Classification of physical models [4].
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-924-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-923-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-925-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",bookSignature:"Dr. Hiran Wimal Amarasekera",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",keywords:"Bone Tumors, Oncology, Childhood Tumors, Cancer, Risk Factors, Modern Management, Benign Lesions, Tumor-Like Conditions, Immunology, Histochemistry, Cell Oncology, Tumor Markers",numberOfDownloads:389,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 28th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 26th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 25th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 15th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 14th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon from Sri Lanka currently working in University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UK, trained at the National Hospital of Sri Lanka, at the Oldchurch Hospital in Essex UK and The Avenue Hospital Melbourne, Australia and University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UK, obtained the FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Scotland.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",middleName:"Wimal",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67634/images/system/67634.jpg",biography:"Hiran Amarasekera is a Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon from Sri Lanka currently working in University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, the UK as a hip preservation fellow. \r\nHis special interests include young adult hip and knee problems, sports injuries, Hip and knee arthroplasty, and complex arthroscopic procedures. \r\nHe completed the MBBS from Kasturba medical college Manipal, India and did his postgraduate in Trauma and Orthopaedics at the Post-graduate Institute of the Medicine University of Colombo obtained the MS. \r\nHe was initially trained at the National Hospital of Sri Lanka and then completed the further training at the Oldchurch Hospital in Essex UK and The Avenue Hospital Melbourne, Australia and University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, UK.\r\nHe obtained the FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 2003 and was elected a fellow of Sri Lanka College of surgeons (FCSSL) 2012. \r\nHe has a keen interest in academia and research. Working as a clinical research fellow in Warwick Medical School he obtained the MPhil form University of Warwick and was elected for a research fellowship to University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). \r\nHis research interests include blood flow to the hip, failure of hip resurfacing, designing new hip prosthesis, and surgical approaches to the hip. \r\nHe has over 30 international publications and presentations and several book chapter. \r\nHe also works as a reviewer for international orthopedic journals and has reviewed over 35 papers and is a member of the editorial board of Sri Lanka Journal of Surgery.",institutionString:"University of Warwick Science Park",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Warwick Science Park",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"73224",title:"Management of Early Osteoarthritis",slug:"management-of-early-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"71336",title:"Non-Surgical Regional Therapy for Osteoarthritis: An Update and Review of the Literature",slug:"non-surgical-regional-therapy-for-osteoarthritis-an-update-and-review-of-the-literature",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"77195",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Mackworth-Young",slug:"charles-mackworth-young",fullName:"Charles Mackworth-Young"}]},{id:"72715",title:"Simultaneous Bilateral Joint Arthroplasties in Treatment of Osteoarthritis",slug:"simultaneous-bilateral-joint-arthroplasties-in-treatment-of-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"75062",title:"Bone Cancer Pain, Mechanism and Treatment",slug:"bone-cancer-pain-mechanism-and-treatment",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6755",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroscopic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c122c5b88bdc03c130d34ad2ac2d722",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroscopic-surgery",bookSignature:"Hiran Wimal Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"69886",title:"Rapid Physical Models: A New Phase in Industrial Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88788",slug:"rapid-physical-models-a-new-phase-in-industrial-design",body:'Industrial design as a profession started around 100 years ago, stemming from the fact that the end of the eighteenth century saw two developments which required an entirely different approach to products. Firstly, products were no longer ‘artefacts’ but products themselves. Secondly, the emergence of the concept of mass consumption which sounded the end of ‘industrial art’ which was more interested in the decorative elements of the product rather than the appropriate aesthetics for the product which considers both the function and form. According to the Conran Directory of Design [1], it was in 1910, in Germany, when an architect named Peter Behrens took complete charge of the all aspects of the appearance of an industrial corporation for AEG, designing everything from products such as table fans and electric kettles to posters to the interior design of the building itself (Figure 1)1 that the first signs of industrial design as a profession.
Industrial design for AEG by Peter Behrens.
With new materials and production methods emerging at the end of the 19th century, the thought of formalising design education programme, separate from arts and handicrafts, began to take shape in Europe. It is with the founding of the Bauhaus in Weimar, Germany in 1919 by Walter Gropius, that design as a profession for the modern world became recognised. Bauhaus in its short life spanned a design philosophy which still has influence today. On the other side of the Atlantic, several key players such as Norman Bel Geddes, Walter Dorwin Teague, Henry Dreyfuss, Harold Van Doren and Raymond Lowey, each from different background started plying their trade as consultant designers around the same time.
Industrial design, since then, has traversed through several phases, more or less following the progress of technology in varied fields, including materials and manufacturing, computer science & engineering and information technology to where it is today. According to Stephen Bayley, the editor of the Conran Directory of Design [1], industrial design has passed through mass consumption (beginning of consumer age), the modern movement (the romance of the machine), the style era, modern renaissance, the language of objects (symbolism and consumer psychology) till the 1980s. Since then, the postmodern era has seen some radical design movements such as the Memphis and Deconstructivism. Significant and iconic products of each phase are seen in Figure 2.
The biggest effect of industrial design, right from its earliest beginnings, has been the use of physical models during the design process. Stephen Bayley [1] writes that, ‘In his first major job, in 1929 for the English reprographic machine manufacturer Sigmund Gestetner (Figure 3), he fused the spirit of the times with 50 lbs of clay and made the first piece of office equipment to rely on streamlining’. Why did Lowey use clay? He himself explains that, ‘And because Gestetner needed the design so quickly, there was no way to work in steel. I kept as close to the skeleton as possible to be efficient’ [2]. Since then, physical models, to check not only the aesthetics, but also the ergonomics, function and dimensional fit of products, have been used extensively in industrial design.
Industrial design through different phases/movements.
Lowey’s redesign of Gestetner duplicator; first use of clay to model the form (source: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O322014/gestetner-duplicator-duplicator-loewy-raymond-fernand/#).
Industrial designers have been using physical models in the design process in many ways. What started off as a means to portray form and aesthetics in a three-dimensional format, physical models have evolved to be used for many intentions and purposes during the different stages of design. Towards the mid-1980s, the design process was more stabilised with distinctive and accepted stages as ideas progressed through as shown by the simplified diagram in Figure 4.
Industrial design process.
Referring to Figure 4, it is during stages 3 and 4 that physical models play a very important part in industrial design. During Stage 2, designers rely on sketching as an ideation tool. Traditionally, it was common (and still is) to produce concept sketches using pencil/ball pen/felt tip pen on paper generation concepts in freehand perspectives. While perspective drawings convey the form and shape of the product being conceptualised, not all people can interpret the sketches and understand the nuances of the design concept being represented in those sketches.
For that reason, industrial designers resort to fabricating study models in foam, clay, plaster or any other material to supplement the concept sketches (Figure 5). Many a times these study models are made in full scale for the client and/or potential users to get a feel of the size, form and fit as well as the design details.
Study models (source: http://whiteboardps.com/index.php/fwp_portfolio/acco-swingline-gbc-fusion-laminators/).
When products such as a car is being designed, study models take on a new meaning. It is a common practice to sculpt full scale models of the exterior using clay. This allows for not only verification of the form and the subtle carvings on the surface, it also allows for making changes to these surface curves and details which can then be captured back into detail design. Figure 6 shows the clay modelling facility of a car manufacturer.
Clay modelling in full scale (source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/40/fa/22/40fa22a8d8120cceed06deeb0302db12.jpg).
According to the Modelling Manager at Ford,2 a full-size clay model of a vehicle allows the designers and engineers to spot potential issues in both the interior and exterior of the vehicle which are not apparent on digital or small-scale models. With the advance reverse engineering technology available designers model the changes that necessary by hand and scan those changes back into the computer in order to capture it and integrate this into the main 3D data to integrate into the final design.
During Stage 4 of the design process shown in Figure 4, many times, full scale appearance model is presented to the client/audience which shows the exterior details in full including colour, texture and graphics as seen in Figure 7. It is a common practice to present more than one concept, hence more than one full scale mock up models are presented. In the case of vehicle/car design, scale models are presented as shown in Figure 8.
Full scale mock up model.
Mock up model of electric scooter (source: https://www.designideas.pics/porter/).
Physical models in industrial design play a bigger role in design decision making than just iterating design/aesthetic variations including partially checking the function and fit of the product being designed.
At the early stages of the design process (Stage 2 in Figure 4), physical models play an important role in ascertaining human factors/ergonomics aspects of the product, besides presenting the form and fit. An example is shown in Figure 9 where the ergonomics of a hand held power tool is important to the success of the product. Variations in the hand hold areas allow potential users to test/play act and give feedback on the right design for such areas.
Foam models to check form and ergonomic fits (source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/289497082275373127/).
In designing products with electronic displays and interface, it is a common practice to embed such components into the full scale mock-ups, many a times with rudimentary connections, to enable users to test the first level comfort in user experience. Such a mock up model as shown in Figure 10 is also termed as’ low fidelity’ mock up in the industry. A low fidelity mock up allows the design team to verify the functional concept by allowing users to ‘playact’ the way they probably will use the real product. Designers can quickly make changes to the model based on feedback and make modifications. The almost real-time iteration of the design, allowing for variations in functionality make low-fidelity models an important part of industrial design in the age of interaction design.
Low fidelity mock up (source: https://engineeringproductdesign.com/).
Furniture designers use quick physical models to verify the concept in terms of aesthetics, manufacturing process and human fits. Such a quick model made by a student of furniture design is shown in Figure 11.
Quick furniture model.
Physical models in product development in general, and industrial design in specific, may be classified in several ways. It is best to understand these classifications in order to understand the impact of digitalization and rapid model making has on industrial design.
Broek et al. [3] classify and exactly describe physical models according to usage and type as:
Visualisation: models are used for presentations and shape (details). They can support reasoning about shape geometry, curvature and accuracy, texture, colour, finishing, and graphics. Shapes become tangible, local curvature and product appearance can be judged.
Functionality testing: depending on the tested functions, the model representation is not too precise at those regions where no testing is performed. However, the degrees of freedom for optimal testing must be guaranteed, and testing regions, e.g., ergonomic verification, must be represented accurately.
Physical testing: a materialised model must be fabricated consisting of the same material of the final product. Accuracy and exclusion of strength variations related to the fabrication technology are important issues.
Marketing: a marketing model or presentation model will express the added design value of the product to outsiders of the design process. The finishing quality and being a look-alike of the final product are crucial for this type of models.
Proof-of-concept: a very detailed model made in the final stage of design to qualify the product design against the requirements.
Editing: editable models are assembled or composed models and, when needed, decomposed again and rebuild with different (shape) components to create an adapted version of the same model.
Communication: a communication model is applicable for communication with the inside of the design process or for explanation to the related authorities to provide them with a better understanding what is going on in the design process.
Process: a process model is a kind of proto-model or protoshape like a CAD design or a physical model, which is treated in a reverse engineering way. In those models the progress of a design is captured, and the shape of a model can be change manually [3].
Of the classification by Broek et al. [3], classic industrial design is interested in visualisation, functionality-testing, marketing, and proof-of-concept models. Isa and Liem [4] state that there are, ‘… very limited classifications which clearly explained the actual characteristics and functions of each physical models in the design process’ and that the lack of classifications makes it, ‘… harder for the designer to understand the true potential of physical models in various fields’. Isa and Liem [4] give a first level classification as shown in Table 1.
Classification of physical models [4].
Isa and Liem [4] have also elaborated on the classification from Broek [3] which is shown in Table 2.3 What Tables 1 and 2 show are where the practice of physical model making in the design process has arrived at in the first part of the 21st century. This has been made possible through several key factors along the way. It is important to understand what has changed from 100 years ago as summarised in Table 3 showing the progress based on the materials and the method of fabrication/manufacture of the physical models. It can be seen from Table 3 that, as the method of fabrication of physical models progressed from hand fabricated models to automated model making, the accuracy of the dimensions and the ability to realise models of complex/sophisticated form is increased. This shift from simple methods to complex process in model making has been accompanied by technological advancement, mainly in computer aided design (CAD) and computer numerical control (CNC) which are the keys to today’s model making techniques such as high speed CNC, laser cutting and 3D printing. The availability of accurate 3D data produced by CAD software enables reliable CNC. According to Mike Lynch,4 Founder and President of CNC Concepts Inc., CNC offers three distinct benefits, the first being the reduced skill level due to improved automation. The second benefit is the consistency and accuracy of the parts that are produced and third benefit is the flexibility to change to many different parts or models.
Classification of physical models according to usage [4].
Progress of physical model making for industrial design.
During the starting period of model making during the last century, the emphasis laid on the skill of the model maker. Those who took up this profession were craftsmen or, many a times, the designers. The dimensional accuracy of the model.
as well as the shape, form and finishes depended on the skill level of the model maker. With the advent of ‘rapid’ methods this skill was embedded in the machine and method itself and the model maker has more of a technician’s role in the model making process. How did this change happen? This is best explained in the next section on computer aided design (CAD).
The most significant progress in product design and development occurred with the advent of computer aided design (CAD) in the 1960s. CAD as an idea and working prototype was derived from the idea of CNC (which was developed by Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty in 1957) and first developed by Ivan Sutherland at MIT as SKETCHPAD which showed the capabilities of computers with display in technical drawing. The full potential of CAD as a three-dimensional development tool was realised through software such as Pro/Engineer, UniGraphics, CATIA in the 1980s. With CAD, industrial designers were able to design in 3D and define the details on the surface and the various features within the 3D environment, which then becomes 3D data that is utilised by any CNC controlled system to machine or manufacture the design with a high level of fidelity in terms of dimensions and details. Today industrial designers use very sophisticated software such as Autodesk 360 and Rhinoceros, which allows for not only 3D data transfer for model making, but also for ‘photo-realistic’ renderings and to transfer the model to engineers for detail development. Figure 12 shows the high level of flexibility that CAD offers including visualisation in sketch form which then could be automatically converted into 3D data.
CAD sketching (source: surfaced.com).
Having 3D data that is transferrable with high reliability of the design concepts is the first step towards the realisation of rapid physical models. Many formats for transferring reliable 3D data have been developed, the most common ones being IGES, STEP, STL and OBJ. In the field of rapid model making, IGES and STEP are predominantly used in high speed CNC while STL and OBJ formats are the most reliable for 3D printing.5 IGES is the earliest format and is still a popular, though more for 2D graphics and object rather than for 3D format. STEP is perhaps the first true 3D file convertor which relates to ISO 10303 and is widely used to transfer 3D data created by different CAD software platforms as well as transfer data to CNC programmers. STL is pure 3D information on geometry and shapes and does not hold any information colour, textures, etc. OBJ file format stores both form (geometry and shape) data as well as colour and texture information and is very useful in the latest multicolour 3D printers with high resolution capabilities.
Three distinct advances in machining technology has paved the way for rapid physical models in the last 25 years or so. At first, emergence of high-speed CNC milling machines in various sizes allowed model makers to fully utilise its capabilities for model making for industrial design.
Second is the emergence of two-dimensional computer-controlled laser cutters, which operate on the same drafting principle of a graphic plotter. This allowed for quick machining of 2D shapes in both opaque and transparent materials. It has been said that the famous Silicon Valley in California, USA, has overplayed the contribution of laser cutters in the development of hi-tech products.
Third, and the most influential technology in the development of rapid model making is introduction of additive manufacturing, which is also known as 3D printing. 3D printing is not one technology but many that has been developed by several companies/corporation based on the principle that a model can be built, layer by layer, using materials that are deposited or extruded and cured to solid state as the layers are added. Looking at the history of 3D printing the first technology to emerge around 1984 was Stereolithography followed by Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) in 1988 which was then followed by Fusion Deposition Modelling (FDM). Several companies manufacture 3D printers in what is now a competitive market which cater to institutions and professional companies/outfit that could purchase and maintain a high-end rapid model making equipment. Since 2010, table top 3D printers that are much lower in cost and easy to maintain have become popular allowing not only designers, but craftspeople and hobby enthusiasts to purchase them.
The obvious advantage of rapid physical model making is in the saving of time and the human centric energy required to craft the models. This is especially so in the case of 3D printing where the need for assembling several fabricated parts to make a whole (model) is eliminated. This ability is more useful when early visualisation models that do not require finishes are made for form, fit and ergonomic testing.
Desktop 3D printers and the economics it has brought also proves advantageous to students of industrial design, allowing them to make several iterations and variations of concepts within a short period of time allowing them the opportunity to explore options and discuss the pros and cons with the instructors before deciding on a final design. This option was mostly available as two-dimensional sketch and render exploration in the pre 3D printing era. Figure 13 shows the result of two such student exercise where the final designs were 3D printed and finished with colour and details after preliminary models were printed for exploration.
Concept irons from students.
Such an advantage of design exploration is also possible by professional designers and design companies, who have gone beyond the polished renderings to study and refine the overall design of the products due to the affordance that 3D printing offers. Figure 14 shows 3D printed exploration and production spectacle frames.
3D printed spectacle frames (source: 3ders.org).
The end result of such explorations seems to point to a new phase in industrial design where the traditional design process has been disrupted by CAD and rapid physical models. New concepts such as collaborative design has brought in real time design and development through networked connectivity and the Internet. As the profession of industrial design has done in the last century, it is evolving to meet this change.
With CAD, the Internet, networking, cloud computing, and rapid physical model making (as well as prototyping) engulfing the day-to-day activities of an industrial designer, what then could be the new phase of industrial design. These are some of the aspects of design and process that has changed:
Change in the process flow: The traditional approach to design process depict in Figure 4 gives way to more multi-disciplinary process as shown in Figure 15.
With 3D data being created, refined and evolved at the early stage of industrial design (Stage 3), first level development engineers can start working on the preliminary part of the development supported by rapid physical models that could be ‘shelled’ to leave void space. What was already possible with the introduction of CAD becomes much more concrete with the aid of such models that serve as low fidelity engineering prototypes.
Verification of industrial design details: Photorealistic renderings are 2D depiction, either on the screen or on printed copies. This does not allow designers to look and feel the nuanced details and curves that form the surface of the product being designed. Rapid physical models allow for making several concepts for the same details and allow for study and discussion before a decision is made. In many cases another set of rapid physical models are built after modification for further checking. This is very true in the automotive industry where the body surfaces have subtle and nuanced curves and details. Waiting for a full-scale clay model may be too late and opportunities to make several variations get lost. Figure 16 shows a high-speed CNC machining of automotive body in progress.
Rapid physical models made simultaneously: Since rapid physical models are made from a 3D data base created by industrial designers (and development engineers), it is possible to send the data across the world to any part of the world that has rapid model making facilities. This would allow for designers across the different places to inspect the model simultaneously and initiate variations that may be needed for the product due to various reasons, including cultural, environmental, statutory requirements or availability of components, etc.
Localised manufacture: The speed at which 3D printing technology is developing, allows for localised manufacture of products where the quantity is low, suitable for small batch manufacture. This will be a scenario where, for instance, medical support team has to build basic equipment and furniture, and perhaps shelters. Low cost, desktop 3D powered by batteries could be a solution for fabricating them to suit the environment and the environment. This idea could be extended to future manned missions to the Moon and Mars where industrial design and development work can be done on Earth and the data sent remotely for the mission personnel to manufacture and commission on sight.
Small quantity and customised manufacture: This is already a practice in the fashion accessories industry where designers’ custom design jewellery and accessories are produced on a small scale, finished, packaged and distributed/sold. Spectacle frames are already being manufactured by laser sintered method in titanium as seen in Figure 14. This may be extended to interior decors/decals and fittings that do not have to take weight and load.
Others: With rapid physical model making moving well ahead of the initial curiosity, it could be left to the creativity of future designers, engineers and business people to derive further uses for rapid physical model making to suit the demands of the word.
Revised design process.
High-speed CNC machining of car body (source: cnc-modelle.com).
This chapter gives a historical background to physical model making in the profession of industrial design right from the last decades of the 19th century through the foundation and development of industrial design during the 20th century till the first two decades of the 21st century. Alongside the history, the different types of physical models, together with the reasons for using each type was explained before touching on the research and development of rapid physical model making technologies, specifically high-speed CNC, laser cutting and 3D printers. Examples of how they are used has also been given in this chapter before the author moves on to discuss on how rapid physical model making is taking the profession of industrial design to its next phase of progress.
What this chapter presents is an overview of the importance of physical model making and the role it has played before moving on to how rapid physical models are setting the scene for the future of industrial design, all within the context of the other chapters in this book.
Industrial design has played a major role in the modern and postmodern era, by bringing a harmonious relationship between form, function and aesthetics in the built environment and life style over the last 100 years. With the Earth facing imminent danger to its natural sustainability, it is hoped that the profession will take advantage of the technological advances brought about by CAD, rapid physical model making and its development in sustainable materials together with high speed connectivity to influence the direction of human habitat on this planet in the near future, and perhaps other celestial bodies in the future to come.
According to the literature of the last 20 yrs., the majority of patients with acute appendicitis should be treated conservatively and not by surgery, as they do not benefit from appendectomy and the operation is considered unnecessary. Unfortunately, worldwide surgical treatment of acute appendicitis remain the gold standard treatment of choice; in a recent multi-centric study in 2018 [1], based in a large number of patients with acute appendicitis, more than 95% of patients were treated by surgery, while conservative treatment underwent less than 5% of the patients. Taking into account the recent literature, the percentages for correct treatment, should be: 80–95% conservative treatment and 5–15% surgical treatment. At the present study we review and analyze the role of many parameters, influencing the clinical presentation of the patient, the correct diagnosis and decision making for the proper treatment. The role of etiology, pathology and anatomy of acute appendicitis is analyzed. In addition the role of predictive markers/factors, inflammatory markers and radiological data, linked with diagnosis-evolution and severity of acute appendicitis is discussed. Emphasis is given in clinical presentation of the patient and the decision making for conservative or surgical treatment.
\nAt the moment the appendicular inflammation, is quiet obscure and multifactorial. Carr et al. in a review article [2], describes and analyses several etiologies of acute appendicitis; infection, trauma, ischemia, diet factors, genetic factors, foreign bodies, hygiene and type I hypersensitivity may lead to acute appendicitis. The corresponding pathology reports containing a large spectrum of minor or major changes in mucosa, sub-mucosa, appendicular wall and peri-appendicular area, defining the acute appendicitis as catarrhal, suppurate (phlegmonous), gangrenous (necrotizing) or with signs of peri-appendicitis. Theoretical conceptions about the role of fecolith or lymphoid hyperplasia, creating luminal obstruction, today are under-estimating, as there are severe controversies in medical reports; in pathology reports rarely is found lymphoid hyperplasia with luminal obstruction, on the other hand the percentage of fecoliths in acute appendicitis (7–15%), is lower than in autopsies or in general population, studied with modern imaging studies, performed for other medical reasons (up to 30%). So their implication to inflammatory process is unclear with minor importance. Hence the question: what’s the real etiologic factor of acute appendicitis? And what’s really happens in appendicular wall? This poses some confusion about the conception of surgeon regarding the treatment of acute appendicitis; conservative or by surgery? In this heading, despite the obscure etiology, there are two key points; a) we must exclude secondary appendicitis, due to tumors of the cecum, appendix or peri-appendicular area. As acute appendicitis is a disease of the middle age (3rd and 4th decade of the life), we must be careful, mostly in aged patients (>50 years, or > 65 yrs. old) with acute appendicitis, although this group of patients represent a small percentage (7–15%) of the patients presented [3]. If conservative treatment is decided, after the acute phase, a colonoscopy and CT scan of the lower abdomen must be performed. b) Inflammatory process of the appendix starts initially at the level of mucosa and sub-mucosa, invaded by neutrophils and sometimes by eosinophils. Later, ulcers may appear [2] and the appendicular wall may be invaded by anaerobes, gram negatives and other microbial agents. This evolution explains the use of antibiotics for the regression of inflammation, if conservative treatment is decided. A multi-centric study (APPAC trial), provide level I evidence data, that antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated acute appendicitis is effective and reduce the rate of appendectomies by 75–85% [4]. Following the natural history of acute appendicitis, a self-regression of the inflammation is feasible at 20% of patients [5]. Having in mind that at the beginning of appendicitis the inflammation involves mucosa and sub-mucosa, one should think the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. At the moment, worldwide, there are not reports for the use of such drugs as a part of conservative treatment. The author, in selected patients with acute uncomplicated appendicitis, used a combination of paracetamol and lornoxicam (an analgesic scheme, often used to treat postoperative pain), as the main treatment in a study with more than 100 patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis [6], with early onset and duration of symptoms. It seems that this kind of treatment combined with antibiotics, offers promptly a clinical and laboratory regression of acute appendicitis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may play an important role in conservative treatment, as such effectiveness is observed in other inflammatory intra-abdominal inflammations; e.g. in acute cholechystitis, (chemical inflammation, without microbial involvement at least at the start of inflammatory process). This is a new field of research, although some parameters must be determined: the kind and time (days) of anti-inflammatory therapy, the effectiveness in cases with early onset of symptoms in acute appendicitis, and their use in purulent appendicitis in combination with antibiotics.
\nRLQ pain and rebound tenderness- aka the classic symptoms of acute appendicitis- accounts at about 40% of patients. In a review study [7], a high percentage of variable position and other anatomic characteristics of the appendix, as the length or orientation, may confuse clinicians. Such cases should be studied by modern imaging studies. One should keep in mind that the position of the appendix is extremely variable; De Souza et al., in a retrospective study of 377 cases [8], describes the most common position of appendix during surgery, as follows: retro-cecal location at 43.5%, sub-cecal at 24.5%, post-ileal at 14.3%, pelvic at 9.3%, para-cecal at 5.8%, pre-ileal at 2.4% and other at 0.27%.
\nNo. Abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa, do not always correspond to acute appendicitis. Negative appendectomies in bibliography vary from 10 to 45% and especially in females. The percentage of misdiagnosed cases is 10%. Using imaging studies; the percentage of negative appendectomies is still at 10–12% [9]. Correct diagnosis is the most difficult step in evaluation of acute appendicitis; what really happens in the intra-abdominal cavity? By meticulous estimation of clinical and laboratory data and necessary imaging data, this parameter may be evaluated quiet good at the present time. Various scoring systems increase the diagnostic accuracy. The older is a clinical one described by Alvarado since 1986. This score may predict acute appendicitis [10], being a useful diagnostic aid, especially for younger colleagues [11]. The AIR score, incorporates CRP as a variable in the score and is more accurate at predicting appendicitis than Alvarado score in those deemed high risk [12]. At the present time, newer scoring systems are used, combining clinical and imaging features, and they also have an important role to distinguish uncomplicated from complicated cases of acute appendicitis [13]. Score systems can aid in selection of patients for surgical or non-surgical management. Various markers are used in scoring systems using parameters from physical, laboratory and imaging studies; age, body temperature, the duration and time of onset of symptoms, white blood cell count (WBC), CRP level, presence of peri-appendicular fluid, extra-luminal free air and the presence or not of a appendicolith in U/S or CT.
\nThe majority of studies reveal a percentage of complicated appendicitis at 5% and uncomplicated cases at 95% [13]. Other reports present a higher percentage of complicated cases up to 20–25%. Trying to select patients for conservative treatment, may be difficult preoperatively. The best categorization may be done after surgery, combining surgical findings during surgery; appendix status, the effect of inflammation in peri-appendicular areas and peritoneum, and the final pathology report. Even thought, there is heterogeneity in terms used, to describe the type of acute appendicitis. The most often used terms are; simple appendicitis, uncomplicated acute appendicitis, catarrhal appendicitis, purulent appendicitis, complicated acute appendicitis with abscess or phlegmon, dehiscence or rupture of appendicular wall, gangrenous appendicitis, local or diffuse peritonitis, and fecal peritonitis. Laparoscopy offers a correct grading of acute appendicitis [14]. Emphasis is given in complicated cases (grade 3–5) but they represent a small percentage in the total number of patients, with acute appendicitis. Its position for uncomplicated cases (grade 1, 2) is not well determined. Pathology changes and clinical data in ICD-10 system classification, determine 8 types or subtypes of acute appendicitis;
\nICD-10: K35 - acute appendicitis.
\nICD-10: K35.2 - acute appendicitis with generalized peritonitis.
\nICD-10: K35.3 - acute appendicitis with localized peritonitis.
\nICD-10: K35.8 - other and unspecified acute appendicitis.
\nICD-10: K35.80 - unspecified acute appendicitis.
\nICD-10: K35.89 - other acute appendicitis.
\nICD-10: K36 Other appendicitis.
\nICD-10: K37 Unspecified appendicitis.
\nThe history of the disease, clinical examination, WBC, CRP, U/S or CT findings contribute to diagnosis [15] and predict the severity and evolution of acute appendicitis. Postoperative complications are related to the pathology, the contribution of bacteria in inflammation and the type of operation. Early diagnosis in the first 48 h, may be important followed be early management of the disease, and probable for more conservative approach, as antibiotic treatment is a safe and first line therapy for acute appendicitis, with excellent results in uncomplicated cases (patients without diffuse peritonitis), reducing the unnecessary appendectomies [16]. The non-surgical management of uncomplicated appendicitis by the use of antibiotics, predominates as treatment option as it’s effective and decreases morbidity [17]. Patient delay for clinical examination and diagnosis is the key factor linked with an increased incidence of complicated acute appendicitis [18]. Today, the use of radiological interventional techniques in combination with antibiotics, extent the spectrum of conservative treatment in many complicated cases of acute appendicitis, as there is possibility for successful treatment-drain of the intra-abdominal abscesses and phlegmon [19], reducing complications compared with surgical treatment [20]. Surgery in such complicated cases is not easy and may lead in right hemi-colectomy due to severe intra-abdominal inflammation during surgery. We consider this effect a catastrophic result of surgery for a benign inflammatory process, in the absence of a local tumor in appendicular and peri-appendicular area.
\n\n
The age and sex of the patient; all reports, mention a disease of the middle age and the majority of patients are between 29 and 40 years old, although the age rage varies from the infantile to older ages. In younger ages exclusion or the presence of septic variables is important, as option treatment must be decided as soon as possible. In older ages, >50 years or 65 yrs. old, the possibility for complicated cases and the presence of an appendicular or peri-appendicular tumor is higher than in the middle age. Elderly patients present a higher mortality, morbidity, higher perforation rate, higher postoperative complication rate, lower diagnostic accuracy and longer delay from symptoms onset and admission [21], the female sex presents a more difficult diagnosis, mainly in reproductive age. Gynecological conditions and acute appendicitis may be studied in emergency by U/S combined with trans-vaginal ultrasound [22], increasing the diagnostic accuracy for acute appendicitis.
The past history (start and duration of symptoms) may be false; the patient many times refers a short period of time with symptoms. Acute appendicitis may have atypical clinical presentation (up 30% of the patients), the existence of atypical location of the appendix, and the presence of the disease in advanced ages creates a vague past history, leading in a wrong option treatment.
Analyze the features of the pain; complete clinical examination of the abdomen, with emphasis in palpation of the abdomen. We can diagnose the local signs of inflammation or sings of generalized peritonitis. Deep pain, in deep palpation of the right iliac fossa (visceral pain) reveals the local inflammation. Irritation of the peritoneum is expired by rebound (somatic pain). Colic pain may reveal an appendicular fecolith or intestinal obstruction due to severe inflammation-periappendicular inflammatory mass or tumor. Colic pain coexists more times with a permanent local-visceral pain. Sometimes acute appendicitis is manifested with reflex pain in the right hypochondrium, peri-umbilical, epigastria area or left iliac fossa, with no or attenuated local signs in the right lower quadrat. Reflex pain disappear in a short period of time of some hours and finally appear and predominate local signs of visceral pain in the right lower quadrat. We consider that clinical examination of the abdomen is the optimal method for diagnosis and estimation of severity in patients with acute appendicitis, as it’s a fast, easy and may be repeated at times. Surgeon’s opinion for acute appendicitis, in combination with laboratory and imaging data yield the best outcomes in patients, for the correct diagnosis in acute appendicitis [23].
There are many inflammatory markers that can be used. Increased levels reflect the severity of acute appendicitis. Very high levels may reveal more complicated cases or sepsis [24]. WBC and neutrophil ratio, CRP, procalcitonine and SER are the most often used markers. We recommend the use of WBC and CRP. They are available in most laboratories and the results are taken in a short time. The use of numerous or novel markers is not recommended as they do not improve the diagnostic ability for acute appendicitis [25].
\nThere are three radiologic examinations available; U/S, CT and MRI [26]. U/S dispose a high diagnostic accuracy for acute appendicitis >90% but a high negative predictive value [27] with limited sensitivity, as the no visualization of appendix during U/S is very often observed. If inconclusive data are reported, and clinic-laboratory data support the presence of acute appendicitis, further study with CT (when there is no pregnancy) or MRI is recommended [28]. There are five morphological imaging criteria of appendicitis; a. enlargement (diameter) of the appendix>6 mm, b. thickness of the appendicular wall>2 mm, c. Inflammatory compression of the peri-appendicular adipose tissue, d) abscess formation in the right lower abdomen, e) calcified appendicolith. The three first criteria reveal uncomplicated acute appendicitis. A contrast-enhanced CT is an excellent tool for complicated cases and visualization of appendicular wall dehiscence-rupture.
\n\n
Pregnancy: Acute appendicitis in pregnancy is a complex situation, and collaboration between obstetrics and surgeons offer the best outcomes for mother and fetus [29]. Severe perforated cases of appendicitis and negative appendectomies may lead to premature delivery [30]. There is need for accurate diagnosis and correct option treatment. Most cases are observed in the second trimester of the pregnancy. CT is contraindicated do to pregnancy. Diagnostic imaging data are obtained by U/S and MRI. MRI yields a high diagnostic rate and accuracy in pregnant and guide further option treatment [31].
Gangrene of the appendix (or necrotizing appendicitis); it’s a special type of appendicitis. There is need for accurate diagnosis and surgery due to generalized peritonitis and sepsis. Recently appear reports for conservative treatment of level evidence II [32]. It’s more often observed in pediatric population and represents a percentage of 12–13% in pathology reports. In adults is a rarer phenomenon with lower percentage. The incidence is not well determined as in pathology reports different terms are used; gangrenous appendicitis, complicated appendicitis, perforated appendicitis, or necrotizing appendicitis and the percentage of this group with complicated cases is 10–25% in different reports [33].
Immunosuppressed patients; Surgery is the rule to avoid sepsis and deaths.
After the clinical examination, collection of inflammatory markers and imaging data. This waiting time for few hours, assure a correct diagnosis, the option treatment and do not influence the pathology report if appendectomy will be decided. As more variables are positive for acute appendicitis, the diagnostic accuracy for acute appendicitis is high. Cases should be categorized for the severity. Uncomplicated cases and selected complicated cases of acute appendicitis should be treated conservatively with benefits for patients. Diffuse peritonitis and the evidence of perforated appendix represent surgical cases.
\nAdmission in the hospital, and active observation according to the needs of the patient. Collection and estimation of inflammatory markers and imaging data. Soft feeding is permitted if there is not nausea, intestinal obstruction or planning for operation. Correction of fluid imbalances due to inflammation. The use of antibiotics is mandatory as is the main therapy in conservative treatment. Antibiotic treatment is performed, according to the instructions for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections [34] and a short scheme of 4 days may be effective, at least in uncomplicated cases. After conservative treatment, an interval time for further intervention tend to be abandoned [35] even more for complicated cases with abscess or phlegmon.
\nThe re-appearance of acute appendicitis after conservative treatment is not easy to be calculated. Most reports mention a percentage of 7–10% with a long period of follow-up [36]. There is a lack of information and heterogeneity about the kind-results of conservative treatment (during the first episode of acute appendicitis). Usually, surgery is followed after a new episode. The pathology report should describe changes of acute appendicitis and not chronic inflammatory changes in mucosa or sub-mucosa, as is the case after appendectomy due to recurrent episodes.
\nConservative treatment of patients with acute appendicitis is not very popular in surgical community, despite ongoing literature data supporting its role in the majority of patients with uncomplicated and selected cases of complicated acute appendicitis. Uncomplicated cases accounts for the 80–90% of patients with acute appendicitis. At every day’s practice, more than 90% of uncomplicated cases undergoing appendectomy and less than 10% are treated conservatively. Conservative treatment should be offered, as an initial approach, to every patient with acute appendicitis. Surgeons should understand that the majority of patients may not need and they do not benefit from appendectomy.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
RLQ | right lower quadrat |
AIR | appendicitis inflammatory response |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
WBC | white blood cell count |
U/S | ultrasounds |
CT | computerized tomography |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
SER | sedimentation erythrocyte rate |
ED | emergency department |
.
",metaTitle:"Order Print Copies - Terms",metaDescription:".",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/order-print-copies-terms/",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Orders have to be prepaid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD. Payments can be made by bank transfer or cheque, by credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover Card) and PayPal worldwide online payments system. In accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\\n\\nThe combined printing and delivery times for orders vary from 12-20 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\\n\\nMy order has not arrived, what do I do?
\\n\\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us. Inspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nTaxes: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax of 5%. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing us their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nCustoms: Shipping costs do not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Orders have to be prepaid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD. Payments can be made by bank transfer or cheque, by credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover Card) and PayPal worldwide online payments system. In accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\n\nThe combined printing and delivery times for orders vary from 12-20 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\n\nMy order has not arrived, what do I do?
\n\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us. Inspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nTaxes: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax of 5%. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing us their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nCustoms: Shipping costs do not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118189},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10960",title:"Number Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"28b625521801dd5c0b36bca22a505c9e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10960.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"750",title:"Microwave Engineering",slug:"microwave-engineering",parent:{title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:97,numberOfWosCitations:196,numberOfCrossrefCitations:106,numberOfDimensionsCitations:202,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"microwave-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6318",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67de575df6dcd16554dd8f575e8c8368",slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",bookSignature:"Kok Yeow You",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6318.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5436",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cdb6126a0b68bc14bc51600c8dc7ccfc",slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sotirios K. Goudos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5436.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4617",title:"Advanced Electromagnetic Waves",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dffb45dc681f2d74f30ad9ab9c2c527f",slug:"advanced-electromagnetic-waves",bookSignature:"Saad Osman Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4617.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100186",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:"Osman",surname:"Bashir",slug:"saad-bashir",fullName:"Saad Bashir"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1565",title:"Bolometers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c193ef12df5ac7a70b88a3b56c786e45",slug:"bolometers",bookSignature:"A. G. Unil Perera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1565.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92217",title:"Prof.",name:"Unil",middleName:null,surname:"Perera",slug:"unil-perera",fullName:"Unil Perera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3623",title:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",subtitle:"Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advanced-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-semiconductor-devices-circuits-and-systems",bookSignature:"Moumita Mukherjee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24251",title:"Dr.",name:"Moumita",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"moumita-mukherjee",fullName:"Moumita Mukherjee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3707",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",subtitle:"from Photonic Bandgap Devices to Antenna and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-from-photonic-bandgap-devices-to-antenna-and-applications",bookSignature:"Igor Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123258",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Minin",slug:"igor-minin",fullName:"Igor Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3708",title:"Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",subtitle:"Modern UWB antennas and equipment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-modern-uwb-antennas-and-equipment",bookSignature:"Igor Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3708.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123258",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Minin",slug:"igor-minin",fullName:"Igor Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"9964",doi:"10.5772/8747",title:"Physics of Charging in Dielectrics and Reliability of Capacitive RF-MEMS Switches",slug:"physics-of-charging-in-dielectrics-and-reliability-of-capacitive-rf-mems-switches",totalDownloads:4766,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"advanced-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-technologies-semiconductor-devices-circuits-and-systems",title:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies",fullTitle:"Advanced Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Semiconductor Devices Circuits and Systems"},signatures:"George Papaioannou and Robert Plana",authors:null},{id:"53062",doi:"10.5772/66230",title:"Materials Characterization Using Microwave Waveguide System",slug:"materials-characterization-using-microwave-waveguide-system",totalDownloads:2289,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"53096",doi:"10.5772/66361",title:"Multiple Person Localization Based on Their Vital Sign Detection Using UWB Sensor",slug:"multiple-person-localization-based-on-their-vital-sign-detection-using-uwb-sensor",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Daniel Novák, Mária Švecová and Dusan Kocur",authors:[{id:"83173",title:"Dr.",name:"Dusan",middleName:null,surname:"Kocur",slug:"dusan-kocur",fullName:"Dusan Kocur"},{id:"189768",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Novák",slug:"daniel-novak",fullName:"Daniel Novák"},{id:"189769",title:"Dr.",name:"Mária",middleName:null,surname:"Švecová",slug:"maria-svecova",fullName:"Mária Švecová"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52194",title:"Microwave Antennas for Energy Harvesting Applications",slug:"microwave-antennas-for-energy-harvesting-applications",totalDownloads:3077,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Dalia Elsheakh",authors:[{id:"111813",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia",middleName:null,surname:"Elsheakh",slug:"dalia-elsheakh",fullName:"Dalia Elsheakh"}]},{id:"52946",title:"Innovative Techniques for 60-GHz On-Chip Antennas on CMOS Substrate",slug:"innovative-techniques-for-60-ghz-on-chip-antennas-on-cmos-substrate",totalDownloads:1209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Adel Barakat, Ramesh Pokharel and Hala Elsadek",authors:[{id:"3859",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramesh",middleName:null,surname:"Pokharel",slug:"ramesh-pokharel",fullName:"Ramesh Pokharel"},{id:"188438",title:"Prof.",name:"Hala",middleName:null,surname:"Elsadek",slug:"hala-elsadek",fullName:"Hala Elsadek"},{id:"194383",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"Barakat",slug:"adel-barakat",fullName:"Adel Barakat"}]},{id:"52960",title:"On-Wafer Microwave De-Embedding Techniques",slug:"on-wafer-microwave-de-embedding-techniques",totalDownloads:2774,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Xi Sung Loo, Kiat Seng Yeo and Kok Wai, Johnny Chew",authors:[{id:"189098",title:"Dr.",name:"Xi Sung",middleName:null,surname:"Loo",slug:"xi-sung-loo",fullName:"Xi Sung Loo"},{id:"189214",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiat Seng",middleName:null,surname:"Yeo",slug:"kiat-seng-yeo",fullName:"Kiat Seng Yeo"},{id:"189215",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Wai, Johnny",middleName:null,surname:"Chew",slug:"kok-wai-johnny-chew",fullName:"Kok Wai, Johnny Chew"}]},{id:"53062",title:"Materials Characterization Using Microwave Waveguide System",slug:"materials-characterization-using-microwave-waveguide-system",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"59937",title:"From Field to Shelf: How Microwave-Assisted Extraction Techniques Foster an Integrated Green Approach",slug:"from-field-to-shelf-how-microwave-assisted-extraction-techniques-foster-an-integrated-green-approach",totalDownloads:862,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",fullTitle:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing"},signatures:"Roberto Rosa, Erika Ferrari and Paolo Veronesi",authors:[{id:"213620",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrari",slug:"erika-ferrari",fullName:"Erika Ferrari"},{id:"213625",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Veronesi",slug:"paolo-veronesi",fullName:"Paolo Veronesi"},{id:"213627",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"roberto-rosa",fullName:"Roberto Rosa"}]},{id:"49217",title:"The Electromagnetic Force between Two Parallel Current Conductors Explained Using Coulomb’s Law",slug:"the-electromagnetic-force-between-two-parallel-current-conductors-explained-using-coulomb-s-law",totalDownloads:1273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advanced-electromagnetic-waves",title:"Advanced Electromagnetic Waves",fullTitle:"Advanced Electromagnetic Waves"},signatures:"Jan Olof Jonson",authors:[{id:"174589",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan Olof",middleName:null,surname:"Jonson",slug:"jan-olof-jonson",fullName:"Jan Olof Jonson"}]},{id:"58958",title:"Introductory Chapter: RF/Microwave Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-rf-microwave-applications",totalDownloads:644,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",fullTitle:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing"},signatures:"Kok Yeow You",authors:[{id:"188673",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok Yeow",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kok-yeow-you",fullName:"Kok Yeow You"}]},{id:"49197",title:"Electromagnetic Waves Excitation by Thin Impedance Vibrators and Narrow Slots in Electrodynamic Volumes",slug:"electromagnetic-waves-excitation-by-thin-impedance-vibrators-and-narrow-slots-in-electrodynamic-volu",totalDownloads:934,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"advanced-electromagnetic-waves",title:"Advanced Electromagnetic Waves",fullTitle:"Advanced Electromagnetic Waves"},signatures:"Mikhail V. Nesterenko, Sergey L. Berdnik, Victor A. Katrich and Yuriy\nM. Penkin",authors:[{id:"24666",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Nesterenko",slug:"mikhail-nesterenko",fullName:"Mikhail Nesterenko"}]},{id:"53362",title:"Modeling and Simulation Techniques for Microwave Components",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-techniques-for-microwave-components",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"microwave-systems-and-applications",title:"Microwave Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Microwave Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Farnaz Mohammadi and Alireza Sadrossadat",authors:[{id:"188540",title:"Prof.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Sadrossadat",slug:"alireza-sadrossadat",fullName:"Alireza Sadrossadat"},{id:"194736",title:"BSc.",name:"Farnaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"farnaz-mohammadi",fullName:"Farnaz Mohammadi"}]},{id:"59538",title:"Additive Manufacturing of 3D Printed Microwave Passive Components",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-3d-printed-microwave-passive-components",totalDownloads:744,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"emerging-microwave-technologies-in-industrial-agricultural-medical-and-food-processing",title:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing",fullTitle:"Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing"},signatures:"Irene O. Saracho-Pantoja, José R. Montejo-Garai, Jorge A. Ruiz-Cruz\nand Jesús M. Rebollar",authors:[{id:"4535",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge A.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz-Cruz",slug:"jorge-a.-ruiz-cruz",fullName:"Jorge A. Ruiz-Cruz"},{id:"124755",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:"R.",surname:"Montejo-Garai",slug:"jose-montejo-garai",fullName:"José Montejo-Garai"},{id:"124756",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Rebollar",slug:"jesus-rebollar",fullName:"Jesus Rebollar"},{id:"227557",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Saracho-Pantoja",slug:"irene-saracho-pantoja",fullName:"Irene Saracho-Pantoja"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"microwave-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/158122/keisuke-hagihara",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"158122",slug:"keisuke-hagihara"},fullPath:"/profiles/158122/keisuke-hagihara",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()