gallo",fullName:"Mónica Martínez Gallo"},{id:"286704",title:"BSc.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"García-Prat",slug:"marina-garcia-prat",fullName:"Marina García-Prat"}]},{id:"50685",title:"States of Pluripotency: Naïve and Primed Pluripotent Stem Cells",slug:"states-of-pluripotency-na-ve-and-primed-pluripotent-stem-cells",totalDownloads:4084,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Pluripotent stem cells are classified into naïve and primed based on their growth characteristics in vitro and their potential to give rise to all somatic lineages and the germ line in chimeras. In this chapter, I describe the similarities and differences between the naïve and primed pluripotent states as exemplified by mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). I also review the efforts for derivation of naïve human pluripotent stem cells by manipulating culture conditions during reprogramming of somatic cells and attempts to revert primed hESCs to the naïve state. Understanding the requirements for induction and maintenance of the naïve pluripotent state will facilitate studies on early human embryonic development and understanding the mechanisms involved in X inactivation in vitro. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. 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