Source: Wolfram Alpha Knowledge Base, 2011.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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\r\n\tAlthough the diagnosis and overall survival of patients with various cardiac diseases have improved in the last years, there still remains a significant proportion of patients with unfavorable prognoses. The evaluation of these patients necessitates effective imaging techniques in both diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Even though Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging is currently the imaging modality of choice for tissue characterization, advanced echocardiography represents a modern alternative. Speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to assess myocardial deformation at both segmental and global levels. Since distinct myocardial pathologies affect deformation differently, information about the underlying tissue can be offered by strain imaging. Echocardiography advances also show promising results in the improvement of diagnostic accuracy, management, and follow-up and a major advantage of echocardiography over other imaging modalities is the ability to use it in real-time, in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, allowing for the performance of imaging immediately before, during, and after interventional procedures. Furthermore, the prevalence of adult congenital heart disease continues to grow due to advances in surgical and diagnostic techniques. Echocardiography has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients, both after percutaneous and surgical procedures, and its utility has expanded significantly due to the development of better technology. In addition, stress echocardiography could be useful in the evaluation of several cardiac diseases and should be preferred over other imaging modalities due to the lower cost, wider availability, and radiation-free nature.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
Ring rolling has been a kind of irreplaceable near-net-shape metal forming technology for the manufacture of various ring-shaped parts with high performance and high precision, such as various bearing races, ring gears, aero-engine casing, nuclear reactors parts and various connecting flanges, due to the most important advantages of the favourable grain flow and good surface quality of the rolled rings (Eruc & Shivpuri, 1992). Radial-axial ring rolling, the forming principle of which is shown in Fig.1, is a classic form of ring rolling process and is usually adopted to manufacture various high-quality large rings widely served in many important industry areas such as aerospace and wind power. During the process, the main roll rotates at a rotational speed
From the forming principle of radial-axial ring rolling, it can be known that the process is characterized by extremely complicated dynamic forming and high flexibility due to multiple independent control system for the three sets of rolls, namely, the radial main roll and mandrel, two axial conical rolls and two guide rolls, as illustrated in Fig. 1. What’s more, in consideration of microstructure evolution of ring materials and the final performance of the rolled ring, the thermal-coupled plastic deformation behavior of the process and response of ring materials properties to the process are necessary and significant concerns for the design, operation and optimization of the process. In practice, the radial-axial ring rolling process usually presents uncooperative motions of the rolls, severe instabilities thus usually rolls rings with various macro and micro defects due to unreasonable design of process parameters (mainly including the sizes of ring blank, forming temperature and various motion parameters such as
Forming principle of radial-axial ring rolling
Due to the above concerns, the key science problem, which must be solved for the R&D of radial-axial ring rolling technology, is the evolution mechanism of geometry and microstructure of ring blank during the process. This is because the final precision of shape and size of the rolled ring depends on the evolution mechanism of the geometry of the ring blank, and the final performance of the rolled ring depends on the evolution mechanism of the microstructure of the ring blank. Solving the above science problem is the theoretical basis for the optimal design and steady control of the process. However, it is difficult to solve the above science problem only by experiment or theory analysis or numerical simulation because of the complexity of the process.
FE numerical modeling and simulation has been proven to be a powerful and accurate method to study plastic deformation behavior of various complicated metal forming processes (Yang et al. 2004), and can conduct more comprehensive, profound, and detailed investigations compared with the analytical and experimental methods. So, FE numerical modeling and simulation combined with theoretical analysis and experimental observation has been a powerful means for many metal forming processes such as forging, extrusion, spinning, tube bending and various rolling technologies including flat rolling, ring rolling, and so on.
So far, the ring rolling technology has evolved over 150 years. Allwood et al. (2005) reviewed the contributions of 174 papers by a thorough survey of work on ring rolling published in the English and Germany languages by 2004. Many studies on the ring rolling technology have been carried out by many researchers through experiment, theoretical analysis or numerical simulation. Johnson et al. (1968) carried out earlier experimental works on ring rolling. Hawkyard et al. (1973) reported a theoretical prediction for the roll force and torque during ring rolling between plain cylindrical rolls, and examined the prediction accuracy by experimental measurements of roll force and torque. Mamalis et al. (1975) investigated the cavity formation by rolling profiled (T-shaped) rings experimentally.
Lugora et al. (1987) analyzed the spread in plain ring rolling using Hill\'s general method of analysis. Hahn et al. (1994) reported the UBET analysis of the closed-pass ring rolling of rings having arbitrarily shaped profiles.
With the rapid development of numerical calculation and computer technologies, FE numerical simulation technology was widely employed to investigate deformation mechanics of ring rolling. Kim et al. (1990) reported a finite element code \'RING\' which was developed for the three-dimensional deformation analysis of ring rolling. Yang et al. (1991) simulated the T-section profile ring rolling processes by rigid-plastic finite element method. Kang & Kobayashi (1991) and Joun et al. (1998) carried out the studies on preform design in ring rolling using the backward tracing scheme and an axisymmetric forging approach, respectively. Davey & Ward (2003) presented an ALE approach for finite element ring-rolling simulation to save computational cost. Based on the finite element method, Forouzan et al. (2003) proposed a new method (thermal spokes) to simulate the guide roll effect in FE analysis of the ring rolling process.
In recent years, many advances in ring rolling were obtained mainly by FE numerical simulations. For example, Wang et al. (2007) developed a virtual radial-axial ring rolling process for guiding process design and optimization using the LS-DYNA FE code; Jong et al. (2007) investigated the radial-axial ring-rolling design of a large-scale ring product of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using a calculation method and FEM analysis; Moon et al. (2008) predicted the polygonal-shaped defects during hot ring rolling using a rigid-viscoplastic finite element method; Hua et al. (2009) established a ring stiffness condition in radial-axial ring rolling whose validity was evaluated by numerical simulation; Zhou et al. (2010, 2011) numerically analyzed the coupled thermo-mechanical behaviors in radial-axial rolling of alloy steel large ring and revealed the effects of roll size on the process, and so on.
Facing with national needs in aerospace area, our research team, namely lab of precision plastic forming (LPPF) led by Professor He Yang in Northwestern Polytechnical University of China, has continuously engaged in investigating various complicated and special metal forming processes, such as NC tube bending (Yang et al., 2010; Zhan et al., 2006; Li et al., 2010), precision die forging and local loading forming (Yang et al. 2002; Liu et al., 2002; Fan et al., 2010), spinning (Yang et al., 2010; Zhan et al., 2007) and ring rolling (Guo et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2008; Guo & Yang, 2011). In the aspect of ring rolling, we achieved many important findings in past several years. For example, Yang et al. (2008) investigated the effects of blank size on strain and temperature distribution during hot rolling of titanium alloy large rings by 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FE simulations; Guo et al. (2005) revealed the plastic deformation behavior in cold ring rolling by FE simulation and proposed three kinds of plastic deformation behaviors of pure radial ring rolling process. Guo & Yang (2011) developed mathematical model of a steady forming condition for radial-axial ring rolling and demonstrated its validation by FE simulations; Li et al. (2008) reported a control method of guide rolls in 3D-FE simulation of ring rolling; Wang et al. (2009) revealed the coupled mechanical and thermal behaviours in hot rolling of large rings of titanium alloy using 3D dynamic explicit FEM, and so on. The relevant studies on the above metal forming technologies have attained supports of many national major research programs such as the Natural Science Foundation of China, National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Program), National Major Science and Technology Special Projects of China and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (“ 863“ Program).
In this book chapter, we first propose a high-end research route for aerospace plasticity technology in terms of our understanding and research experiences on various metal forming processes and give an application example of it for the investigation of radial-axial ring rolling technology, then discuss the involved key FE modelling technologies and reliability of the developed thermo-mechanical coupled 3D-FE model for the entire radial-axial ring rolling process, next report some simulation results including ring geometry evolution, stress field, strain field, temperature field, rolling forces and torques in the radial and axial directions during the process, afterwards summarize the conclusion and future work, and finally express our acknowledgement for the support given to this work.
With the rapid development of aerospace industry, various key aerospace components need to be manufactured by plasticity technology for the fabrication of high-end aerospace equipments. But due to the severe service environment in aerospace area, manufacturing various key components, which have features of light weight, high precision, high performance, high reliability and high efficiency, has been the eternal goal for the R&D of advanced technology of plasticity. Therefore, the R&D of the aerospace plasticity technology is facing with huge challenges as discussed below.
In consideration of the requirements of light weight, high precision, high performance, high reliability and high efficiency for the key aerospace components, the main challenges for the R&D of aerospace plasticity technology are concisely summarized as follows.
Various difficult-to-deform and expensive materials such as titanium alloy, which have high strength, poor ductility, low elastic modulus and complicated microstructure but possess low density, good corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance, are exmployed to manufacture the key aerospace components, thus leading to difficulties for the R&D of aerospace plasticity technology.
The geometry structures of the key aerospace components become larger, thinner, more integral and more complex, which result in complicated preform design, ultrahigh forming load, inhomogeneous microstructure and performance, loose geometry tolerance and complicated dies for their plastic forming thus leads to huge challenges to the aerospace plasticity technology.
The plastic forming process of the key aerospace components is influenced interactively by multi-factors including material parameters (initial microstructure and various physical or chemical properties), process parameters (temperature, strain rate and degree of deformation, etc), geometry parameters (blank or preform size, product size and die size), so is highly nonlinear due to its material, boundary and geometry nonlinearity. The coupled effects of multi-factors and high nonlinearity lead to huge challenges to the aerospace plasticity technology.
Therefore, it is essential and urgent to find certain advanced methodology for the R&D of the aerospace plasticity technology. In terms of our understanding and research experiences on various metal forming technologies, we propose the following high-end research route for the aerospace plasticity technology.
In consideration of challenges for plasticity technology in aerospace area, a high-end research route for aerospace plasticity technology is proposed as illustrated in Fig. 2.
High-end research route for aerospace plasticity technology
Due to the complexity of metal forming processes, FE numerical simulation organically combined with analytics and experiment is employed to investigate the forming mechanism of various metal forming processes. The relationships among the analytics, experiment and simulation are concisely discussed as follows.
The analytics is used to initially design the process parameters and provide basic understanding of the concerned metal forming process thus provides guidance and basis for FE modelling of the process. Of course, the analytics also can provide guidance for experiment. The experiment is used to verify the accuracy and reliability of the developed FE model. Also, the experiment can be used to verify the results obtained by analytics. And the prediction results obtained by simulation can provide detailed data information and important guidance for the analytics, experiment and actual production process.
Therefore, synthetically using analytics, experiment and FE numerical modeling technologies such as FE algorithm selection, mesh design and optimization, materials modelling, definition of contact and friction, and treatment of dynamic boundary, developing multi-field, multi-scale and entire process 3D-FE model and carrying out comprehensive simulation & optimization have been an advanced and unique methodology for investigating the concerned metal forming process. The multi-field, multi-scale and entire process 3D-FE model can be used as a virtual experimental platform to rapidly and inexpensively carry out various investigations about the concerned metal forming technology. The research contents, which can be carried out by the virtual experimental platform, include macro plastic deformation behavior, microstructure evolution behavior, effects and coupled effects of various factors (material, process and geometry parameters), and the prediction and control of various macro and micro forming defects, etc. The research aims for the concerned metal forming process are to reveal evolution mechanism of geometry and performance (microstructure) of the preform blank, to realize optimal design and steady control of the process and to develop high-performance and precise aerospace plasticity technologies. And in Fig.2, the virtual orthogonal experiment is employed to design simulation experimental schedule for the purpose of saving calculation cost as far as possible. The simulation and optimization methods are combined to realize optimal design of the concerned metal forming process so as to obtain defect-free and high-performance deformed products.
As an application example of the above proposed methodology for the investigation of aerospace plasticity technology, the high-end research route for radial-axial ring rolling technology has been given in Fig. 3 in consideration of the features of the process.
High-end research route for radial-axial ring rolling technology
The high-end research route for radial-axial ring rolling technology actually outlines the key technologies, methods, contents and aims for the investigation of the process, which can be regarded as an overall planning for the implementation of various research tasks.
Under ABAQUS/Explicit software environment, we developed a coupled thermo-mechanical 3D-FE model for the entire radial-axial ring rolling process, as shown in Fig.4 (Guo & Yang, 2011). The dynamic explicit FEM and mass scaling are used in the model to speed up the computation.
However, the model can only be used to investigate the coupled thermo-mechanical deformation behaviour but can not predict the microstructure evolution of ring blank. But the current model will be an important basis for the simulation of microstructure evolution. The involved key FE modelling technologies are discussed as follows in detail.
The coupled thermo-mechanical 3D-FE model for the entire radial-axial ring rolling process
The involved key technologies for the FE modelling of radial-axial ring rolling process mainly include geometry and assembly model, mesh design and optimization, material model, model of guide rolls control mechanism, contact and friction, and determination of the paths of the rolls.
Geometry model describes the shape and size of every geometry part in the FE model. In Fig.4, all the geometry parts include the ring blank, main roll, mandrel, two guide rolls, two axial conical rolls, supporting rolls, locating ball, guide rolls adjustment mechanism and locating mechanism used to capture the position of the locating ball so as to define the translation motion of the axial rolls in the X direction. The ring blank is modelled by deformable solid body which can be assigned certain material properties. All the rolls and locating ball are modelled by non-deformable analytic rigid surface bodies. For the guide rolls adjustment mechanism and locating mechanism, the fluid cavities are modelled by surface elements based on surface-based fluid cavities technology and the linkages used to control the guide rolls and locating ball are modelled by various connector elements such as beam, weld and hinge. The locating mechanism is designed to capture the growth behavior of the ring throughout the simulation of the radial-axial ring rolling process. Then based on the captured growth behavior of the ring, the translation motion of the axial rolls in the X direction can be conveniently controlled. A small force acting on the end-face of the fluid cavity 2 (as shown in Fig. 4) is preset to avoid appreciable effects on the radial-axial ring rolling process caused by the locating ball. The supporting roll is designed to support the gravity of the ring.
The assembly model is used to describe the relative position relationships among all the geometry parts. In consideration of the spread deformation of the ring in the axial direction, the supporting roll is located below the lower end-face of the ring about 3mm for the FE model shown in Fig.4. It is noted that the linkages for the control of the guide rolls and location ball should be designed to have enough motion space when the ring grows to the maximum diameter. Fig. 4 fully demonstrates the assembly model describing the relative position relationships among all the geometry parts.
Mesh design and optimization involves selection of element type, check of mesh quality, determination of element size and mesh convergence study, etc.
In the FE model shown in Fig.4, all the rolls and locating ball need not be meshed because they are modelled by rigid surface bodies; the fluid cavities are meshed by surface elements; the linkages are meshed by various connector elements such as beam, hinge and weld; and the ring is meshed by the coupled thermo-mechanical hexahedron element with eight nodes (C3D8RT). An adaptive mesh domain is created for the entire ring to maintain a high-quality mesh throughout an analysis, and reduction integration and hourglass control are employed to save computational time and avoid the zero-energy mode caused by the bending mode of deformation, respectively.
The mesh size is optimized by performing a mesh convergence study, where the same problem is simulated with a different level of refinement of the mesh, and then the simulation results are compared. If further mesh refinement produces a negligible change in the solution, the mesh is said to be converged.
Material model is used to describe the response of material properties to the coupled thermo-mechanical plastic deformation in metal forming processes and is the key concern for the prediction accuracy of the FE model. The material data, which should be given for the development of FE model, include stress-strain curves under different temperature and strain rate, temperature-dependent physical properties (including linear expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, specific heat and Young\'s modulus), density and Poisson ratio, etc.
In Fig.4, the ring material used in the FE model is GH4169 alloy (Chinese grades), equivalent to IN718 alloy of American grades. All the material data stated above are given in the literature (Guo & Yang, 2011). For other geometry parts except the ring, material data need not be assigned to them because they are modeled by either rigid bodies or surface elements for fluid cavities and connector elements for linkages in the guide adjustment mechanism and locating mechanism.
The guide rolls play a significant role in both the circularity of the rolled ring and the stability of the radial-axial ring rolling process. Any force imbalance and instability during the rolling process can be removed by the actions of the guide rolls if well-controlled.
In the FE model shown in Fig.4, the guide rolls can be controlled adaptively by an adjustment mechanism which is modeled using the surface-based fluid cavities and connector element technologies in ABAQUS based on the method proposed by Li et al. (2008).
Contacts are defined to transfer acting force, friction force and heat between the preform blank and various dies for the simulation of metal forming process by setting contact pairs, friction model and contact properties.
For the FE model of radial-axial ring rolling process shown in Fig.4, eight contact pairs are defined between the ring and the rolls. There exists friction and contact heat conduction at the interface of each contact pair. The modified Coulomb friction model is employed, and the friction coefficients are assumed to be constant during an FE analysis. The guide rolls, supporting roll and locating ball are assumed as smooth surfaces so the friction coefficients on them are zero.
Determination of the paths of the rolls is the basis for the definition of dynamic boundary conditions in the simulation of radial-axial ring rolling process. In ABAQUS, the amplitude curves with time of the rolls’ motion parameters, including the feed rate of the mandrel
Guo & Yang (2011) proposed a steady forming condition describing both the mathematic correlations and the reasonable ranges of the process parameters of radial-axial ring rolling. And through the developed mathematic model of the steady forming condition, the variation curves with rolling time of
Measured and predicted variation of the outer diameter of the ring with time
The developed FE model for the radial-axial ring rolling process was verified by experiment in terms of the variations of the outer diameter of the ring and the roll forces in the radial and axial directions, as discussed in the literature (Guo & Yang, 2011).
Fig. 5 shows the measured and predicted variation of the outer diameter of the ring with time. It is seen that the predicted results are in good agreement with the measured ones. This indicates that the accuracy of the developed FE model is sufficient for the prediction of plastic deformation.
Fig. 6 shows the measured and predicted variations of the roll forces in the radial and axial directions with time at the stable rolling stage. It is observed that the predicted roll forces are the same order of the measured ones but with errors to some extent. Through a
Measured and predicted variations of the roll forces at the stable rolling stage
comparison between measured and predicted results, the maximum relative errors of the radial and axial roll forces are about 10.3% and 21.6% at the stable rolling stage, respectively. The discrepancy between them could be caused by the errors arising from material properties, temperature, thermal boundary conditions, measurement operations and rolling schedules, etc. Therefore, the developed FE model for the radial-axial ring rolling process can be deemed to have enough accuracy and reliability for investigating the plastic deformation behavior of the process.
A simulation case study for radial-axial ring rolling process has been carried out carefully based on the established virtual experimental platform, namely the coupled thermo-mechanical 3D-FE model of the process. For the simulation, the needed various data and parameters include material data, sizes of ring blank, rolled ring and all the rolls, various motion parameters describing the paths of the rolls, etc. These data and parameters all can be selected or determined by the above stated key FE modelling technologies in consideration of both the equipment condition and steady forming condition of the process. The detailed calculation conditions are given as follows.
Table 1 gives the used material, sizes of ring blank, rolled ring and all the rolls, friction coefficient, initial temperature of the ring blank, and the rotational speed
The needed various data and parameters in the simulation case study
Position variation of the upper conical roll before and after rolling
Another important work is to design the feed curves (paths) of the mandrel and the upper conical roll for the final determination of the calculation condition. Fig. 8 illustrates the feed curves versus rolling time of the mandrel and upper conical roll determined by the mathematical model of the developed steady forming condition as previously stated.
Feed curves versus rolling time of the mandrel and upper conical roll
Based on the above calculation condition, a 3D-FE model of radial-axial ring rolling process is developed to predict the ring geometry evolution, stress field, strain field, temperature field, roll force and roll torque. The simulation results are discussed below.
Fig. 9 gives the deformed meshes of the ring blank with the rolling process progressing. It can be observed that the ring produces deformation of reduction in thickness, reduction in height, and extension in diamter during the radial-axial ring rolling process and the circularity of the rolled ring is good. And the simulation indicates that the overall rolling process has good stability.
Deformed meshes of the ring blank with the rolling process progressing
Observing the changes of deformed meshes of the ring, we can learn that the axial spread produced by the radial rolling is removed by the axial rolling of the axial conical rolls and the radial spread produced by the axial rolling is removed by the radial rolling between the main roll and mandrel. Just under the alternately multi-pass rolling in the radial and axial directions, the ring produces reductions of thickness and heigh and extension of diamter during the radial-axial ring rolling process.
Fig. 10 gives the stress distribution contour of the rolled ring. It is seen that the maximum stress locates in the radial and axial deformation zones. And from the top view of the stress distribution contour, we can find that the radial and axial deformation zones are not on a diameter of the ring, although the radial and axial rolls are configured on a diameter of the ring. The arrow direction indicates the rotational direction of the ring. Just the deformation accumulation of ring materials in the radial and axial deformation zones leads to the reduction of cross-section and expansion of diameter of the ring blank.
Stress distribution contour of the rolled ring
Fig. 11 shows equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) distribution contour under different time during the radial-axial ring rolling process. It can be seen that: (1) at the early stage of the process, the plastic deformation basically only produces on the contact surfaces, i.e., the inner and outer surfaces and the upper and lower faces of the ring and then gradually extends to the centre of the ring with the process progressing; and (2) at the end of the process, the maximum plastic deformation locates on the corner close to the outer surface of the ring, while at the centre of the ring, there is an approximately circular ring zone in which the plastic strain is relatively small and much smaller than that on the maximum strain zone.
Fig. 12 shows temperature distribution contour under different time during the radial-axial ring rolling process. We can see that: (1) the minimum temperature zone locates in the centre area of the inner surface of the ring and the maximum temperature zone locates on the corner close to the outer surface of the ring; (2) in the minimum temperature zone, the
Equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) distribution contour under different time during the radial-axial ring rolling process
temperature decreases compared with the initial temperature of the ring due to contact heat dissipation; and (3) in the maximum temperature zone, the temperature increases compared with the initial temperature of the ring due to the heat generation of maximum plastic deformation.
Fig. 13 gives the variations of roll forces, which are measured by reaction forces on the mandrel, main roll, upper conical roll and lower conical roll, during radial-axial ring rolling process. From the figure it can be observed that: (1) the roll forces rapidly increase to maximum value at the early rolling stage and then gradually decrease at the steady rolling stage of the process; (2) the reaction force on the mandrel is greater than on the main roll, so
Temperature distribution contour under different time during the radial-axial ring rolling process
the radial roll force should be determined by the reaction force on the mandrel for the selection of roll mill in consideration of safety for this simulation case; and (3) the reaction forces on the upper and lower conical rolls are basically equivalent, so the axial roll force can be determined by any one of them.
Fig. 14 shows the variation of the contact area between the ring and the rolls during the radial-axial ring rolling process. It is seen that the variation laws of the contact area during the process is similar to the ones of the roll forces shown in Fig.13. The size of the contact area between the ring and the rolls reflects the size of the deformation zone. The bigger is the contact area, the bigger is the deformation zone, and vice versa. So we can conclude from Fig.14 that the deformation zone in the radial pass is bigger than that in the axial pass for this simulation case.
Variation curves of roll forces during the radial-axial ring rolling process
The variation curves of the contact area between the ring and the rolls during the radial-axial ring rolling process
Fig. 15 gives the variations of the radial and axial roll torques, which are measured by reaction torques on the main roll and the axial upper and lower conical rolls, during radial-axial ring rolling process.
From Fig. 15 it can be observed that at the early stage, the variations of the radial and axial roll torques are relatively drastic and then tend towards stability. This demonstrates that the early rolling stage should be well-controlled for performing a successful radial-axial ring rolling operation. And the reaction torques of the upper and lower conical rolls have the same variation laws but reverse values because the axial conical rolls rotate in reverse direction during the rolling process.
Variation curves of the radial and axial roll forces during the radial-axial ring rolling process
In consideration of the unique requirements of light weight, high precision, high performance, high reliability and high efficiency for the plasticity forming manufacture of various key aerospace components, the main challenges for the R&D of aerospace plasticity technology are summarized concisely. Facing the challenges, we have proposed a high-end research route for systematically and deeply investigating the aerospace plasticity technology, and pointed out that multi-field, multi-scale and entire process 3D-FE modeling, simulation and optimization has been an advanced and unique methodology for the rapid and inexpensive investigation of various aerospace plasticity technologies, especially for the R&D of new aerospace products and plasticity technologies for new materials.
As an application example of the proposed methodology for the investigation of aerospace plasticity technology, the high-end research route for radial-axial ring rolling technology has been given in consideration of the features of the process, which can be regarded as an overall planning for the implementation of various research tasks. Guided by the high-end research route, we first discussed the key FE modelling technologies such as geometry and assembly model, mesh design and optimization, material model, model of guide rolls control mechanism, contact and friction and determination of the paths of the rolls in detail, and then demonstrated the validation of the developed thermo-mechanical coupled 3D-FE model of radial-axial ring rolling process in terms of comparison of ring geometry and radial-axial roll forces with experiment.
Taking the coupled thermo-mechanical 3D-FE model as a virtual experimental platform, we carried out a simulation case study of radial-axial ring rolling process carefully. Some key simulation results, including ring geometry evolution, stress field, strain field, temperature field, roll forces and roll torques, are reported. The obtained simulation results are beneficial to gaining insight into the forming mechanism and laws of radial-axial ring rolling process and will provide important basis for the optimal design and steady control of the process.
However, the current studies carried out in this book chapter only basically realized multi-field (coupled thermo-mechanical) and entire process FE modelling and simulation. So, according to the proposed high-end research route (as shown in Fig.3) and the key science problem proposed in introduction section of radial-axial ring rolling technology, the future work for the process is summarized as follows.
To develop microstructure evolution model of ring blank materials during radial-axial ring rolling process so as to numerically reveal the response of materials properties to the process;
To establish macro-micro coupled multi-scale FE model of radial-axial ring rolling process by embedding the microstructure evolution model of ring blank materials into the current coupled thermo-mechanical 3D-FE model of the process;
To reveal evolution mechanism of the geometry and microstructure of the ring blank by investigating macro plastic deformation and microstructure evolution behaviors, coupled effects of multi-factors, and macro and micro forming defects during radial-axial ring rolling process;
To establish optimization design and steady control method of radial-axial ring rolling process and to develop high-performance and precise radial-axial ring rolling technology.
The authors would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50805120, 50935007), the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Program) (2010CB731701), the Major National Science and Technology Special Project of China (2009ZX04014-074-03, 2010ZX04004-131-07), and the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing of China (KP200911) for the support given to this research.
Legumes are third largest family of flowering plants which consist of over 20,000 species, under the family of Fabaceae, amoung them
It is an important crop in the semiarid regions across India, Africa and Russia, naturally it is the farmers friendly crop due to crop survival, yield, resistance towards pest, tolerance in sandy soil, low rainfall, whole plant is used as cattle feed and also well-suited to intercropping with other crops as the plant fixes nitrogen with
There are many species can exist but the common sub-species are includes as
The bean crop is cultivated for the purpose of cattle feed and its seeds have high nutrient values, in terms of rich protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The cow pea plant green stems and leaves and seed coats are high nutrients, so consider as cattle feed which increase cattle milk production for many application for in the dairy industry. Many varieties cowpeas were traditionally cultivated in some states India, but in Africa consider as primary cultivar. The countries such as United States of America, United Kingdom, Europe and some parts of Asia.
The cowpea was emerging crop for food and Nigeria considered as largest production country approximately 3.67 million tons and the second largest cultivar Niger global production of cowpea are approximately 2.6 million tons and other countries cowpea production is approximately 2 million tons in 2020. The production of cowpea is marginally reduced in globally approximately 8.2 million tons in 2020. Cow pea seeds are usually cooked and made into stews and curries, or ground into flour or paste.
Most cowpeas are grown on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and Niger and also in India which account for 66% of world production. Recently the estimate suggests that cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares of land. The cowpea has been cultivated in tons of three million and two hundred million humans consume in everyday. The large number of production of cowpea in many places should drastically reduction by the involvement of many pests and insects, particularly causing over ninety percentage loss in crop yield.
Kingdom | Plantae |
Sub kingdom | Trcheobionta |
Super division | Spermatophyta |
Division | Magnoliophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Sub class | Rosidae |
Order | Rosales |
Family | |
Genus | |
Species | |
Sub species |
Source: Wolfram Alpha Knowledge Base, 2011.
The most common important cultivar of cowpea is
The Magnoliopsida class of this plant describes the ovule enclosed with ovary. The order of the plant os Rosales means the petals separated. This group crops family Fabaceae is particularly bean or pea plants. There are many sub species such as
Cowpea are annual, small, sub erect herbaceous plant, have tap root system with root nodules, Glabrous stems and leaves are alternate and compound in nature. The fruits have pods and have cross pollination and epigeal seed germination. Inflorecence is receme, flowers bisexual, have five fused sepals and five free petals. It also has polyandrocium and monocarpellary superior ovary (Figures 1 and 2).
Morphology of Cowpea.
The word ‘cowpea’ primarily mentioned in America on 1798. The bean plant fodder was eagerly eating the cow animals, so the name as cowpea. The common name
Variety of cowpea grown by the many countries of people.
The cow pea does efficiently fix nitrogen to enhance to fertility of the different kinds soils. This is improvement of biodiversity on the particular cow pea growing area. The Excellent Manures are prepared by the senescence parts of long bean crop. The grains and leaves from cow pea food for all animals including humans and cattle, the cattle milk have rich nutrients as well as improve income of people. Below image describe the various uses of cowpea in daily life (Figure 4).
Cow pea consider as source of income and multidimensional applications.
The seeds from cowpea seeds have high content of proteins, carbohydrates, low cholesterol, minerals and vitamins. The leaves of cowpea also have high proteins. The calorie values are higher in cowpea when compare to other crops. The nutrient value will be more and easily cultivable even in polluted or low mineral soils, so many countries consider it is important chief food source.
The homo-polysaccharide starch is present in all crops but in cowpea has to do delay in digestion than other crop starch, so it is good for all animals as well as people consumption. The cowpeas seed have high content of vitamin B9 and helps in reduce or remove inborn error metabolism by means of efficiently develop neural tube in babies like fetus.
The cowpea cultivated by very poor people so it is called poor man crop and easy to grow under high drought conditions. These beans have phyticacids and some metabolic inhibitors which decrease the nutritional value. Some physiological methods like soaking, autoclaving fermentation, seed germination and stage of debranning used for the anti-nutritional properties of the cowpea by to is increased the cowpea nutrient bioavailability in soil.
Although the researchers has been identified importance of nutrients in many crop varieties. The anti-nutritional factors are high in dried seeds in some corps including cowpea than young or old leaves and pods. The below the images (Figure 5) describes the nutrient values, (Figure 6) describes the vitamin constituents and (Figure 7) describes the mineral quantity present in gram/100 gram of dried seeds or leaves.
Nutrient content of cow pea seeds (g/100 g).
Vitamin constituent of cow pea seeds (g/100 g).
Mineral quantity of cow pea seeds (g/100 g).
Vegetable-based food systems are more sustainable than meat-based ones because it requires less energy, land, and water resources. The proteins from pulses is used for the balanced growth with have high nutrients to prevent human diseases and maintain good health [2].
The cowpea plants have highest medical constituents such as high fibers, important vitamins like vitamin B complex, folic acids and vitamin K for to promote good health. Cowpea has more potassium content, it lowers cholesterol, low fat, have high iron and antioxidants and do weight loss (Figure 8). The phenolics and carotenoids components and anthocyanins pigments are involved and maintain good anabolic and catabolic processes [3, 4].
The seed content of cowpea is used for decrease cholesterol formation so to decrease the body weight [5], cowpea seeds also increase blood cells in hematopoiesis to improve cardiac circulation and do efficient food digestion and also reduce digestive problems such as constipation, etc. [6]. The cow plants have lack of glycemic content of index is to delay the digestion of starch, so the cowpea seeds have high dietary fiber involved in insulin metabolism to decrease hunger for approximately in twelve hours [7].
Cowpea regular consumption to cause prevent or reduce many chronic communicable and non communicable diseases [8], the cow pea seeds have high nutrients to remove many gastric syndromes [6]. Cowpea beans also eradicate many heart diseases, decrease cholesterol diseases and improve weight loss [9]. Cowpea seeds or leaves have many medical properties, including reduce carcinoma, improve insulin, reduce lipid diseases, decrease pathogenic infections and remove certain allergies [10, 11].
The high content of carbohydrates, proteins as well as essential amino acids of cowpea seeds used for many health or therapeutic purposes. Cowpea proteins are highly valuable for both consumption and some culinary and some cowpea seed proteins also used for designing the texture of foods [12]. High regular intake of cowpea seeds may reduce blood plasma cholesterol like low density lipoprotein and also reduce non communicable diseases like many cancers and atherosclerosis or myogenic heart diseases [13].
Legume plants are known to form symbioses with extremely broad range of beneficial soil microorganisms (BSM), the examples of almost all plant-microbe mutuality systems present in soil. The different legume plants have interaction with many beneficial microorganisms to increase nutritious, minerals and also do the intake of water from soil via prominent root hairs. (Figure 9).
Cowpea (Legumes) involved in N2 fixation and Carbon fixation. Courtesy: Sanjay K. Jaiswal, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems.
Cowpea plants promote the other plant development and also give protection to many bacterial of fungal plant pathogens and insect-pests. In the field of environmental sciences and agricultural aspects, the cowpea consider do most important beneficial legume to do the symbioses, they are bacterial specifically root nodule (RN) symbiosis and the fungi particularly arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM).
These symbioses explains the metabolic and genetically relations with host plants and have that plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria which are beneficial endophytic bacteria interact with legumes such as cowpea. The RNS requires a set of genes belonging to common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP), most of which are present in all land plants including legumes that can form a second symbiosis with, the fungi arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) [14, 15].
Legumes are able to fix nitrogen from the air in symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria [16]. The symbiotic relationship between plants with Rhizobium bacteria or any fungi to do fix the atmospheric nitrogen and compensate the ecological gas balance and also do the growth of crop plants to ultimately improve agriculture and maintain sustainable development of life.
The cowpea plants is eager to absorb high heavy metals such as copper from highly polluted soil or industrial effluents or etc., so it is otherwise called hyper-accumulator plants [17]. The cow pea consider as great pollution eradicator.
Cowpea have morphologically and taxonomically well adapted in tropical countries. The herbaceous nature of cowpea is easy for crop cultivation, crop rotation as well as intercrop. It have able to withstand drought or seasonal conditions. The nutrient aspects have more starchy content to proof that stable food for poor people. Cowpeas have other high protein less fat and high vitamins and minerals for maintain excellent metabolism for consuming organisms. Cowpea do fixing atmospheric nitrogen by to symbiotic relations with microorganisms with do recycling with biogeochemical cycles to enhance atmospheric gases.
The cowpea is one of the the largest cultivator crop among legume family and is commonly cultivated crop in most of the countries globally. The cow pea has highest nutrient values so used for maintain good nutrient calories required for our body. This crop plant is considered as good medical applications to cure or reduce the most non-communicable diseases in animals and or human systems. Cow also pea maintain ecological balances by fixing nitrogen, to chelate heavy metals for water and soil pollution removal and it used as bio-fuel production to improve our green environment and reduce fossil fuels to control other environmental pollutions.
The morphological aspects ultimately deals with, the cowpea is recognized as an annual crop, herbaceous woody and greenish in nature. The seedlings were early to germinate in less moisture conditions. Cowpea leaves are rich in main green pigments such as chlorophyll
The medical aspects enumerate the cowpea is no limit. The cowpea has high potassium to improve cell signaling in animals. The legume lowers the blood glucose level to reduce the diabetes among humans and it lowers blood cholesterol. The seeds have high in full of dietary fibers to regulate metabolism. The fiber content of cowpea is responsible to maintain very low fat in our body. Cowpeas have marvelous cell antioxidant mechanism to remove reactive oxygen species and reduce the effect certain toxic substances due to stress and radiation. The seeds rich in protein contents, the ingredients of cowpea show wonderful circulatory system and improve cardiac muscle function and lower the blood pressure. The black eyed seeds also induce gall bladder bile secretion for digestion purpose. Cowpea role in to decrease body weight, it means that improve weight loss.
The ecological review deals with by symbiotic relationship among various types of beneficial microorganisms. The root nodules of cowpea have to fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia with the help of
IntechOpen is the first native scientific publisher of Open Access books, with more than 116,000 authors worldwide, ranging from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery. Established in Europe with the new headquarters based in London, and with plans for international growth, IntechOpen is the leading publisher of Open Access scientific books. The values of our business are based on the same ones that any scientist applies to their research -- we have created a culture of respect, collegiality and collaboration within an atmosphere that’s relaxed, friendly and progressive.
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\n\nThe Social Media Community Manager and Marketing Assistant will report to the Senior Marketing Manager. They will work alongside the Marketing and Corporate Communications team, supporting the preparation of all marketing programs, assisting in the development of scientific marketing and communication deliverables, and creating content for social media outlets, as well as managing international social communities.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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In this chapter, updated angiographic approach for below-the-knee disease is described with endovascular technique.",book:{id:"5596",slug:"angiography-and-endovascular-therapy-for-peripheral-artery-disease",title:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease",fullTitle:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease"},signatures:"Akihiro Higashimori",authors:[{id:"195500",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Higashimori",slug:"akihiro-higashimori",fullName:"Akihiro Higashimori"}]},{id:"53791",title:"Basics of Angiography for Peripheral Artery Disease",slug:"basics-of-angiography-for-peripheral-artery-disease",totalDownloads:4004,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Angiography has been historically used to image the peripheral artery system and still remains the gold standard for diagnostic and endovascular treatment. There is no standardized method for lower limb artery angiography. 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However, care must be taken to deliver gas into arterial system and to know the merit and demerit of CO2 angiography.",book:{id:"5596",slug:"angiography-and-endovascular-therapy-for-peripheral-artery-disease",title:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease",fullTitle:"Angiography and Endovascular Therapy for Peripheral Artery Disease"},signatures:"Yoshiaki Yokoi",authors:[{id:"66538",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Yokoi",slug:"yoshiaki-yokoi",fullName:"Yoshiaki Yokoi"}]},{id:"44352",title:"Stentless Bioprostheses for Aortic Valve Replacement in Calcific Aortic Stenosis",slug:"stentless-bioprostheses-for-aortic-valve-replacement-in-calcific-aortic-stenosis",totalDownloads:3190,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3384",slug:"calcific-aortic-valve-disease",title:"Calcific Aortic Valve Disease",fullTitle:"Calcific Aortic Valve Disease"},signatures:"Kaan Kirali",authors:[{id:"155565",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaan",middleName:null,surname:"Kırali",slug:"kaan-kirali",fullName:"Kaan Kırali"}]},{id:"45096",title:"Cutting-Edge Regenerative Medicine Technologies for the Treatment of Heart Valve Calcification",slug:"cutting-edge-regenerative-medicine-technologies-for-the-treatment-of-heart-valve-calcification",totalDownloads:3936,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3384",slug:"calcific-aortic-valve-disease",title:"Calcific Aortic Valve Disease",fullTitle:"Calcific Aortic Valve Disease"},signatures:"Laura Iop and Gino Gerosa",authors:[{id:"158747",title:"Prof.",name:"Gino",middleName:null,surname:"Gerosa",slug:"gino-gerosa",fullName:"Gino Gerosa"},{id:"160154",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Iop",slug:"laura-iop",fullName:"Laura Iop"}]},{id:"45975",title:"Carotid Artery – Pathology, Plaque Structure – Relationship between Histological Assessment, Color Doppler Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Dolichoarteriopathies – Barorreceptors",slug:"carotid-artery-pathology-plaque-structure-relationship-between-histological-assessment-color-doppler",totalDownloads:3365,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3810",slug:"carotid-artery-disease-from-bench-to-bedside-and-beyond",title:"Carotid Artery Disease",fullTitle:"Carotid Artery Disease - 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/158847",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"158847"},fullPath:"/profiles/158847",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()