\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7659",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery - Analysis and Applications",title:"Organic Rankine Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery",subtitle:"Analysis and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book comprises five chapters on developed research activities on organic Rankine cycles. The first section aims to provide researchers with proper modelling (Chapter 1) and experimental (Chapter 2) tools to calculate and empirically validate thermophysical properties of ORC working fluids. The second section introduces some theoretical and experimental studies of organic Rankine cycles for waste heat recovery applications: a review of different supercritical ORC (Chapter 3), ORC for waste heat recovery from fossil-fired power plants (Chapter 4), the experimental detailed characterization of a small-scale ORC of 3 kW operating with either pure fluids or mixtures (Chapter 5).",isbn:"978-1-78985-474-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-473-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-376-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77463",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"organic-rankine-cycles-for-waste-heat-recovery-analysis-and-applications",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"98c4b304e87fd0d4e56579783f22a1f7",bookSignature:"Silvia Lasala",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7659.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3954,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:26,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 5th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 20th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"190049",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lasala",slug:"silvia-lasala",fullName:"Silvia Lasala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190049/images/system/190049.jpg",biography:"Silvia Lasala is an assistant professor at ENSIC-LRGP (University of Lorraine). She currently provides lectures in practical sessions of chemical engineering and deals with the development of various research topics. The main purpose of her researches is to contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of energy conversion technologies for electrical and thermal power production. Her more specific area of expertise is the quantification and improvement of the accuracy of thermodynamic models used for the description of fluid properties. Further to the publication of different papers and book chapters, she is also co-editor of the International Journal of Energy, Environment and Economics.",institutionString:"University of Lorraine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Lorraine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"773",title:"Thermal Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-thermal-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"71837",title:"A Predictive Equation of State to Perform an Extending Screening of Working Fluids for Power and Refrigeration Cycles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92173",slug:"a-predictive-equation-of-state-to-perform-an-extending-screening-of-working-fluids-for-power-and-ref",totalDownloads:682,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the features of the Enhanced-Predictive-PR78 equation of state (E-PPR78), a model highly suitable to perform “physical fluid screening” in power and refrigeration cycles. It enables, in fact, the accurate and predictive (i.e., without the need for its preliminary optimization by the user) determination of the thermodynamic properties of pure and multicomponent fluids usable in power and refrigeration cycles: hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkane, naphthenic compounds, and so on), permanent gases (such as CO2, N2, H2, He, Ar, O2, NH3, NO2/N2O4, and so on), mercaptans, fluorocompounds, and water. The E-PPR78 equation of state is a developed form of the Peng-Robinson equation of state, which enables both the predictive determination of binary interaction parameters and the accurate calculation of pure fluid and mixture thermodynamic properties (saturation properties, enthalpies, heat capacities, volumes, and so on).",signatures:"Silvia Lasala, Andrés-Piña Martinez and Jean-Noël Jaubert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71837",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71837",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67909",title:"Experimental Determination of Thermophysical Properties of Working Fluids for ORC Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87113",slug:"experimental-determination-of-thermophysical-properties-of-working-fluids-for-orc-applications",totalDownloads:878,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The design and optimization of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) require knowledge concerning the thermophysical properties of the working fluids: pure components or mixtures. These properties are generally calculated by thermodynamic and transport property models (thermodynamic or equation of state or correlations). The parameters of these models are adjusted on accurate experimental data. The main experimental data of interest concern phase equilibrium properties (noncritical and critical data), volumetric properties (density and speed of sound), energetic properties (enthalpy, heat capacity), and transport properties (dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity). In this chapter, some experimental techniques frequently used to obtain the experimental data are presented. Also, we will present some models frequently used to correlate the data and some results (comparison between experimental data and model predictions).",signatures:"Christophe Coquelet, Alain Valtz and Pascal Théveneau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67909",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67909",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69443",title:"Waste Heat Recovery from Fossil-Fired Power Plants by Organic Rankine Cycles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89354",slug:"waste-heat-recovery-from-fossil-fired-power-plants-by-organic-rankine-cycles",totalDownloads:794,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"More than 60% of the world’s electricity is still produced from fossil-fired power plants. Recovering heat from flue gas, drained water, and exhaust steam which are discharged in power plants by organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) to generate power is an efficient approach to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter proposes conceptual ORC systems for heat recovery of drain from continuous blowdown systems, exhaust flue gas from boilers, and exhaust steam from turbines. The waste heat source temperatures range from 30 to 200°C. Environmentally friendly and nonflammable working fluids including R134a, R1234ze, R236ea, R245fa, R1233zd, and R123 were selected as the working fluids. The parameters of ORC systems were optimized, and the thermodynamic performance was analyzed. The suitable ORC layouts for various kinds of heat sources including drained water, flue gas, and steam were discussed with selecting the proper working fluids. The gross power output of a coal-fired power plant can be increased up to 0.4% by an ORC using the waste heat from the boiler flue gas. The ORCs using turbine exhaust steam with the cooling water as low as 5°C can generate 2–3% more power for a power unit.",signatures:"Qiang Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69443",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69194",title:"The Development and Application of a Small-Scale Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat Recovery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88208",slug:"the-development-and-application-of-a-small-scale-organic-rankine-cycle-for-waste-heat-recovery",totalDownloads:641,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Power conversion systems based on organic Rankine cycles have been identified as a potential technology especially in converting low-grade waste heat into electricity as well as in small-scale biomass, solar, or geothermal power plants. The theoretical analysis can guide the ORC design, but cannot predict accurately the system performance. Actually, the operation characteristics of every component have a vital effect on the system performance. This chapter presents the detailed operation characteristic of a small-scale ORC. The effects of the operation parameters, the mixture working fluid and the operation strategy on system overall performance are addressed. It can be concluded that improving the system overall performance should give priority to increase the pressure drop. Whether the mixtures exhibit better thermodynamic performance than the pure working fluids depend on the operation parameters and mass fraction of mixtures. The mixture working fluids obtain a higher expander shaft power but a relatively higher BWR. The expander rotating speed for standalone operation strategy keeps rising from 2320 to 2983 rpm, whereas that of grid connect operation strategy keeps constant of 3600 rpm.",signatures:"Tzu-Chen Hung and Yong-qiang Feng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69194",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70533",title:"A Recent Review in Performance of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89763",slug:"a-recent-review-in-performance-of-organic-rankine-cycle-orc-",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Increasing emissions of carbon dioxide and fuel prices lead to extra efforts in finding solution to reduce the environment waste heat. One of the solutions emerging is the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system. It is one of the promising exhaust heat recovery technologies which is widely been used to recover low to medium-grade heat rather than conventional steam Rankine cycle system. This chapter highlights on the different conditions and configurations of ORCs that are usually been applied. These different configurations have different constraints and usually will be considered based on the applications.",signatures:"Syamimi Saadon and Salmah Md Saiful Islam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70533",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3072",title:"Mass Transfer",subtitle:"Advances in Sustainable Energy and Environment Oriented Numerical Modeling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11ea46b65df067928b6e0c012fca735a",slug:"mass-transfer-advances-in-sustainable-energy-and-environment-oriented-numerical-modeling",bookSignature:"Hironori Nakajima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45206",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironori",surname:"Nakajima",slug:"hironori-nakajima",fullName:"Hironori Nakajima"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6575",title:"Bringing Thermoelectricity into Reality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7093275b866334e0eaa82eb3e5b046f5",slug:"bringing-thermoelectricity-into-reality",bookSignature:"Patricia Aranguren",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6575.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188620",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Aranguren",slug:"patricia-aranguren",fullName:"Patricia Aranguren"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"900",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cd70196c2a6bf83de6eac762ad73ed2",slug:"thermal-power-plants",bookSignature:"Mohammad Rasul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68665",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Rasul",slug:"mohammad-rasul",fullName:"Mohammad Rasul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3385",title:"Thermal Power Plants",subtitle:"Advanced Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79a440454d0d4636b47cb20c1fe756b2",slug:"thermal-power-plants-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"Mohammad Rasul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68665",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Rasul",slug:"mohammad-rasul",fullName:"Mohammad Rasul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6469",title:"Application of Exergy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0836749bb350a373d5e2628c73539698",slug:"application-of-exergy",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7272",title:"Advanced Cooling Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"540cb9c921dadbc8230afd4390eb8248",slug:"advanced-cooling-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"S. 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\r\n\tThis book “Bacterial Biofilms” will aim to describe both negative and positive impacts of bacterial biofilms in the medical and environmental arena. This book is dispensed into different chapters that describe the role of bacteria in human day-to-day life. The content of this book will be written in a simple scientific language that would accommodate and enlighten audiences from different scientific backgrounds not limited to scientists, higher degree and undergraduate research students in the field of environmental microbiology, infectious diseases, immunologist, pharmacist, medical practitioner, and school students. Bacteria that prefer to exist in colonized forms i.e., in biofilm state have been responsible for detrimental effects on humans, animals, birds, and plant's health in terms of biofilm-associated infections and morbidity, and mortality. The problem of biofilm-associated infection is drastic in lower- and middle-income countries in comparison to developed countries. One big aspect of biofilms is its resistance to antibiotics and antibacterial agents that constitutes collapse of the healthcare system and hindrance of global economic development. On the other hand, biofilms are essential and have been promising in terms of bioremediation of organic pollutants, water purification system, and great acquaintance in the extraction of mineral ores in the mining industry.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-796-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-795-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-797-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e33c0f1032b2a0f72bdf921c0b8a3fea",bookSignature:"Dr. Theerthankar Das",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11092.jpg",keywords:"Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Treatment, Microbial Remediation, Health and Economic Catastrophic, Bacterial Biofilms, Medical Impacts, Environmental Impacts, Healthcare, Water Purification System, Mining Industry, Minerals",numberOfDownloads:336,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 26th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 23rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 12th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 11th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in bacterial biofilms, University of Sydney Research Fellow, published numerous scientific articles, book chapters, book editions in relates to bacterial biofilm and infection. Dr. Das won various research funding/grants from Sydney University, Industry, and the Australian Government valued at more than $4.5 million.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"179493",title:"Dr.",name:"Theerthankar",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"theerthankar-das",fullName:"Theerthankar Das",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179493/images/system/179493.png",biography:"Dr. Theerthankar Das (Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia) is an experienced microbiologist. He joined the University of Sydney after being awarded the prestigious University of Sydney Fellowship in 2015. His primary research focuses on the development of novel strategies to disrupt bacterial biofilms. In recent years, he has won various research funding/grants from Sydney University, Industry, and the Australian Government valued at more than $4.5 million. To date, Dr. Das has authored/co-authored thirty publications, and six book chapters in eminent journals and books and have edited a book and guest editor for Scientific Journal. He is also a reviewer for many high-impact scientific journals. 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\nOrgan donation, from both living and deceased donors, is considered by most religions as an expression of the believer’s altruism, generosity, duty, charity, and cooperation as long as the following conditions are fulfilled [1]:
The procedure occurs in the context of respect for the dignity of the dead person.
Organs from deceased donors are removed only after certain death has be confirmed.
Live organ donation does not impede the life of the donor.
Organ donations are given as a free gift without reward.
Commercialization and/or considering organs as items for trade or exchange are prohibited.
However, there are different schools of thought, between different religions and within each religion, regarding the issue of transplantation of human organs. In fact, religious concerns are considered by many as an important reason that explains why many individuals decline deceased and live organ donation and/or the willingness to accept a transplant.
\nThere are concerns and uncertainty regarding the issue of brain death. For example, some Muslim scholars, Orthodox Jews, Catholic theologians, and Buddhist scholars do not accept the concept of brain death [2].
\nReligious views have been identified as a factor influencing the willingness to donate, with religion tending to be cited as a barrier to donation. Those who are described as being more religious may be less likely to support donation, believing that their religions oppose donation. In fact, most of the negative attitudes towards organ transplantation may be due to the uncertainty about the religious stance rather than the interpretations of religious teachings. The conservativeness of religious belief, rather than religiosity itself, may be the underlying factor against donation [3].
\nNegative attitudes are also related to how the individual interprets his or her relationship with God at the times of sickness. The response to illness is that it is God’s will and they have to accept. Therefore, organ donation may conflict with the belief that one should respect God’s will [4].
\nThe importance of body integrity is much related to religious and cultural beliefs. The belief of being resurrected in the afterlife and the need for own organs after death is an obstacle against organ donation. Showing respect to the deceased individual may be also a barrier against donation. Dissecting the body is commonly perceived as a violation, believing that the deceased person could still feel pain [5].
\nThe expectation that the process of organ donation will delay funeral and prevent it from proceeding in the traditional way may also be a factor explaining negative attitudes against deceased organ donation [6].
\nThere are striking differences between countries as to the willingness to donate. Besides the religious factors, some of the differences could be attributed to different infrastructure, law, and consent systems. At the same time, the interplay between religious and cultural beliefs is also an important factor. Barriers to organ donation that are perceived as religious may actually reflect cultural attitudes that transcend religion [7].
\nThis is defined as organ donation directed to a group of recipients determined by the presence or absence of a particular characteristic, such as ethnicity, religion, age, or gender. Most transplant centers emphasize unconditional altruism as the fundamental principle of deceased organ transplantation and do not allow directed deceased donation [8].
\nThe predominantly Christian countries of Europe and America have higher rates of organ donation [9]. However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the role of the Christian religion as regards to its influence on the willingness to organ donation. It is the strength of religious belief and the interpretation of individual relationship to God, rather than the teachings of the faith, that will influence the attitudes towards organ donation [10].
\nChristians believe in eternal life and that nothing that may happen to the body, before or after death, would impair the relationship with God. “In eternity we will neither have nor need our earthly bodies: former things will pass away, all things will be made new” (Revelation 21: 4–5).
\nThe cross (Figure 1), a central Christian symbol, is about Jesus giving for the salvation of the world. The Christian faith is based upon the revelation of God in the life of Jesus Christ. John 3:16 says, “God so loved the world that God gave his only son. Jesus sent his twelve disciples out with the imperative to heal disease and illness: “Heal the sick…freely ye have received, freely give” (Matthew 10:8). Healing and saving life is a great gift.
\nThe cross, the central Christian symbol.
On this basis, organ donation to save other lives is considered to be the ultimate humanitarian act, and with this understanding, donating organs for transplantation is acceptable in terms of moral Christian law. On the contrary, organ donation is not morally allowed if the donor or his proxy has not given formal and clear consent. At the same time, it is not acceptable to cause death or mutilation of a human being to delay the death of another person [10].
\nRoman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination in Europe. Almost half of the European Union population consider themselves Catholic. It has been noticed that countries with a higher proportion of Catholics have higher rates of deceased organ donation [9]. Many Catholics view organ donation as an act of charity and love. In fact, Catholicism is one of many factors that predict willingness to organ donation, and making a causal link between Catholicism and donation is difficult [10].
\n\n\nThe Vatican considers both organ donation and transplantation morally acceptable and encourages organ donation [11]. In 1956, Pope Pius XII [12] (Figure 2) declared that: “A person may will to dispose his body and destine it to ends that are useful, morally irreproachable and even noble, among them is the desire to aid the sick and suffering…this decision should not be condemned but positively justified.” In August 2000, Pope John Paul II (Figure 3) told attendees at the International Congress on Transplants in Rome that “Transplants are a great step forward in science” and stated that “the Catholic Church would promote the fact that there is a need for organ donors and that Christians should accept this as a ‘challenge to their generosity and fraternal love’ so long as ethical principles are followed.” Lately, in October 2014, Pope Francis described the act of organ donation as “a testimony of love for our neighbor”.
\nPope Pius XII.
Pope John Paul II.
In the Orthodox Church tradition, organ donation could be considered as an act of charity. If the donor is living, the decision to donate an organ should be made in consultation with the spiritual father and the medical professionals. Deceased organ donation is also an act of charity that helps to make possible a sick patient to live a longer and better life. Organ donation is acceptable only if the deceased donor had willed such donation or if the relatives permit. The body of the donor should be treated respectfully. Organ transplantation should never be commercialized nor taken place without clear consent. The death of the donor should never be hastened to recover organs for transplantation [13].
\nBecause of the many different Protestant denominations, a generalized statement on their views regarding organ donation and transplantation cannot be made. The Protestant faith shares a common belief in the New Testament (Luke 6:38: “Give to others and God will give to you.”) and respects individual conscience and the right to make decisions regarding the person’s own body. It is generally not believed that resurrection requires making the body whole again. Most Protestant Churches encourage the spirit of generosity of organ and tissue donation [14].
\nChurches, such as African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion), Assembly of God, Brethren, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Church of the Nazarene, Episcopal, Evangelical Covenant Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Lutheran Missouri Synod, Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Presbyterians, Unitarian Universalist, United Church of Christ, and United Methodist Church, are highly supportive of donation. They encourage their members to consider the possibility of organ donation as an act of Christian love. However, the decision to donate is left to each individual [15, 16].
\nOn the contrary, Churches, such as, Unitarian Universalism, Southern Baptist Convention, Society of Friends (Quakers), Pentecostals, Mennonite, Moravians, Christian Science, and Amish, have no official position on organ donation and consider that there are no spiritual or theological beliefs that would prevent an individual from donating. They believe that the decision to donate is up to the individual and/or his or her family [15, 16].
\nJehovah’s Witnesses are a non-Trinitarian Christian denomination. They are distinct from the mainstream Christianity. The issue of transplantation is compounded by their refusal of blood transfusion. This includes full blood, platelets, and plasma. On the contrary, dialysis, plasma exchange, albumin, clotting factors, and erythropoietin infusions are all allowed [17].
\nJehovah’s Witnesses are often assumed to oppose organ donation because of their belief against blood transfusion. However, this merely means that all blood must be removed from the organs and tissues before being transplanted (Office of Public Information for Jehovah’s Witnesses, October 20, 2005). Some have argued that consent to rescue transfusion should be a prerequisite for transplant listing [18].
\nOrgan transplantation was not allowed for Jehovah’s Witnesses until recently. The religious guidance from the 1960s stated that those who submit to human organ transplantation are living off the flesh of other humans. That is cannibalistic. Jehovah God does not grant permission for humans to perpetuate their lives by cannibalistically taking into their bodies’ human flesh. This view was only revised in the 1980s, and the decision for or against transplantation is regarded as an individual choice under the assumption that no blood is transfused. Small series of kidney and pancreas transplants in Jehovah’s Witnesses have been described. Early postoperative deaths in anemic cases have been reported [19].
\nWhen a Muslim dies, it is a religious requirement that the body is ritually washed and draped and the corpse is buried. Cremation is not allowed in Islam. Washing and shrouding is carried out by respected persons of the same sex as the deceased, who is experienced in the rules of Muslim burial. All clothes are removed and the body is covered. Private parts are covered with a sheet and never exposed during the wash [20]. Muslims are buried in such a way that the face of the deceased faces Mecca. The arms and legs should be straightened and the mouth and eyes are closed. Muslims believe in the Day of Judgment and the afterlife. It is a religious recommendation that an ill person, whether a relative or a stranger, be visited. This is considered a form of worship. It is traditional for Muslims to be buried as quickly as possible. Violating the human body, whether living or dead, is forbidden in Islam [21].
\nMuslim laws (Shari’ah) are derived from Koran and Hadith (practices and sayings of the prophet Mohammed). Islam recognizes no intermediary between humans and God, such as a clergy. High-ranking Muslim jurists (Ulamas) help Muslims on the interpretation of the Koran and the Hadith. Organ transplantation has not been dealt with in the Koran or the Hadith, and there is a difference of opinion among the Ulamas. The majority of Islamic scholars have concluded that organ donation as treatment for otherwise lethal disease is a good and faithful thing [22].
\nIslam considers that life is sacred and it must be preserved by all possible means, and one of the basic rules in Islam is the saving of human life. This is a fundamental aim of Islam. Many Muslim scholars consider organ donation as an expression of the believer’s altruism, generosity, duty, charity, cooperation, etc. [23].
\nAlthough, in Islam, violating the human body, whether living or dead, is greatly forbidden, this prohibition may be waived in the cases of necessity, such as saving a human’s life. The fundamental Islamic rule that “necessities permit the prohibited” (al-darurat tubih al-mahzurat) will support donation of both living and deceased human organs by saving a life of another because the benefit outweighs the cost that has to be paid [24].
\nThe following are some verses that have been used to support organ donation:
“Whosoever saves the life of one person it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind.” Holy Qur’an, chapter 5 vs. 32 (Figure 4).
“Whosoever helps another will be granted help from Allah.”—Prophet Mohammed (PBUH)
Holy Qur’an, chapter 5 vs. 32: “Whosoever saves the life of one person it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind.”
Most of the major academies of the Muslim world support organ transplantation as a means of alleviating pain or saving lives and encourage Muslims to donate organs for transplantation [25]. These include the following:
Al-Azhar Academy of Egypt,
The Organization of Islamic Conference (representing all Muslim countries).
The Grand Ulamas Council of Saudi Arabia, and
The Iranian Religious Authority.
In 1952, the supreme head of the Islamic School of Jurisprudence in Egypt stated that if anything was of “good” for mankind, then “necessity allows what is prohibited.” Such rulings allow transplants of organs as long as the following conditions are satisfied [24]:
This is the only form of treatment available.
The likelihood of success of the transplant is high.
The consent of the donor is obtained.
The death of the donor has been fully confirmed, in the case of deceased donors.
There is no imminent danger to the life of the donor, in the case of living donors.
The recipient has been informed of the operation and its implications.
The Islamic Jurisprudence Assembly Council in Saudi Arabia approved deceased and live donations in 1988. Similar rulings are in place in, among other countries, Egypt, Iran, and Pakistan [25].
\nIslam, as all religions, is not monolithic. Some of Muslim scholars are less approving of organ donation. Various reasons are given for the skepticism. These include the following [26]:
The thought that the human body is entrusted to man and man is not allowed to interfere with.
The human body has a special honor, and violating the human body, whether living or dead, is greatly forbidden. This is supported by the words of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH): “The breaking of a bone of a dead person is equal in sin to doing this while he was alive.”
The concept and definition of brain stem death is still controversial.
It is also important to mention that religious concerns play a role even among Muslim physicians.
\nThe seven-branched menorah, a traditional symbol of Judaism.
Judaism religion stresses on the honor and respect of the dead (kavod hamet). According to Solomon, the following three Jewish principles should be followed in the treatment of the body after death [27]:
Respect and dignity to a cadaver,
Not benefiting from a corpse, and
Immediate burial.
At the same time, many Jewish scholars disagree to accept the concept of brain death. In fact, Halachic guidance, which is so important in Judaism faith, is not settled to whether the Jewish law considers a person dead or not when the whole brain dies or when the heart stops beating. A Goses, a Halachic term describing a person who is critically ill and likely to die within 3 days, must not be interfered with in order not to hasten death. Therefore, there may be reluctance to medically interfere with a dying patient for the purpose of preparing for organ donation [28].
\nOn the contrary, saving a life is a fundamental value in Judaism (pikuach nefesh). Many Jewish scholars state that the urge to save lives overrides the above-mentioned concerns. In fact, Jewish law mandates that, to save a life, one may violate almost all commandments (except for the prohibitions of murder, idolatry, and illicit sexual relations). This guidance has been used to support the concept organ donation, as it results in saving lives [29].
\nThe Jewish principles of saving a life (pikauch nefesh) and the respect to the dead (kavod hamed), therefore, may come into conflict with one another considering the organ donation [29].
\nRabbi Elliott N. Dorff, a professor of Jewish theology at the American Jewish University (formerly the University of Judaism) in California, an author and a bioethicist, wrote: “Saving lives by organ donation could override the rules concerning treatment of a dead body. Transplantation neither desecrates nor disrespects the dead body, and the delay in burial to facilitate organ donation is respectful to the decedent. Organ donation honors the deceased as it would save a life” [30].
\nAt the same time, the Conservative Movement’s Committee on Jewish Laws and Standards argued that deceased organ donation for transplantation represents not only an act of generosity but are also a “commanded obligation,” which could save a human life. “Do not stand idly by your neighbor’s blood” (Leviticus 19:16), which directs we use any resource possible to save a life [29, 30].
\nAnother question is whether or not a kidney transplantation is truly life saving, so long survival on dialysis is possible, and whether corneal transplantation, which is not life saving, is justified. Some Jewish scholars argue that blindness is nearly similar to death, and corneal transplantation is Halachicly acceptable [28].
\nThe important question is whether or not the Jewish law considers someone dead when the whole brain dies or when the heart stops beating. There are scholars on both sides of the question. For this reason, uniquely, the donor card issued by the Halachic Organ Donor Society provides two options, i.e., donation after brain death and/or after cardiac arrest [31].
\nDisagreements between rabbinic authorities and physicians on the concept of brain death were only settled in 2008, when a new Organ Transplant Law in Israel was approved. However, refusal to the acceptance of brain death remains, and not all rabbinic authorities approve it [30].
\nOrgan donation rates, in the predominantly Buddhist countries of Southeast Asia particularly in Thailand, Cambodia, Singapore, and Vietnam, are low. Beside the religious barriers, cultural barriers to donation also exist due to a lack of acceptance of brain death [32].
\nCentral to the faith of Buddhism is the idea that all of life is suffering (dukkha). This suffering can be overcome by an eightfold path of virtues. Buddhism considers everything on earth transitory and believes in rebirth. In Buddhism tradition, the time of death is very important and should be treated with great respect. The concept of brain death is doubted, and according to some Buddhism traditions, the spiritual “consciousness” will remain in the body for days after cessation of breathing. The departure of this spirit is the actual moment of death. Until then, the body must remain undisturbed. Disturbance of this process may adversely affect the individual’s next rebirth. In other words, the moment of death is defined according to criteria very different from those of modern Western medicine [33].
\nDrawing of Buddha face.
The above-mentioned considerations are in conflict with generosity (dāna) or selfless giving. Dāna is central to Buddhism faith. It entails the wish to relieve suffering; therefore, there may be circumstances where organ donation may be seen as an act of generosity [34]. Buddha (Figure 6) said to his monks, when he discovered a sick monk, “Whoever would care for me, let him care for those who are sick” [Mahavagga VIII.26.1-8 (Kucchivikara-vatthu—The Monk with Dysentery, translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu)] [35]. Reverend Gyomay, President and Founder of the Buddhist Temple of Chicago said, “We honor those people who donate their bodies and organs to the advancement of medical science and to saving lives.”
\nOverall, it is probably a mixture of beliefs within the East Asian tradition rather than the true Buddhist beliefs that influence the attitudes towards organ donation and transplantation [33].
\nHinduism is the predominant religion in South Asia with approximately 1 billion followers. Hindus believe in the transmigration of the soul and that the deeds of an individual in the present life will eventually determine its fate in the next life. In the Hindu faith, life is an ongoing process of rebirth after death. The law of Karma determines the way the soul will go in the next life. The Bhagavad Gita, a narrative framework of a dialogue between Pandava prince Arjuna and his guide and charioteer Lord Krishna (Figure 7), describes the mortal body and the immortal soul like the relation of clothes to a body: “vasamsi jirnani yatha vihaya navani grhnati naro ‘parani tatha sarirani vihaya jirnany anyani samyati navandi dehi.’” “As a person puts on new garments giving up the old ones the soul accepts new material body giving up the old one” (Bhagavad Gita chapter 2:22). The physical integrity of the dead body is not seen as crucial to reincarnation of the soul [36].
\nA page from Bhagavad Gita: “Those who are faithful do not grieve for the dead or for the living. Neither I, you, nor the princes of the earth shall ever cease to be. Anyone confirmed in this belief will not be disturbed by anything that may come to.”
An important tenet of Hinduism is to help those who are suffering. Daan is the original word in Sanskrit for donation meaning selfless giving. Daan ranks third among the list of 10 Niyamas (virtuous acts). Of all the things that are is possible to donate, to donate your own body is infinitely more worthwhile. The important issue for a Hindu is that which sustains life should be accepted and promoted as Dharma (righteous living) [37].
\nThe Hindu faith perhaps represents less of a barrier to donation than cultural factors concerning family approval and death rituals. Hindu religion does not prohibit living or cadaveric donation to alleviate suffering. The use of body parts to benefit others is embedded in Hindi mythology [37]. The best known and widely worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon is “Ganesha,” who is pictured with an elephant head and may represent the earliest depiction of xenotransplantation (Figure 8).
\nThe Hindu God, Ganesha.
Sikhism is a monotheistic religion. It was founded in 15th century in India by Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469–1538). The word “Sikh” means learner [19]. There are no ordained priests in Sikhism. Gurdwara (the Sikh temple) (Figure 9) is in the care of a granthi (reader) who is appointed by the community. Sikhs think that faith is practiced by coping with life’s everyday problems. Sikhism stresses the importance of good deeds. Sikhs believe in life after death and a continuous rebirth. Sikhs are cremated and the physical body is not crucial to the cycle of rebirth. The soul is eternal and the body is just a flesh. Sikhism, as Hinduism, perhaps represents less of a barrier to donation than cultural factors concerning family approval and death rituals [38].
\nThe golden Gurdwara in Amritsar.
Confucianism is a Chinese philosophical tradition developed from the lessons of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (Kǒng Fūzǐ, 551–478 BC) (Figure 10). Confucianism is prevalent in the Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Korea. The key principle in Confucianism is the Filial piety, which is the basis of Jen (humaneness). Children should be obedient to their parents when young, servant to them when they grow old, bury them after death, and worship them afterwards [39].
\nKǒng Fūzǐ.
The Confucian tradition assumes that one is born with a complete body and should end the same way as a form of filial piety. The body, hair, and skin are gifts from the parents and should not be damaged. This view will dictate that organ donation and transplantation are unfilial and disrespectful of parents. Therefore, Confucian beliefs could be considered as obstacles to organ donation [40].
\nModern Confucian scholars have a different explanation. They stress on the words of Confucius who said, “The man of Jen is one who, desires to sustain himself, should sustain others”. They view that Jen and righteousness are more valued than preserving the integrity of the dead body and therefore approve donation for organ transplantation [41].
\nShinto is the predominant faith in Japan (Figure 11). There is debate as to whether Shintoism can be classed as a religion. Shintoism is very much concerned with the idea of purity. Shinto believe that humans are born pure while that living make their bodies impure. The body after death is thus impure and hazardous, and interfering with dead body brings bad luck and might injure the relationship between the theitai (the bereaved person) and the dead person. In view of this belief, the concept of brain death does not go with the Shintoism view of death [42].
\nUntil 1997, legislations in Japan used to forbid deceased donation. In 1997, the law has been changed to allow transplantation from deceased donors. However, deceased donation is still not often carried out in Japan and the percentage of Japanese who have an organ donor card is among the lowest in the world [43].
\nTaoism embraces a variety of philosophical traditions and religious beliefs in Eastern Asia. Tao roughly translates as “path” (of life). This faith dates since more than 2000 years. The Taoist philosophy emphasizes naturalness, non-action (wu-wei), and peace. Wu-wei dictates not taking action against the path of nature. Organ donation may be viewed according to this tradition as an attempt to change the natural process. Modern Taoist scholars have indicated that the body itself is only a shelter to the soul and attempts to change the body cannot truly affect the nature of life and approved organ donation for transplantation. They also cite Laotze when he stated that “Let what is superfluous to fill what is insufficient” [44] (Figure 12).
\nYing Yang, a Taoism symbol representing a visual depiction of the intertwined duality of all things in nature.
Gypsies have different ethnic groups without a formalized religion. They share common beliefs and tend to oppose organ donation and transplantation. This may be related to their beliefs about the afterlife. Their traditional belief is that for 1 year after death the soul retraces its steps. Therefore, the body should remain intact so as the soul can maintain its physical shape.
\nThere is no opposition in the Bahá’í Faith against organ donation. It is an issue that is left to the person’s choice (Office of Public Information, Bahá’í International Community, November 10, 2005). The Bahá’í Faith assumes that organ donation is a noble act and insists on treating the donor’s body respectfully and burying the remains within 1 hour of travel time (from the hospital to the funeral place) [45].
\nThe interplay of faith, religion, and wider cultural attitudes and their relationship with views on organ donation is so complex. Engaging faith leaders and providing them accurate, clear, and detailed information about the concepts of brain death, organ donation, and transplantation is of great importance.
\nMost of contents of this chapter could be viewed as a form of common knowledge. However, the authors acknowledge that it, expands the information originally presented in the article presented by. Oliver M, Woywodt A, Ahmed A, Saif I. Organ donation, transplantation and religion. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2011;26(2):437–444. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq628.
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Their work provided the base for the development of semiconductor photocatalysis for the environmental remediation and energy applications. Photoactivity of some semiconductors was found to be low due to larger band gap energy and higher electron-hole pair recombination rate. To avoid these problems, the development of visible light responsive photocatalytic materials by different approaches, such as metal and/or non-metal doping, co-doping, coupling of semiconductors, composites and heterojunctions materials synthesis has been widely investigated and explored in systematic manner. This chapter emphasizes on the different type of tailored photocatalyst materials having the enhanced visible light absorption properties, lower band gap energy and recombination rate of electron-hole pairs and production of reactive radical species. Visible light active semiconductors for the environmental remediation purposes, particularly for water treatment and disinfection are also discussed in detail. Studies on the photocatalytic degradation of emerging organic compounds like cyanotoxins, VOCs, phenols, pharmaceuticals, etc., by employing variety of modified semiconductors, are summarized, and a mechanistic aspects of the photocatalysis has been discussed.",book:{id:"7671",slug:"concepts-of-semiconductor-photocatalysis",title:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Concepts of Semiconductor Photocatalysis"},signatures:"Fatima Imtiaz, Jamshaid Rashid and Ming Xu",authors:[{id:"292882",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamshaid",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",slug:"jamshaid-rashid",fullName:"Jamshaid Rashid"},{id:"302498",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Imtiaz",slug:"fatima-imtiaz",fullName:"Fatima Imtiaz"},{id:"308434",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ming-xu",fullName:"Ming Xu"}]},{id:"17728",title:"Defect Related Luminescence in Silicon Dioxide Network: A Review",slug:"defect-related-luminescence-in-silicon-dioxide-network-a-review",totalDownloads:9508,totalCrossrefCites:46,totalDimensionsCites:99,abstract:null,book:{id:"332",slug:"crystalline-silicon-properties-and-uses",title:"Crystalline Silicon",fullTitle:"Crystalline Silicon - Properties and Uses"},signatures:"Roushdey Salh",authors:[{id:"48391",title:"Dr.",name:"Roushdey",middleName:null,surname:"Salh",slug:"roushdey-salh",fullName:"Roushdey Salh"}]},{id:"58469",title:"The Electrochemical Performance of Deposited Manganese Oxide-Based Film as Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor Application",slug:"the-electrochemical-performance-of-deposited-manganese-oxide-based-film-as-electrode-material-for-el",totalDownloads:1754,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The transition metal oxide has been recognized as one of the promising electrode materials for electrochemical capacitor application. Due to the participation of charge transfer reactions, the capacitance offered by transition metal oxide can be higher compared to double layer capacitance. The investigation on hydrous ruthenium oxide has revealed the surface redox reactions that contributed to the wide potential window shown on cyclic voltammetry curve. Although the performance of ruthenium oxide is impressive, its toxicity has limited itself from commercial application. Manganese oxide is a pseudocapacitive material behaves similar to ruthenium oxide. It consists of various oxidation states which allow the occurrence of redox reactions. It is also environmental friendly, low cost, and natural abundant. The charge storage of manganese oxide film takes into account of the redox reactions between Mn3+ and Mn4+ and can be accounted to two mechanisms. The first one involves the intercalation/deintercalation of electrolyte ions and/or protons upon reduction/oxidation processes. The second contributor for the charge storage is due to the surface adsorption of electrolyte ions on the electrode surface.",book:{id:"6083",slug:"semiconductors-growth-and-characterization",title:"Semiconductors",fullTitle:"Semiconductors - Growth and Characterization"},signatures:"Chan Pei Yi and Siti Rohana Majid",authors:[{id:"197956",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"S.R.",middleName:null,surname:"Majid",slug:"s.r.-majid",fullName:"S.R. Majid"},{id:"216449",title:"Ms.",name:"Pei Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"pei-yi-chan",fullName:"Pei Yi Chan"}]},{id:"60792",title:"TCAD Device Modelling and Simulation of Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors",slug:"tcad-device-modelling-and-simulation-of-wide-bandgap-power-semiconductors",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Technology computer-aided Design (TCAD) is essential for devices technology development, including wide bandgap power semiconductors. However, most TCAD tools were originally developed for silicon and their performance and accuracy for wide bandgap semiconductors is contentious. This chapter will deal with TCAD device modelling of wide bandgap power semiconductors. In particular, modelling and simulating 3C- and 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC), Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Diamond devices are examined. The challenges associated with modelling the material and device physics are analyzed in detail. It also includes convergence issues and accuracy of predicted performance. Modelling and simulating defects, traps and the effect of these traps on the characteristics are also discussed.",book:{id:"6625",slug:"disruptive-wide-bandgap-semiconductors-related-technologies-and-their-applications",title:"Disruptive Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Related Technologies, and Their Applications",fullTitle:"Disruptive Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Related Technologies, and Their Applications"},signatures:"Neophytos Lophitis, Anastasios Arvanitopoulos, Samuel Perkins and\nMarina Antoniou",authors:[{id:"236488",title:"Dr.",name:"Neophytos",middleName:null,surname:"Lophitis",slug:"neophytos-lophitis",fullName:"Neophytos Lophitis"},{id:"247344",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Antoniou",slug:"marina-antoniou",fullName:"Marina Antoniou"},{id:"247347",title:"Mr.",name:"Anastasios",middleName:null,surname:"Arvanitopoulos",slug:"anastasios-arvanitopoulos",fullName:"Anastasios Arvanitopoulos"},{id:"247349",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perkins",slug:"samuel-perkins",fullName:"Samuel Perkins"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"159",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"83122",title:"New Perspectives on the Application of Chito-Oligosaccharides Derived from Chitin and Chitosan: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106501",signatures:"Paul Edgardo Regalado-Infante, Norma Gabriela Rojas-Avelizapa, Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana, Daniel Tapia-Maruri, Andrea Margarita Rivas-Castillo, Régulo Carlos Llarena-Hernández and Luz Irene Rojas-Avelizapa",slug:"new-perspectives-on-the-application-of-chito-oligosaccharides-derived-from-chitin-and-chitosan-a-rev",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83015",title:"Acute Changes in Lipoprotein-Associated Oxidative Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106489",signatures:"Ngoc-Anh Le",slug:"acute-changes-in-lipoprotein-associated-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:[{name:"Anh",surname:"Le"}],book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83041",title:"Responses of Endoplasmic Reticulum to Plant Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106590",signatures:"Vishwa Jyoti Baruah, Bhaswati Sarmah, Manny Saluja and Elizabeth H. 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He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"