Values of
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1389",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Computed Tomography - Special Applications",title:"Computed Tomography",subtitle:"Special Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'CT has evolved into an indispensable imaging method in clinical routine. The first generation of CT scanners developed in the 1970s and numerous innovations have improved the utility and application field of the CT, such as the introduction of helical systems that allowed the development of the "volumetric CT" concept. Recently interesting technical, anthropomorphic, forensic and archeological as well as paleontological applications of computed tomography have been developed. These applications further strengthen the method as a generic diagnostic tool for non destructive material testing and three dimensional visualization beyond its medical use.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-723-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6574-3",doi:"10.5772/1852",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"computed-tomography-special-applications",numberOfPages:330,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4867b3bd2ed71af43fd0a370e26c0682",bookSignature:"Luca Saba",publishedDate:"November 21st 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1389.jpg",numberOfDownloads:42896,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:43,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:92,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 15th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 13th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 19th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 19th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 18th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"57078",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Saba",slug:"luca-saba",fullName:"Luca Saba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/57078/images/1786_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luca Saba’s research fields are focused on neuroradiology, multi-detector-row computed tomography, magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and diagnostics in vascular sciences. His work, as lead author, has been published more than 80 high impact factor, peer-reviewed journals as American Journal of Neuroradiology, European Radiology, European Journal of Radiology, Acta Radiologica, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, American Journal of Roentgenology, Neuroradiology, Clinical Radiology, Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cerebrovascular Diseases. Dr. Saba has written 7 book chapters and he presented more than 400 papers in national and international congresses (RSNA, ESGAR, ECR, ISR, AOCR, AINR, JRS, SIRM, AINR). He has also won 6 scientific and extracurricular awards during his career. Dr. Saba is member of the Italian Society of Radiology (SIRM), European Society of Radiology (ESR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) and European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Cagliari",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1008",title:"Radiology Diagnosis",slug:"radiology-diagnosis"}],chapters:[{id:"24016",title:"Application of CT for the Study of Pathology of the Jaws",doi:"10.5772/24207",slug:"application-of-ct-for-the-study-of-pathology-of-the-jaws",totalDownloads:7054,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tatsurou Tanaka, Yasuhiro Morimoto, Tatsurou Tanaka, Shinji Kito, Ayataka Ishikawa, Shinya Kokuryo, Noriaki Yamamoto, Manabu Habu, Ikuya Miyamoto, Masaaki Kodama, Shinobu Matsumoto-Takeda, Masafumi Oda, Nao Wakasugi-Sato, Kozue Otsuka, Shunji Shiiba, Yuji Seta, Yoshihiro Yamashita, Izumi Yoshioka, Kou Matsuo, Tetsu Takahashi, Kazuhiro Tominaga and Yasuhiro Morimoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24016",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24016",authors:[{id:"27757",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsu",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"tetsu-takahashi",fullName:"Tetsu Takahashi"},{id:"56147",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuhiro",surname:"Morimoto",slug:"yasuhiro-morimoto",fullName:"Yasuhiro Morimoto"},{id:"95609",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatsurou",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"tatsurou-tanaka",fullName:"Tatsurou Tanaka"},{id:"95610",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",surname:"Kito",slug:"shinji-kito",fullName:"Shinji Kito"},{id:"95612",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayataka",surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"ayataka-ishikawa",fullName:"Ayataka Ishikawa"},{id:"95613",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinya",surname:"Kokuryo",slug:"shinya-kokuryo",fullName:"Shinya Kokuryo"},{id:"95618",title:"Dr.",name:"Noriaki",surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"noriaki-yamamoto",fullName:"Noriaki Yamamoto"},{id:"95619",title:"Dr.",name:"Manabu",surname:"Habu",slug:"manabu-habu",fullName:"Manabu Habu"},{id:"95621",title:"Dr.",name:"Ikuya",surname:"Miyamoto",slug:"ikuya-miyamoto",fullName:"Ikuya Miyamoto"},{id:"95622",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaaki",surname:"Kodama",slug:"masaaki-kodama",fullName:"Masaaki Kodama"},{id:"95623",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinobu",surname:"Matsumoto-Takeda",slug:"shinobu-matsumoto-takeda",fullName:"Shinobu Matsumoto-Takeda"},{id:"95624",title:"Dr.",name:"Masafumi",surname:"Oda",slug:"masafumi-oda",fullName:"Masafumi Oda"},{id:"95627",title:"Dr.",name:"Nao",surname:"Wakasugi-Sato",slug:"nao-wakasugi-sato",fullName:"Nao Wakasugi-Sato"},{id:"95628",title:"Dr.",name:"Kozue",surname:"Otsuka",slug:"kozue-otsuka",fullName:"Kozue Otsuka"},{id:"95630",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunji",surname:"Shiiba",slug:"shunji-shiiba",fullName:"Shunji Shiiba"},{id:"95631",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",surname:"Seta",slug:"yuji-seta",fullName:"Yuji Seta"},{id:"95632",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",surname:"Yamashita",slug:"yoshihiro-yamashita",fullName:"Yoshihiro Yamashita"},{id:"95633",title:"Dr.",name:"Izumi",surname:"Yoshioka",slug:"izumi-yoshioka",fullName:"Izumi Yoshioka"},{id:"95635",title:"Dr.",name:"Kou",surname:"Matsuo",slug:"kou-matsuo",fullName:"Kou Matsuo"},{id:"95638",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuhiro",surname:"Tominaga",slug:"kazuhiro-tominaga",fullName:"Kazuhiro Tominaga"}],corrections:null},{id:"24017",title:"Estimated Specific Gravity with Quantitative CT Scan in Traumatic Brain Injury",doi:"10.5772/24992",slug:"estimated-specific-gravity-with-quantitative-ct-scan-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:2319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vincent Degos, Thomas Lescot and Louis Puybasset",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24017",authors:[{id:"60893",title:"Prof.",name:"Louis",surname:"Puybasset",slug:"louis-puybasset",fullName:"Louis Puybasset"},{id:"60896",title:"Dr",name:"Vincent",surname:"Degos",slug:"vincent-degos",fullName:"Vincent Degos"},{id:"80036",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Lescot",slug:"thomas-lescot",fullName:"Thomas Lescot"}],corrections:null},{id:"24018",title:"The Locally Adapted Scaling Vector Method: A New Tool for Quantifying Anisotropic Structures in Bone Images",doi:"10.5772/24425",slug:"the-locally-adapted-scaling-vector-method-a-new-tool-for-quantifying-anisotropic-structures-in-bone-",totalDownloads:1648,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Roberto Monetti, Jan Bauer, Thomas Baum, Irina Sidorenko, Dirk Müller, Felix Eckstein, Thomas Link and Christoph Räth",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24018",authors:[{id:"45028",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Sidorenko",slug:"irina-sidorenko",fullName:"Irina Sidorenko"},{id:"56280",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Monetti",slug:"roberto-monetti",fullName:"Roberto Monetti"},{id:"56283",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",surname:"Räth",slug:"christoph-rath",fullName:"Christoph Räth"},{id:"58908",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Bauer",slug:"jan-bauer",fullName:"Jan Bauer"},{id:"101378",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Baum",slug:"thomas-baum",fullName:"Thomas Baum"},{id:"101387",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",surname:"Eckstein",slug:"felix-eckstein",fullName:"Felix Eckstein"},{id:"101390",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Link",slug:"thomas-link",fullName:"Thomas Link"},{id:"101392",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",surname:"Müller",slug:"dirk-muller",fullName:"Dirk Müller"}],corrections:null},{id:"24019",title:"CT Scanning in Archaeology",doi:"10.5772/22741",slug:"ct-scanning-in-archaeology",totalDownloads:4760,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stephen Hughes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24019",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24019",authors:[{id:"49016",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Hughes",slug:"stephen-hughes",fullName:"Stephen Hughes"}],corrections:null},{id:"24020",title:"Adrenal Imaging Methods: Comparison of Mean CT Attenuation, CT Histogram Analysis and Chemical Shift Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Adrenal Mass Characterization and Review of the Literature",doi:"10.5772/23364",slug:"adrenal-imaging-methods-comparison-of-mean-ct-attenuation-ct-histogram-analysis-and-chemical-shift-m",totalDownloads:2361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ahmet Mesrur Halefoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24020",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24020",authors:[{id:"51736",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmet Mesrur",surname:"Halefoğlu",slug:"ahmet-mesrur-halefoglu",fullName:"Ahmet Mesrur Halefoğlu"}],corrections:null},{id:"24021",title:"CT-Guided Brachytherapy Planning",doi:"10.5772/21608",slug:"ct-guided-brachytherapy-planning",totalDownloads:3791,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Cem Onal and Ezgi Oymak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24021",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24021",authors:[{id:"43940",title:"Dr.",name:"Cem",surname:"Onal",slug:"cem-onal",fullName:"Cem Onal"},{id:"59472",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezgi",surname:"Oymak",slug:"ezgi-oymak",fullName:"Ezgi Oymak"}],corrections:null},{id:"24022",title:"Gas Trapping During Foamed Flow in Porous Media",doi:"10.5772/24645",slug:"gas-trapping-during-foamed-flow-in-porous-media",totalDownloads:1996,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Quoc P. Nguyen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24022",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24022",authors:[{id:"58700",title:"Prof.",name:"Quoc",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"quoc-nguyen",fullName:"Quoc Nguyen"}],corrections:null},{id:"24023",title:"X-Ray Fluorescence Microtomography in Biological Applications",doi:"10.5772/24535",slug:"x-ray-fluorescence-microtomography-in-biological-applications",totalDownloads:1807,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gabriela R. Pereira and Ricardo T. Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24023",authors:[{id:"58008",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Pereira",slug:"gabriela-pereira",fullName:"Gabriela Pereira"},{id:"59687",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Lopes",slug:"ricardo-lopes",fullName:"Ricardo Lopes"}],corrections:null},{id:"24024",title:"3D-μCT Cephalometric Measurements in Mice",doi:"10.5772/24234",slug:"3d-ct-cephalometric-measurements-in-mice",totalDownloads:2789,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"F. de Carlos, A. Alvarez-Suárez, S. Costilla, I. Noval, J. A. Vega and J. Cobo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24024",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24024",authors:[{id:"56245",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Manuel",surname:"Cobo",slug:"juan-manuel-cobo",fullName:"Juan Manuel Cobo"},{id:"59892",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-a.-vega",fullName:"José A. Vega"}],corrections:null},{id:"24025",title:"Effect of Buoyancy on Pore-Scale Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media",doi:"10.5772/23279",slug:"effect-of-buoyancy-on-pore-scale-characteristics-of-two-phase-flow-in-porous-media",totalDownloads:2561,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tetsuya Suekane and Hiroki Ushita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24025",authors:[{id:"51397",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Suekane",slug:"tetsuya-suekane",fullName:"Tetsuya Suekane"},{id:"97261",title:"Mr.",name:"Hiroki",surname:"Ushita",slug:"hiroki-ushita",fullName:"Hiroki Ushita"}],corrections:null},{id:"24026",title:"Conventional - and Cone Beam – CT - Derived Stereolithographic Surgical Guides in the Planning and Placement of Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/22778",slug:"conventional-and-cone-beam-ct-derived-stereolithographic-surgical-guides-in-the-planning-and-placeme",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Volkan Arısan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24026",authors:[{id:"49161",title:"Prof.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Arisan",slug:"volkan-arisan",fullName:"Volkan Arisan"}],corrections:null},{id:"24027",title:"Differential Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction for Planar Objects",doi:"10.5772/23928",slug:"differential-cone-beam-ct-reconstruction-for-planar-objects",totalDownloads:3010,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Liu Tong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24027",authors:[{id:"54473",title:"Dr.",name:"Liu",surname:"Tong",slug:"liu-tong",fullName:"Liu Tong"}],corrections:null},{id:"24028",title:"Cross-Sectional Imaging in Comparative Vertebrate Morphology - The Intracranial Joint of the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae",doi:"10.5772/21982",slug:"cross-sectional-imaging-in-comparative-vertebrate-morphology-the-intracranial-joint-of-the-coelacant",totalDownloads:2708,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter Johnston",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24028",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24028",authors:[{id:"45745",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Johnston",slug:"peter-johnston",fullName:"Peter Johnston"}],corrections:null},{id:"24029",title:"Scaling Index Method (SIM): A Novel Technique for Assessment of Local Topological Properties of Porous and Irregular Structures",doi:"10.5772/21831",slug:"scaling-index-method-sim-a-novel-technique-for-assessment-of-local-topological-properties-of-porous-",totalDownloads:1710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Irina Sidorenko, Roberto Monetti, Jan Bauer, Dirk Müller and Christoph Räth",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24029",authors:[{id:"45028",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Sidorenko",slug:"irina-sidorenko",fullName:"Irina Sidorenko"},{id:"56280",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Monetti",slug:"roberto-monetti",fullName:"Roberto Monetti"},{id:"56283",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",surname:"Räth",slug:"christoph-rath",fullName:"Christoph Räth"},{id:"56281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",surname:"Bauer",slug:"jan-bauer",fullName:"Jan Bauer"},{id:"56282",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",surname:"Mueller",slug:"dirk-mueller",fullName:"Dirk Mueller"}],corrections:null},{id:"24030",title:"Gamma-Ray Computed Tomography in Soil Science: Some Applications",doi:"10.5772/23863",slug:"gamma-ray-computed-tomography-in-soil-science-some-applications",totalDownloads:2509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Luiz Fernando Pires, Fábio Augusto Meira Cássaro, Osny Oliveira Santos Bacchi and Klaus Reichardt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24030",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24030",authors:[{id:"54133",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz",surname:"Pires",slug:"luiz-pires",fullName:"Luiz Pires"},{id:"57388",title:"Prof.",name:"Fábio",surname:"Cássaro",slug:"fabio-cassaro",fullName:"Fábio Cássaro"},{id:"57389",title:"Prof.",name:"Osny",surname:"Bacchi",slug:"osny-bacchi",fullName:"Osny Bacchi"},{id:"57390",title:"Prof.",name:"Klaus",surname:"Reichardt",slug:"klaus-reichardt",fullName:"Klaus Reichardt"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"354",title:"Computed Tomography",subtitle:"Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17fbe9a3e9ff839ef1c17f31a4d3c3cd",slug:"computed-tomography-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Luca Saba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57078",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Saba",slug:"luca-saba",fullName:"Luca Saba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2266",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Life and Biomedical Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21ed0818c4fcaf44b2f1e201e68014e3",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-life-and-biomedical-sciences",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3390",title:"Electrodiagnosis in New Frontiers of Clinical Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccd9da6b93d7419d735f17e246f78fe2",slug:"electrodiagnosis-in-new-frontiers-of-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Hande Turker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3390.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63331",title:"Prof.",name:"Hande",surname:"Turker",slug:"hande-turker",fullName:"Hande Turker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"601",title:"Applied Aspects of Ultrasonography in Humans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ae2d6052ed8fe2ea909f848105a45f7",slug:"applied-aspects-of-ultrasonography-in-humans",bookSignature:"Phil Ainslie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/601.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87381",title:"Prof.",name:"Philip",surname:"Ainslie",slug:"philip-ainslie",fullName:"Philip Ainslie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"389",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4321a4d45346699f9ada729290e156a",slug:"neuroimaging-methods",bookSignature:"Peter Bright",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/389.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49019",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Bright",slug:"peter-bright",fullName:"Peter Bright"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"772",title:"Positron Emission Tomography",subtitle:"Current Clinical and Research Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3812ec1b51ddc478d2a17167a0a576d3",slug:"positron-emission-tomography-current-clinical-and-research-aspects",bookSignature:"Chia-Hung Hsieh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/772.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126167",title:"Dr.",name:"Chia-Hung",surname:"Hsieh",slug:"chia-hung-hsieh",fullName:"Chia-Hung Hsieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1481",title:"Radioisotopes",subtitle:"Applications in Bio-Medical Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"408245da32dcf9a061e72275dd348b04",slug:"radioisotopes-applications-in-bio-medical-science",bookSignature:"Nirmal Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1481.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48584",title:"Prof.",name:"Nirmal",surname:"Singh",slug:"nirmal-singh",fullName:"Nirmal Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"163",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Medical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa3c22596ff5852287143fe66a643289",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-medical-applications",bookSignature:"Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/163.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3712",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Minin",slug:"oleg-minin",fullName:"Oleg Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"719",title:"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22a011ac72d696199044d841c9ac653b",slug:"magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Donghyun Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/719.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85279",title:"Prof.",name:"Dong-Hyun",surname:"Kim",slug:"dong-hyun-kim",fullName:"Dong-Hyun Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3315",title:"Advancements and Breakthroughs in Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af19682391476ebb4c6a9a556458aef0",slug:"advancements-and-breakthroughs-in-ultrasound-imaging",bookSignature:"Gunti Gunarathne",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156746",title:"Dr.",name:"G P P",surname:"Gunarathne",slug:"g-p-p-gunarathne",fullName:"G P P Gunarathne"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"82323",slug:"corrigentum-to-scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",title:"Corrignedum to: Scientific Swift in Bioremediation: An Overview",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82323.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82323",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82323",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82323",chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"45227",slug:"scientific-swift-in-bioremediation-an-overview",signatures:"Ranjith N. Kumavath and Pratap Deverapalli",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2012",dateReviewed:"March 18th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 2nd 2013",book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",middleName:null,surname:"Kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",email:"rnkumavath@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",email:"pratap66666@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Tasmania",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},book:{id:"3547",title:"Applied Bioremediation",subtitle:"Active and Passive Approaches",fullTitle:"Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches",slug:"applied-bioremediation-active-and-passive-approaches",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2013",bookSignature:"Yogesh B. Patil and Prakash Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3547.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164249",title:"Dr.",name:"Yogesh",middleName:"Bhagwan",surname:"Patil",slug:"yogesh-patil",fullName:"Yogesh Patil"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9885",leadTitle:null,title:"Information Systems",subtitle:"Intelligent Information Processing Systems, Natural Language Processing, Affective Computing and Artificial Intelligence, and an Attempt to Build a Conversational Nursing Robot",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deals with intelligent information processing systems related to natural language processing, text mining, web information processing, and nursing and caring robot technologies. It introduces the latest trends and past research results of researchers in a wide range of fields related to knowledge information processing, which is one of the ultimate goals of information processing technology and is necessary for making artificial brains useful in our society.",isbn:"978-1-83962-360-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-853-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-361-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87694",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"information-systems-intelligent-information-processing-systems-natural-language-processing-affective-computing-and-artificial-intelligence-and-an-attempt-to-build-a-conversational-nursing-robot",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"793751ee53f02ca84c8fe298a66208c9",bookSignature:"Kazuyuki Matsumoto",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9885.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:1802,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 9th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 2nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 20th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A member of the technical committee of the international conference of IEEE and other international societies with broad research experience in Sensibility Robotics.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"195756",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"kazuyuki-matsumoto",fullName:"Kazuyuki Matsumoto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195756/images/system/195756.png",biography:"Dr. Kazuyuki Matsumoto received a Ph.D. in 2008 from the Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Japan, where he is currently an associate professor. His research interests include affective computing, artificial intelligence, Kansei robotics, and natural language processing. He is a member of the Association for the Advancement of Affective Computing (AAAC), Association for Natural Language Processing (ANLP), Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ), Japan Society of Kansei Engineering (JSKE), Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (JSAI), Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), Human Interface Society (HIS), and Information Processing Society of Japan (IPSJ).",institutionString:"University of Tokushima",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Tokushima",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"580",title:"Information System",slug:"information-and-knowledge-engineering-information-system"}],chapters:[{id:"77431",title:"Mining Numbers in Text: A Survey",slug:"mining-numbers-in-text-a-survey",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"304279",title:"Dr.",name:"Minoru",surname:"Yoshida",slug:"minoru-yoshida",fullName:"Minoru Yoshida"},{id:"422786",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Kita",slug:"kenji-kita",fullName:"Kenji Kita"}]},{id:"77748",title:"Towards a Personalized Web Services Composition Approach",slug:"towards-a-personalized-web-services-composition-approach",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"330830",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"sarra",surname:"abidi",slug:"sarra-abidi",fullName:"sarra abidi"},{id:"345102",title:"Dr.",name:"Myriam",surname:"Fakhri",slug:"myriam-fakhri",fullName:"Myriam Fakhri"},{id:"345103",title:"Dr.",name:"Fathia",surname:"Bettaher",slug:"fathia-bettaher",fullName:"Fathia Bettaher"}]},{id:"73157",title:"Humanistic Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence Capable of Association",slug:"humanistic-next-generation-artificial-intelligence-capable-of-association",totalDownloads:252,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"328310",title:"Prof.",name:"Seiji",surname:"Tsuchiya",slug:"seiji-tsuchiya",fullName:"Seiji Tsuchiya"}]},{id:"75671",title:"Utterance Emotion Estimation by Using Feature of Syntactic Pattern",slug:"utterance-emotion-estimation-by-using-feature-of-syntactic-pattern",totalDownloads:213,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"195756",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"kazuyuki-matsumoto",fullName:"Kazuyuki Matsumoto"}]},{id:"77825",title:"Issues in the Development of Conversation Dialog for Humanoid Nursing Partner Robots in Long-Term Care",slug:"issues-in-the-development-of-conversation-dialog-for-humanoid-nursing-partner-robots-in-long-term-ca",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"195756",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",surname:"Matsumoto",slug:"kazuyuki-matsumoto",fullName:"Kazuyuki Matsumoto"},{id:"345031",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Tanioka",slug:"tetsuya-tanioka",fullName:"Tetsuya Tanioka"},{id:"425522",title:"Dr.",name:"Feni",surname:"Betriana",slug:"feni-betriana",fullName:"Feni Betriana"},{id:"425523",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuichi",surname:"Tanioka",slug:"ryuichi-tanioka",fullName:"Ryuichi Tanioka"},{id:"425524",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuki",surname:"Oobayashi",slug:"yuki-oobayashi",fullName:"Yuki Oobayashi"},{id:"425525",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",surname:"Kai",slug:"yoshihiro-kai",fullName:"Yoshihiro Kai"},{id:"425526",title:"Dr.",name:"Misao",surname:"Miyagawa",slug:"misao-miyagawa",fullName:"Misao Miyagawa"},{id:"425527",title:"Dr.",name:"Rozzano",surname:"Locsin",slug:"rozzano-locsin",fullName:"Rozzano Locsin"}]},{id:"75435",title:"Robot Therapy Program for Patients with Dementia: Its Framework and Effectiveness",slug:"robot-therapy-program-for-patients-with-dementia-its-framework-and-effectiveness",totalDownloads:305,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"345031",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Tanioka",slug:"tetsuya-tanioka",fullName:"Tetsuya Tanioka"},{id:"345526",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyoko",surname:"Osaka",slug:"kyoko-osaka",fullName:"Kyoko Osaka"},{id:"345527",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryuichi",surname:"Tanioka",slug:"ryuichi-tanioka",fullName:"Ryuichi Tanioka"},{id:"345528",title:"Dr.",name:"Feni",surname:"Betriana",slug:"feni-betriana",fullName:"Feni Betriana"},{id:"345529",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",surname:"Kai",slug:"yoshihiro-kai",fullName:"Yoshihiro Kai"},{id:"345530",title:"Dr.",name:"Rozzano C.",surname:"Locsin",slug:"rozzano-c.-locsin",fullName:"Rozzano C. Locsin"}]},{id:"75588",title:"Artificial Brain for the Humanoid-Nurse Robots of the Future: Integrating PsyNACS© and Artificial Intelligence",slug:"artificial-brain-for-the-humanoid-nurse-robots-of-the-future-integrating-psynacs-and-artificial-inte",totalDownloads:285,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"345031",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Tanioka",slug:"tetsuya-tanioka",fullName:"Tetsuya Tanioka"},{id:"339895",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael Joseph",surname:"S. Diño",slug:"michael-joseph-s.-dino",fullName:"Michael Joseph S. Diño"},{id:"345598",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirokazu",surname:"Ito",slug:"hirokazu-ito",fullName:"Hirokazu Ito"},{id:"349499",title:"Dr.",name:"Irvin",surname:"L. Ong",slug:"irvin-l.-ong",fullName:"Irvin L. Ong"},{id:"349500",title:"Dr.",name:"Rozzano",surname:"C. Locsin",slug:"rozzano-c.-locsin",fullName:"Rozzano C. Locsin"}]},{id:"75393",title:"Expectations and Ethical Dilemmas Concerning Healthcare Communication Robots in Healthcare Settings: A Nurse’s Perspective",slug:"expectations-and-ethical-dilemmas-concerning-healthcare-communication-robots-in-healthcare-settings-",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"344311",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yuko",surname:"Yasuhara",slug:"yuko-yasuhara",fullName:"Yuko Yasuhara"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2505",title:"Innovative Information Systems Modelling Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a88e4e4e63736e2bc6c4ba010a27883",slug:"innovative-information-systems-modelling-techniques",bookSignature:"Christos Kalloniatis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219671",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Kalloniatis",slug:"christos-kalloniatis",fullName:"Christos Kalloniatis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2203",title:"Data Acquisition Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"370ab36f6990188147fc3c2c758a9307",slug:"data-acquisition-applications",bookSignature:"Zdravko Karakehayov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140529",title:"Prof.",name:"Zdravko",surname:"Karakehayov",slug:"zdravko-karakehayov",fullName:"Zdravko Karakehayov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2506",title:"Modern Information Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e0a4cfa7da4c373806375837fac00f7",slug:"modern-information-systems",bookSignature:"Christos Kalloniatis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2506.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219671",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Kalloniatis",slug:"christos-kalloniatis",fullName:"Christos Kalloniatis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1923",title:"Security Enhanced Applications for Information Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f65768a1b9a07b41f17747d9c77def66",slug:"security-enhanced-applications-for-information-systems",bookSignature:"Christos Kalloniatis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1923.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219671",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Kalloniatis",slug:"christos-kalloniatis",fullName:"Christos Kalloniatis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56966",title:"Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene by Pseudomonas fluorescens (UCP 1514) Leading to the Production of Biphenyl",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70430",slug:"desulfurization-of-dibenzothiophene-by-pseudomonas-fluorescens-ucp-1514-leading-to-the-production-of",body:'\nDirect combustion of fossil fuels leads to sulfur oxide emissions that contribute to acid rain and air pollution. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives are the main organic sulfur compounds found in petroleum. These compounds are present due to the pathway by which petroleum is formed [1].
\nVarious types of heterocycles containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are found in the environment, originating from anthropogenic or natural sources. Dibenzofurans, dibenzodioxins, and dibenzothiophene are among the most important environmental pollutants and are well covered in the literature [2].
\nAs these heterocyclic compounds are relatively stable, the traditional processes, such as acid alkali treatment, are inefficient at removing them from petroleum.
\nHydrogenation has been widely used for petroleum desulfurization. Because of the rigorous operating conditions (high pressure and temperature in the presence of a catalyst) and the consumption of hydrogen, this technique can be expensive both in the capital investment needed and in its operating costs [3].
\nSeveral microorganisms are used to remove sulfur compounds which are recalcitrant to HDS, such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its alkylated derivatives [4]. Degradation aided by microbes is a viable bioremediation technology for organic pollutants. There is a wide range of microorganisms which could be involved in the breaking of chemical bonds. So, bioremediation uses the metabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade hazardous pollutants [5].
\nBiodesulfurization (BDS) is one of the most promising technologies that is used together with the traditional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) to reduce the sulfur content in fossil fuels [6]. The limited efficiency of the HDS method leads to residues which may contain thiophenic compounds. Most of the sulfur remaining in a fuel after a HDS process is in the form of thiophenic compounds, of which dibenzothiophene (DBT) is a typical recalcitrant. Therefore desulfurizing DBT has been used as a model reaction when treating fossil fuels [7].
\nResearch on biodesulfurization using DBT has resulted in two different biochemical pathways, named Kodama [8] after their author and 4S [9]. The Kodama pathway is considered unsuitable for treating fuel because water-soluble sulfur compounds are produced, which are thus unavailable for burning and so reduce the caloric value of the fuel.
\nOn using the 4S pathway, DBT is transformed into 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP) and sulfite. In this pathway, the carbon skeleton of DBT is released intact under the formation of 2-HBP; therefore, its calorific value is not lost [10].
\nWe report experiments of bioremediation of DBT by
The experiments were carried out using a pure culture of bacterium
The culture was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing tryptone (10.0 g), yeast extract (5.0 g), NaCl (10.0 g), and glucose (5.0 g/l) as supplement, as per Konishi et al. [11]. The following DBT concentration and solvent was used as stock solution: 1 M in dimethylfomamide (DMF) [12]. The solution was sterilized in a Millipore® filter.
\nThe Erlenmeyer flasks were autoclaved at 120°C for 30 min. Batch kinetic experiments were carried out in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks by adding 2 mM DBT solution to 100 mL LB liquid culture medium.
\nAnother culture was prepared as inoculum just before batch experiment, and while the bacteria were in the exponential phase, a volume of 5 mL consisting of 108 cells/mL was transferred to 100 mL of liquid medium. All experiments were made in triplicate followed by control trials without inoculum, performed in a rotary shaker operating at 150 rpm at a constant temperature of 37°C for 144 h. Aliquots were obtained every 24 h.
\nBacterial growth was monitored through biomass and pH using a pH meter (Orion 310). The specific growth rate (
After cultivation, the samples were centrifuged at 5000 × g for 15 min at 5°C to separate the biomass and metabolic liquid. After separation the biomass was lyophilized to determine the dry weight of biomass per unit volume.
\nIn order to determine the intermediates of the pathway of DBT biodesulfurization by microorganisms, the bacterial culture was grown at 37°C in a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for different periods and was then centrifuged at 5000 × g for 15 min at 5°C to separate the biomass and metabolic liquid.
\nThe supernatant was extracted with an equal volume of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was removed, and the aqueous layer was acidified with 5 N HCl to pH 2.0 and again extracted with an equal volume of ethyl acetate.
\nThe two extracts were pooled, evaporated to dryness under vacuum in a rotavapor system and resuspended in 1 mL of ethyl acetate. DBT was quantified by HPLC analysis, for which the organism was grown in LB containing 2 mM DBT for different time periods, mixed with an equal volume of ethyl acetate and analyzed by using an HPLC Varian UV-VIS detector, model 320. Separation was carried out with a C18 RP column (4.6 × 250 mm), solvent liberation system, model 210 Varian Star®, with the following separation conditions: mobile phase acetonitrile 75% and phosphate buffer 10 mM (pH 6.0). The eluate was detected at 232 nm [14].
\nGas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed in a Varian Star 3600CX with a DB-1 (100% dimethylpolysiloxane) fused capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm); column temperatures were programmed from 50°C for 5 min, raised to 10°C/min, and then increased to 250°C for 5 min, with a total time of 30 min for integrating purposes.
\nInjector and detector temperatures were 250°C. 3.0 μL of a solution of about 2 mM DBT in ethyl acetate was injected. DBT analysis was carried out using a Varian Star CX 3600 equipped with Varian Saturn 2000. The carrier gas was helium 5.0 WHITE MARTINS, MS split dibenzothiophene WAX. Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV. Scanning speed was 1.5 scans/s from m/z 40 to 500.
\nThe samples containing DBT were also analyzed by GC-MS; identification was made by the computerized matching of the mass spectra obtained with those stored in the MAINLIB library of the GC-MS data system and by the Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SDBS library.
\n\n
Growth and pH of
Experiments | \n\n | \n\n | \n
---|---|---|
Control | \n0.65 h−1\n | \n0.027 h | \n
Medium with 2 mM DBT | \n0.32 h−1\n | \n0.006 h | \n
Values of
The pH did not decrease during cultivation. With the control, growth was observed until 72 h of cultivation with 0.23 g dry cell/L. After this period, the decline phase of microorganisms began, with 0.17 g dry cell/L at 144 h. However, in experiments with DBT, the opposite occurred; after adaptation time, the population of the microorganism continued to increase, presenting 0.35 g dry cell/L at 144 h as well as maintaining it, probably due to using hydrocarbon and its metabolites as the main energy source [15].
\nTo study the ability of the bacteria to use DBT in liquid cultures, the amount of DBT in the cultures was measured by HPLC as a function of time. DBT utilization and its decrease over time by
Time course of dibenzothiophene (DBT) utilization by
Desulfurizing DBT by
In order to determine the pathway intermediates of DBT degradation by
Representative mass spectra of dibenzothiophene in
Representative mass spectra of dibenzothiophene in
Representative mass spectra of dibenzothiophene in
As shown in \nFigures 3\n–\n5\n, three compounds were detected as metabolites of DBT (16.7 min, m/z = 184); one metabolite was identified as benzoic acid (11.9 min, m/z = 105), the second as methanecarbothiolic acid (0.66 min, m/z = 42), and the third as biphenyl (12.3 min, m/z = 154). Based on the structures of the metabolites (\nFigure 6\n) and the DBT-desulfurizing pathway [16], we suggest that DBT (1) degradation by
Proposed catabolic pathways of dibenzothiophene by
According to [17], metabolite (3) had a molecular ion at m/z 216 and fragment ions at m/z 200 and 184 produced by two sequential losses of O (M+ −16 and −32) and thus was identified as dibenzothiophene sulfone (\nTable 2\n, \nFigure 6\n).
\nID | \nFragment ion | \nCompound | \nMolecular ion | \n
---|---|---|---|
1 | \n185 (14.6), 184 (100), 139 (10.8), 92 (7.8) | \nDibenzothiophene | \n184 | \n
2 | \n165 (36), 136 (100), 108 (35) | \n2-Mercaptobenzoic acid (Me) | \n168 | \n
3 | \n216 (14), 200 (17), 184 (100) | \nDibenzothiophene sulfone | \n216 | \n
4 | \n118 (100), 90 (47), 63 (33), 39 (20), 48 (19), 166 (9), 77 (5), 110 (4), 138 (3) | \nDibenzo[c][1,2]oxatiin S-oxide | \n166 | \n
5 | \n89 (100), 118 (99), 182 (73), 63 (65), 43 (38), 134 (25), 51 (22), 71 (18), 97 (7), 109 (5), 150 (4) | \nDibenzo[c][1,2]oxatiin S,S-dioxide | \n182 | \n
6 | \n152 (74.6), 135 (100), 107 (14.5), 92 (10), 77 (20.5) | \n4-Methoxybenzoic acid | \n152 | \n
7 | \n171 (12.8), 170 (100), 141 (23.8), 169 (46.5), 115 (16.7) | \n2-Hydroxybiphenyl | \n170 | \n
8 | \n186 (1.2), 185 (14.2), 184 (100), 169 (42.8), 141 (25.7), 139 (8.6) | \n2-Methoxybiphenyl | \n184 | \n
9 | \n154 (100), 152 (18), 151 (5.1), 76.2 (10.3) | \nBiphenyl | \n154 | \n
Mass spectral characteristics of proposed degradation products.
The detection of dibenzothiophene sulfone demonstrates the presence of the step of sulfur oxidation. According to [11], metabolite (4) was assumed to be dibenzo[c] [1,2]oxatiin S-oxide (m/z = 166). The abundance of fragment ions at (m/z = 182) may be due to loss of S = O from the molecular ion. Metabolite (5) was deemed to be dibenzo[c] [1,2]oxatiin S,S-dioxide. DBT was transformed to DBT sulfone [18], and a ring cleavage product 4-methoxybenzoic acid (6) was detected.
\nThis fragmentation could be explained by the loss of oxygen after a loss of carbonyl. According to [1] metabolite (7) was assumed to be 2-HBP (m/z = 170); metabolite (8) was assigned as 2-methoxybiphenyl (2-MBP) (m/z = 184), and the last metabolite was designated as biphenyl (m/z = 154) (9), corresponding to loss of hydrogen and phenol group formation.
\n\n
The development of BDS has been prompted by increasingly stringent regulations regarding limiting the sulfur content in transportation fuels. BDS is based on 4S pathway. When the pathway is used, DBT is not degraded, but it is transformed into 2-HBP which partitions in the oil phase, resulting in no loss of caloric value of the fuel [10]. DBT-containing hydrocarbon was desulfurized by growing cells of
Several authors stated that the initial degradations of anthracene and other compounds do not depend on lignolytic activity and suggested that cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase could be responsible for this initial step [23].
\nThe catabolic pathway of DBT was proposed, based on the metabolites tentatively identified by their mass spectra (\nFigure 6\n). The analysis of DBT metabolites suggested that
The dibenzothiophene was transformed to DBT sulfone and from this compound to dibenzo[c][1,2]oxathiin S-oxide and dibenzo[c][1,2]oxathiin S,S-dioxide or metabolized to 4-methoxybenzoic acid, a ring cleavage product [26]. The conversion of DBT S,S-dioxide into dibenzo[c][1,2]oxathiin S-oxide could be explained by the oxidative cleavage of one of the two C-S bonds in DBT S,S-dioxide and circularization of the cleavage product under acidic conditions. However, it is likely that DBT sulfone is also an intermediate compound in the bacterial DBT degradation pathway. No peak corresponding to DBT sulfone was detected in our analysis. Benzo[c][1,2]oxathiin S-oxide was also found as the metabolite from benzothiophene in
Based on the deduced structures such as 2-MBP and biphenyl, it is interesting to note that
It was also supposed that 2-MBP was formed by the methylation of the hydroxyl group of 2-HBP [28]. These results suggest that producing 2-MBP and biphenyl has the advantage of partially eliminating the enzyme inhibitory effect of 2-HBP, thereby prolonging desulfurizing activities. Therefore, further studies investigating the enzymatic and genetic properties of UCP 1514 are being carried out to explore the possibilities of inducing this strain to form more 2-MBP and biphenyl. As reported, 2-HBP was toxic to bacterial cells, and once the concentration of 2-HBP was above 0.2 mM, the biodesulfurization of DBT was inhibited [29].
\nThe inhibitory effects of 2-HBP, the end product of the desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by the 4S pathway, were noted early in the study of biodesulfurization [30, 31, 32]. However, product inhibition has not been fully appreciated as the main impediment to developing improved biocatalysts, and effective means of overcoming the inhibition caused by 2-HBP are just beginning to be developed [33]. Only about half of the DBT consumed can be accounted for as 2-HBP in some biodesulfurization studies, implying that 2-HBP accumulates intracellularly [34, 35, 36, 37]. This results in some increase in the activity of the 4S pathway. Moreover, the high enzymatic activities reported for the compartmentalization of the reaction steps of the 4S pathway illustrate that the inhibition by 2-HBP of desulfurization enzymes and the metabolism of cells strongly influence the desulfurization activity of biocatalysts [33]. Because 2-HPB strongly inhibits the 4S pathway, there is advantage in selecting any culture that alleviates/overcomes this inhibition. Among the numerous biodesulfurization cultures isolated, there are several that possess an extended 4S pathway such that 2-HPB is not the end product of DBT desulfurization, and instead 2-methoxybiphenyl (2-MBP) [38, 39, 40], biphenyl [41], or 2,2-dihydroxybiphenyl [42] are produced. The toxicity of 2-MBP is reported to be only slightly less than 2-HBP [43], but this study examined the inhibition of DBT biodesulfurization by externally added 2-MBP or 2-HBP and did not address the intracellular accumulation of 2-HBP [44].
\nIn biodesulfurization, DBT is converted to 2-HBP, which increases the possibility of environmental pollution [45]. In contrast, the production of 2-MBP and biphenyl may partially eliminate the inhibitory effect of products and pollution from diesel oil combustion. In this study, intermediate metabolites such as DBTO, DBTO2, and HPBS were not detected by GC-MS analysis, which could be explained by the lability of desulfurized DBT metabolites [16] or the existence of an additional degradation pathway for DBT [46].
\nThe capabilities of the isolated bacteria to survive and desulfurize a wide range of S compounds present in crude oil are desirable traits for the development of a robust BDS biocatalyst to upgrade crude oils and refinery streams [47]. Therefore, UCP 1514 desulfurizes DBT using a sulfur-specific degradation pathway, with selective cleavage of the C-S bonds, and is considered to be novel and different from other pathways.
\nFurther work is required to find out the actual mechanism of DBT metabolism. There are some technologies that oil refineries use to remove sulfur, such as oxidative desulfurization (ODS), photocatalytic desulfurization, and HDS. HDS involves catalytic treatment of fuel at high temperatures (>300°C) and pressures (>100 atm) to remove the bulk of inorganic sulfur. Simple organic sulfur can be removed by HDS, but this process is inadequate for producing low-sulfur fuels as it is unable to remove the complex polycyclic sulfur compounds present in petroleum and coal.
\nOxidative desulphurization (ODS) enables ultra-low-sulfur content to be attained in diesel fuels by oxidizing refractory sulfur compounds that are difficult to remove with hydrodesulphurization when the sulfur content to be attained needs to be below 10 mg/kg [48]. On using ODS, sulfur-containing hydrocarbons can be only oxidized to sulfoxides and sulfones using H2O2 as oxidants in acetonitrile as solvents [49].
\nDesulfurization can be performed efficiently by irradiation combined with a chemical catalyst. But the consumption of chemicals seemed to be excessive, which would result in a higher cost, according to [3].
\nUntil now, conventional refining processes have been performed at much higher temperatures. Therefore thermophilic biodesulfurization is desirable without cooling the stock to 30°C [50]. Moreover, thermophilic biodesulfurization also reduces the viscosity of crude oil, which makes the process more practicable [51].
\n\n
This research study was supported by the Brazilian National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) and Financial Agency of Studies and Projects (FINEP) to whom the authors are grateful.
\nConcrete or rigid pavement is often chosen as a road material that must withstand heavy loads. To withstand heavy loads, high-quality concrete is needed, which can only be made with limited water. The behavior of high-strength concrete has been studied [1, 2]. Apart from its ability, concrete pavement does not require expensive maintenance. Even with the best slab design and proper construction, however, it is unrealistic to expect crack-free and curl-free floor [3]. Humans, nature, and the type of the structural element affect the performance of concrete pavement forever.
\nExpansion and shrinkage naturally occur in the hydration process, due to, among others, product hydration growth, pore pressure, disjoining pressure, and surface force. It’s called microprestress. It is easy to understand that microprestress always changes during time. Shrinkage and expansion are two behaviors that occur alternately in the concrete pavement. Concrete must be able to withstand these changes so that performance is good. There are many uncertainties to predict the shrinkage and expansion such as concrete composition, aggregate, relative humidity, and element structure geometry and ratio between open surface area and volume. Base course type also influences the concrete strength [4].
\nThe concrete pavement has large surface contact to environment. Environment affects product hydration quality and drying shrinkage. Without covering the pavement right after pouring, inner water evaporates. Wind also accelerates inner water evaporation. This condition leads to the hydration process that occurs under limited water. It makes concrete more sensitive for premature cracks. More relative humidity is correlated to lower shrinkage [5]. The weather almost always has a role in the occurrence of uncontrolled cracking [6].
\nHydration process results in heat that can reach 60°C [7]. A lot of concrete pores make the surrounding temperature to penetrate the concrete. Pouring fresh concrete during high surrounding temperature leads to the increase of the inner temperature. Heat evolution at any given time provides the change of mineralogical composition of the system [8]. An increase in equivalent linear temperature gradient leads to the increase in curvature for the unrestrained slab that was 7% higher than the restrained [9]. High inner temperature makes the hydration process occur with limited water. The consequence of this is premature deterioration and the change of expansion and shrinkage at early-age occur with high fluctuation.
\nShrinkage is the root cause of random cracking in unreinforced concrete floors. From shrinkage to temperature, a large tensile strength in transversal direction on the bridge was studied [10]. Slow rate of shrinkage is a factor difficulty to predict the shrinkage accurately from laboratory measurement; therefore, minimum variant coefficient is assumed to be 20% to predict long-term shrinkage. Besides, this road has a dynamic problem. Compression and tension occur when the road is operational. The effect of shrinkage and creep was inserted by a solution for dynamic problem in reinforced concrete plate and beam [11].
\nBefore applied load, microprestress occur in the concrete. Cracks can appear if no space is available for expansion and shrink. Open freely and joints help to release stresses. Joints of reinforced isolation were not as effective in reducing the edge stresses as compared to thickened joints [12]. The joints also help control unsightly transversal and longitudinal cracking, and also random slab cracking [13]. Cracks in joints are the consequence of concrete behavior in the initial period of use of pavement structures, which can affect structural properties of concrete pavements [14]. An overview of stress prediction for cracking of jointed plain concrete pavement was done in 1925–2000 [15].
\nConstruction joint or contraction joint (also called control joint) can be made by open freely. Open freely make concrete pavement as unrestrained condition. Without joints, most concrete pavement would come in contact with cracks within 1 or 2 years after placement [16], except for continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement, which has no joints. The open freely to be a place releasing the energy to avoid the premature and mature cracks. Open freely should be made in rigid pavement by saw cutting. While determining the location of the saw cutting, the distance where the shrinkage and expansion are still within the limits of the ability of concrete pavement must be considered. The depth of the saw cutting must really make this place the weakest location. Saw cutting must also consider the maturity of the concrete to be able to withstand microprestress at that age. Without those three things, we just move the location of the transverse crack. Late or shallow saw cutting of longitudinal joints causes longitudinal cracking [17]. Crack will shift from saw cutting line, hereinafter referred to as misalignment crack. Initial crack is not caused by misalignment of concrete pavement [18]. Vibration in the construction of concrete pavement in open traffic conditions makes the concrete pavement surface more at risk for the onset of hair cracks [7].
\nThe inability of the concrete pavement to withstand all of the stresses can cause defects such as transverse and longitudinal cracking, cracks over dowel bars, cracks over slab culvert, blow up, crocodile cracks, hair cracks, etc. Road foundation (base/subbase) settlement can cause a break in the rigid pavement or appear as a corner break depending on the location of the settlement. The cause of the crack must be understood in order to obtain the best concrete pavement performance.
\nThese cracks and distresses do indicate the failure of concrete slab, but more than that, they indicate the human failure to understand the few basic and fundamental things related to concrete material and pavement. Implementers of concrete roads must have a sufficient understanding of the mechanism of the cracks in the concrete pavement to avoid the cracks. When it comes to the repair of distressed concrete pavement, very limited options are available. It is very difficult and time- and money consuming to repair hardened concrete [18]. Based on this statement, and limited analysis of misalignment crack, the mechanism of cracking needs to be studied and understood.
\nDeformation of plate was found by full scale test in laboratory. The research was conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia, with humid tropical weather. This research was performed experimentally using one specimen of 3.000 × 1.600 × 150 mm3, with four embedded vibrating wire strain gauges (EVWSG) as shown in Figure 1a. The plate was supported by many cylinders with 15 diameter and 30 cm high in horizontal position as shown in Figure 1b.
\nThe scheme of plate: (a) the placement of embedded vibrating wire strain gauges (EVWSG), (b) placement of plate supporter.
High-performance concrete with target compressive strength of 60 MPa and slump flow diameter of 35 ± 2 cm was applied. The plate was casted at 22.10 the night with surrounding temperature of 25.4°C and 94% relative humidity.
\nIn laboratory observation, shrinkage was measured as strain changes against time by installing four embedded vibrating wire strain gauge (EVWSG) in the specimen (Figure 1a). The EVWSG has abilities to detect the strain up to 3000 με with accuracy of about 0.025% and concrete temperature between −80°C and 60°C with about 0.5% accuracy. The specimens were covered with a plastic sheet to reduce evaporation of water immediately after casting. Observation was performed right after pouring as follows: (a). 0–24 hours, every 15 minutes; (b) 24–48 hours, every 60 minutes; and (c) 48–72 hours, every 2 hours. Relationship between strain and time and inner temperature and time were obtained.
\nRelationship between deformation of every position as shown in Figure 1 during the first 90 hours was displayed in Figure 2.
\nRelationship between deformation and time of slab: (a) EVWSG 1, (b) EVWSG 2, (c) EVWSG 3, and (d) EVWSG 4.
\nFigure 2c shows that the highest deformation occurs in the middle of the plate, while the next sequence is in the corner of the plate (Figure 2a). The middle side of the elongated and shortened plates shows smaller deformation. Final concrete shrinkage in structure is about 600 × 10−6 [19]. Concrete capability to sustain tensile strain is about 600 × 10−6. Cracks will appear if the shrinkage was restrained. Slab ≤4.5 m length will reduce tension stress. Slab with fc ‘60 MPa can shrink ±0.00022 mm/mm in the first 24 hours and at 1760 days of ±0.0003 mm/mm. Open freely is needed so that shrinkage can occur without obstacles. If there is no open freely, cracks will occur even though high-shrinkage cement is used.
\nInner temperature in early age shows a sharp increase in the age of 5–12 hours and then decreases gradually (Figure 3). The heat in concrete shows the activeness of the hydration process. The middle part of the plate shows the highest temperature, which is around 58°C (Figure 3c), while the angle is slightly below (Figure 3a). The middle side of the elongated and shortened side shows the peak of the lowest inner temperature, but it is still more than 50°C even though the concrete pavement is already 90 hours old and curing the humidity at the age of 24–168 hours (Figure 3b and d). At the age of 12–30 hours, there is a fairly large inner temperature gradient of ±28°C. Open freely is needed to release its energy. Open freely must be available before the concrete can hold the shrinkage energy. If there is a delay, a crack will occur. When curing the humidity is done, the inner temperature goes up to stabilize gradually until around 30° Celsius (Figures 2 and 3). It approaches the ambient air temperature, so the risk of cracking due to temperature difference decreases.
\nRelationship between inner temperature and time of slab: (a) EVWSG 1, (b) EVWSG 2, (c) EVWSG 3, and (d) EVWSG.
According to the specification of the toll road, the cutting should be done in the time range of 12–18 hours that is when the rate of decline in the inner temperature is high (Figure 3). Cutting after this period results in misalignment cracks (Figure 3).
\nIn this research, concrete pavement was done on the lean concrete plate. The aim of pouring on the plate is to sustain shear and tensile, which always appear under surface structure. Plate foundation can have different supported capacity [20].
\nThe observation was done in the Bakauheni-Palembang road, Lampung Province, Indonesia, with 30,000 m length. The concrete pavement has four lanes (Figure 4). In this observation, the dowels have 32 mm diameter and 70 cm length, and the space between two dowels is 30 cm.
\nReal concrete pavement scheme.
The lanes were divided into many segments. Each segment has 5 m length and 4.6 m wide; therefore, there are 600 segments for every lane or the total segments is 2400. Misalignment cracks appear in observation road (Figure 5).
\nMisalignment cracks: Bakauheni-Palembang.
A transverse crack in the middle of the span can cross the segment, but the misalignment crack does not cross to other segments. This happens because of different mechanisms of cracking. The types of defects observed that occur from 24,000 segments can be seen in Table 1.
\nCrack type | \nL segments | \nR segments | \nTotal segments | \n% of total segments | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Random | \n11 | \n6 | \n17 | \n0.07 | \n
Misalignment | \n81 | \n53 | \n134 | \n0.56 | \n
In the middle of the segment | \n98 | \n94 | \n192 | \n0.8 | \n
Total | \n\n | \n | 343 | \n1.43 | \n
Percentage of crack type.
Misalignment cracks are the second part of the three types of damage (Table 1). Eighty to ninety percent of the misalignment cracks occur on dowels that experience shifting or late cutting. The crack width is 1.5–2 cm with 30 cm depth or until the base of rigid pavement (Figure 6).
\nWidth and depth of misalignment crack.
This damage is serious because it gets to the bottom of the concrete pavement. Understanding the mechanism of the occurrence of misalignment cracks is expected to trigger construction implementers to take preventative actions based on an understanding of the seriousness of the damage that will occur.
\nIn general, concrete pavement is intended for heavy loads. To transfer the burden, dowels are required. Dowels made of plain reinforcement are installed between two segments (Figure 7).
\nSegment and dowel.
The dowels were placed on the transversal bars, which formed as a chair (Figure 8). To maintain the chair and the dowel in the right position, some studs were placed by nailing it into lean concrete or LC (Figure 8). The dowel is mounted in the thick center of the rigid pavement (Figure 9). The lean concrete is 10 cm thick with compressive strength of 10 MPa (Figure 9). The rigid pavement has a bending strength of 45 MPa and is 30 cm thick. It was placed on the lean concrete covered with plastic membrant (Figures 8 and 9). A plastic membrant should be placed between the concrete/rigid pavement and lean concrete (Figures 8 and 9). The function of the plastic membrant was studied [7].
\nDowel baskets placed on an LC. Red line: Dowel. LC: Lean concrete.
Dowel position on cross-section.
Pouring fresh concrete on the dowel should be done carefully, with little volume and slowly but continuously (Figure 10). This method is done to keep the dowel position still in right position. The dowel shift is caused by (1) the weakness of the stud installation so that it cannot hold the pouring of large volumes of fresh concrete at a location, or flattening and compaction by paver equipment (Figure 10) or (2) the weakness of binding dowel to basket.
\nPouring, flattening, and layering of the concrete/rigid pavement. Compaction process.
When casting passes dowel line, the dowel position and its shift are recorded. Generally, the shifting dowel is between 10 and 20 cm from the correct axis (Figure 11).
\nShifting dowel: (a) the top dowel holder shifts, and (b) the dowel holder shifts.
Above the dowel line, a transverse cutting by saw is carried out, to direct the crack to occur at that place (Figure 9). Open free in concrete pavement by saw cutting means making the area weak. Cracking is planned to occur in the area (Figure 12).
\nCracks occur at the planned place.
If a crack exists below the saw cut, and an uncontrolled crack occurs nearby, then it is possible that dowels are misaligned and have caused locking of joint [18]. The depth of saw cutting varies, including D/2, D/3, and D/4. D is the thickness of rigid pavement. In this research, saw cutting was done above the as dowel line. The saw cutting depth d is D/4 (Figure 13). Cracks process and cracks area with various depths can be seen in Figure 13a and b.
\nProcess and cracks area, (a) fracture process zone (FPZ), (b) FPZ in D/2, D/3, D/4 [
Microcracking appears below the notch (Figure 13a). On cutting as deep as D/2, there is still a microcracking area that has not been covered (Figure 13b1\n). This microcracking force will spread sideways and cause weakness in other areas. Whereas on cutting as deep as D/3, it can be said that undamaged areas are very thin (Figure 13b2\n). On cutting as deep as D/4, the layer of area that protects against the distribution of microcracks is sufficient (Figure 13b3\n). The distribution of concrete stresses under the saw cutting is as shown in Figure 14.
\nStress distribution: (a) plastic failure, (b) plastic-brittle failure, and (c) brittle failure [
Concrete conditions when misalignment cracks are at the age of 18–72 are between plastic and brittle. Stress distribution at this time was assumed as shown in Figure 14b that is a transition between that shown in Figure 14a and c.
\nThe stress distribution changes as the concrete maturity changes as shown in Figure 15 [13]. Stress distribution as shown in Figure 15 is distributed with cutting age 12 hours.
\nContour stresses at different times for rigid pavement with a D/3 cutting depth are carried out at 12 hours [
There is an optimum time to saw contraction joints in new concrete pavements, which is defined as the sawing window. It represents as short period after the placement of concrete within which concrete can be cut successfully before it cracks in an uncontrolled manner. If the sawing of the joints is started too early, then it may lead to raveling along the cut (Figure 16a). Concrete has not been able to withstand the pressure of the existing blade and microprestress. The jagged, rough edges are termed as raveling. Some raveling is acceptable if the widening of saw cut for filling joint sealant would remove the ravel edge. If the raveling is too severe, it will affect the appearance and ability to seal the joint. Saw cutting done at the beginning of the window time results in moderate raveling (Figure 16b) and at latter of cutting window time result good performance (Figure 16c). If sawing of joints is delayed beyond a certain period when significant concrete shrinkage occurs, then it may induce random cracks within the pavement.
\nSaw cutting result: (a) sawed too early (unacceptable), (b) sawed early in window (moderate), (c) sawed latter in window (acceptable) [
Based on the results of the saw cutting, the appropriate time is at the end of the window time. Raoufi, 2008, [22] illustrates that excellent results will be obtained at fc ‘800–1000 psi (5.5–6.9 MPa). Saw cutting on rigid pavement according to the specification of this research should be done in the time range of 5–18 hours. At this age, the shrinkage begins to change into expansion (Figure 2) and the temperature inside the concrete has reached a maximum value (Figure 3). High temperatures cause the particles to move fast, resulting in collisions between molecules. This impact energy requires a place to release so there is no build-up. With saw cutting done in the window time, there is a space for expansion and shrinkage, so that cracking does not occur anywhere else. Notch from saw cutting is also a place for releasing energy.
\nMisalignment cracks as shown in Figure 5 appear at the age of 18–72 hours. The crack follows the location of the shifted axle. Distance of the crack is about 50 cm from cutting line axle. Theoretical and practical studies have shown that the optimum joint spacing depends upon the slab thickness, concrete aggregate, subbase, and climate. Pavement with long transverse joint spacing may crack at locations other than the saw cuts due to tensile stresses from temperature curling. Most of the time, the spacing of transverse contraction joints in plain pavement is kept at 4.5–6.0 m. It is also important to check the transverse and longitudinal contraction joint spacing to see if it is within the limit as described in various codes and specifications. Saw cut transverse joint at proper location with respect to position of dowel bar assembly is a common construction practice. But some occasional mistakes may happen resulting in the misplaced saw cut. Proper location of saw cut dowel assembly not only improves the joint load transfer efficiency but also ensures better performance of the pavement throughout its life. Tolerance for sawing transfer joint, that is, the allowable translation of saw cut from the middle of the dowel assembly, depends upon the length of the dowel. It has been found that 15 cm of dowel embedment is all that is necessary for an effective load transfer under highway loadings. Thus, for a commonly used 50 cm long dowel bar, the available tolerance is 20 cm, that is, 10 cm either way from the center of the dowels.
\nTo analyze the mechanism of crack misalignment, the influence of growth of hydration, decreasing pores, and microprestress needs to be understood.
\nThe amounts of pores and the growth of product hydration can be seen in Figure 17 [23]. tc is the misalignment cutting time crack in the observed toll road.
\nProduct hydration growth and decreasing pores.
The time frame for the appearance of misalignment cracks is expressed as tc in Figure 17. During this time, the rate of hydration products’ growth such as CSH, CH, C-A, F-H is very high; ettringite reaches its maximum and then decreases because part of it turns into monosulfate; and the number of pores decreases at a high rate.
\nProduct hydration growth and decreasing pores cause stress in the concrete. The microstress is known as microprestress. Microprestress is the stress in micromeasurement, which occurs without applied load. Microstresses are due to the growth of hydration products, capillary pore pressure, disjoining pressure, and surface pressure [24]. Stress due to heat hydration, shear between fresh concrete and lean concrete, and shear between concrete and dowel are also classified as microprestress. Misalignment cracks in the concrete pavement occur at 18–72 hours (Figure 17). In that time span, the strain and temperature of the concrete decrease gradually (Figures 2 and 3). The growth rate of hydration products and the decrease of pore number rate in the span of time are very high (Figure 17). The consequence of this is that high stress occurs in the concrete matrix and in the pores (Figure 18c). This period is a critical time after the autogenous phase. Beside the microprestress, Buchta, 2015, [20] mentioned that the shear and tensile were concentrated on the base of the plate. This phenomenon will increase the microprestress. This is because the strain in the center of the plate is higher than in the surrounding area (Figure 2). The causes of microprestress will be explained below.
\nConcrete evolution, (a) water quantity gradient, (b) microstructure evolution, (c) granular stress and pore water pressure [
The hydration process makes fresh concrete evolve into hard concrete (Figure 18a and b).
\nQuasi hard concrete occurs after the age of 6 hours when the CSH growth rate increases (Figures 17 and 18a) and yield stress occurs (Figure 19b). The characteristic of quasi-brittle material is a strong nonstatistical size effect on both the structural strength and the rate of shrinkage and creep [25].
\nMortar behavior evolution: (a) behavior type, (b) material yielding [
This evolution changes the deformation behavior of plastic behavior into a phase transition, and then changes to elastic state (Figure 19a). The behavior of microprestress in mortar or concrete also changes; at first microprestress is able to penetrate water at fresh and quasi-fresh concrete and then turn into bouncy due to hitting the quasi-hard and hardened concrete and also reinforces bar and dowel (Figure 18a and b). The bouncy power can break the weak bond and microcrack occurs. Concrete such as quasi-brittle structures fails at the macrocrack initiation, which can appear from the microcrack growth. Shear coefficient was also changed due to the increase of the concrete hardness and the power of microprestress. The change of shear stress can be seen in Figure 19b. The change from plastic state to transition phase is mentioned by Craipeau et al., 2018, as yield stress (Figure 19b) [25]. Concrete yield stress according to Figure 19b is about 22 kPa (0.022 Mpa) and occurs at the age of 6 hours. At the concrete age of 6 hours, C-S-H and ettringite begin to grow rapidly (Figure 17). If the dot line (Figure 19b) is continued, in the range of 18–72 hours, the shear stress is 320–1914.3 kPa (0.32–1.9 MPa).
\nGranular stress and pore water pressure show a similar value (Figure 18c). If it happens together, it will negate each other.
\nEvaporation occurs immediately after placement until the sample is tightly closed. Slowik et al., 2013, [26] found that although the rigid pavement was done by curing agent, evaporation still occurred (Figure 20).
\nEvaporation [
In the first 30 minutes, there was a similarity of evaporation water between with and without curing, which is ±0.35 kg/m2 (Figure 20). Evaporation without curing at 360 minutes (6 hours) is about 2.7 kg/m2 or 2.7 10−6 MPa. Evaporation charts tend to be asymptotic after 360 hours (Figure 20); thus, evaporation at 3 days can be approached with 3 kg/m2 or 3. 10−6 MPa without curing condition. This value was chosen because it shows the highest risk.
\nWater in the capillary pores causes tension pressure. Capillary pressure occurs quickly in concrete that contains more cement and less water (Figure 21).
\nCapillary pressure: (a) 420 kg/m2, w/c 0.42; and (b) 335 kg/m2, w/c 0.45 [
By assuming that the capillary stress continues to run linearly, from Figure 21b, a capillary stress was obtained of approximately 163–828 kPa or 0.163–0.828 MPa in the age range of 18–72 hours. This figure is an estimate due to the influence of relative humidity.
\nThe size and number of pores change due to the hydration process (Figure 17); therefore, capillary tension always occurs. The larger pores will dry and smaller pores will remain saturated. The surrounding relative humidity affects pore size (Table 2).
\nRelative humidity | \n85% | \n74% | \n54% | \n33% | \n<33% | \n
Pore diameter (mm) | \n13 | \n7.8 | \n3.4 | \n~1 | \n<1 | \n
Origin of pores | \nCapillary pores | \nLD C-S-H (gel pores) | \nHD C-S-H | \nC-S-H structure | \n
Theoretical relationship between relative humidity and pore size.
Source: Jenning et al., 2005 [18].
Because the surrounding relative humidity (RH) always changes, so does the capillary stress. Pore size determines the ability of water evaporation, menisci strength, and its properties. Pores with smaller sizes indicate that the smaller the evaporation ability, the smaller the evaporation stress [28]. Medium capillary pores (50–10 nm) and small gel pores (10–2.5 nm) have strong menisci [28]. The strong menisci mean strong capillary pores.
\nDisjoining pressure is a pressure due to the attractive force between two surfaces, divided by the area of the surfaces; thus, disjoining pressure depends on the distance between the two surfaces. Correlation between inner water thickness and disjoining pressure was presented by Peng et al., 2015, as shown in Figure 22 [30]. The thicker the inner water, the smaller the disjoining pressure. Maximum disjoining pressure is 50 bar (Figure 22a) or 5 MPa.
\nDisjoining pressure: (a) disjoining pressure of water, and (b) total disjoining pressure for foam films and for the surfactant [
Total microprestress is taken from the description above. The values above are approach values not absolute values; it happens because there is evolution in the concrete that always occurs, and the influence of surrounding relative humidity makes microprestress to be always changing. The highest risk is anticipated by selecting extreme values from the description above (Table 3).
\nType of microprestress cause | \nMaximum pressure, MPa | \n
---|---|
Product hydration growth | \n1.9 | \n
Evaporation | \n3.10−6\n | \n
Capillary pressure | \n0.83 | \n
Disjoining pressure | \n5 | \n
Total | \n7.730003 | \n
Maximum stresses from various causes of microprestress.
There is friction force between dowel and concrete. The friction is not constant because the microstructure of concrete has evolved over time. Friction of steel in fresh concrete was observed [27]. Rabbat and Russel, 1985, have studied friction coefficient of steel on concrete or grout [10]. The effect of dowel on misalignment crack is divided into cutting at window time and cutting at out of window time with dowel in right position and shift position.
\nPlacement of the correct dowel position and sawed in window cutting time result a crack occurring right in the saw cutting line (Figure 12). When saw cutting is done, the frictional force between the dowel and concrete is balanced on both sides of the saw cutting line, penetrating the fracture that occurs and creeping. Microprestress penetrates cracks and then propagates under rigid pavement. Propagation of these forces in the area under the saw cutting increases the high stress that is collected at the lower end of the saw cutting line. This makes the saw cutting line the weakest area, so cracking occurs in the area (Figure 23).
\nDowel in right position: (a) shear stress between dowel and concrete and right crack, (b) cross crack in right position.
Dowel can shift from the right position (Figure 11) due to the pounding of fresh concrete pouring or because it is displaced by a paver (Figure 10). Naturally, there are shear force between dowel and concrete. Shifting dowel makes unbalanced shear force between both sides of the cutting line. Addition with microprestress and concentrated stress at the lower end of the saw cutting separates unevenly due to the dowel shift and increases unbalanced stress on both the sides. To be balanced, then when cutting arises the pulling force of restraint (Figure 24a). The consequence of this is that cracking does not occur in the cutting line but shifts at the starting point of the holding force.
\nDowel in shift position: (a) shifting dowel and unbalanced stress, (b) misalignment crack.
The microprestress can reach 2.73 MPa as in item 4.2.5; if added dowel frictional force and stress concentrated at the lower end of the notch can exceed the strength of concrete that is 5.5–6.9 MPa (point 3.3). This can cause microcracks to arise in the concrete. The microcracks and high stress at one side of the cutting line lead to misalignment cracks (Figure 24b).
\nSaw cutting is done after the plastic period in which stress distribution is approached as shown Figure 14b and enters brittle condition. The brittle condition is marked by the end of ettringite growth. Based on this and Figure 17, it begins at around 18 hours of age. Distribution of stresses under the saw cutting is wider to both sides in brittle condition than in plastic condition (Figure 14c and a). Estimates of stress contours under brittle conditions are presented in Figure 25.
\nBouncy force of microprestress.
The center of the saw cutting line shows the smallest deformation (Figure 2), but surrounded by a larger strain (Figure 25). It happened at the age of less than 10 hours (Figure 2). The stress that causes this strain is withheld by the concrete if there is no room for expansion. Concrete bonds may still be able to withstand these stresses, but by cutting in brittle conditions, the restrained stress increases with a high stress that widens at the bottom end of the cutting. The consequence of this situation is a high-stress accumulation that occurs on both sides of the saw cutting line. As a result of this, accumulation on both sides of the saw cutting line is weak making it more vulnerable to crack.
\nConcrete is a quasi-brittle material where the fracture process zone (FPZ) in the notch condition can be seen in Figure 13. In the FPZ area, microcracks are already present. According to the explanation as mentioned above, great stresses are created on the one side. The friction between the dowel and concrete, which is in a microcrack condition, does not run smoothly along the dowel because the frictional force partially penetrates the microcrack gap. Some microprestresses are bouncy that can crush the dowels and penetrate microcracks (Figure 25).
\nBecause cutting is done too late, the large stresses are looking for a way to release the energy. The move of this energy triggers microcracks to be widened on the weak side and it creates a misalignment crack.
\nAsymmetrical conditions of stress occur on both sides due to the dowel shift. There have been weak points at locations outside the saw cutting line (Figure 24). As a result, transversal cracks can arise outside the saw cutting line. Condition as mentioned in 4.4.2.1. can also occur. Unbalanced condition between shear force between both the sides of cutting line increases by the spread of large stress at the end of cutting depth and unbalanced bouncy force on both the sides of the cutting line. The unbalanced force leads misalignment cracks to occur on the side of the shift direct dowel.
\n\n
In the concrete pavement, there are microprestress forces, shear forces between dowel and concrete, microprestress resilient forces concerning dowels, shear forces, and tension forces at the base of the concrete pavement.
Microprestress is ±7.730003 MPa. The biggest contribution is disjoining pressure and the second is product hydration growth.
Disjoining pressure needs to be reduced by maintaining humidity in the concrete pavement at an early age because disjoining pressure will decrease if the water film thickness is large. Although maintaining high humidity makes evaporation also higher, the danger due to evaporation is smaller than the danger of disjoining pressure.
Expansion and shrinkage occur in concrete pavement alternately.
Free open space is needed to make space for the concrete pavement to expand and shrink and release stress that occurs by saw cutting.
Excellent result of cutting time will be obtained at highest inner temperature, which shows high product hydration growth.
Raoufi, 2008, illustrates that excellent results of cutting time will be obtained at fc ‘800–1000 psi (5.5–6.9 MPa). It is difficult to know the concrete strength (fc ‘) at very early age. Compressive strength factor before 1 day has not been found. As a guide, cutting on toll roads in Indonesia is 12–18 hours.
If the strength of concrete is smaller than microprestress, microcracks occur in the concrete pavement.
Cutting in the window time raises the stress below the tip of the notch that is spread evenly until the base of concrete pavement.
Dowel in the right position: no misalignment cracks occur.
Dowel shifts: there are imbalance stresses resulting in cracks on the side where the dowel shifts.
Cutting late raises the stress below the notch tip and is greater than at the bottom of the concrete pavement. This stress will accumulate with microprestress, shear stress, tensile stress, and resilient stress.
Dowel in the right position: this tension will break a weak bond. If one of the bonds breaks because it is unable to withstand the accumulation of the stresses, the stresses will release its energy. Furthermore, the stresses move along the line where a large stress occurs on one side of the cutting line.
Dowel shift: an event equal to all of the above description coupled with an unbalanced dowel and concrete shear force creates a misalignment of cracks on one of the weak sides.
The implementation of concrete pavement requires the following:
Conformity to mix design regarding the amount and quality of material and environment.
Designers and managers need to have a good understanding of the consequences of neglect even if it is only one step. The implementation of concrete pavement requires high discipline at each stage. Negligence on one part, because of lack of understanding, and bad discipline or field condition can cause cracks. Any negligence during the construction process may lead to premature distresses in concrete pavement slabs.
Saw cutting done during window time causes the stress at the end of the notch to be spread evenly to the bottom of the concrete pavement. In addition to these stresses in concrete pavement, there are microprestress forces, dowels and concrete shear forces, microprestress resilient forces concerning dowels, shear forces, and tension forces at the base of the concrete pavement. Sufficient concrete strength is needed to withstand the accumulation of all these stresses, so saw cutting must be done at an adequate age but still in a condition between plastic and brittle.
\nThe mechanism of the crack misalignment has been studied. The main cause of crack misalignment is that the cutting is done late, that is, after the window cutting time or in brittle conditions. This causes the stress not to be distributed evenly downward but large stresses occur at the lower end of the notch, which spread on both sides of the cutting line. This large stress will break the weak bond and the stress continues to travel along the cutting line because there is a large stress on the cutting line. The consequence of this is that there is a misalignment crack.
\nDowel shift causes an imbalance of stress below the notch tip to increase. If the concrete is not able to withstand this imbalance, misalignment cracks arise even though the saw cutting is done at window time. Misalignment cracks tend to appear along the dowel shift.
\nEvery mix concrete has special properties. We are suggested to test the inner temperature in plate sample with the dimension equal to one segment of real concrete pavement. The high inner temperature to be a guide to saw cutting time.
\nMy gratitude goes to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Lampung, for supporting this research. I would like to give my highest appreciation to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, for locating and maintaining test specimens.
\n“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5944},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17700}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133952},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12143",title:"Herbs and Spices - New Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dbbc40b4b09244389b52ca80dcc10768",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eva Ivanišová",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12143.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"352448",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",surname:"Ivanišová",slug:"eva-ivanisova",fullName:"Eva Ivanišová"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11994",title:"MXenes - Fabrications and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"184e1a0c9b5e62ebb3c7ebc53103db9f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Dhanasekaran Vikraman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11994.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"199404",title:"Prof.",name:"Dhanasekaran",surname:"Vikraman",slug:"dhanasekaran-vikraman",fullName:"Dhanasekaran Vikraman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12007",title:"Updates in Volcanology - Linking Active Volcanism and the Geological Record",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a55d00d84b7616824cc783586c092525",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Károly Németh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12007.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12202",title:"Sexual Violence - Issues in Prevention, Treatment, and Policy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d3d39a00095ec14f7f869ed5b5211527",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kathleen Monahan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12202.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463306",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathleen",surname:"Monahan",slug:"kathleen-monahan",fullName:"Kathleen Monahan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12307",title:"New Insights Into Dystonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b011946aab26d18e0f4cfa61eb4249a",slug:null,bookSignature:" Tamer Rizk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12307.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170531",title:null,name:"Tamer",surname:"Rizk",slug:"tamer-rizk",fullName:"Tamer Rizk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12326",title:"Drug Formulation Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"be61949c97a884e4342d41ec7414e678",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rahul Shukla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12326.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"319705",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Shukla",slug:"rahul-shukla",fullName:"Rahul Shukla"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11856",title:"Testosterone - Functions, Uses, Deficiencies, and Substitution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8549d2b1fcd1242f85a6a70447b1db10",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Hirokazu Doi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11856.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"473383",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hirokazu",surname:"Doi",slug:"hirokazu-doi",fullName:"Hirokazu Doi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12063",title:"Critical Infrastructure - Modern Approach and New Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a88b0006f3a58c0a60f89e06efb31102",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Antonio Di Pietro and Prof. Jose Marti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12063.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"284589",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Di Pietro",slug:"antonio-di-pietro",fullName:"Antonio Di Pietro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12387",title:"Natural Killer Cells - Lessons and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5576cda9d50adf4e4256e47427560510",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Leisheng Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12387.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"439674",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Leisheng",surname:"Zhang",slug:"leisheng-zhang",fullName:"Leisheng Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:424},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4422},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"749",title:"Metrology",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-metrology",parent:{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:27,numberOfWosCitations:46,numberOfCrossrefCitations:33,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"749",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"4622",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27aa3947c35b65d08f9c1f4a56b7f468",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",bookSignature:"Luigi Cocco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4622.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112023",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Cocco",slug:"luigi-cocco",fullName:"Luigi Cocco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50396",doi:"10.5772/62741",title:"Electrical Conductivity Measurements in Agriculture: The Assessment of Soil Salinity",slug:"electrical-conductivity-measurements-in-agriculture-the-assessment-of-soil-salinity",totalDownloads:4382,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Soil salinity is an important issue constraining the productivity of irrigation agriculture around the world. The standard method for soil salinity assessment is based on a laboratory method that is cumbersome and gives rise to limitations for data-intensive works. The use of sensors for the assessment of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC) of soils offers a way to overcome these constraints. These sensors are based on three electromagnetic phenomena, namely, electrical resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and reflectometry. Each class of sensors presents its own advantages and drawbacks. In the following chapter, these are presented along with the most popular commercial EC sensors used in nowadays agriculture, equations for the assessment of soil salinity on basis sensor measurements, some examples of application, and present and future development trends.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti"}]},{id:"51245",doi:"10.5772/63734",title:"THz Measurement Systems",slug:"thz-measurement-systems",totalDownloads:1610,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The terahertz (THz) frequency region is often defined as the last unexplored area of the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the past few years, the full access has been the objective of intense research efforts. Progress in this area has played an important role in opening up the possibility of using THz electromagnetic radiation (T-waves) in science and in real-world applications. T-waves are not perceptible by the human eye, are not ionizing, and have the ability to cross many non-conducting materials such as paper, fabrics, wood, plastic, and organic tissues. Moreover, the use of THz radiation allows non-destructive analysis of the materials under investigation both by study of their “fingerprint” via spectroscopic measurements and by high-resolution spatial imaging operations, exploiting the see-through capability of T-waves. Such technology can be applied in diverse areas, spanning from biology to chemical, pharmaceutical, environmental sciences, etc. In this chapter, we will present the typical architecture of measurement systems based on the THz technology, detailing what are the parameters that define their performance, the measurement methods, and the related errors and uncertainty, and focusing at the end on the use of time-domain spectroscopy for the evaluation of different material properties in this specific frequency region.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Leopoldo Angrisani, Giovanni Cavallo, Annalisa Liccardo, Gian\nPaolo Papari and Antonello Andreone",authors:[{id:"2330",title:"Dr.",name:"Leopoldo",middleName:null,surname:"Angrisani",slug:"leopoldo-angrisani",fullName:"Leopoldo Angrisani"},{id:"179111",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Andreone",slug:"antonello-andreone",fullName:"Antonello Andreone"},{id:"186826",title:"MSc.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Cavallo",slug:"giovanni-cavallo",fullName:"Giovanni Cavallo"},{id:"186827",title:"Dr.",name:"GianPaolo",middleName:null,surname:"Papari",slug:"gianpaolo-papari",fullName:"GianPaolo Papari"},{id:"186828",title:"Prof.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Liccardo",slug:"annalisa-liccardo",fullName:"Annalisa Liccardo"}]},{id:"49823",doi:"10.5772/60442",title:"Microwave Power Measurements: Standards and Transfer Techniques",slug:"microwave-power-measurements-standards-and-transfer-techniques",totalDownloads:2151,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In this chapter, precision power measurement, which is probably the most important area in RF and microwave metrology, will be discussed. Firstly, the background of RF and microwave power measurements and standards will be introduced. Secondly, the working principle of primary power standard (i.e., microcalorimeter) will be described, followed by the discussions of direct comparison transfer technique. Finally, there will be some discussions about the performance evaluation and uncertainty estimation for microwave power measurements.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Xiaohai Cui, Yu Song Meng, Yueyan Shan and Yong Li",authors:[{id:"100680",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yueyan-shan",fullName:"Yueyan Shan"},{id:"135408",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohai",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"xiaohai-cui",fullName:"Xiaohai Cui"},{id:"173971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu Song",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",slug:"yu-song-meng",fullName:"Yu Song Meng"}]},{id:"51241",doi:"10.5772/63547",title:"Innovative Theoretical Approaches Used for RF Power Amplifiers in Modern HDTV Systems",slug:"innovative-theoretical-approaches-used-for-rf-power-amplifiers-in-modern-hdtv-systems",totalDownloads:1330,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The essential purpose of this chapter is to introduce theoretical and numerical approaches that can be used for modeling nonlinear effects that appear intrinsically in the design of power amplifiers that have been used widely in many modern high-density television (HDTV) architectures. Important effects like the pre-distortion using adaptive techniques, with distinct characteristics like amplitude, phase, and frequency, as well as, their specific nature such as AM/AM, AM/PM, PM/AM, and PM/PM, and constitute one of the main directions of this research. All theoretical and technological approaches have been supported by a consistent set of numerical data performed with one of the most important platform of simulations used in the great area of Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave structures. As a direct application, we are introducing some efficient processes that can be used for the characterization of RF systems with a set of consistent laboratorial measures that permit us to visualize the effective cost and a complete architecture for the characterization of high-power amplifiers. With the continuous and innovative technological demand that is imposed by the international marketing has a great importance to find versatile systems that are capable of measuring several amplifier characteristics, as gain, output power, inter-modulation distortion of different signals, efficiency, current, and temperature that constitute another direction of research that has been demanded strongly for news advanced technologies used widely in modern HDTV systems.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Daniel Discini Silveira, Marcos Paulo de Souza Silva, Marcel Veloso Campos and Maurício Silveira",authors:[{id:"179507",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",slug:"mauricio-silveira",fullName:"Mauricio Silveira"},{id:"179508",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Discini Silveira",slug:"daniel-discini-silveira",fullName:"Daniel Discini Silveira"},{id:"179792",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Paulo De Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"marcos-paulo-de-souza-silva",fullName:"Marcos Paulo De Souza Silva"},{id:"180084",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel Veloso",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",slug:"marcel-veloso-campos",fullName:"Marcel Veloso Campos"}]},{id:"49840",doi:"10.5772/60467",title:"Silent Speech Recognition by Surface Electromyography",slug:"silent-speech-recognition-by-surface-electromyography",totalDownloads:1782,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"For some time, new methods based on a different than acoustic signal analysis are used for speech recognition. The purpose of nonacoustic signals is to allow silent communication. One of these methods based on the electromyography signal is generated by the human speech articulation system. This article presents a device for electromyographic (EMG) signal acquisition and the first measurements from its use.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Andrzej B. Dobrucki, Piotr Pruchnicki, Przemysław Plaskota, Piotr Staroniewicz, Stefan Brachmański and Maciej Walczyński",authors:[{id:"173718",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrucki",slug:"andrzej-dobrucki",fullName:"Andrzej Dobrucki"},{id:"173719",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemysław",middleName:null,surname:"Plaskota",slug:"przemyslaw-plaskota",fullName:"Przemysław Plaskota"},{id:"173720",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Pruchnicki",slug:"piotr-pruchnicki",fullName:"Piotr Pruchnicki"},{id:"173721",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Brachmański",slug:"stefan-brachmanski",fullName:"Stefan Brachmański"},{id:"173722",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Staroniewicz",slug:"piotr-staroniewicz",fullName:"Piotr Staroniewicz"},{id:"173724",title:"MSc.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Walczyński",slug:"maciej-walczynski",fullName:"Maciej Walczyński"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49823",title:"Microwave Power Measurements: Standards and Transfer Techniques",slug:"microwave-power-measurements-standards-and-transfer-techniques",totalDownloads:2151,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In this chapter, precision power measurement, which is probably the most important area in RF and microwave metrology, will be discussed. Firstly, the background of RF and microwave power measurements and standards will be introduced. Secondly, the working principle of primary power standard (i.e., microcalorimeter) will be described, followed by the discussions of direct comparison transfer technique. Finally, there will be some discussions about the performance evaluation and uncertainty estimation for microwave power measurements.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Xiaohai Cui, Yu Song Meng, Yueyan Shan and Yong Li",authors:[{id:"100680",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yueyan-shan",fullName:"Yueyan Shan"},{id:"135408",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohai",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"xiaohai-cui",fullName:"Xiaohai Cui"},{id:"173971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu Song",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",slug:"yu-song-meng",fullName:"Yu Song Meng"}]},{id:"50396",title:"Electrical Conductivity Measurements in Agriculture: The Assessment of Soil Salinity",slug:"electrical-conductivity-measurements-in-agriculture-the-assessment-of-soil-salinity",totalDownloads:4382,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Soil salinity is an important issue constraining the productivity of irrigation agriculture around the world. The standard method for soil salinity assessment is based on a laboratory method that is cumbersome and gives rise to limitations for data-intensive works. The use of sensors for the assessment of the apparent electrical conductivity (EC) of soils offers a way to overcome these constraints. These sensors are based on three electromagnetic phenomena, namely, electrical resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and reflectometry. Each class of sensors presents its own advantages and drawbacks. In the following chapter, these are presented along with the most popular commercial EC sensors used in nowadays agriculture, equations for the assessment of soil salinity on basis sensor measurements, some examples of application, and present and future development trends.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Fernando Visconti and José Miguel de Paz",authors:[{id:"79081",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Visconti",slug:"fernando-visconti",fullName:"Fernando Visconti"}]},{id:"51435",title:"Objectifying the Subjective: Fundaments and Applications of Soft Metrology",slug:"objectifying-the-subjective-fundaments-and-applications-of-soft-metrology",totalDownloads:1721,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The aim of the interdisciplinary research was to facilitate the understanding of a specific topic passing by different disciplinary perspectives. Soft metrology is the perfect example of a scientific field that needs that sort of approach. Seeking to provide a reproducible basis for qualifying and quantifying what are essentially ‘soft’ measurements (subject to human perception and interpretation) is a particularly challenging scientific endeavour. This chapter presents a theoretical overview of main concepts around soft metrology and, in the second instance, proposes a mathematical model for the measurement of a soft measurand through a dedicated index (IPER—influence on performance index).",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Laura Rossi",authors:[{id:"187245",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",slug:"laura-rossi",fullName:"Laura Rossi"}]},{id:"50379",title:"Uncertainty of Measurement in Medical Laboratories",slug:"uncertainty-of-measurement-in-medical-laboratories",totalDownloads:3804,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM) is not systematically used in medical laboratories, for what the laboratorian should understand the Uncertainty Approach and its importance to recognize the level of realism of results. This chapter presents, discusses, and recommends the models fulfilling GUM principles. An example is given to a single test for an easier understanding of the determination of measurement uncertainty. All the practice uses a freeware. Results with larger measurement uncertainty intervals have a significant probability of being unrealistic, arising a high risk of the uncorrected clinical decision. A flow chart to the selection of models for the determination of measurement uncertainty in a medical laboratory is recommended.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Paulo Pereira",authors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}]},{id:"51241",title:"Innovative Theoretical Approaches Used for RF Power Amplifiers in Modern HDTV Systems",slug:"innovative-theoretical-approaches-used-for-rf-power-amplifiers-in-modern-hdtv-systems",totalDownloads:1330,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The essential purpose of this chapter is to introduce theoretical and numerical approaches that can be used for modeling nonlinear effects that appear intrinsically in the design of power amplifiers that have been used widely in many modern high-density television (HDTV) architectures. Important effects like the pre-distortion using adaptive techniques, with distinct characteristics like amplitude, phase, and frequency, as well as, their specific nature such as AM/AM, AM/PM, PM/AM, and PM/PM, and constitute one of the main directions of this research. All theoretical and technological approaches have been supported by a consistent set of numerical data performed with one of the most important platform of simulations used in the great area of Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave structures. As a direct application, we are introducing some efficient processes that can be used for the characterization of RF systems with a set of consistent laboratorial measures that permit us to visualize the effective cost and a complete architecture for the characterization of high-power amplifiers. With the continuous and innovative technological demand that is imposed by the international marketing has a great importance to find versatile systems that are capable of measuring several amplifier characteristics, as gain, output power, inter-modulation distortion of different signals, efficiency, current, and temperature that constitute another direction of research that has been demanded strongly for news advanced technologies used widely in modern HDTV systems.",book:{id:"4622",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-metrology",title:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology",fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Metrology"},signatures:"Daniel Discini Silveira, Marcos Paulo de Souza Silva, Marcel Veloso Campos and Maurício Silveira",authors:[{id:"179507",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",slug:"mauricio-silveira",fullName:"Mauricio Silveira"},{id:"179508",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Discini Silveira",slug:"daniel-discini-silveira",fullName:"Daniel Discini Silveira"},{id:"179792",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Paulo De Souza",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"marcos-paulo-de-souza-silva",fullName:"Marcos Paulo De Souza Silva"},{id:"180084",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel Veloso",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",slug:"marcel-veloso-campos",fullName:"Marcel Veloso Campos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"749",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12213",title:"New Advances in Photosynthesis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12213.jpg",hash:"2eece9ed4f67de4eb73da424321fc455",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:70,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79371",title:"The Contrasting Effects between Caffeine and Theobromine on Crystallization: How the Non-fluoride Dentifrice Was Developed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101116",signatures:"Tetsuo Nakamoto, Alexander U. Falster and William B. Simmons Jr",slug:"the-contrasting-effects-between-caffeine-and-theobromine-on-crystallization-how-the-non-fluoride-den",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79409",title:"The Dental Implant Maintenance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101187",signatures:"Gayathri Krishnamoorthy, Aparna I. Narayana and Dhanasekar Balakrishnan",slug:"the-dental-implant-maintenance",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79387",title:"Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Cavity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101215",signatures:"Nelli Yildirimyan",slug:"ulcerative-lesions-of-the-oral-cavity",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79319",title:"Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101080",signatures:"Ichiro Nakajima, Ken-ichiro Ejima, Yoshinori Arai, Kunihito Matsumoto, Kazuya Honda, Hirofumi Aboshi, Marina Hamaguchi, Akao Lyvongsa, Bounnhong Sidaphone, Somphone Phanthavong, Chanthavisao Phanthanalay and Souksavanh Vongsa",slug:"empirical-study-on-medical-information-and-communication-technology-system-in-dentistry-in-southeast",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"