\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nDiagnosis and Management of Oral Lesions and Conditions: A Resource Handbook for the Clinician has been produced and distributed through an educational grant from the Colgate-Palmolive Company.\r\n',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1219-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7193-5",doi:"10.5772/57596",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"diagnosis-and-management-of-oral-lesions-and-conditions-a-resource-handbook-for-the-clinician",numberOfPages:152,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"af0ad767eb677a8e69dac58c0095f72d",bookSignature:"Cesar A. Migliorati and Fotinos S. Panagakos",publishedDate:"February 19th 2014",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3864.jpg",numberOfDownloads:27945,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 7th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 28th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 4th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 2nd 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 1st 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",middleName:"A.",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170646/images/5437_n.jpg",biography:"Cesar A. Migliorati graduated from the University of Sao Paulo (USP), \nBrazil in 1972. He completed a Master’s Degree in Stomatology from USP in 1978, a Certificate in Oral Medicine and a Master’s Degree in Oral Biology from the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) in March of 1984. Dr. Migliorati is board certified by the American Board of Oral Medicine (ABOM). \nHe held teaching positions at the University of Sao Paulo, University of California San Francisco, University of Florida Gainesville, and University of Zurich. He completed his PhD in \nHIV, antiretroviral therapy and oral candidiasis at USP in 2002. Dr. Migliorati has worked in oral medicine for the past 22 years in teaching, research and patient care. He was one of the pioneers in the diagnosis and management of oral manifestations HIV infection and AIDS and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). His work included oral inflammatory diseases and infections, oral precancer and cancer, and oral complications of cancer therapy. He serves as a member of the ABOM.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"13",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",middleName:null,surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/59343/images/1835_n.png",biography:"Dr. Panagakos received his DMD from UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School and his PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from UMDNJ-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences in 1992. In 1999, he received his Masters in Education from Seton Hall University and in 2007 he received his Master’s in Business Administration from Lehigh University.\n\nDr. Panagakos served for 14 years as a faculty member at New Jersey Dental School, serving in a number of administrative positions, including Group Practice Administrator, Director of Environmental Safety and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs. During this time, he also maintained a private practice in Westfield and Newark, NJ.\n\nIn June, 2005, Dr. Panagakos joined the Colgate Palmolive Oral Care Clinical Research Department as an Associate Director. In January, 2006, Dr. Panagakos was promoted to Director of Professional Relations and Scientific Affairs – North America. In April 2009, Dr. Panagakos was appointed Director of Clinical Research Relations and Strategy within the Research and Development division of Colgate-Palmolive Co. In November, 2012, he was promoted to Global Director of Scientific Affairs and Research Relations, and is based at the Global Research and Development Center in Piscataway, NJ.",institutionString:null,position:"Director",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"14",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"995",title:"Conservative Dentistry",slug:"conservative-dentistry"}],chapters:[{id:"46285",title:"Foreword",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"foreword",totalDownloads:1133,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Fotinos S. Panagakos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46285",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46198",title:"Normal Oral Cavity Findings and Variants of Normal",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"normal-oral-cavity-findings-and-variants-of-normal",totalDownloads:6935,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Molly S. Rosebush, K. Mark Anderson and Yeshwant B. Rawal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46198",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46198",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46269",title:"Common Benign Dental and Periodontal Lesions",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"common-benign-dental-and-periodontal-lesions",totalDownloads:1941,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mary A. Aubertin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46269",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46269",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46270",title:"Bony Lesions",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"bony-lesions",totalDownloads:1967,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Werner Shintaku",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46270",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46271",title:"Skin Lesions",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"skin-lesions",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mary Aubertin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46271",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46272",title:"Benign Inflammatory Lesions/Conditions of Oral Mucous Membranes",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"benign-inflammatory-lesions-conditions-of-oral-mucous-membranes",totalDownloads:2188,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Marjorie Woods",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46272",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46272",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46273",title:"Benign Infectious Lesions/Conditions of the Oral Mucous Membrane",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"benign-infectious-lesions-conditions-of-the-oral-mucous-membrane",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Molly S. Rosebush, K. Mark Anderson and Yeshwant B. Rawal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46273",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46273",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46274",title:"Common Lesions of Varied Etiology",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"common-lesions-of-varied-etiology",totalDownloads:1885,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Molly S. Rosebush, K. Mark Anderson and Yeshwant B. Rawal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46274",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46274",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46275",title:"Dry Mouth and Associated Conditions",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"dry-mouth-and-associated-conditions",totalDownloads:1887,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Cesar A. Migliorati, Mary A. Aubertin and Marjorie Woods",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46275",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46275",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46276",title:"Pre-Cancer and Cancer",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"pre-cancer-and-cancer",totalDownloads:1623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Molly S. Rosebush, K. Mark Anderson and Yeshwant B. Rawal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46276",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46276",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46277",title:"AIDS/HIV Associated Lesions and Management",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"aids-hiv-associated-lesions-and-management",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Cesar A. Migliorati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46277",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46277",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46278",title:"The Cancer Patient/Oral Complications of Cancer Therapy and Management",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"the-cancer-patient-oral-complications-of-cancer-therapy-and-management",totalDownloads:1743,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Cesar A. Migliorati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46278",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46278",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46279",title:"Concepts of Oral Hygiene Maintenance that Would Apply for the Different Groups of Patients",doi:"10.5772/57597",slug:"concepts-of-oral-hygiene-maintenance-that-would-apply-for-the-different-groups-of-patients",totalDownloads:1576,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Fotinos S. Panagakos and Cesar A. Migliorati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46279",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46279",authors:[{id:"170646",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesare",surname:"Migliorati",slug:"cesare-migliorati",fullName:"Cesare Migliorati"},{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"70918",slug:"erratum-neuroplasticity-and-the-auditory-system",title:"Erratum - Neuroplasticity and the Auditory System",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70918.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70918",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70918",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70918",chapter:{id:"70024",slug:"neuroplasticity-and-the-auditory-system",signatures:"Caroline Donadon, Stavros Hatzopoulos, Piotr Henry Skarzynski and Milaine Dominici Sanfins",dateSubmitted:"September 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 12th 2019",datePublished:"January 8th 2020",book:{id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",fullTitle:"The Human Auditory System - Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",publishedDate:"January 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",email:"sdh1@unife.it",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"194610",title:"Dr.",name:"Milaine",middleName:"Dominici",surname:"Sanfins",fullName:"Milaine Sanfins",slug:"milaine-sanfins",email:"msanfins@uol.com.br",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"273125",title:"Mrs.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Donadon",fullName:"Caroline Donadon",slug:"caroline-donadon",email:"msanfins@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"70024",slug:"neuroplasticity-and-the-auditory-system",signatures:"Caroline Donadon, Stavros Hatzopoulos, Piotr Henry Skarzynski and Milaine Dominici Sanfins",dateSubmitted:"September 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"October 10th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 12th 2019",datePublished:"January 8th 2020",book:{id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",fullTitle:"The Human Auditory System - Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",publishedDate:"January 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",email:"sdh1@unife.it",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"194610",title:"Dr.",name:"Milaine",middleName:"Dominici",surname:"Sanfins",fullName:"Milaine Sanfins",slug:"milaine-sanfins",email:"msanfins@uol.com.br",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"273125",title:"Mrs.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Donadon",fullName:"Caroline Donadon",slug:"caroline-donadon",email:"msanfins@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",fullTitle:"The Human Auditory System - Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",publishedDate:"January 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7719",leadTitle:null,title:"Fractional Differential Equations",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book welcomes papers devoted to the theory of fractional ordinary and partial differential equations. It aims to provide a foundation for the theory of fractional ordinary and partial differential equations with applications in mathematics and physics. The analysis techniques that are welcome are: fixed point theory, measure of noncompactness method, topological degree method, the technique of Picard operators, critical point theory and semigroup theory, fractional kinetic equations and fractional differential equations for the generalized Mittag-Leffler function. Other topics in complex analysis using fractional differential equations are welcome also. Fractional differential equations book aim to be presented in a modern perspective and to be of interest to mathematicians and physicists as well as other scientific disciplines that use fractional-differential equations.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ee03170ee426444f1c78af05b42ef9e",bookSignature:"Dr. Terry E. Moschandreou",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7719.jpg",keywords:"Differential Equations, Neutral Equations, Infinite Delay, Noncompactness, Topological Degree, Picard Method, Langevin, Integrals, Derivatives, Navier-Stokes, Euler-Lagrange, Schrodinger, Algebra",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 1st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 31st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 18th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"146196",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry E.",middleName:null,surname:"Moschandreou",slug:"terry-e.-moschandreou",fullName:"Terry E. Moschandreou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146196/images/system/146196.jpg",biography:"Dr. Terry E. Moschandreou is a professor in applied mathematics at the University of Western Ontario in the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences where he has taught for several years. He received his PhD degree in Applied Mathematics from the University of Western Ontario in 1996. The greater part of his professional life has been spent at the University of Western Ontario and Fanshawe College in London, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Moschandreou is also currently working for Goode Educational Services where he teaches students advanced calculus and linear algebra. For a short period, he worked at the National Technical University of Athens, Greece. Dr. Moschandreou is the author of several research articles in blood flow and oxygen transport in the microcirculation, general fluid dynamics, and theory of differential equations. Also, he has contributed to the field of finite element modeling of the upper airways in sleep apnea as well as surgical brain deformation modeling. More recently, he has been working\nwith the partial differential equations of multiphase flow and level set methods as used in fluid dynamics.",institutionString:"London International Academy",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Western University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2607",title:"Blood Cell",subtitle:"An Overview of Studies in Hematology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c47fe55b6adb4aaadb74f8e977e46e5",slug:"blood-cell-an-overview-of-studies-in-hematology",bookSignature:"Terry E. Moschandreou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146196",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry E.",surname:"Moschandreou",slug:"terry-e.-moschandreou",fullName:"Terry E. Moschandreou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6637",title:"Differential Equations",subtitle:"Theory and Current Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5af67a2181408773d29a118452dbef2",slug:"differential-equations-theory-and-current-research",bookSignature:"Terry E. Moschandreou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146196",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry E.",surname:"Moschandreou",slug:"terry-e.-moschandreou",fullName:"Terry E. Moschandreou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"53880",title:"Anatomy and Physiology of Hair",doi:"10.5772/67269",slug:"anatomy-and-physiology-of-hair",body:'
1. Introduction
The hair follicle is one of the characteristic features of mammals serves as a unique miniorgan (Figure 1). In humans, hair has various functions such as protection against external factors, sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones production and thermoregulation. The hair also plays important roles for the individual’s social and sexual interaction [1, 2].
Figure 1.
Diagram of an anagen follicle.
The hair follicle serves as a reservoir for epithelial and melanocyte stem cells and it is capable of being one of the few immune privileged sites of human body. Hair follicle development is related to the interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Many genes play substantial role in this interaction and also in hair follicle cycling [3–5].
The aim of this chapter is to enhance the knowledge of the complex anatomy and physiology of the hair in a simple manner (Table 1) [2, 5].
Anagen
Growth stage of hair follicle cycle
Catagen
Regression and involution stage of hair follicle cycle
Telogen
Resting stage of hair follicle cycle
Exogen
Active hair shaft shedding stage of hair follicle cycle
Kenogen
Telogen follicle without club hair form
Club hair
Fully keratinized, dead hair formed at telogen stage
Lanugo hair
Fine hairs on the fetus body; shed in utero or within the first weeks after birth
Vellus hair
Non-pigmented, and generally non-medullated; short hairs
Terminal hairs
Large and pigmented hairs
Hair matrix
Consists of rapidly proliferating keratinocytes that move upwards to produce the hair shaft
Follicular dermal papilla (DP)
Onion-shaped portion of hair bulb surrounded by hair matrix cells, consists of mesenchymally derived tissues
Hair bulb
Lowermost portion of the hair follicle, includes the follicular dermal papilla and the hair matrix
Isthmus
The lower portion of the upper part of hair follicle between the opening of the sebaceous gland and the insertion of arrector pili muscle
Infundibulum
Uppermost portion of the hair follicle extending from the opening of the sebaceous gland to the surface of the skin
Bulge
Segment of the outer root sheath located at insertion of arrector pili muscle
Inner root sheath (IRS)
Guides the hair shaft and helps to take a shape; coats the hair shaft up to the isthmus level
Outer root sheath (ORS)
Extends along from the hair bulb to the infundibulum and epidermis serves as a reservoir of stem cells
Connective tissue sheath (CTS)
Significant mesenchymal follicular layer that adheres to the basement membrane of the hair follicle and interacts with the follicular dermal papilla
Table 1.
Glossary of terms for hair anatomy and physiology.
In utero, type and distribution of each hair follicle over the entire body are determined. The genes that are expressed before the signs of hair follicle formation constitute the precise spacing and distribution of the follicles. The protein products of these genes are presented during the different phases of hair cycle, indicating that they are so important for the normal development and distribution of follicles as well as for the ongoing growth process [4, 5].
The initial “message” for the development of all types of skin appendages is from the dermal mesenchyme (stage 0) and hair follicle development begins with the accumulation of epithelial cells to form epithelial placode after the initial mesenchymal signals (stage 1). Thereafter, the epithelial placode expands and generates the primary hair germ (stage 2). The second signal arises from epithelial placode and constitutes a cluster of adjacent mesenchymal cells which later develops the dermal papilla (DP). The ultimate signal from this primitive dermal papilla to the epithelial placode cells indicates a rapid proliferation and differentiation. This consecutive signaling process finally leads to the production of the mature follicle.
In the second stage of development, hair germ elongates into a cord of epithelial cells and forms the hair peg (stages 3 and 4). It is surrounded by mesenchymal cells that eventually transformed to the fibrous sheath. Derived from the epithelial cells of the hair peg, hair matrix cells form the hair shaft and inner root sheath (IRS). Outer root sheath (ORS) generates two bulges along the side of the hair follicle, the proximal bulge serves as a reservoir for epithelial stem cells and the distal bulge evolves to sebaceous glands. During the development of bullous peg (stages 5–8), the hair bulb and the main cell layers of the mature hair follicle are also formed [2–4, 6].
Several molecular pathways, growth factors, proteins and genes play substantial roles for the development of the hair follicle. Canonical (β-catenin dependent) WNT (wingless-type integration site) signals are candidates for the initial dermal message, and it is believed that they precede other activators and regulators of appendage development. β-Catenin is the downstream mediator of WTN signaling. Activation of this β-catenin pathway seems to be essential for the epithelial ability of the hair follicle production [7].
Ectodysplasin (EDA) and its receptor (EDAR) are another important pathways involved in the placode stage of hair morphogenesis. The mouse EDAR mRNA is expressed in the epithelium before placode formation, and then becomes restricted to placodes, whereas the EDA mRNA is still expressed even after placode formation [3, 6, 8]. In the placode stage, activated WNT and EDAR control the localized accumulation of sonic hedgehog (SHH), which is essential for the downgrowth of the hair germ [2]. In contrast to EDA and EDAR, members of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules seem to be inhibitors of placode formation. The antagonist named Noggin neutralizes BMP activity via regulation of lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1) expression [4]. EDAR is necessary for placode development in primary hair follicles but not for induction of secondary hair follicles, which utilize signaling pathways that involve Noggin and SRY-box 18 (SOX18) expression within the dermal papilla [9, 10].
In summary, the formation of placodes in response to the first dermal signal involves activation of EDA/EDAR signaling in the epithelium, followed by epithelial WNT signaling, and subsequent activation of BMP signaling. The actions of EDA/EDAR and WNT promote placode formation, whereas BMP signaling represses placode fate in adjacent skin [6].
Human hair follicle morphogenesis occurs only once. Lanugo, vellus and terminal hairs follow the same basic architectural principles. The first “coat” that is formed is fine, long, variably pigmented lanugo hair, which is shed in an anterior to posterior wave during last trimester of gestation. A second coat of fine, shorter, unpigmented lanugo hair then grows in all areas except the scalp and is shed 3–4 months after birth. After these first two cycles, hair starts to grow in an asynchronous “mosaic” pattern rather than in waves [2].
3. Hair anatomy
3.1. Classification of the hair
Nearly whole body surface is coated with the hairs except a few areas like palms, soles and mucosal regions of lips and external genitalia. Most of these are tiny, colorless vellus hairs. The ones located in several areas like scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes are thicker, longer and pigmented and are called terminal hairs. Humans have approximately 5 million hair follicles and 100,000 of them are located on the scalp [11] (Table 2) [2].
Basically terminal hairs are found on scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes at birth while the rest of the body is covered with vellus hairs. In puberty, some vellus hairs (i.e. beard, trunk, axilla and genital area) by the influence of androgens differentiate to terminal hairs, which are long (>2 cm), thick (>60 μm), pigmented and medullated. The bulb of the terminal hairs is located in the subcutaneous fat; however, the bulb of vellus hairs is in the reticular dermis. Vellus hairs are thin (<30 μm), short (<2 mm) and mostly nonmedullated.
The hair is classified into three main ethnic subgroups (Asian, African and European). However in a recent study, this classification is expanded to eight main subgroups by considering three parameters: curve diameter, curl index and number of waves [12].
Structural features of the hair follicle have to be considered during the classification process. Hair shaft diameters, hair follicle density and follicular infundibulum volume are some of them. Hair shaft diameters represent little variations and hairs are found to be thicker in androgen dependent areas. Hair follicle density is much more condense in the forehead and follicular infundibular volume is also bigger. It is important just because of the large follicular infundibular volume that is associated with more follicular reservoir ability [1, 13].
3.2. Structure of the hair
Hair is consisted of two distinct structures: follicle—the living part located under the skin and hair shaft—fully keratinized nonliving part above the skin surface. The arrector pili muscle, takes place between the hair bulge area and dermoepidermal junction. Above the insertion of the arrector pili muscle, sebaceous glands and, in some certain regions, apocrine glands are opened into the follicle.
Hair shaft is consisted of three layers: cuticle, cortex and in certain cases medulla. Flat and square-shaped cuticle cells are adhered tightly to the cortex cells proximally. Peripheric movements of cuticle cells make the direction of the distal free edge upward and cause extensive overlapping. These imbrications are crucial. By interlocking with the cuticle cells of inner root sheath, they contribute to the follicular anchorage of the growing hair. These imbricated surfaces also facilitate removal of dirt and desquamated cells from the scalp. Cuticle has also important protective properties and barrier functions against physical and chemical insults [14–16].
During the migration of the cells from the hair bulb to compose the cortex, the shapes of them become more fusiform. These cells coalesce tightly and are placed parallel to the axis of the shaft. Axial keratin filaments (microfibrils) that are formed from multiple hard α-keratin intermediate filaments (α-KIF) molecules, packs each cortex cells. Several microfibrils come together to form larger units called macrofibril which represents almost 50% of the cortex material. The cortex comprises the bulk of the shaft and also contains melanin [2, 15, 16]
Medulla is located in the center of the hair shaft preferably presented in coarser fibers. The hair medulla contains structural proteins that are markedly different from other hair keratins and eosinophilic granules that are filled by an amino acid, citrulline and eventually form internal coatings within the membranes of mature cells [14, 16, 17].
The follicle is the essential growth structure of the hair and basically has two distinct parts: upper part consisting of infundibulum and isthmus whereas the lower part comprising of hair bulb and suprabulbar region. The upper follicle remains constant, while the lower part has continuous cycles of regeneration [1, 2, 16, 18].
The infundibulum, the uppermost portion of the hair follicle extending from the opening of the sebaceous gland to the surface of the skin, is a funnel-shaped structure filled with sebum, the product of the sebaceous glands. The upper part named acroinfundibulum, the keratinization of epithelium turns into the “epidermal mode”, with formation of stratum granulosum and stratum corneum like a similar manner to epidermis [1, 14, 16].
The isthmus is the lower portion of the upper part of hair follicle between the opening of the sebaceous gland and the insertion of arrector pili muscle. At the isthmus level, epithelium keratinization begins with the lack of granular layer named “trichilemmal keratinization” [14, 16]. Only few differentiated corneocytes remain and the invagination of the epidermis in this area must be considered as highly permeable for topically applied compounds [19]. Hair follicle stem cells are thought to reside in the bulge area on the isthmus close to the insertion of the arrector muscle [20]. Lineage studies have proven that bulge cells are multipotent and that their progeny generate the new lower anagen hair follicle [21]. One of the most distinguishing features of stem cells is their slow-cycling nature, presumably to conserve their proliferative potential and to minimize DNA errors that could occur during replication. They migrate in a downward direction. On entering the hair bulb matrix, they proliferate and undergo terminal differentiation to form the hair shaft and inner root sheath. They also migrate distally to form sebaceous glands and to proliferate in response to wounding [16, 20, 22].
The suprabulbar region of the follicle, below the isthmus and above the hair bulb, is comprised of three layers from outermost to innermost: outer root sheath, inner root sheath and hair shaft (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Diagram of proximal hair follicle.
Outer root sheath (ORS) extends from the epidermis at the infundibulum and continues to the hair bulb and its cells change considerably throughout the follicle. In the infundibulum, it resembles epidermis, whereas in the isthmus level, ORS cells begin to keratinize in a trichilemmal mode. Keratinocytes in the ORS form the bulge area at the base of the isthmus. At the lower tip of the hair bulb it consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells, becoming multilayered in the region of the upper hair bulb. In some follicles, there is a distinct single cell layer interposed between the outer and inner root sheaths, known as the companion layer [23]. Companion layer cells show numerous intercellular connections to the inner root sheath and are thought to migrated distally along with the inner root sheath to the isthmus region and to form the plane of slippage between the inner and outer root sheaths [1, 3, 14, 16]. The ORS of the hair follicle also contains melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. These cells take place in certain functions of the follicle such as acting as a sensory organ and serving as an immunologic sentinel for the skin [5].
Inner root sheath (IRS) contains three layers: Henle’s layer, Huxley layer and cuticle layer. The innermost layer is the cuticle of IRS whose cells interlock with those of the hair cuticle. This connection, anchoring the hair shaft to the hair follicle, is so tight. The inner root sheath hardens before the presumptive hair within it, and so it is thought to control the definitive shape of the hair shaft. Each of the three layers of IRS undergoes abrupt keratinization. This occurs at different levels in each layer; however, the patterns of change are similar. Keratinization first appears in Henle’s layer, the outermost. Huxley layer is keratinized above the Henle’s layer at the region known as Adamson’s fringe. The IRS coats and supports the hair shaft up to the isthmus level where the IRS disintegrates [3, 14, 16].
The expanded onion-shaped portion of the lower hair follicle, including the hair matrix and the follicular papilla is known as the hair bulb which is the active reproductive portion of the hair follicle. The hair bulb encloses folicular dermal papilla, mucopolysaccharide-rich strome, nerve fiber and capillary loop. The matrix cells are localized to the lowermost portion of the follicle and surround all sides of the follicular papilla. The hair shaft and IRS are derived from the matrix cells. The IRS is derived from the lower and laterally located matrix cells, whereas the hair shaft is originated from upper and centrally located cells. In addition to producing the main structural components of hair, they also produce the hair keratins, and their associated proteins (KAPs) [24]. Melanocytes reside among matrix stem cells to produce the pigment of the hair. During their differentiation phase, matrix cells phagocytose melanin or pheomelanin from the dendritic elongations of melanocytes. The hair assumes its color via the amount and the type of the phagocytized major pigment [1, 3, 16, 25].
Follicular papilla, which is derived from a condensation of mesenchymal cells at the early stages of follicular embryogenesis, is one of the most important players during the induction and maintenance of the follicular epithelial differentiation. It is responsible for determining the follicle type. The volume and secretory activity of follicular papilla and also the number of matrix stem cells determine the size of the anagen hair bulb, the duration of anagen phase and the diameter of the hair shaft [11, 26, 27]. Moreover the follicular papilla is an essential source of growth factors [1, 3, 16, 28].
3.3. Molecular structure
Keratin proteins can be divided into two major families: the type I (acidic) keratins and the type II (basic-neutral) keratins. About 54 functional keratin genes (28 type I and 26 type II keratins) have been identified to date. There are 11 type I hair keratins, designated K31–K40, and 6 type II hair keratins, designated K81–K86, and the remainder are epithelial keratins [24].
The keratin-associated proteins (KAP), is a large group of proteins which constitutes the matrix of the keratin. The matrix proteins are separated to three major subgroups according to their amino acid compositions [29]. Different hair and epithelial keratins are expressed in the various concentric layers of the hair follicle, with hair keratins found primarily in the cortex and hair cuticle [1, 2].
3.4. Hair follicle innervation and vascularization
Nerves related to the hair follicle are identical to the dermal nerve network including sensory afferents and autonomic sympathetic nerves. Smaller nerve fibers form a circular layer around the bulge area of terminal follicles and the bulb area of vellus follicles. There are several types of nerve endings associated with the hair follicle: free nerve endings, lanceolate nerve endings, Merkel cells and pilo-Ruffini corpuscles. Each nerve ending responds to distinct stimulus. Free nerve endings transmit pain, lanceolate nerve endings detect acceleration, Merkel cells responsible of pressure sensation and pilo-Ruffini corpuscles detect tension. Perifollicular nerves related neuromediator and neuropeptides, that is, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide influence follicular keratinocytes and hair follicle cycling [1, 3, 16].
Cutaneous vascularization is provided by arterioles, which are concentrated at the lower portion of the hair follicle and compose vascular network. During the hair cycle phases, there are some alterations in the density of perifollicular vascularization due to the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression [1].
3.5. Immunology of hair follicle
The immunology of hair is very amazing and complicated. The hair follicle represents an immune privileged (IP) site, which is defined basically as a location in the body where foreign tissue grafts can survive for longer periods of time without immune rejection. This specialized immune environment of IP is required to prevent destructive immune reactions in critical regions. Other immune privileged sites include the anterior chamber of the eye, testis, brain and placenta. Hair follicle IP has a unique characteristic of recurring in a cyclic pattern.
Until recently, the IP of the hair follicle is considered to be restricted to the matrix region during the anagen phase. However, evidence has accumulated that the IP of the hair follicle extends to the bulge region and is present at this site during the entire hair cycle. Since the bulge represents the hair follicle stem cell niche, sustained IP in this region may be essential for the survival of the follicle.
Hair follicle IP occurs during anagen [30]. Thus hair follicle IP is limited to the proximal epithelium of anagen hair follicles. During anagen, melanogenesis is activated in the hair bulb and suggests that hair follicle melanocyte autoantigens play a key role as potential immune targets [28, 31].
The hair follicle IP is maintained by several factors [32]:
Downregulation of MHC class I expression in the proximal ORS and matrix cells.
Local production of potent immunosuppressants like TGF-β1, IL-10 and α-MSH.
Functional deterioration of antigen presenting cells.
Absence of lymphatics.
Establishment of extracellular matrix barriers to hinder immune cell trafficking.
Expression of non-classical MHC class 1.
Expression of fas ligand.
3.6. Pigmentation of hair follicle
Hair shaft pigmentation ensures multiple benefits including UV protection, thermoregulation and sexual perceptions. Furthermore, the hair pigment, melanin, is a potent free-radical scavenger. Melanin production inside the active anagen hair bulb may, therefore, help to buffer cell stress induced by reactive oxygen species.
In contrast to the continuous melanogenesis observed in epidermal melanocytes, follicular melanogenesis is a cyclic phenomenon. It is ceased in early the anagen-catagen transition, restarted with the down-regulation of key enzymes of melanogenesis, followed by hair follicle melanocyte apoptosis.
Hair follicle melanocytes and their precursors reside in the hair matrix and along the outer root sheath of anagen hair follicles. However, production of hair pigment (black eumelanin and/or the reddish pheomelanin) only occurs in the specialized hair follicle pigmentary unit, located above and around the dermal papilla during anagen III–VI. Melanin synthesis is established in lysosome-related organelles named melanosomes. In the precortical matrix, these melanosomes are transferred to the hair shaft keratinocytes and formed a pigmented hair shaft. The hair follicle also contains melanocyte stem cells, which are located in the bulge and in the secondary hair [33–35].
4. Physiology of the hair
4.1. Hair growth cycle
Hair development is a continuous cyclic process and all mature follicles go through a growth cycle consisting of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), rest (telogen) and shedding (exogen) phases (Figure 3). The duration of the phases changes based on the location of the hair and also personal nutritional and hormonal status and age [15, 33].
Figure 3.
The hair cycle.
4.1.1. Anagen
The inception of anagen phase is presented by the onset of the mitotic activity in the secondary epithelial germ located between the club hair and dermal papilla in telogen hair follicle [5, 16]. The anagen is the active growth phase in which the follicle enlarges and takes the original shape and the hair fiber is produced. Almost 85–90% of all scalp hairs are in anagen.
Six portion of the anagen stage is demonstrated. Through the anagen I–V, hair stem cells proliferate, encloses the dermal papilla, grow downwards to the skin and begin to proliferate hair shaft and IRS, respectively. Subsequently, hair matrix melanocytes begin to develop pigment and the form of the hair shaft begins to arise; in anagen VI, hair bulb and adjacent the dermal papilla formation is realized and the new hair shaft appears from the skin. This phase can last up to 6–8 years in hair follicles [1, 11, 18].
Hair shaft synthesis and pigmentation only take place in anagen [11]. The degree of axial symmetry within the hair bulb determines the curvature of the final hair structure [35]. Fiber length is often dependent on the duration of the anagen or actively growing phase of the follicle [17]. The featured regulatory proteins in anagen phase are BMPs, sonic hedgehog, several WNT proteins and receptors. Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor-7 hepatic growth factor (HGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are thought to be important for anagen maintenance [36].
4.1.2. Catagen
At the end of anagen, mitotic activity of the matrix cells is diminished and the follicle enters a highly controlled involutionary phase known as catagen. Catagen lasts approximately 2 weeks in humans, regardless of the site and follicle type [37]. During catagen the proximal of the hair shaft is keratinized and forms the club hair, whereas the distal part of the follicle is involuted by apoptosis [16, 38].
Catagen phase is consisted of eight different stages. The first sign of catagen is the termination of melanogenesis in the hair bulb. Follicular epithelium, mesenchyme, neuroectodermal cell populations and also perifollicular vascular and neural systems demonstrates cyclic changes in differentiation and apoptosis. However, any apoptosis is occurred in dermal papilla due to the expression of suppressor bcl-2 [11].
Catagen is a process of bulbar involution. The perifollicular sheath collapses and vitreous membrane thickens. Eventually, the lower hair follicle becomes reduced to an epithelial strand, bringing the dermal papilla into close proximity of the bulge [36]. The epithelial strand begins to elongate and finally reaches to just below the insertion of pilar muscle. After the keratinization of the presumptive club hair, the epithelial strands begin to involute and shorten progressively followed by the papilla which condenses, moves upward and locates to rest below the bulge. The column eventually reduces to a nipple and forms secondary hair germ below the club. The club hair itself is formed from cortical and cuticle cells only, and it is characterized by a lack of pigmentation [2, 37]. The presence of hairless gene mutation contributes to the failure of dermal papilla migration toward the bulge area in catagen phase [3]. FGF5 is a key inducer of catagen and FGF5-deficient mice have a prolonged anagen phase. In addition to FGF5, TGF-β1, IL-1b, the neurotrophins NT-3, NT-4 and BMP2/4 and TNF-α have been described to induce catagen [36].
4.1.3. Telogen
The telogen stage is defined as the duration between the completion of follicular regression and the onset of the next anagen phase. Telogen stage lasts for 2–3 months. Approximately 10–15% of all hair is in telogen stage. During the telogen stage, the hair shaft is transformed to club hair and finally shed. The follicle remains in this stage until the hair germ which is responsive to anagen initiating signals from the dermal papilla, starts to show enhanced proliferative and transcriptional activity in late telogen, leading to the initiation of anagen [2, 39].
Telogen is one of the main targets of hair cycle which is influenced by several modulatory agents like androgens, prolactin, ACTH, retinoids and thyroid hormones [40]. No unique molecular markers associated with the telogen follicle are determined yet; however, estrogen receptor expression is reported to be limited to the telogen papilla fibroblasts. Germ cells of telogen follicles also express basonuclin and FGF-5 [33]. The bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP-4) as a growth factor plays an essential role in suppressing follicular growth and differentiation at telogen stage [16].
The macro-environment surrounding the hair follicle also takes part in regulating cycle transitions. BMPs in the subcutaneous fat are capable of maintaining follicles in a “refractory” telogen, and cessation of this inhibitory activity by BMPs enables the follicle to progress to a “competent” telogen with a hair germ that is responsive to anagen-initiation signals and capable of entering a new anagen phase [2, 41].
4.1.4. Exogen
There is less interest for the mechanism of the hair shedding but from the patient’s perspective it is probably the most important part of the hair growth. It is not unusual for human telogen hairs to be retained from more than one follicular cycle and this suggests that anagen and exogen phases are independent. The shedding period is believed to be an active process and independent of telogen and anagen thus this distinct shedding phase is named exogen [16, 33].
4.2. Hair cycle clock
Based on the observations: the hair follicle has no need for intact innervation, vascularization or other extrafollicular components to maintain cycling, and the basic oscillator system which controls hair cycling is located presumably in the follicle [42]. The principal challenge is to define the underlying “oscillator” system. Probably, the hair cycle clock is controlled by regulating the balance of the interactions between the follicle epithelium and the surrounding mesenchyme. This might be provided by the rhythmic secretions of growth/modulatory signals from follicle epithelium or mesenchyme as well as the rhythmic alterations in the expressions of corresponding receptors [40].
5. Conclusion
In this chapter, the basic anatomy and the amazing and complicated biology of the hair follicle is reviewed. Enhanced knowledge on the normal dynamics of the hair provides understanding the basis of how the follicle behaves during a disease. However recent progress in our understanding of the biology and pathology of hair follicles should lead more effective therapies for hair disorders.
Acknowledgments
I very much thank Seda Bilir Aksu for the excellent work of the figures in this chapter.
\n',keywords:"hair, follicle, anatomy, physiology, shaft",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/53880.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/53880.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53880",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53880",totalDownloads:6069,totalViews:11769,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"June 14th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 15th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 3rd 2017",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Hair is one of the characteristic features of mammals and has various functions such as protection against external factors; producing sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones; impact on social and sexual interactions; thermoregulation and being a resource for stem cells. Hair is a derivative of the epidermis and consists of two distinct parts: the follicle and the hair shaft. The follicle is the essential unit for the generation of hair. The hair shaft consists of a cortex and cuticle cells, and a medulla for some types of hairs. Hair follicle has a continuous growth and rest sequence named hair cycle. The duration of growth and rest cycles is coordinated by many endocrine, vascular and neural stimuli and depends not only on localization of the hair but also on various factors, like age and nutritional habits. Distinctive anatomy and physiology of hair follicle are presented in this chapter. Extensive knowledge on anatomical and physiological aspects of hair can contribute to understand and heal different hair disorders.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/53880",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/53880",book:{slug:"hair-and-scalp-disorders"},signatures:"Bilgen Erdoğan",authors:[{id:"193661",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilgen",middleName:null,surname:"Erdoğan",fullName:"Bilgen Erdoğan",slug:"bilgen-erdogan",email:"bcakil@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Hair and follicle morphology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Hair anatomy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Classification of the hair",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. Structure of the hair",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3. Molecular structure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4. Hair follicle innervation and vascularization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5. Immunology of hair follicle",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.6. Pigmentation of hair follicle",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Physiology of the hair",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1. Hair growth cycle",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"4.1.1. Anagen",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"4.1.2. Catagen",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"4.1.3. Telogen",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"4.1.4. Exogen",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.2. Hair cycle clock",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Buffoli B, Rinaldi F, Labanca M et al. The human hair: from anatomy to physiology. Int J Dermatol 2014;53: 331–341.'},{id:"B2",body:'De Berker D, Higgins CA, Jahoda C et al. Biology of hair and nails. In: Bolognia JL, Jorrizzo JL, Schaffer JV, editors. Dermatology. 3 ed. Elsevier Saunders Ltd. 2012. pp. 1075–1092.'},{id:"B3",body:'Cotseralis G, Botchkarev V. Biology of hair follicle. In: Wollf K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, editors. Fitzpatrik’s Dermatology in General Medicine. 7th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill. 2008. pp. 739–749.'},{id:"B4",body:'Hardy MH. The secret life of the hair follicle. Trends Genet 1992;8:55–61.'},{id:"B5",body:'Paus R, Cotsarelis G. The biology of hair follicle. N Engl J Med 1999;341:491–497.'},{id:"B6",body:'Miller SE. Molecular mechanisms regulating hair follicle development. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:216–225.'},{id:"B7",body:'Andl T, Reddy ST, Gaddapara T et al. WNT signals are required for the initiation of hair follicle development. Dev Cell 2002;2:643–653.'},{id:"B8",body:'Headon DJ, Overbeek PA. Involvement of a novel Tnf receptor homologue in hair follicle induction. Nat Genet 1999; 22:370–374.'},{id:"B9",body:'Laurikkala J, Pispa J, Jung HS et al. Regulation of hair follicle development by the TNF signal ectodysplasin and its receptor Edar. Development. 2002;129:2541–2553.'},{id:"B10",body:'Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Sharov AA et al. Modulation of BMP signaling by noggin is required for induction of the secondary (nontylotrich) hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:3–10.'},{id:"B11",body:'Krause K, Foitzik K. Biology of hair follicle: the basics. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2006;25:2–10.'},{id:"B12",body:'De La Mettrie R, Saint-Leger D, Loussouarn G et al. Shape variability and classification of human hair: a worldwide approach. Hum Biol 2007;79:265–281.'},{id:"B13",body:'Otberg N, Richter H, Schaefer H et al. Variation of hair follicle size and distribution in different body sites. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122:14–19.'},{id:"B14",body:'Sperling LC: Hair anatomy for the clinician. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:1–17.'},{id:"B15",body:'Wolfram LJ. Human hair: a unique physicochemical composite. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:S106–S114.'},{id:"B16",body:'Messenger AG, De Berker DAR, Sinclair RD. Disorders of hair. In: Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, editors. Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology. 8 ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010. pp. 66.1–66.16.'},{id:"B17",body:'Jones LN. Hair structure anatomy and comparative anatomy. Dermatol Clin 2001;19:95–103.'},{id:"B18",body:'Randal VA, Botchkareva NV. The biology of hair growth. In: Ahluwalia GS, editor. Cosmetic Application of Laser and Light based system. Norwich, NY: William Andrew Inc. 2009. pp. 3–35.'},{id:"B19",body:'Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Human hair follicle: reservoir function and selective targeting. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:13–17.'},{id:"B20",body:'Oshima H, Rochat A, Kedzia C et al. Morphogenesis and renewal of hair follicles from adult multipotent stem cells. Cell 2001;104:233–245.'},{id:"B21",body:'Ito M, Kizawa K, Hamada K et al. Hair follicle stem cells in the lower bulge form the secondary germ, a biochemically distinct but functionally equivalent progenitor cell population, at the termination of catagen. Differentiation 2004;72:548–557.'},{id:"B22",body:'Cotseralis G, Sun TT, Lavker RM. Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis. Cell 1990;61:1329–1337.'},{id:"B23",body:'Rothnagel JA, Roop DR. Hair follicle companion layer: reacquainting an old friend. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104: 42S–43S.'},{id:"B24",body:'Rogers MA, Langbein L, Praetzer-Wundel S et al. Human hair keratin associated proteins(KAPs). Int Rev Cytol 2006;251:209–263.'},{id:"B25",body:'Jankovic SM, Jankovic SV. The control of hair growth. Dermatol Online J 1998;4:2.'},{id:"B26",body:'Jahoda CA, Reynolds AJ. Dermal-epidermal interactions. Adult follicle derived cell populations and hair growth. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:573–583.'},{id:"B27",body:'Paus R, Müller-Röver S, Botchkarev VA. Chronobiology of the hair follicle: hunting the “hair cycle clock”. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1999;4:338–345.'},{id:"B28",body:'Peus D, Pittelkow MR. Growth factors in hair organ development and the hair growth cycle. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:559–572.'},{id:"B29",body:'Roger GE. Hair follicle differantiation and regulation. Int J Dev Biol 2004;48:163–170.'},{id:"B30",body:'Christoph T, Müller-Röver S, Audring H et al. The human hair follicle immun system: cellular compositon and immun privilage. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:862–873.'},{id:"B31",body:'Ito T. Hair follicle is a target of stress hormone and autoimmune reactions. J Dermatol Sci 2010;60:67–73.'},{id:"B32",body:'Paus R, Ito N, Takigawa M et al. The hair follicle and immune privilege. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2003;8:188–194.'},{id:"B33",body:'Stenn KS, Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling. Physiol Rev 2001;81:449–494.'},{id:"B34",body:'Slominski A, Wortsman J, Plonka PM et al. Hair follicle pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124: 13–21.'},{id:"B35",body:'Thibaut S, Gaillard O, Bouhanna P et al. Human hair shape is programmed from the bulb. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:632–638.'},{id:"B36",body:'Schneider MR, Schmidt-Ulrich R, Paus R. The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan. Curr Biol 2009;19:R132–R142.'},{id:"B37",body:'Kligman AM. The human hair cycle. J Invest Dermatol 1959;33:307–316.'},{id:"B38",body:'Paus R, Foitzik K. In search of the “hair cycle clock”: a guided tour. Differentiation 2004;72:489–511.'},{id:"B39",body:'Greco V, Chen T, Rendl M et al. A two-step mechanism for stem cell activation during hair regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2009;4:155–169.'},{id:"B40",body:'Paus R. Principles of hair cycle control. J Dermatol 1998;25:793–802.'},{id:"B41",body:'Plikus MV, Mayer JA, de la Cruz D et al. Cyclic dermal BMP signalling regulates stem cell activation during hair regeneration. Nature 2008;451:340–344.'},{id:"B42",body:'Sten KS, Nixon J, Jahoda CAB et al. What controls hair follicle cycling? Exp Dermatol 1999; 8:229–233.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Bilgen Erdoğan",address:"bcakil@hotmail.com",affiliation:'
Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"5461",title:"Hair and Scalp Disorders",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hair and Scalp Disorders",slug:"hair-and-scalp-disorders",publishedDate:"May 3rd 2017",bookSignature:"Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5461.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",middleName:null,surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"53795",title:"Introductory Chapter: Hair Loss",slug:"introductory-chapter-hair-loss",totalDownloads:1807,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu",authors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",middleName:null,surname:"Kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay"}]},{id:"53880",title:"Anatomy and Physiology of Hair",slug:"anatomy-and-physiology-of-hair",totalDownloads:6069,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Bilgen Erdoğan",authors:[{id:"193661",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilgen",middleName:null,surname:"Erdoğan",fullName:"Bilgen Erdoğan",slug:"bilgen-erdogan"}]},{id:"53430",title:"Mechanism of Hair Loss from the Point of View of Epidermal Cell Polarity",slug:"mechanism-of-hair-loss-from-the-point-of-view-of-epidermal-cell-polarity",totalDownloads:1883,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shin-Ichi Osada",authors:[{id:"190768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shin-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Osada",fullName:"Shin-Ichi Osada",slug:"shin-ichi-osada"}]},{id:"53304",title:"Hair Follicle Reconstruction and Stem Cells",slug:"hair-follicle-reconstruction-and-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1749,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ekaterina P. Kalabusheva, Elina S. Chermnykh, Vasily V. Terskikh and\nEkaterina A. Vorotelyak",authors:[{id:"191045",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Vorotelyak",fullName:"Ekaterina Vorotelyak",slug:"ekaterina-vorotelyak"},{id:"191046",title:"Ms.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Kalabusheva",fullName:"Ekaterina Kalabusheva",slug:"ekaterina-kalabusheva"},{id:"195509",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasily",middleName:null,surname:"Terskikh",fullName:"Vasily Terskikh",slug:"vasily-terskikh"},{id:"195510",title:"Dr.",name:"Elina",middleName:null,surname:"Chermnykh",fullName:"Elina Chermnykh",slug:"elina-chermnykh"}]},{id:"54131",title:"The Histological Mechanisms of Hair Loss",slug:"the-histological-mechanisms-of-hair-loss",totalDownloads:1669,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vsevolodov Eduard Borisovich",authors:[{id:"191715",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Vsevolodov",fullName:"Eduard Vsevolodov",slug:"eduard-vsevolodov"}]},{id:"53525",title:"Trichoscopy and Trichogram",slug:"trichoscopy-and-trichogram",totalDownloads:1973,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Melike Kibar",authors:[{id:"189899",title:"Dr.",name:"Melike",middleName:null,surname:"Kibar Ozturk",fullName:"Melike Kibar Ozturk",slug:"melike-kibar-ozturk"}]},{id:"53231",title:"Alopecia Areata",slug:"alopecia-areata",totalDownloads:1973,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Burhan Engin, Muazzez Çiğdem Oba and Yalçın Tüzün",authors:[{id:"64793",title:"Prof.",name:"Burhan",middleName:null,surname:"Engin",fullName:"Burhan Engin",slug:"burhan-engin"}]},{id:"54176",title:"Telogen Effluvium",slug:"telogen-effluvium",totalDownloads:1577,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Emin Ozlu and Ayse Serap Karadag",authors:[{id:"188975",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayse Serap",middleName:null,surname:"Karadag",fullName:"Ayse Serap Karadag",slug:"ayse-serap-karadag"},{id:"189961",title:"Dr.",name:"Emin",middleName:null,surname:"Ozlu",fullName:"Emin Ozlu",slug:"emin-ozlu"}]},{id:"54721",title:"Androgenic Alopecia: Cross-Talk Between Cell Signal Transduction Pathways",slug:"androgenic-alopecia-cross-talk-between-cell-signal-transduction-pathways",totalDownloads:2260,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Anastasia Nesterova and Anton Yuryev",authors:[{id:"189400",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasia",middleName:null,surname:"Nesterova",fullName:"Anastasia Nesterova",slug:"anastasia-nesterova"},{id:"205662",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",middleName:null,surname:"Yuryev",fullName:"Anton Yuryev",slug:"anton-yuryev"}]},{id:"53933",title:"Cicatricial Alopecias",slug:"cicatricial-alopecias",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ibrahim Halil Yavuz, Goknur Ozaydin Yavuz and Serap Gunes Bilgili",authors:[{id:"190495",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Serap Gunes",middleName:null,surname:"Bilgili",fullName:"Serap Gunes Bilgili",slug:"serap-gunes-bilgili"},{id:"191273",title:"Dr.",name:"Goknur",middleName:null,surname:"Ozaydin Yavuz",fullName:"Goknur Ozaydin Yavuz",slug:"goknur-ozaydin-yavuz"},{id:"191275",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim Halil",middleName:null,surname:"Yavuz",fullName:"Ibrahim Halil Yavuz",slug:"ibrahim-halil-yavuz"}]},{id:"53947",title:"Infections, Infestations and Neoplasms of the Scalp",slug:"infections-infestations-and-neoplasms-of-the-scalp",totalDownloads:2483,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Filiz Canpolat",authors:[{id:"191617",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Filiz",middleName:null,surname:"Canpolat",fullName:"Filiz Canpolat",slug:"filiz-canpolat"}]},{id:"53306",title:"Trichotillomania and Traction Alopecia",slug:"trichotillomania-and-traction-alopecia",totalDownloads:1782,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak, Melek Aslan Kayıran, Burak Tekin and\nFiliz Cebeci",authors:[{id:"193582",title:"Dr.",name:"Tugba Kevser",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuncakmak",fullName:"Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak",slug:"tugba-kevser-uzuncakmak"},{id:"193587",title:"Dr.",name:"Filiz",middleName:null,surname:"Cebeci",fullName:"Filiz Cebeci",slug:"filiz-cebeci"},{id:"193588",title:"Dr.",name:"Melek",middleName:null,surname:"Aslan Kayıran",fullName:"Melek Aslan Kayıran",slug:"melek-aslan-kayiran"},{id:"193589",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Tekin",fullName:"Burak Tekin",slug:"burak-tekin"}]},{id:"52801",title:"Psychosocial Aspects of Hair Loss",slug:"psychosocial-aspects-of-hair-loss",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hilal Gokalp",authors:[{id:"193580",title:"M.D.",name:"Hilal",middleName:null,surname:"Gokalp",fullName:"Hilal Gokalp",slug:"hilal-gokalp"}]},{id:"54484",title:"Hair Loss in Children, Etiologies, and Treatment",slug:"hair-loss-in-children-etiologies-and-treatment",totalDownloads:1600,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Khitam Al-Refu",authors:[{id:"51233",title:"Dr.",name:"Khitam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Refu",fullName:"Khitam Al-Refu",slug:"khitam-al-refu"}]},{id:"53490",title:"Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) Hair Transplantation",slug:"follicular-unit-extraction-fue-hair-transplantation",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Safvet Ors",authors:[{id:"189369",title:"Dr.",name:"Safvet",middleName:null,surname:"Örs",fullName:"Safvet Örs",slug:"safvet-ors"}]},{id:"54527",title:"Complications of Hair Transplantation",slug:"complications-of-hair-transplantation",totalDownloads:1760,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Murat Küçüktaş",authors:[{id:"189869",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Küçüktaş",fullName:"Murat Küçüktaş",slug:"murat-kucuktas"}]},{id:"53233",title:"New Modalities in the Treatment of Refractory Alopecia Areata",slug:"new-modalities-in-the-treatment-of-refractory-alopecia-areata",totalDownloads:1455,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Arzu Kılıç",authors:[{id:"189895",title:"Prof.",name:"Arzu",middleName:null,surname:"Kilic",fullName:"Arzu Kilic",slug:"arzu-kilic"}]},{id:"54160",title:"Cosmetic Procedures in the Treatment of Alopecia",slug:"cosmetic-procedures-in-the-treatment-of-alopecia",totalDownloads:2804,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Selda Pelin Kartal, Cemile Altunel and Bilgen Gencler",authors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",middleName:null,surname:"Kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal"}]},{id:"53297",title:"Alternative Medicine for Hair Loss",slug:"alternative-medicine-for-hair-loss",totalDownloads:5650,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gurkan Yardimci",authors:[{id:"193590",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurkan",middleName:null,surname:"Yardimci",fullName:"Gurkan Yardimci",slug:"gurkan-yardimci"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5941",title:"Fundamentals of Sexually Transmitted Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213a3a4ce4fd55711c78e9a7acaf6939",slug:"fundamentals-of-sexually-transmitted-infections",bookSignature:"Server Serdaroglu and Zekayi Kutlubay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"56155",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Latest Knowledge",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-latest-knowledge",signatures:"Gürkan Yardımcı, Server Serdaroğlu and Zekayi Kutlubay",authors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",middleName:null,surname:"Kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay"}]},{id:"56433",title:"Anogenital HPV",slug:"anogenital-hpv",signatures:"Özge Aşkın",authors:[{id:"204824",title:"Dr.",name:"Özge",middleName:null,surname:"Aşkın",fullName:"Özge Aşkın",slug:"ozge-askin"}]},{id:"55980",title:"Cervical Cancer, a Sequela of a Sexually Transmitted Infection: The Human Papillomavirus Infection",slug:"cervical-cancer-a-sequela-of-a-sexually-transmitted-infection-the-human-papillomavirus-infection",signatures:"Tamunomie K Nyengidiki, Goddy Bassey and Ikechukwu Durugbo",authors:[{id:"171742",title:"Dr.",name:"Nyengidiki",middleName:"Kennedy",surname:"Tamunomie",fullName:"Nyengidiki Tamunomie",slug:"nyengidiki-tamunomie"},{id:"202597",title:"Dr.",name:"Durugbo",middleName:null,surname:"Ikechekwu",fullName:"Durugbo Ikechekwu",slug:"durugbo-ikechekwu"},{id:"206990",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassey",middleName:null,surname:"Goddy",fullName:"Bassey Goddy",slug:"bassey-goddy"}]},{id:"56376",title:"Genital Herpes",slug:"genital-herpes",signatures:"Selma Emre and Ayse Akkus",authors:[{id:"212484",title:"Ms.",name:"Ayse",middleName:null,surname:"Akkus",fullName:"Ayse Akkus",slug:"ayse-akkus"},{id:"213788",title:"Dr.",name:"Selma",middleName:null,surname:"Emre",fullName:"Selma Emre",slug:"selma-emre"}]},{id:"56549",title:"Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Relationship and Management",slug:"bacterial-vaginosis-and-sexually-transmitted-diseases-relationship-and-management",signatures:"Marco Bertini",authors:[{id:"200557",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Bertini",fullName:"Marco Bertini",slug:"marco-bertini"}]},{id:"56658",title:"Syphilis",slug:"syphilis",signatures:"Ayşegül Sevim Keçici",authors:[{id:"215974",title:"Dr.",name:"Aysegul Sevim",middleName:null,surname:"Kecici",fullName:"Aysegul Sevim Kecici",slug:"aysegul-sevim-kecici"}]},{id:"56267",title:"Microbicides for the Prevention of HPV, HIV-1, and HSV-2: Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections",slug:"microbicides-for-the-prevention-of-hpv-hiv-1-and-hsv-2-sexually-transmitted-viral-infections",signatures:"Naveed Shahzad, Roman Farooq, Bilal Aslam and Muhammad\nUmer",authors:[{id:"180702",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz",middleName:"Naveed",surname:"Shahzad",fullName:"Hafiz Shahzad",slug:"hafiz-shahzad"},{id:"185903",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Aslam",fullName:"Bilal Aslam",slug:"bilal-aslam"},{id:"185904",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Umer",fullName:"Muhammad Umer",slug:"muhammad-umer"},{id:"202558",title:"Mr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Farooq",fullName:"Roman Farooq",slug:"roman-farooq"}]},{id:"55196",title:"Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention: Evidence and Reticence",slug:"circumcision-and-sexually-transmitted-disease-prevention-evidence-and-reticence",signatures:"Marco Vella, Alberto Abrate, Antonina Argo and Alchiede\nSimonato",authors:[{id:"201774",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonina",middleName:null,surname:"Argo",fullName:"Antonina Argo",slug:"antonina-argo"},{id:"204696",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Vella",fullName:"Marco Vella",slug:"marco-vella"},{id:"206091",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Abrate",fullName:"Alberto Abrate",slug:"alberto-abrate"},{id:"206092",title:"Prof.",name:"Alchiede",middleName:null,surname:"Simonato",fullName:"Alchiede Simonato",slug:"alchiede-simonato"}]},{id:"55344",title:"Infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum, in Relation with Reproductive Failure",slug:"infection-by-human-papillomavirus-hpv-chlamydia-trachomatis-and-ureaplasma-urealyticum-in-relation-w",signatures:"Adriana Ancer‐Arellano, Jesus Ancer‐Rodríguez, David Hardisson,\nAlberto Niderhauser-Garcia, Jose Sanchez‐Hernández, Alvarez‐\nCuevas Salomón and Guadalupe Gallegos‐Avila",authors:[{id:"88479",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Gallegos-Avila",fullName:"Guadalupe Gallegos-Avila",slug:"guadalupe-gallegos-avila"},{id:"88481",title:"Dr.",name:"Salomon",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Cuevas",fullName:"Salomon Alvarez-Cuevas",slug:"salomon-alvarez-cuevas"},{id:"203337",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Hardisson-Hernaez",fullName:"David Hardisson-Hernaez",slug:"david-hardisson-hernaez"},{id:"203339",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Ancer-Arellano",fullName:"Adriana Ancer-Arellano",slug:"adriana-ancer-arellano"},{id:"203341",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Ancer-Rodriguez",fullName:"Jesus Ancer-Rodriguez",slug:"jesus-ancer-rodriguez"},{id:"205673",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Hernandez",fullName:"Jose Sanchez-Hernandez",slug:"jose-sanchez-hernandez"}]},{id:"55328",title:"Communicable Diseases Among Refugees with a Focus on the Middle East",slug:"communicable-diseases-among-refugees-with-a-focus-on-the-middle-east",signatures:"Inaya Hajj Hussein, Ibrahim Mortada, Alice Gerges Geagea and\nAbdo Jurjus",authors:[{id:"63795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Jurjus",fullName:"Abdo Jurjus",slug:"abdo-jurjus"},{id:"200452",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Inaya",middleName:null,surname:"Hajj Hussein",fullName:"Inaya Hajj Hussein",slug:"inaya-hajj-hussein"},{id:"201225",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Mortada",fullName:"Ibrahim Mortada",slug:"ibrahim-mortada"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64524",title:"Introductory Chapter: Functional Foods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82304",slug:"introductory-chapter-functional-foods",body:'
1. Functional foods definitions
The first definition of functional foods has been established in Japan. In 1991, the Japanese law entered the work definition “foods for specified health use” (FOSHU) which allowed the first health claims on the food labeling. The FOSHU can be foods which exhibit health effect, used as foods in a diet, and are in the form of foods not as supplements [1].
A second definition of functional foods developed by the “Functional Food Science in Europe” (FUFOSE): “Functional food is a food with certain beneficial effects on one or more target functions in the body beyond the basic nutritional effects with a result the improved health state and well being or reduction of risk of diseases. It is consumed as a part of a normal diet and is not used in the form of pill or capsule or any other form of dietary supplement” [2].
Recently, the Functional Food Center (FFC) introduced a new definition for functional foods as: “Natural or processed foods that contains known or unknown biologically-active compounds; which, in defined, effective non-toxic amounts, provide a clinically proven and documented health benefit for the prevention, management, or treatment of chronic disease” [3]. In this definition, first functional foods can be natural or processed. Second, bioactive compounds, which are considered to be the source of the functionality of the foods, are secondary metabolites occur in food usually in small amounts that act synergistically to benefit health. Specifically, bioactive compounds may “exert antioxidant, cardio-protective and chemo-preventive effects” [4].
US does not have a formal definition for functional foods. Τhe terms nutraceuticals or dietary supplements or medical foods are often used, thus functional foods cannot be regulated differently from other food products. Despite the government agencies, national and international organizations proposed their own definitions for functional food. The lack of a consistent definition between countries has led to unregulated publishing of health claims in functional foods and there exists an overall unclear definition of what “functional food” is between scientists, government officials, and the consumers. It is imperative that the food scientists should reconsider the meaning of functional food and agree upon a new formal definition for functional food.
In practice, a functional food can be a natural food, a food to which a health-promoting component has been added or from which a component for specific health reasons has been removed, a food in which a component has been modified by technological or chemical means to provide a specific health benefit, or a food in which the bioavailability of a component has been modified, or a combination of any of them.
Although the terms “nutraceutical” and “functional food” are used commonly around the world, there is no consensus on their meaning. According to the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, of the Food Directorate of Health Canada, the following definitions have been proposed: A functional food is similar in appearance to, or may be, a conventional food, is consumed as part of a usual diet, and is demonstrated to have physiological benefits and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions. Nutraceutical is a product produced from foods but sold in powders, pills, and other medicinal forms not generally associated with food and demonstrated to have physiological benefits or provide protection against chronic disease. Functional food is clearly a different category than a nutraceutical, a pharmafood, or a dietary supplement. It is a food not a drug since it has beneficial health effects usually disease preventive and not therapeutic properties [5].
2. Functional foods categories
The functional foods of plant or animal origin according to their action can be categorized as:
Vitamins and minerals fortification (e.g., vit C, folic acid, calcium, iron).
Functional foods can be in many forms. Some may be conventional foods with bioactive components that can now be identified and linked to positive health effects. Some may be fortified or enhanced foods, specifically formulated to reduce disease risk. Consumers can already choose from a wide variety of foods that contain functional components either inherently (e.g., soy protein, fish, olive oil) or through fortification (e.g., folate-fortified milk). As additional bioactive components are identified, the opportunities for developing functional foods will be broad [7]. Foods that naturally provide a bioactive substance may be enhanced to increase the level present in the food (e.g., eggs with increased levels of omega-3 fatty acids). On the other side, foods that do not naturally contain a bioactive substance can be fortified (e.g., calcium-fortified orange juice).
3. Functional foods development
According to the FCC, a few steps have been suggested to be followed in order to bring the functional foods to the market [3]:
Study the link between the particular food component and health benefits.
In vitro and in vivo studies with nonliving and animal specimens.
Human studies which involve human appropriate dosages of bioactive compounds and testing for adverse side effects.
Development of the appropriate food vehicle.
Marketing the product to the public and educating about the health benefits.
Long-term studies on populations for the overall product effectiveness.
Measurement of the public attitudes toward functional food.
Scientific understanding of the way in which specific food components affect body processes involved in health and well-being enables the development of markers that could confirm the impact of the new food products and could also be used in their safety assessment [8]. The development of functional foods using the innovative food technology and biochemical methods can offer beneficial effects to the consumers for well-being and reduction of the risk of disease. The design and the operation of such studies need to be carefully performed in order to give the scientific evidence for the approval of the health claims and the successful production of new functional foods. The development of functional foods, with their accompanying health claims, will proceed with progress in food regulation, which is the means to guarantee the validity of the claims as well as the safety of the food. Science in itself cannot be regulated and functional food science provides only the scientific basis for these regulations [9].
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64524.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/64524.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64524",totalDownloads:465,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"May 9th 2018",dateReviewed:"October 29th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 24th 2018",datePublished:"October 23rd 2019",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64524",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64524",signatures:"Vasiliki Lagouri",book:{id:"7183",title:"Functional Foods",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Functional Foods",slug:"functional-foods",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Vasiliki Lagouri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7183.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232589",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasiliki",middleName:null,surname:"Lagouri",slug:"vasiliki-lagouri",fullName:"Vasiliki Lagouri"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"232589",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasiliki",middleName:null,surname:"Lagouri",fullName:"Vasiliki Lagouri",slug:"vasiliki-lagouri",email:"vlagouri@eie.gr",position:null,institution:{name:"National Hellenic Research Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Functional foods definitions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Functional foods categories",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Functional foods development",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Shimizu T. Health claims on functional foods: The Japanese regulations and an international comparison. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2003;16(2):241-252'},{id:"B2",body:'The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation no 1924/2006 of the European parliament and of the council on nutrition and health claims made on foods. Official Journal of the European Union. 2006;404:9-25'},{id:"B3",body:'Martirosyan DM, Singh J. A new definition for functional food by FFC: What makes a new definition unique? Functional Foods in Health and Disease. 2015;5(6):209-223'},{id:"B4",body:'Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, Coval SM, Binkoski AE, Hilpert KF, et al. Bioactive compounds in foods: Their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The American Journal of Medicine. 2002;113:71-88'},{id:"B5",body:'Health Canada Policy Paper: Nutraceuticals/Functional Foods and Health Claims on Foods, Therapeutic Products Programme and the Food Directorate from the Health Protection Branch 1998'},{id:"B6",body:'Roberfroid MB. In: Gibson GR, William CM, editors. Functional Foods Concept to Product. 1st ed. Abington Hall, Abington, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2000. pp. 9-25'},{id:"B7",body:'O’Donnell CD. Ten trends in nutraceutical ingredients. Prepared Foods. 2003;172:89-92'},{id:"B8",body:'Aggett PJ et al. Scientific concepts of functional foods in Europe consensus document. British Journal of Nutrition. 1999;81:Sl-S27'},{id:"B9",body:'Roberfroid MB. A European consensus of scientific concepts of functional foods. Nutrition. 2000;16:689-691'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Vasiliki Lagouri",address:"vlagouri@pharm.uoa.gr",affiliation:'
Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7183",title:"Functional Foods",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Functional Foods",slug:"functional-foods",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Vasiliki Lagouri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7183.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232589",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasiliki",middleName:null,surname:"Lagouri",slug:"vasiliki-lagouri",fullName:"Vasiliki Lagouri"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"161306",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshinori",middleName:null,surname:"Sumita",email:"y-sumita@nagasaki-u.ac.jp",fullName:"Yoshinori Sumita",slug:"yoshinori-sumita",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Potential Cell-Based Therapies for Irreversibly Damaged Salivary Glands and Atrophic Alveolar Bone",slug:"potential-cell-based-therapies-for-irreversibly-damaged-salivary-glands-and-atrophic-alveolar-bone",abstract:null,signatures:"Yoshinori Sumita, Izumi Asahina, Simon D. Tran, Hideki Agata,\nMinoru Inoue, Arinobu Tojo and Hideaki Kagami",authors:[{id:"161306",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshinori",surname:"Sumita",fullName:"Yoshinori Sumita",slug:"yoshinori-sumita",email:"y-sumita@nagasaki-u.ac.jp"}],book:{title:"New Trends in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"new-trends-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine-official-book-of-the-japanese-society-for-regenerative-medicine",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"93125",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideharu",surname:"Hibi",slug:"hideharu-hibi",fullName:"Hideharu Hibi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Hideharu Hibi received his DDS and PhD degrees from Tokyo Medical and Dental University \nin 1987 and 1991, respectively. He served as an associate professor at the Center for Genetic \nand Regenerative Medicine in Nagoya University School of Medicine from 2004 to 2008. \nSince 2009, he has been an associate professor at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial \nSurgery in Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine. His academic interests include \ntranslational research on bone tissue engineering for maxillomandibular reconstruction.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"172980",title:"Dr.",name:"Takanori",surname:"Iwata",slug:"takanori-iwata",fullName:"Takanori Iwata",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172981",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoyuki",surname:"Kawase",slug:"tomoyuki-kawase",fullName:"Tomoyuki Kawase",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"172982",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideto",surname:"Saijo",slug:"hideto-saijo",fullName:"Hideto Saijo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"172983",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsu",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"katsu-takahashi",fullName:"Katsu Takahashi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"172984",title:"Dr.",name:"Misako",surname:"Nakashima",slug:"misako-nakashima",fullName:"Misako Nakashima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"172985",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihito",surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"akihito-yamamoto",fullName:"Akihito Yamamoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"172986",title:"Dr.",name:"Wataru",surname:"Katagiri",slug:"wataru-katagiri",fullName:"Wataru Katagiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"172987",title:"Dr.",name:"Masamitsu",surname:"Oshima",slug:"masamitsu-oshima",fullName:"Masamitsu Oshima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172990",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Tsuji",slug:"takashi-tsuji",fullName:"Takashi Tsuji",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"our-story",title:"Our story",intro:"
The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118189},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb239599406f0b731bbfd62c1c8dbf3f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10582",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9177ff0e61198735fb86a81303259d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar and Prof. Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10582.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10697",title:"Raman Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6e2bfc19cc9f0b441890f24485b0de80",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marianna V. Kharlamova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"285875",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianna V.",surname:"Kharlamova",slug:"marianna-v.-kharlamova",fullName:"Marianna V. Kharlamova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10700",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d9448d83caa34d90fd58464268c869a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10700.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10701",title:"Alkenes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6dd394ef1ca2d6472220de6a79a0d9a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Reza Davarnejad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10699",title:"Foams",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9495e848f41431e0ffb3be12b4d80544",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Caniato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"312499",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Caniato",slug:"marco-caniato",fullName:"Marco Caniato"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11072",title:"Modern Sample Preparation Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38fecf7570774c29c22a0cbca58ba570",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Massoud Kaykhaii",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11072.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"348186",title:"Dr.",name:"Massoud",surname:"Kaykhaii",slug:"massoud-kaykhaii",fullName:"Massoud Kaykhaii"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:8},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"296",title:"Textile Engineering",slug:"textile-engineering",parent:{title:"Technology",slug:"technology"},numberOfBooks:16,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:234,numberOfWosCitations:1042,numberOfCrossrefCitations:418,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1106,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"textile-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9203",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126a19fe8435f744b10161895ed51116",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",bookSignature:"Ashis Kumar Samanta, Nasser S. Awwad and Hamed Majdooa Algarni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/145209/images/system/145209.jpg",biography:'Dr. Nasser Awwad received his Ph.D. in inorganic and radiochemistry in 2000 from Ain Shams University and his Ph.D. at Sandia National Labs, New Mexico, USA, 2004. Nasser Awwad was an Associate Professor of Radiochemistry in 2006 and Professor of Inorganic and Radiochemistry in 2011. He has been a Professor at King Khalid University, Abha, KSA, from 2011 until now. He has published two chapters in the following books \\"Natural Gas - Extraction to End Use\\" and “Advances in Petrochemicals”. Pro Awwad has edited four books (Uranium, New trends in Nuclear Sciences, Lanthanides, and Nuclear Power Plants) and he has co-edited two books (“Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments” and “Chromatography - Separation, Identification, and Purification Analysis”). He has also published 95 papers in ISI journals. He has supervised 4 Ph.D. and 18 MSc students in the field of radioactive and wastewater treatment. He has participated in 26 international conferences in South Korea, the USA, Lebanon, KSA, and Egypt. He has reviewed 2 Ph.D. and 13 MSc theses. He participated in 6 big projects with KACST at KSA and Sandia National Labs in the USA. He is a member of the Arab Society of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine. He is a permanent member of the American Chemical Society, and a rapporteur of the Permanent Committee for Nuclear and Radiological Protection at KKU. He is Head of the Scientific Research and International Cooperation Unit, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University.',institutionString:"King Khalid University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10147",title:"Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"36eb1ed7179e0790a029523c97f1df04",slug:"waste-in-textile-and-leather-sectors",bookSignature:"Ayşegül Körlü",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10147.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",middleName:null,surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8542",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:"An Itinerary Between Feelings and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88f3d9a82a4972e4bf74cf48490eca31",slug:"fashion-industry-an-itinerary-between-feelings-and-technology",bookSignature:"Riccardo Beltramo, Annalisa Romani and Paolo Cantore",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"257332",title:"Prof.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Beltramo",slug:"riccardo-beltramo",fullName:"Riccardo Beltramo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8892",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1437c101708777875352cbfd31f6241b",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",bookSignature:"Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8892.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7431",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be9d70201ab46060419025deb99c16f3",slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",bookSignature:"Ayşegül Körlü",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7431.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255885",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşegül",middleName:null,surname:"Körlü",slug:"aysegul-korlu",fullName:"Ayşegül Körlü"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7242",title:"Engineered Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"757cc326df7bcca72c8c850d9f4f71d1",slug:"engineered-fabrics",bookSignature:"Mukesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7242.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36895",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"mukesh-kumar-singh",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5921",title:"Textiles for Advanced Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4deef8de2e616f18c51985a3cafe9acb",slug:"textiles-for-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"Bipin Kumar and Suman Thakur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5921.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177114",title:"Dr.",name:"Bipin",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"bipin-kumar",fullName:"Bipin Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5086",title:"Textile Wastewater Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"793e019e29b364d0daa8031b0800c3c3",slug:"textile-wastewater-treatment",bookSignature:"E. Perrin Akçakoca Kumbasar and Ayşegül Ekmekci Körlü",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10485",title:"Dr.",name:"Emriye",middleName:"Perrin",surname:"Akcakoca Kumbasar",slug:"emriye-akcakoca-kumbasar",fullName:"Emriye Akcakoca Kumbasar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5062",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06787f40748e81d97fb3e8c5370b35a5",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",bookSignature:"Han-Yong Jeon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3137",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78714c655bf80050e9713a50a0581ccb",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",bookSignature:"Melih Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33126",title:"Dr.",name:"Melih",middleName:null,surname:"Gunay",slug:"melih-gunay",fullName:"Melih Gunay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2201",title:"Woven Fabrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ddd72a2f1d7d44072bbedcf459e4e940",slug:"woven-fabrics",bookSignature:"Han-Yong Jeon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114618",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Jeon",slug:"han-yong-jeon",fullName:"Han-Yong Jeon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"276",title:"Textile Dyeing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8f404dbb188c5b04e3f1f3a72ba0c11",slug:"textile-dyeing",bookSignature:"Peter J. Hauser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32094",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hauser",slug:"peter-hauser",fullName:"Peter Hauser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:16,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"41411",doi:"10.5772/53659",title:"Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact",slug:"textile-dyes-dyeing-process-and-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:18503,totalCrossrefCites:61,totalDimensionsCites:179,book:{slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Farah Maria Drumond Chequer, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz, Juliano Carvalho Cardoso, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni and Danielle Palma de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"49040",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Palma De Oliveira",slug:"danielle-palma-de-oliveira",fullName:"Danielle Palma De Oliveira"},{id:"149074",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Zanoni"},{id:"153502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farah",middleName:null,surname:"Chequer",slug:"farah-chequer",fullName:"Farah Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"22395",doi:"10.5772/22670",title:"Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatment",slug:"textile-dyeing-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:60600,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:97,book:{slug:"advances-in-treating-textile-effluent",title:"Advances in Treating Textile Effluent",fullTitle:"Advances in Treating Textile Effluent"},signatures:"Zongping Wang, Miaomiao Xue, Kai Huang and Zizheng Liu",authors:[{id:"48655",title:"Dr.",name:"Zongping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zongping-wang",fullName:"Zongping Wang"},{id:"137783",title:"Prof.",name:"Miaomiao",middleName:null,surname:"Xue",slug:"miaomiao-xue",fullName:"Miaomiao Xue"},{id:"137784",title:"Prof.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"kai-huang",fullName:"Kai Huang"},{id:"137785",title:"Prof.",name:"Zizheng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"zizheng-liu",fullName:"Zizheng Liu"}]},{id:"23051",doi:"10.5772/21341",title:"Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes",slug:"dyeing-of-textiles-with-natural-dyes",totalDownloads:47197,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:65,book:{slug:"natural-dyes",title:"Natural Dyes",fullTitle:"Natural Dyes"},signatures:"Ashis Kumar Samanta and Adwaita Konar",authors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"},{id:"50085",title:"Mr.",name:"Adwaita",middleName:null,surname:"Konar",slug:"adwaita-konar",fullName:"Adwaita Konar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68157",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:2333,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]},{id:"41411",title:"Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact",slug:"textile-dyes-dyeing-process-and-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:18495,totalCrossrefCites:61,totalDimensionsCites:176,book:{slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Farah Maria Drumond Chequer, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz, Juliano Carvalho Cardoso, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni and Danielle Palma de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"49040",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Palma De Oliveira",slug:"danielle-palma-de-oliveira",fullName:"Danielle Palma De Oliveira"},{id:"149074",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Zanoni"},{id:"153502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farah",middleName:null,surname:"Chequer",slug:"farah-chequer",fullName:"Farah Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"70564",title:"Fundamentals of Natural Dyes and Its Application on Textile Substrates",slug:"fundamentals-of-natural-dyes-and-its-application-on-textile-substrates",totalDownloads:1188,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",fullTitle:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments"},signatures:"Virendra Kumar Gupta",authors:null},{id:"71971",title:"Textile Wastes: Status and Perspectives",slug:"textile-wastes-status-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:644,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"waste-in-textile-and-leather-sectors",title:"Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors",fullTitle:"Waste in Textile and Leather Sectors"},signatures:"Burçin Ütebay, Pinar Çelik and Ahmet Çay",authors:null},{id:"68462",title:"Sustainability Initiatives in the Fashion Industry",slug:"sustainability-initiatives-in-the-fashion-industry",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"fashion-industry-an-itinerary-between-feelings-and-technology",title:"Fashion Industry",fullTitle:"Fashion Industry - An Itinerary Between Feelings and Technology"},signatures:"Jennifer Xiaopei Wu and Li Li",authors:[{id:"226218",title:"Prof.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"li-li",fullName:"Li Li"},{id:"302215",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"Xiaopei Wu",slug:"jennifer-xiaopei-wu",fullName:"Jennifer Xiaopei Wu"}]},{id:"56078",title:"Shape Memory Polymers for Smart Textile Applications",slug:"shape-memory-polymers-for-smart-textile-applications",totalDownloads:2401,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"textiles-for-advanced-applications",title:"Textiles for Advanced Applications",fullTitle:"Textiles for Advanced Applications"},signatures:"Suman Thakur",authors:[{id:"201508",title:"Dr.",name:"Suman",middleName:null,surname:"Thakur",slug:"suman-thakur",fullName:"Suman Thakur"}]},{id:"51191",title:"A Review of State-of-the-Art Technologies in Dye-Containing Wastewater Treatment – The Textile Industry Case",slug:"a-review-of-state-of-the-art-technologies-in-dye-containing-wastewater-treatment-the-textile-industr",totalDownloads:4523,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:25,book:{slug:"textile-wastewater-treatment",title:"Textile Wastewater Treatment",fullTitle:"Textile Wastewater Treatment"},signatures:"Serkan Arslan, Murat Eyvaz, Ercan Gürbulak and Ebubekir Yüksel",authors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"},{id:"176699",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ercan",middleName:null,surname:"Gürbulak",slug:"ercan-gurbulak",fullName:"Ercan Gürbulak"},{id:"176700",title:"MSc.",name:"Serkan",middleName:null,surname:"Arslan",slug:"serkan-arslan",fullName:"Serkan Arslan"},{id:"176701",title:"Prof.",name:"Ebubekir",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksel",slug:"ebubekir-yuksel",fullName:"Ebubekir Yüksel"}]},{id:"23051",title:"Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes",slug:"dyeing-of-textiles-with-natural-dyes",totalDownloads:47194,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:65,book:{slug:"natural-dyes",title:"Natural Dyes",fullTitle:"Natural Dyes"},signatures:"Ashis Kumar Samanta and Adwaita Konar",authors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"},{id:"50085",title:"Mr.",name:"Adwaita",middleName:null,surname:"Konar",slug:"adwaita-konar",fullName:"Adwaita Konar"}]},{id:"49647",title:"Fiber Selection for the Production of Nonwovens",slug:"fiber-selection-for-the-production-of-nonwovens",totalDownloads:9313,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"non-woven-fabrics",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Non-woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Nazan Avcioglu Kalebek and Osman Babaarslan",authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan"},{id:"175829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Kalebek",slug:"nazan-kalebek",fullName:"Nazan Kalebek"}]},{id:"66171",title:"Phase Change Materials for Textile Application",slug:"phase-change-materials-for-textile-application",totalDownloads:961,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"textile-industry-and-environment",title:"Textile Industry and Environment",fullTitle:"Textile Industry and Environment"},signatures:"Fabien Salaün",authors:[{id:"27644",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabien",middleName:null,surname:"Salaün",slug:"fabien-salaun",fullName:"Fabien Salaün"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"textile-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/161306/yoshinori-sumita",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"161306",slug:"yoshinori-sumita"},fullPath:"/profiles/161306/yoshinori-sumita",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()