Isotherm constants for BB 9 and BY28 in single and binary systems.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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The growth of humanity and the development of science and technology are causing an environmental disorder due to the pollution of water by a number of pollutants including synthetic dyes, which have a complex molecular structure, which makes them more stable and difficult. These dyes are discharged with the liquid effluents, which are most of the time directly discharged into watercourses without prior treatment [1]. These colored discharges pose a great threat to human health and the environment because many of the dyes are toxic. Therefore, it is very important to develop efficient methods for the removal of dyes from aqueous media.
Traditional processes such as biological processes give unsatisfactory results due to the composition of these releases of toxic and dyestuffs, which are difficult to biodegrade; on the other hand, physicochemical processes, which include coagulation-flocculation, oxidation, and membrane filtration, have been widely studied and have revealed a high efficiency in water discoloration [2, 3]. These techniques have proven to be very effective, but their high cost has prompted many researchers to try other cheaper and abundant materials. Adsorption, as a flexible, simple, and inexpensive approach, can be used for the removal of pollutant chemical species. Every day researchers describe new ways and elaborate a new adsorbent on the basis of good selectivity for a chemical species or for the low cost of the process. The elimination of dyes in aqueous solutions by adsorption on different solid materials, in particular on activated carbon, has been the subject of much work [4, 5, 6]. The adsorption of dyes on activated carbon has been found to be very effective, but its use remains limited due to the difficulties of its regeneration and its high cost [7].
For this reason, the use of clay as an adsorbent is of great interest because of its effectiveness, its accessible cost, and its abundance. From this perspective, lot of research has been done on clays and all have shown their depollution efficiency toward dyes [8, 9]. The importance given to these materials is granted to their abundant availability in nature and their great capacity of retention of various pollutants, which is offered by their structure in sheets, which gives a large specific surface toward the adsorption [10, 11].
In this context, our choice focused on clay, which is an adsorbent material found in abundance in Morocco, is effective and more economical. The use of clays for the depollution of waters contaminated by dyes requires a good knowledge of their mineralogical characteristics and of the mechanism of adsorption of these pollutants. On the other hand, Natural Safiot Clay (NSC) materials could be an attractive alternative for the adsorption of various pollutants from wastewater due to their low cost, their lamellar structure, which provides high specific surface areas, thermal stability, high cation exchange capacity, abundance, and high adsorption capacity [12, 13, 14].
Generally, most of the studies carried out to eliminate cationic dyes are carried out on single dyes [15], which lead us to study the possibility of eliminating a mixture of two dyes at the same time, close to the real conditions of effluents in the environment, because industrial discharges are a complex mixture of several pollutants.
Recently and with computer development, quantum chemistry calculations are widely used in studies of dye adsorption [16, 17]. A lot of research has been carried out on this theoretical approach; in particular since the appearance of their efficiencies in the study of adsorption mechanisms on the one hand, and the study of behavior of dyes with respect to the adsorbent surface on the other hand [18, 19]. The theoretical reactivity indices based on density functional theory (DFT) have become a powerful and informative tool for studying organic reactivity and for describing intermolecular interactions [20, 21].
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the ability of Natural Safiot Clay to remove some mixture industrial dyes such as Basic blue 9 and Basic yellow 28 from single and binary aqueous solutions. This allows optimizing the cost of the process and the quantity of the adsorbent used in the adsorption process to have a multiple removal efficiencies of different pollutants instead of one [22, 23]. In this study, the possibility of adsorption of Basic blue 9 (BB9) and Basic yellow 28 (BY28) in the single and binary system has been studied experimentally and theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), In order to explain the competitiveness between the two dyes on active sites and their reactivity, check if the experimental results are in good correlation with the theoretical results.
The Natural Safiot Clay (NSC) used in this work is collected from a natural basin in the region of Safi in Morocco for removal of Basic blue 9 and Basic yellow 28 from aqueous solutions and used without any prior activation. Samples were ground and sieved to obtain very fine particle sizes and washed with distilled water to ensure the removal of dust and any soluble impurities may exist.
Basic blue 9 (BB9) and Basic yellow 28 (BY28) as representative cationic dyes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich with a purity of 99% and used without further purification. The chemical structures of the studied dyes are given in Figure 1.
Chemical structures of BB9 and BY28.
For single and binary system, several stock solutions 100 mg/L of BB9 and BY28 dyes have been prepared by mixing calculated volumes of the stock solutions of each dye and accurately diluting it with distilled water. The NSC and mixture of dyes are shaken in batch experiments at various parameters such as the amount of natural safiot clay (5 mg–35 mg), initial dye concentration (10 mg–40 mg/L), and initial solution pH (2–12). The working solutions’ pH was adjusted to the desired values with dilute HCl (0.1 M) or NaOH (0.1 M) using a pH-Meter HANNA 5222. After stirring of a prescribed contact time, the solution is filtrated using filter syringe, and the maximum absorbance value of BB9 and BY28 is measured using spectrophotometer UV–Visible (JENWAY 6300) at 663 and 438 nm, respectively, as shown in Figure 2.
Absorption spectra of BB9, BY28, and their mixture.
The percentage removal and the quantity adsorbed qe (mg/g) of dye on NSC were calculated using the following equation:
Where C0 (mg/L) and Ce (mg/L) represent the concentration of BB9 and BY28 at initial and equilibrium, respectively, V (L) is the volume of solution, and W (g) is the weight of adsorbent used.
The surface morphology, chemical composition, and the nature of functional groups responsible for adsorption of dyes onto the NSC adsorbent were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR).
Density functional theory (DFT) is one of the most important tools of quantum chemistry of understanding popular qualitative chemical concepts such as energy of highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), dipole potential (μ), hardness (η), softness (S), electrophilicity index (ω), and local reactivity descriptors such as Parr function P(r) [24, 25]. All computations are carried out with the Gaussian 09 program. The geometries of dyes, BB9 and BY28, are optimized using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6 G-31G (d) level. Optimizations are carried out using the Berny analytical gradient optimization method. The geometries optimized are characterized by positive vibrational frequency definite Hessian matrices [26].
When the values of EHOMO and ELUMO are known, one can determine through the following expressions [27] the values of the electronic chemical potential μ, the absolute hardness η, and the softness S as:
The global softness (S) introduced is the inverse of the global hardness [28]:
Using Parr’s definition [29], the electrophilicity ω index is given by:
Based on this idea, Domingo et al. [30] have introduced an empirical (relative) nucleophilicity index N, based on the HOMO energies obtained within the Kohn–Sham scheme and defined as:
The HOMO energy of Tetracyanoethylene is −0.3351 a.u. at the same level of theory.
The electrophilic
The adsorption progress of the studied dyes on kaolinite surface is performed using Materials Studio (MS) 8.0 software developed by Accelrys Inc. The kaolinite crystal was optimized (a = 5.196 Å, b = 9.007 Å, c = 7.372 Å, and α = 93.029°, β = 105.983°, γ = 89.866) and cleaved along the (001) plane, a vacuum slab with 10 Å thickness was built. The final structure was enlarged to (4 × 2 × 1) to provide a large surface for the interaction of the dyes [31].
The spectrum of chemical constitution of natural safiot clay adsorbent is given in Figure 3. The EDX spectrum of Figure 2 presents well-defined peaks, confirms the presence of the following chemical elements: Si, Al, Mg, Fe, K, P, S, O, Ca, C. These results confirm those found by the analysis XRF (Table 1), which also reveals the presence of these elements in the form of oxides: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, CaO, K2O, TiO2. The atomic and mass percentages of the elements are summarized in Table 2. The predominance of silicon and oxygen peaks is clearly observed, which confirms the majority presence of kaolinite and quartz in the sample studied.
EDX spectrum of natural safiot clay.
Dyes | Langmuir | Freundlich | Dubinin–Radushkevich | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qmax | RL | R2 | KF | 1/n | R2 | qmax | KD-R | E | R2 | |
BB9 (S) | 68.49 | 0.038 | 0.992 | 37.89 | 0.314 | 0.852 | 59.03 | 1 10−7 | 2236 | 0.925 |
BB9 (B) | 41.15 | 0.015 | 0.996 | 25.71 | 0.222 | 0.566 | 44.78 | 1 10−7 | 2236 | 0.897 |
BY28 (S) | 166.67 | 0.363 | 0.761 | 10.50 | 0.976 | 0.955 | 75.33 | 2 10−6 | 500 | 0.994 |
BY28 (B) | 21.32 | 0.064 | 0.986 | 10.07 | 0.260 | 0.718 | 18.18 | 6 10−7 | 912.8 | 0.512 |
Isotherm constants for BB 9 and BY28 in single and binary systems.
Eléments | % atomique | % massique |
---|---|---|
O | 57.87 | 46.70 |
C | 12.96 | 7.85 |
Na | 0.59 | 0.68 |
Mg | 1.25 | 1.53 |
Al | 7.50 | 10.20 |
Si | 13.78 | 19.52 |
K | 2.18 | 4.30 |
Ca | 1.70 | 3.43 |
Ti | 0.19 | 0.47 |
Fe | 1.72 | 4.85 |
Atomic and mass percentage of the natural safiot clay constituents.
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was applied to determine the functional groups present on the surface of natural safiot clay and understand its adsorption mechanism. FT-IR spectra of NS clay in the range of 400 cm–4000 cm−1 are taken to obtain information on the nature of functional groups at the surface of the adsorbent. The spectrum of natural safiot clay is shown in Figure 4. The band that stretches between 3200 and 3700 cm−1 shows a peak with two shoulders at 3407 cm−1 and 3610 cm−1 corresponding to the vibrations of elongation of the hydroxyl group –OH linked to the water of constitution. In addition to the vibrations of deformation of the O-H bond due to the water molecules adsorbed between the sheets located at 1639 cm−1. The bands that appear approximately around 3430 cm−1 and 1630 cm−1 correspond respectively to the vibrations of elongation and deformation of the OH group of the adsorbed water [32]. While the characteristic bands of carbonates are detected at 1436 cm−1 and 2521 cm−1 [33].
FT-IR spectrum of natural safiot clay.
An intense absorption band at 900 cm–1200 cm−1 is centered on 1030 cm−1, it characterizes the valence vibrations of the Si-O bond [34]. The bands between 795 and 748 cm−1, coming from the Si-O-Al bond, also give way to a band around 778.4 cm−1 [35]. The absorption band located at 1030 cm−1 is in agreement with the X-ray fluorescence indicating the presence of kaolinite in natural clay. However, the absorption bands at 423, 480, 534, 694, and 797 cm−1 correspond to quartz [36]. These results are in agreement with those found from XRF. They confirm the presence of quartz, carbonate, kaolinite, and dolomite in the clay studied.
Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) technique was carried out in order to observe the morphology, structure, and distribution of the grains of our adsorbent material studied. Figure 5a and b show the SEM micrographs of natural safiot clay before and after adsorption. The scanning electron microscope image (Figure 5a) shows aggregates of kaolin grains in spherical form and of heterogeneous size, the interstices between the grains form pores. We also observe large irregularly shaped cavities; this confirms the heterogeneous composition of our clay revealed by the XRD (kaolinite + calcite + vermiculite). In contrast, Figure 5b shows that the NSC surface is more homogeneous and saturated after adsorption.
SEM micrograph of the natural Safi clay before (a) and after (b) adsorption.
X-ray diffraction analysis allows us to identify the different mineralogical phases contained in our material. The X-ray diffraction patterns of NSC adsorbent are illustrated in Figure 6. This result demonstrated the principal presence of kaolinite characterized by an intense peak at 2θ = 26.63° (2θ = 26.63°; d = 3.343 A°) and a series of peaks with varying intensities at 12.33°, 19.75°, 40.85° and those of quartz at 20.87°, 37.92°, and 42. 440°. In addition, the reflections spectrum at 2θ = 8.62°, 29.47°, and 30.81° confirm the presence of illite, calcite, and dolomite, respectively. We see that the diagram also shows the presence of the peak corresponding to the following minerals: kaolinite, calcite, and vermiculite, which implies that our clay is heterogeneous.
X-ray diffraction of natural safiot clay.
The pH zero-point charge (pHzpc) plays an important role in the adsorption process. The point of zero charge (PZC) of our clay was determined using the pH drift method [37]. Six vials containing solutions of pH in the range of 2–12 (pHi) and 50 mg of NSC are shaken for 24 h at room temperature, and the final pH was measured. The difference between the initial and final pH (ΔpH = pHi − pHf) was plotted against the initial pH (pHi) and the point where ΔpH = 0 was taken as the point of zero charge. As shown in Figure 7, the pHpzc of NSC was determined to be 7.2.
pHzpc values for natural safiot clay.
It is recognized that the effect of the adsorbent dose on the adsorption process is also considered to be one of the most important parameters that must be optimized, since the mass of adsorbent has an effect on the adsorption capacity for a given initial concentration of the adsorbate under the operating conditions. The adsorption of BB9 and BY28 in single and mixture on natural safiot clay is studied by varying the mass of adsorbent from 5 to 35 mg in 50 mL solution of 20 mg/L dye concentration at a constant stirring rate of 60 minutes. From Figure 8, it can be observed that removal efficiency of the dye increases from 49.17% to 97.03% for BB9 and from 59.97% to 85.32% for BY28 as adsorbent dose is an increase from 5 to 35 mg. This is because of the extra number of adsorption sites accessible with an increase in the adsorbent dose. On the other hand, the dye uptake capacity reduces from 98.34 to 27.72 mg/g and from 119.9 to 24.38 mg/g for BB9 and BY28, respectively. This can be attributed to the unsaturation of adsorption sites through the adsorption reaction with increasing adsorbent dosage [38, 39]. Another important reason is that at high adsorbent dosage, the available dye molecules are deficient to completely cover the available binding sites on the natural safiot clay, which results in low solute uptake [40, 41]. Similar results have been reported previously by other researchers for the adsorption of dyes by different material [42, 43, 44]. The optimum adsorbent dose is fixed conveniently at 30 mg per 50 mL of solution dye for the following studies.
Effect of adsorbent amount on the removal efficiency and adsorption capacity of basic blue 9 and basic yellow 28.
The effect of initial concentrations of BB9 and BY28 dyes is examined at different initial concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 mg/L on the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency onto natural safiot clay. As seen from Figure 9, the adsorption capacity increases from 22.58 to 58.45 mg/g for BB9 and of 12.68 to 58.89 mg/g for BY28. In this case, the % removal decreases from 98.97% to 87.67% and from 87.67% to 70.08% for BB9 and BY28, respectively. These results indicate that the adsorption sites of NSC adsorbent for dyes adsorption are still unsaturated within the dye concentration range. In addition, increasing initial dyes’ concentrations increases the number of collisions between dyes ions and the surface area of NSC adsorbent, which enhances the adsorption process [45]. Similar results had been reported by Auta and Hameed [46] for MB dye removal onto modified ball clay chitosan composite.
Effect of the initial dye concentration on the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of BB9 and BY28, in single (S) and binary (B) system onto NSC.
The initial pH of the aqueous solution is important parameter controlling the adsorption process, where it affects both the degree of ionization of the dye and the surface properties of the adsorbent. The effect of initial pH of dye solution on the percentage removal of dye is studied by varying the initial pH from 2 to 12 under constant process parameters onto NSC, and results are presented in Figure 10. It is revealed that pH has practically a small effect on the percentage removal of the two basic dyes in simple system. In binary system, BY28 percentage removal is increased from 34.74% to 71.14% when pH is varied from 2 to 12 and also for BB9 percentage removal increase from 90.86% to 96.75%. These results are explained by pH zero-point charge pHZPC, the pHzpc of any adsorbent is a very important characteristic that determines the pH at which the surface has net electrical neutrality. In explaining this behavior by the fact that the negative charge dominates the adsorbent’s surface in the basic medium. Thus, an electrostatic attraction exists between the negative charges of OH deposited on the clay surface and the positive charges of the dyes. Moreover, an electrostatic attraction between BB9 and BY28 dyes and the positive charge on the surface of NSC at low pH are evident [47, 48].
Effect of initial dye pH on the removal efficiency (%) of BB9 and BY28 dyes in single and binary solutions.
Consequently, the mechanism proposed can be described by the following equation.
Similarly, the montmorillonite, bentonite clay, and montmorillonite/CoFe2O4 composite adsorption capacities were studied as a function of pH, and it was observed that maximum basic blue 9 dye adsorption was in acidic pH range [49, 50, 51].
BB9 and BY28 adsorption in single and binary adsorption systems onto NSC is studied and is illustrated in Figure 11. The removal efficiency decreased in binary systems (as compared with single dye systems), the reduction was from 96.20% to 95.57% and from 85.32% to 61.48% for BB9 and BY28, respectively. For these results it is clear in the binary system, BB9 dye is most dominant and BY28 is most recessive dye. The values of R% also show that adsorption of BB9 and BY28 is reduced by the presence of other dyes in solutions within reduction percentage of 0.66% and 27.94% for BB9 and BY28, respectively. This behavior can be explained by the competitive adsorption between BB9 and BY28 for active sites with that BB9 dye is the first to be adsorbed in the active sites and by that BB9 is more electrophilic than BY28. This result will be demonstrated by following quantum chemicals study.
Adsorption competition of BB9 and BY28 onto NSC adsorbent sites.
Adsorption isotherms play an important role in the determination of the maximum adsorption capacity and the identification of the type of adsorption. The results of the adsorption experiments were analyzed per the well-known models of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R):
The Langmuir isotherm is valid for monolayer adsorption on surface containing a finite number of identical sites [52]. The linear form of the Langmuir isotherm can be represented by the following equation:
Where Ce (mg/L) represents the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate, qe the amount adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g), KL (L/mg) and qm (mg/g) are the Langmuir constant and the maximum amount of adsorbate, respectively.
To confirm the favorability of the adsorption process, the separation factor RL was calculated by the following Equation [53]:
where the adsorption process is unfavorable (RL > 1), linear (RL = 1), favorable (0 < RL < 1), or irreversible (RL = 0). Here, RL values for the adsorption of dyes are less than 1 and greater than 0, indicating favorable adsorption.
Freundlich isotherm model is an empirical equation based on sorption on a heterogeneous surface or surface supporting sites of varied affinities [54]. The linearized Freundlich model is represented by the following equation:
where Kf (mg/g) is the measurement of adsorption capacity, and 1/n is the adsorption intensity of the adsorbent.
The Dubinin–Radushkevich model is a more generalized model as compared with the Langmuir isotherm and often used to estimate the characteristic porosity and the apparent free energy of adsorption [55]. The linearized Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm model is represented by the following equation:
where qm is the theoretical saturation capacity (mg/g), B is the D-R constant related to the sorption energy (mol2/kJ2), and ε represents the Polanyi potential (J/mol), which is determined by:
R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol−1 K−1), and T is the absolute temperature (K). The mean free energy of adsorption E calculated from B using the following relation:
The main parameters, characterizing each model as well as the coefficients of determination (R2), are grouped in Table 1. Comparison with Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich model shows the high correlation coefficient of Langmuir isotherm for both dyes in single and mixture systems. This result suggests that the dye was homogeneously adsorbed on a monolayer surface of the adsorbent.
The value of parameter 1/n of the Freundlich equation gives an indication of the validity of the adsorption of the adsorbent adsorbate system. The values of 1/n presented in Table 1 are between 0 and 1 indicating that the adsorption of the two dyes on our prepared adsorbent material (NSC) is favorable.
The magnitude of E is useful for estimating the type of adsorption process. The found values of E for BB9 and BY28 in the single and binary system are less than 8 kJ mol−1, knowing that energy values less than 8 kJ mol−1 indicate physisorption and energy values varying from 8 to 16 kJ mol−1 indicate chimisorption. Therefore, the adsorption type of BB9 and BY28 onto NSC has been defined as physical adsorption (physisorption). This confirms the results following the study of the influence of pH.
The kinetic of adsorption is an important characteristic in evaluating the efficiency of adsorption process. Three kinetics models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion) were utilized to test the experimental data and predict the controlling mechanism of dye adsorption process.
The linearized form of pseudo-first-order rate expression is given as:
Where qe and qt are the amount of dye adsorbed on sorbent (mg/g) at equilibrium and time t, respectively, k1corresponds to the reaction rate constant of pseudo-first-order (min−1), and t is time (min) [56]. The values of qe and k1 were calculated from the slope and intercept of the plots of the log (qe-qt) vs. t.
Pseudo-second-order rate expression reaction model is expressed as (linearized form) [57]:
Where k2 is the pseudo-second-order rate constant (g/mg.min). A plot of t/qt and t should give a linear relationship if the biosorption follows pseudo-second-order model. The qe and k2 can be calculated from the slope and intercept of the plot.
The intraparticle diffusion model is based on the theory proposed by Weber and Morris [58]. The Weber and Morris equation is (18):
Where qt is the adsorption capacity (mg/g) at time t (min), kid is the intraparticle diffusion rate constant (mg/g.min), and C (mg/g) is a constant, which provides the information regarding the thickness of the boundary layer. The values of Kid and C were calculated from the slope and intercept of the plots of the qt against t1/2.
The conformity between the experimental data and the predicted model is based on the values of the correlation coefficients (R2), hence the value R2 closest to unity will indicate the adequate model to correctly describe the kinetics of adsorption of the dye.
Table 3 summarizes the rate constants and correlation coefficients (R2) of the three kinetic models. The fitting of the kinetic data in the pseudo-second-order equation showed excellent linearity with high correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.999), and the good agreement between the experimental and calculated equilibrium adsorption for the pseudo-second-order model confirms that this one describes correctly the adsorption kinetics. Similar results have been observed in the adsorption of basic dyes onto Moroccan Clay [59] and in the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) by montmorillonite clay [60].
Dyes concentration (mg/l) | Pseudo-first order | Pseudo-second order | Intraparticle diffusion | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,exp | qe,cal | K1 | R2 | qe,cal | K2 | R2 | Ki | C | R2 | ||
BB9 (S) | 10 | 15.48 | 7.998 | 0.028 | 0.752 | 15.78 | 0.198 | 0.999 | 0.095 | 16.20 | 0.965 |
20 | 32.07 | 0.857 | 0.037 | 0.668 | 31.34 | 0.156 | 1.000 | 0.114 | 30.24 | 0.976 | |
30 | 47.72 | 1.795 | 0.074 | 0.403 | 47.85 | 0.109 | 1.000 | 0.306 | 45.66 | 0.794 | |
40 | 58.45 | 8.707 | 0.061 | 0.783 | 58.82 | 0.022 | 0.999 | 0.927 | 51.51 | 0.971 | |
BY28(S) | 10 | 12.69 | 0.129 | 0,112 | 0,485 | 12.73 | 0,470 | 1.000 | 0,100 | 12.04 | 0,542 |
20 | 28.39 | 0.823 | 0,070 | 0,826 | 28.49 | 0,246 | 1.000 | 0,098 | 27.72 | 0,798 | |
30 | 43.14 | 2.960 | 0,023 | 0,913 | 42.37 | 0,071 | 0,999 | 0,316 | 39.86 | 0,905 | |
40 | 58.89 | 96.11 | 0,285 | 0,858 | 59.88 | 0,020 | 0,999 | 1.499 | 49,17 | 0,825 | |
BB9(B) | 10 | 15.80 | 23.22 | 0.041 | 0.484 | 15.82 | 1.051 | 1.000 | 0.036 | 15.54 | 0.756 |
20 | 32.01 | 1.376 | 0.054 | 0.892 | 32.05 | 0.191 | 1.000 | 0.217 | 30.45 | 0.843 | |
30 | 43.82 | 8.586 | 0.064 | 0.937 | 44.05 | 0.031 | 0.999 | 0.881 | 37.27 | 0.982 | |
40 | 48.00 | 51.54 | 0.059 | 0.812 | 50.76 | 0.003 | 0.960 | 4.923 | 9.712 | 0.954 | |
BY28(B) | 10 | 12.08 | 3.088 | 0.177 | 0.813 | 12.16 | 0.209 | 0.999 | 0.131 | 11.19 | 0.873 |
20 | 14.37 | 12.58 | 0.217 | 0.851 | 14.45 | 0.200 | 0.999 | 0.112 | 13.58 | 0.879 | |
30 | 19.49 | 12.36 | 0.165 | 0.898 | 19.68 | 0.087 | 0.999 | 0.423 | 16.69 | 0.649 | |
40 | 20.49 | 1.173 | 0.170 | 0.756 | 20.57 | 0.332 | 1.000 | 0.167 | 19.42 | 0.502 |
Kinetics parameters for the adsorptive removal onto NSC adsorbent of BB9 and BY28 dyes and their mixture.
The global chemical reactivity descriptors, energy gap (ΔE), dipole moment (μ), hardness (η), softness (S), nucleophilicity (N), and electrophilicity index (ω) witch calculated from HOMO and LUMO energies and are obtained at the level of theory B3LYP/6 G-31G(d) and summarized in Table 4.
Dyes | BB9 | BY28 |
---|---|---|
ET (u.a) | −1643.18 | −1754.96 |
μ (Debye) | 11.351 | 7.573 |
EHOMO (eV) | −4.373 | −5.585 |
ELUMO (eV) | −3.210 | −2.387 |
μ (eV) | −3.791 | −3.986 |
η (eV) | 1.163 | 3.198 |
S (eV) | 0.859 | 0.312 |
ω (eV) | 6.178 | 2.480 |
N (eV) | 4.747 | 3.535 |
Quantum chemical parameters of the studied dyes calculated at B3LYP/6 G-31G (d).
Energy gap (ΔEgap = EHOMO – ELUMO): The energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO is very important in determining the chemical reactivity of the molecule dyes toward the adsorption on the adsorbent surface. On the other hand, the decrease in the value of ∆Egap increases the reactivity of the molecule, which facilitates adsorption and increases the adsorption efficiency. It can be seen from Figure 12 that the BB9 dye shows a lower ΔEgap (ΔEgap = 1.163 eV) compared with the BY28 dye, which has a difference of 3.198 eV, which clearly means that the molecule of BB9 is more reactive than BY28, Therefore, the BB9 dye will be adsorbed firstly. This conclusion is in agreement with the experimental results.
Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) density of BB9 (a) and BY28 (b) BY DFT at the B3LYP/6 G-31G(d).
Dipole moment (μ): The dipole moment (μ) is another important electronic parameter, provides information on the polarity of the whole molecule. The high molecular polarity probably gives rise to great chemical reactivity. It is clearly established in the literature that molecules with high dipole moments are more reactive, and their action results in a significant elimination efficiency. In our case the high dipole moment value of BB9 (11.351 D) probably increases the adsorption between the BB9 dye and the surface of natural clay compared with BY28 (7.573 D), which explains the adsorption efficiency higher than BB9 when compared with BY28 and confirms the experimental results.
The high percentage of elimination of a molecule is linked to a low value for chemical hardness and a high value for softness. In the present work, the values of the global hardness (η) and the softness (σ) presented in Table 5 clearly show that the BB9 dye has the lowest value of the hardness (η = 1.163 eV) and the higher value of the softness (S = 0.859 eV), which explains their significant elimination percentage compared with BY28, these results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Dye | N° of atoms | Atoms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BB9 | 1 | C | 0.117052 | −0.091655 | 0.72314726 | — |
2 | C | −0.083178 | 0.109989 | — | 0.52134786 | |
3 | C | 0.123453 | −0.0193705 | 0.76269263 | 0.09195176 | |
4 | C | −0.0825946 | 0.0874818 | −0.51026944 | 0.4152761 | |
5 | C | 0.1346605 | −0.0391588 | 0.83193257 | 0.18588682 | |
6 | C | −0.044701 | 0.0617533 | −0.27616278 | 0.29314292 | |
7 | C | −0.0622537 | 0.0077143 | −0.38459903 | 0.03661978 | |
8 | C | 0.1288878 | −0.049104 | 0.79626883 | 0.23309669 | |
9 | C | −0.0873976 | 0.0988698 | −0.53994237 | 0.46933494 | |
11 | C | 0.1294818 | −0.031639 | 0.79993856 | 0.15019033 | |
12 | C | −0.045136 | 0.063713 | — | 0.30199962 | |
13 | C | 0.1402246 | −0.0370003 | 0.86630758 | 0.17564042 | |
19 | N | 0.3640112 | −0.0556138 | 2.24885996 | — | |
20 | S | 0.1232636 | −0.0137067 | 0.76152252 | — | |
21 | N | 0.0351644 | 0.09916571 | 0.21724566 | 0.47073963 | |
22 | N | 0.0643843 | 0.15539811 | 0.39776621 | 0.73767483 | |
23 | C | −0.0038013 | −0.006641 | — | — | |
27 | C | −0.0035767 | −0.00689 | — | — | |
31 | C | −0.0061814 | −0.005169 | — | — | |
35 | C | −0.0061321 | −0.010607 | — | — | |
39 | Cl | 0.0012179 | 0.5782508 | 0.00752419 | 2.74495655 | |
BY28 | 1 | C | 0.040255 | 0.066561 | 0.105689697 | 0.23709028 |
2 | C | −0.000773 | 0.00887 | — | 0.03159494 | |
3 | C | 0.045305 | 0.037015 | 0.118214337 | 0.13184743 | |
4 | C | −0.025946 | −0.014818 | — | — | |
5 | C | 0.066052 | 0.091588 | 0.172349484 | 0.32623646 | |
6 | C | −0.021701 | −0.037533 | — | — | |
7 | C | −0.036225 | 0.001143 | — | 0.00407137 | |
8 | C | 0.458878 | −0.089904 | 1.197350365 | — | |
13 | C | −0.173976 | 0.168698 | — | 0.60090228 | |
15 | C | −0.014488 | 0.091639 | — | 0.32641812 | |
16 | C | 0.022465 | 0.020003 | 0.058617925 | 0.07125069 | |
17 | C | 0.03011 | −0.006138 | 0.078566023 | — | |
18 | C | −0.011644 | 0.016571 | — | 0.05902590 | |
20 | C | −0.013843 | 0.039811 | — | 0.14180678 | |
22 | C | 0.026365 | 0.07067 | 0.068794195 | 0.25172654 | |
24 | N | 0.121797 | 0.125083 | 0.317804912 | 0.44554565 | |
25 | N | 0.362411 | −0.068898 | 0.945639022 | — | |
26 | N | 0.059207 | 0.13669 | 0.154488825 | 0.48688978 | |
27 | C | −0.006573 | −0.003929 | — | — | |
31 | C | 0.019834 | 0.001078 | 0.051752856 | 0.00383984 | |
35 | C | 0.016503 | 0.000443 | 0.043061278 | 0.00157797 | |
39 | O | 0.000958 | 0.10219 | 0.002499709 | 0.36400078 | |
40 | O | 0.00195 | 0.081069 | 0.005088135 | 0.28876778 | |
42 | C | −0.000314 | −0.005534 | — | — |
Theoretical prediction of reactive sites using Parr function for BB9 and BY28 dyes.
Global electrophilicity index (ω): The global electrophilicity index (ω) represents the capacity of the dyes to accept electrons. More reactive nucleophilic is characterized by lower value of ω, and conversely more reactive electrophilic is characterized by a higher value of ω. From Table 5, we notice that the electrophilicity value of BB9 (ω = 6.178) is greater than that of BY28 (ω = 2.48); this indicates that the molecule of BB9 is more electrophilic than that of BY28. Consequently, BB9 will be adsorbed first followed by BY28.
The local reactivity site of the studied dyes has been analyzed by evaluating Parr functions (PF). The PF is used to obtain the detail information of local reactivity of each atom in the molecule. Domingo proposed the Parr functions P(r) [61], which are given by the following equations:
With these electrophilic and nucleophilic Parr functions are at hand, the local electrophilicity ωK and the local nucleophilicity NK indices will be redefined as follows:
Table 5 shows that at the DFT level, the most susceptible site to a nucleophilic attack for BB9 is located on sulfur, nitrogen, and benzene ring. In the case of an electrophilic attack, the most reactive site is on Cl39. For BY28 the more susceptible sites to nucleophilic attacks are nitrogen and C8 atoms, while N26 and C13 are the most susceptible sites for electrophilic. The results indicated that the BB9 dye has more and strong electrophilic sites than BY28; consequently, BB9 has a high affinity for NSC than BY28.
In this study, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to study the adsorption and orientation of dyes on charged surfaces based on (001) kaolinite surface and all-atom models. The most stable low-energy adsorption configurations of the studied dyes are shown in Figure 13. It is clear that the three dyes examined BB9, BB41, and BY28 are adsorbed almost parallel to the plane to maximize surface and contact coverage. These adsorption configurations indicate that there are strong interactions between the studied dyes and the kaolinite atoms. This facilitates their adsorption to the surface of the kaolinite (001) by blocking a maximum of sites and ensuring a great influence on the removal efficiency.
The most stable low-energy configuration for the adsorption of the dyes on kaolinite surface obtained through the Monte Carlo simulations.
The outputs and descriptors calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation are presented in Table 6. The parameters presented in Table 6 include total energy, in kcal mol−1, of the substrate–adsorbate configuration. As can be seen from Table 6, BB9 gives the maximum adsorption energy in negative value found during the simulation process. High values of adsorption energy indicate that BB9 molecule will give the highest removal efficiency and strong interaction between a kaolinite substrate and the studied dye. These results are in good agreement with experimental findings.
System | Total energy | Adsorption Energy | Rigid adsorption energy | Deformation energy | Ead/Ni Dye |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BB9/(001) | −111.4 | −150.77 | −166.5 | −317.53 | |
BY28/(001) | −213.8 | −146.92 | −117.07 | −29.89 | −147.18 |
Outputs and descriptors calculated by the Monte Carlo simulations for the lowest adsorption configurations of tested dyes on kaolinite (001) surface (in kcal/Mol).
To further confirm our results, we have performed the energy fluctuation curves as obtained from MD simulations; the equilibration of the system is confirmed by the stable mean values of energy fluctuations, as shown in Table 7. The mean square displacement (MSD) and the diffusion coefficient were calculated after 100,000 steps. The obtained data included in Table 7 show that the diffusion coefficient of the free water molecules was more pronounced (5.85 × 10−6 cm2/s) than the water with BB9 and BY28 molecules. Much smaller diffusion coefficients obtained for water with BB9 were caused by the strong interaction between (water + BB9) and the kaolinite surface, which decreased the mobility of the water [62].
Conditions | Diffusion coefficient of water (10−6 cm2/s) |
---|---|
Free water molecules | 5.850 |
Water with BY28 | 2.430 |
Water with BB9 | 0.450 |
Calculated diffusion coefficient of free water and water with dyes in kaolinite surface.
The results obtained in this research indicated that natural safiot clay was considered low cost, eco-friendly, and a promising alternative adsorbent for removing BB9 and BY28 dyes in single and binary systems from an aqueous solution. The percentage of dye removed increased with increasing adsorbent dosage, decreased with increasing initial dye concentration, and varied with dye solution pH. The rate of adsorption was found to obey pseudo-second-order kinetics model with a good correlation coefficient indicating toward chemisorption, and the Langmuir isotherm represented the equilibrium adsorption and shows monolayer homogeneous surface of adsorbent for single and binary mixture.
All the theoretical parameters of DFT calculations show that the two dyes can be adsorbed and that the BB9 molecule has the best percentage of elimination. From this calculation, we note that: The dye removal efficiency increases with the highest values of ω, ELUMO, μ, and S and the lowest values of ∆Egap, EHOMO and η. Another important conclusion that we can draw from these calculations is that the theoretical results from reactivity descriptors show that nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen atoms of BB9 and BY28 are the main adsorption sites, respectively. Finally, this study displays a good correlation between the theoretical and experimental data, which confirm the reliability of the quantum chemical methods to study the competitive adsorption of two cationic dyes onto NSC surfaces, in the single and binary system. DFT calculations, Monte Carlo method, and Molecular dynamics simulations support the experimental findings.
The incidence of transverse colon cancer in an emergency setting is approximately 77–80%. Five percent of all colon cancer are located at the level of transverse colon, hepatic flexure cancer represents 3% whilst splenic flexure represents 2% [1, 2]. The complications associated with transverse colon cancer are represented by large bowel obstruction, tumor perforation, or more commonly diastatic perforation and hemorrhagic syndrome [3].
Based on embryological and anatomical considerations, the colonic frame can be divided into the proximal (“right”) colon represented by the cecum, the ascending colon and the proximal or right 2/3 of the transverse colon, and the distal (“left”) colon represented by the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum and the proximal 2/3 of the anal canal [4, 5, 6, 7].
Since the proximal colon is derived from the midgut the incidence of transverse colon cancer is higher in females. Thus, mucinous tumors are more common, which present an increased risk of genetic mutations ↑ CIMP, ↑ BRAF, ↑ MSI, ↑ CMS1, ↑ CMS3, ↑ KRAS, and where survival has a limited prognosis compared to distal colon cancers [8, 9, 10].
The recommended surgical technical principles for proximal colon cancer complications are simple and are represented by resection and anastomosis in the first intent in most scenarios, while in the case of distal colon cancer complications, surgeons perform resections and colostomies (terminal or loop colostomy) or in rare cases of hemodynamically stable patients, per-primam anastomoses.
The majority of transverse colon tumors and their complications follow the general characteristics of colorectal cancers. Thus, in an emergency setting, patients have already developed complications the disease is generally found in advanced stages (T3-T4) [11]. Due to the presence of complications at the time of diagnostic, radical intent surgery is most of the time impossible; surgeons cannot perform a radical D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy, due to local cancer spread and the technical impossibility to remove the tumor together with the anterior and posterior sheets of the visceral peritoneum. To follow Hohenberger principles introduced in 2009 [12] to completely resect the mesocolon and perform high vascular ligature, in the case of complicated transverse colon cancer becomes impossible in most cases [12, 13].
Embryologically, the small intestine starting from D3, the cecum, the ascending colon, and the proximal or right 2/3 of the transverse colon derive from the midgut. The vascular supply is represented by ileocolic vessels, right colic artery, and middle colic artery, all derivative from superior mesenteric vessels. The parasympathetic innervation of these segments of the intestine is represented by the vagus nerve.
For the distal third (or left third), the descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, and the proximal 2/3 of the anal canal the embryological origin are represented by the hindgut and the vascular supply by the left colic branches of the inferior mesenteric vessels. The parasympathetic innervation is represented by the pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-S4. The transition zone from the parasympathetic vagal to the sacred is called the Cannon-Bohm point [14]. This corresponds to Griffith’s point where Drummond’s marginal arch anastomoses with the ascending branch of the middle colic artery [15].
The proximal colon is anatomically the most dilated segment in the colonic frame, having the largest diameter at the level of the cecum (8 cm), while the ascending colon being is 6 cm in diameter and the transverse colon 5 cm. The transverse colon is the longest segment of the colic frame, having a length of about 50 cm as well as being the most mobile segment of the colon [16].
The arterial sources of the ascending colon are represented by the branches of the superior mesenteric artery. They are the ileocolic artery, the right colic artery which may be inconsistent, the middle colic artery with the right and left branches, the left colic artery with the ascending branch which has its origin in the inferior mesenteric artery. In addition to these arterial sources for each segment, some anastomoses from the marginal artery of Drummond (MA) – the marginalis colic artery (arteria marginalis coli), the anastomotic source between the superior and inferior mesenteric artery [14, 17]. Another important anastomotic arterial source, also the anastomosis between the two important arterial sources, is represented by Riolan’s arch, also called Moskowitz’s arch or meandering mesenteric artery. An important aspect of this marginal arch is present in the splenic flexion, the so-called Griffith area in which there is the possibility to interrupt this arterial anastomosis, thus having direct implications in resections of the transverse colon or splenic flexure [14].
Thus, colon resections regardless of the region are segmental resections. This principle was introduced and accomplished with the sigmoid colon segment by Jean-Francois Reybard in 1833. Later this type of resection extended to the transverse colon, becoming a transversectomy. Also related to the name of this surgeon, Reybard is also linked with the first right hemicolectomy, performed in 1832.
Colic frame lymph nodes are present according to the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) in four areas:
D1 or N1 lymphatic centers – epicolic/paracolic
D2 or N2 lymphatic centers – intermediates
D3 or N3 lymphatic centers – central
D4 or N4 lymphatic centers – located on the anterior face of the large retroperitoneal vessels [18].
Thus, segmental, limited, or extensive resections for transverse colon cancers follow Hohenberger’s recommendations for mesocolon excision and central vascular ligation [19, 20].
There are several comparative studies between D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy recommendations for locally advanced cancers, that often present themselves in the emergency department. They do not show a clear advantage of D3 over D2 but recommend performing D3 lymphadenectomy to obtain a radial resection margin and a larger number of lymph nodes necessary for accurate staging [21, 22, 23]. The minimum number of lymph nodes required for an accurate staging is 12 [2, 24, 25].
Transverse colon cancer frequently metastasizes to the lymph nodes of the infrapyloric lymph nodes, pancreatic cephalic nodules, and gastro-colic ligaments [26].
Another aspect used in surgical resections of transverse colon cancers is resection of the hepatic or splenic flexures. It is, therefore, necessary to define this flexure, anatomically. There is no general surgical concept but the most common limit is represented by a portion of 10 cm belonging to the ascending or descending colon, respectively 1/3 corresponding to the transverse colon. The splenic flexure is always located higher, and more angled, often creating an additional obstacle [14].
Large bowel obstruction – is the most common complication of colorectal/rectal colon and transverse colon, representing about 77% of the entire volume of complications [27, 28]. The most common symptom is the lack of bowel movement in a patient with intestinal transit disorders. Due to the relatively large diameter of the proximal colon, ascending and transverse, the tumors become palpable, giant even, a long time before producing mechanical occlusion [29].
In this situation, the technical principle is segmental resection (Figure 1) represented by the right hemicolectomy, detailed by Kohler and Mikulicz or extended to the right, towards the left of the middle colic vessels followed by an ileocolic anastomosis or the segmental resection (transversectomy) followed by end-to-end anastomosis. There are divergent views and, in this regard, many articles and studies show that limited resections, such as transversectomy are more effective [24, 30].
Surgical approach of the colon.
If the location of the tumor is at the level of the hepatic flexure, then the common surgical procedure is a standard right hemicolectomy, with right omentectomy and ligation at the origin of the ileocolic vessels, right colic, and of the right branch of the middle colic vessels, followed by an ileo-colic end to end anastomosis (Figure 2).
D2/3 extended right hemicolectomy.
If the obstructive tumor is located at the middle of the transverse colon, then you can opt for a transversectomy with omentectomy and resection of the mesocolon (Figure 3), and high ligation at the origin of the middle colic vessels. If the local anatomy is favorable, namely after an adequate mobilization of both the hepatic and the splenic flexure if we can obtain a resection margin of about 10 cm, then we can opt for a tension-free anastomosis. If the local anatomy is not favorable, it is recommended to perform an extended right hemicolectomy with omentectomy and high ligation of the vascular pedicles followed by an ileocolic anastomosis. This type of anastomosis is classified with the lowest fistula rate [24, 30, 31, 32].
D2/3 transverse colectomy.
If the occlusive tumor is located at the left third of the transverse colon, then an extended right hemicolectomy is recommended as long as we obtain an adequate distance resection margin as well as an adequate radial resection margin – all by maintaining the integrity of the visceral peritoneum sheets.
Location of the tumor at the level of the splenic flexure may be followed by segmental resection of the splenic angle, left omentectomy, resection of the mesocolon and ascending branches of the left colic vessels, extended gastrocolic lymphadenectomy and colo colic anastomosis TT, or extended right hemicolectomy with omentectomy, mesocolon excision and extended gastro-colic lymphadenectomy, prepancreatic lymphadenectomy followed by an ileocolic end to end anastomosis (Figure 4) [28, 29].
D2/3 extended left hemicolectomy.
The principle of diversion or the protection of an anastomosis using an ileostomy [28] has lost ground lately, being today only an exceptional indication [33].
In certain particular situations, like in an emergency, it is useful to practice a subtotal colectomy (Figure 5), as radical as possible with ileo sigmoid anastomosis. The second indication for subtotal colectomy is the cecal diastatic perforation with the occlusive tumor in the transverse colon and the third indication for subtotal colectomy is synchronous tumors.
D2/3 subtotal hemicolectomy.
Extended right hemicolectomy is performed, in an emergency in about 73.7% of cases while left hemicolectomy is performed in 20% [2].
Perforation followed by localized or generalized peritonitis is the second most common cause of complications in transverse colon cancer [3, 28].
Due to generalized peritonitis, septic shock, and multiple organ failure (MSOF), the patient becomes hemodynamically and respiratory unstable, leading to postoperative management governed by other principles, namely hydro electrolytic rebalancing and stabilization, exploratory laparotomy, identification of exact perforation site, and rapid surgical gestures.
Perforations in this situation are frequently diastatic and the most frequent localization is in the cecum region. In this situation, subtotal colectomy is required, followed by ileosigmoid anastomosis. In some rare cases, there is the possibility of parietal perforation through tumor necrosis and localized peritonitis, which prolongs the patient’s addressability to the doctor. This situation is more common with the transverse colon or splenic flexure. However as long as the general condition of the patient is stable, a limited resection such as transversectomy can be attempted, but with the establishment of a diversion colostomy or by emptying the colon on the operating table with a first intent digestive anastomosis being recommended especially by Asian authors [28].
The hemorrhagic syndrome represents the 3rd emergency form of transverse colon cancer, the rarest form being an uncompensated hypovolemic shock with hemodynamic instability [28].
The presence of hemorrhage in cancer pathology is common in about 50% of cases [28]. The general form of manifestation, however, is occult hemorrhage, with minimal blood loss that does not suddenly undermine the patient. Thus, exsanguinating shock is rare [3].
If the endoscopic intervention cannot stop the hemorrhage or if embolization is not successful, then resection surgery is required when more than 6 units of blood [31] are transfused, followed by either a double colostomy or an anastomosis depending on the patient’s hemodynamic stability [3, 28].
The localization of the primary tumor in the transverse colon and the type of the emergency: occlusion, peritonitis with diastatic perforation or hemorrhage, as well as hemodynamic and respiratory stability of the patient, severity of hydroelectrolytic imbalance, require as emergency surgical treatment the following surgical therapeutic options (on cases that may benefit from surgical treatment):
In the case of the unstable patient, performing a lateral (loop) or terminal colostomy or ileostomy, possibly associated with a segmental resection for an area of perforation or hemorrhage and the second surgery for curative resection with associated D2/3 lymphadenectomy and anastomosis.
In the case of the stable patient, the intention will be curative surgical treatment and here an intervention with D2/3 lymphadenectomy and mesocolon resection is required according to the rule – CME and CVL imposed by Hohenberger. Depending on the location of the tumor hepatic flexure, standard transverse colon or splenic flexure, the presence of another synchronous tumor formation, vascular abnormalities or anatomical features of the transverse colon, high localization of the splenic flexure, the technical variants that can be achieved are represented by: segmental colectomy of the transverse colon or transversectomy, extended right colectomy, subtotal colectomy with CME and CVL Hohenberger and per-primal anastomosis TT, LL or LT, depending on local factors, technical possibilities – manual or mechanical and experience or preference of the surgeon.
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Liu, S.W. Cheung, Y.F. Weng and T.I. Yuk",authors:[{id:"21229",title:"Dr.",name:"T.I.",middleName:null,surname:"Yuk",slug:"t.i.-yuk",fullName:"T.I. 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Khaleel, Hussain M. Al-Rizzo and Ayman I. Abbosh",authors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"},{id:"154494",title:"Dr.",name:"Haider",middleName:null,surname:"Raad",slug:"haider-raad",fullName:"Haider Raad"},{id:"154495",title:"MSc.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Isaac",slug:"ayman-isaac",fullName:"Ayman Isaac"}]},{id:"55559",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69113",title:"Challenges and Opportunities of Optical Wireless Communication Technologies",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-of-optical-wireless-communication-technologies",totalDownloads:3594,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"In this chapter, we present various opportunities of using optical wireless communication (OWC) technologies in each sector of optical communication networks. Moreover, challenges of optical wireless network implementations are investigated. We characterized the optical wireless communication channel through the channel measurements and present different models for the OWC link performance evaluations. In addition, we present some technologies for the OWC performance enhancement in order to address the last-mile transmission bottleneck of the system efficiently. The technologies can be of great help in alleviating the stringent requirement by the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) backhaul/fronthaul as well as in the evolution toward an efficient backhaul/fronthaul for the 5G network. Furthermore, we present a proof-of-concept experiment in order to demonstrate and evaluate high capacity/flexible coherent PON and OWC links for different network configurations in the terrestrial links. To achieve this, we employ advanced modulation format and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques in the offline and real-time mode of the operation. The proposed configuration has the capability to support different applications, services, and multiple operators over a shared optical fiber infrastructure.",book:{id:"6037",slug:"optical-communication-technology",title:"Optical Communication Technology",fullTitle:"Optical Communication Technology"},signatures:"Isiaka Alimi, Ali Shahpari, Artur Sousa, Ricardo Ferreira, Paulo\nMonteiro and António Teixeira",authors:[{id:"205656",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Shahpari",slug:"ali-shahpari",fullName:"Ali Shahpari"},{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",middleName:"Ajewale",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"},{id:"208239",title:"Dr.",name:"Artur",middleName:"Neves E",surname:"Sousa",slug:"artur-sousa",fullName:"Artur Sousa"},{id:"208240",title:"Mr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ricardo-ferreira",fullName:"Ricardo Ferreira"},{id:"208241",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo P.",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",slug:"paulo-p.-monteiro",fullName:"Paulo P. 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Wireless power transmission (WPT) technology was first pursued by Tesla over a century ago. However, it faced several challenges for deployment in real applications. Recently, energy harvesting and WPT technologies have received much attention as a clean and renewable power source. Rectenna (rectifying antenna) system can be used for remotely charging batteries in several sensor networks at internet of things (IoT) applications as commonly used in smart buildings, implanted medical devices and automotive applications. Rectenna, which is used to convert from RF energy to usable DC electrical energy, is mainly a combination between a receiving antenna and a rectifier circuit. This chapter will present several designs for single and multiband rectennas with different characteristics for energy harvesting applications. Single and multiband antennas as well as rectifier circuits with matching networks are introduced for complete successful rectenna circuit models. At the end of the chapter, a dual-band rectenna example is introduced with a detailed description for each section of the rectenna.",book:{id:"9289",slug:"recent-wireless-power-transfer-technologies",title:"Recent Wireless Power Transfer Technologies",fullTitle:"Recent Wireless Power Transfer Technologies"},signatures:"Mohamed Aboualalaa and Hala Elsadek",authors:null},{id:"39710",title:"Ultra-Wideband Antenna and Design",slug:"ultra-wideband-antenna-and-design",totalDownloads:11673,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"2195",slug:"ultra-wideband-current-status-and-future-trends",title:"Ultra Wideband",fullTitle:"Ultra Wideband - Current Status and Future Trends"},signatures:"Xian Ling Liang",authors:[{id:"147056",title:"Prof.",name:"Xian-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"xian-ling-liang",fullName:"Xian-Ling Liang"}]},{id:"43651",title:"Pedestrian Recognition Based on 24 GHz Radar Sensors",slug:"pedestrian-recognition-based-on-24-ghz-radar-sensors",totalDownloads:5858,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"2260",slug:"ultra-wideband-radio-technologies-for-communications-localization-and-sensor-applications",title:"Ultra-Wideband Radio Technologies for Communications, Localization and Sensor Applications",fullTitle:"Ultra-Wideband Radio Technologies for Communications, Localization and Sensor Applications"},signatures:"Steffen Heuel and Hermann Rohling",authors:[{id:"18672",title:"Prof.",name:"Hermann",middleName:null,surname:"Rohling",slug:"hermann-rohling",fullName:"Hermann Rohling"},{id:"149740",title:"MSc.",name:"Steffen",middleName:null,surname:"Heuel",slug:"steffen-heuel",fullName:"Steffen Heuel"}]},{id:"53208",title:"Omnidirectional Circularly Polarized Antenna with High Gain in Wide Bandwidth",slug:"omnidirectional-circularly-polarized-antenna-with-high-gain-in-wide-bandwidth",totalDownloads:2444,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"A novel omnidirectional circularly polarized (CP) slot array antenna with high gain is proposed, which is based on the coaxial cylinder structure, and the orthogonal slots radiated the circular polarization wave around the cylinder. Further, the improved dual circularly polarized (CP) omnidirectional antenna based on slot array in coaxial cylinder structure is presented too, and two ports are assigned in its two side as left hand circularly polarized (LHCP) port and right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) port, respectively. The simulation and experiment results show their novelty and good performance of omnidirectional circular polarization with about 5 dBi gain in 5.2–5.9 GHz.",book:{id:"5427",slug:"modern-antenna-systems",title:"Modern Antenna Systems",fullTitle:"Modern Antenna Systems"},signatures:"Bin Zhou, Junping Geng, Xianling Liang, Ronghong Jin and\nGuanshen Chenhu",authors:[{id:"147056",title:"Prof.",name:"Xian-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"xian-ling-liang",fullName:"Xian-Ling Liang"},{id:"189327",title:"Prof.",name:"Junping",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",slug:"junping-geng",fullName:"Junping Geng"},{id:"189923",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronghong",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"ronghong-jin",fullName:"Ronghong Jin"},{id:"189925",title:"MSc.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"bin-zhou",fullName:"Bin Zhou"},{id:"189927",title:"MSc.",name:"Guanshen",middleName:null,surname:"Chenhu",slug:"guanshen-chenhu",fullName:"Guanshen Chenhu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"762",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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