\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",keywords:"Sex, Sexual Response Cycle, Erection, Premature Ejaculation, Libido, Orgasm, Painful Intercourse, Psychological, Female, Lack of Desire, Erectile Disorders, Pain Disorders",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. Dr. Sheriff has authored five books including a textbook on medical biochemistry with additional interest in human sexology. He has done extensive research in andrology, sex education, and counseling.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/167875/images/system/167875.jpg",biography:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. Dr. Sheriff has authored five books including a textbook on medical biochemistry with additional interest in human sexology. He had editorials written in the British Journal of Sexology, Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, Postgraduate Medicine, and Scientist. He was a former Rotarian, Citizen Ambassador, and was selected for the Ford Foundation Fellowship.",institutionString:"University of Benghazi",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Benghazi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Libya"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7163",title:"Infertility, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Hormone Assays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6db6e4ccb7088f17f819121f7eb6424d",slug:"infertility-assisted-reproductive-technologies-and-hormone-assays",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7163.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"50522",title:"Numerical Simulations of Dynamics Behaviour of the Action Potential of the Human Heart's Conduction System",doi:"10.5772/63017",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-dynamics-behaviour-of-the-action-potential-of-the-human-heart-s-conduction-",body:'\nIn this chapter, the research on the electrical conduction system of the human heart is concerned. The parts of this system are pacemaker centres made of special cells similar to embryonic cells which form the following concentrations: sino-atrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AV) and His-Purkinje system [1]. The key elements of the conduction system considered include SA node and AV node. Modelling the formation and conduction of electrical impulses in the heart is one of the most developed areas of mathematical biology. For years, the most popular models of action potentials which occur in the heart have included the Hodgkin-Huxley model and the Purkinje cells model. These models, even though very effective, are not very suitable for studying the dynamics of the system, which is described in view of high dimensionality of the phase space and very broad spatial parameters. In this chapter, we propose ordinary differential system which is based on the van der Pol models and which makes it possible to reconstruct pathological behaviours in the system of the heart, such as the WPW syndrome and different types of AVNRT. The motivation for writing this chapter was that there is a problem with making the appropriate diagnosis and therefore with treating the disease effectively. This kind of problem is observed mainly in different types of AVNRT. The reasons of those problems are not fully known and the mechanisms of these pathologies are not fully understood. Also, the symptoms are often mistakenly taken for other heart diseases. It should be emphasized that the clinical pictures of these disease are also non-specific. In the past few years, we understood that the structure of the AV node has a multi-level architecture in which there may be many pathways (slow and fast) at different locations in the AV node [2, 3]. This helped to recognize many types of AVNRT, which previously were understood as one, although the mechanisms of action were different. In literature, there are no mathematical models that would specifically model the various types of AVNRT. There were attempts to model AVNRT only as a single pathology having the slow and fast pathways [4, 5]. Part of the population has abnormal accessory pathways: fast and slow, cf. [1, 6]. The pathways in the AV node are anatomical and functional contributions of the most popular supraventricular tachycardia, which is a re-entry tachycardia from the AV node. The atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia is caused by re-entries. A condition for AVNRT to occur is that two electric pathways occur in and around the AV node (for example, slow and fast pathways). This gives way to the occurrence of re-entry. We can distinguish five different forms of the AVNRT (typical: slow/fast, atypical: fast/slow and other forms: slow/slow, more than two re-entries waves, one fast pathway with depolarization of slow pathway) [7, 8, 9]. This depends on the multi-level architecture of the AV node. The AVNRT circuit involves larger areas including atrioventricular junction, adjacent atrial structures and in particular so-called atrial inputs including at least antero-superior and postero-inferior entries, and sometimes also the left atrial entry. Based on the van der Pol equation, we study the influence of feedback which occurs in the normal heart action mode as well as in pathological modes. Particularly, it is important to introduce the time delay into this feedback. Delay values used in our research correspond to those which occur in the electrical conduction system, for example, in the case of an accessory conducting pathway, so-called Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In the conduction system of the heart, the only correct electrical conduction pathway between atria and ventricles is the bundle of His. Part of the population has abnormal accessory pathways through which electrical pulses are directly conducted from atria to ventricles. The extra electrical pathway is presented at birth and is fairly rare. The WPW syndrome is detected in about 4 out of every 100000 people. People of all ages, including infants, can experience the symptoms related to the WPW syndrome. Additional path conducts electrical impulses to the ventricles in the case of WPW. This conduction takes place without proper synchronization. Usually, this extra conduction pathway does not cause serious disturbances. Sometimes, however, there is a reflection of the electrical impulse, and it returns to the atria after each heartbeat. This causes the coupling in which each atrial contraction is followed by chambers contraction and then atrial contraction again. The heart rate can reach about 200 beats per minute when the normal rhythm at rest is about 72 beats per minute.
\nAs already mentioned, synchronization is very important for a correctly functioning heart in the sense of cardiovascular conduction. The impact of different types of couplings related to the pathologies which are presented in this research and how do they affect the synchronization of the two oscillators will be discussed in this chapter. The analysis of synchronization of various modifications of the van der Pol model has been considered in many works. For example, paper [10] presents synchronization areas near the main parametric resonance and transition conditions from regular to chaotic motion. In paper [11], authors analyse the phenomenon of complete synchronization in a network of four coupled oscillators. Reference [12] considered mechanisms of various bifurcation phenomena occurring in Bonhoffer van der Pol neurons coupled with a time delay through the characteristics of synaptic transmissions. The phenomenon of synchronization in van der Pol oscillators coupled by a time-varying resistor is researched in ref. [13]. However, in these papers there are no examples of application of this model for recreating a pathological behaviour of the electrical-conduction system of the human heart, and therefore the considered ranges of parameters are wider than those which can be used in medical applications. The van der Pol oscillator provides rich dynamical behaviour [14] and also synchronization phenomena. In order to better understand the mechanisms that cause these arrhythmias in paper are proposed models of AVNRT and WPW syndrome.
\nThe van der Pol model was used in this research because it is a two-dimensional model with small number of parameters and it is a relaxation oscillator. The van der Pol equation is often used to describe an action potential occurring in the heart. The model with a delay and often with a term including a coupling coefficient has been a topic of many articles, e.g. [15–17]. However, in these articles there are no exact examples of application of this model for recreating a pathological behaviour of the electrical conduction system of the human heart such as the AVNRT and the WPW, and therefore the range of parameters considered by them is wider than that which can be used in medical applications. Below, the author will present one of the most important existing mathematical models of the action potential. Basing on the knowledge of van der Pol model given below will be carried out construction of the proposed models.
\nSince every node is a self-exciting pacemaker, it can be described using the van der Pol oscillator which is the relaxation oscillator. It was first introduced by van der Pol and van der Mark as a model in the electronic circuit theory in 1927, [19]:
\nwhere
\n\n
where
In this way, he introduced modifications which allowed maintaining the required structure of the phase space. Such model can be applied to model either SA or AV node. The main property of a modified relaxation oscillator is the mutual interaction of a limit cycle which is presented around an unstable focus with a saddle and a stable node. This allows reproducing correctly the refraction period and non-linear phase sensitivity of an action potential of node cells.
\nA solution of Eq. (3) in time presents the action potential whereas a solution in velocity makes it possible to obtain very important phase portrait. We can easily see that the main qualitative difference between Eqs. (1) and (3) is the appearance of two additional steady states,
The system that we use as a reference one is given in following form:
\nwhere
In this section we turn to constructing new models for specific pathologies we would like to describe. All the models we propose below consist of two modified van der Pol models. The system with delayed feedback describes various pathologies observed in the heart action, e.g. WPW syndrome and different types of AVNRT.
\nA numerical model was created using Dynamics Solver and a program which was written in C++. The explicit Runge-Kutta formula with a variable integration step was used. Results were confirmed and plots were made with Matlab standard dde23 solver.
\nFor the single node model (Eq. (4)) of an electrical conduction system with no feedback, a periodic potential and the corresponding limit cycle (with a transient state) are obtained like in Figures 1 and 2. Potential period equals 1.4.
\nThe reference parameters have values which are given below:
\nTime series for reference model without feedback and delay, see
Phase portrait for reference model without feedback and delay, see first part of
The addition of coupling (especially feedback with delay) to the
Parameters have the following values:
Dynamics of action potential during WPW syndrome.
Now we consider the AVNRT pathology. We would like to propose a mechanism which reproduces the dynamics of action potential occurring at the phenomenon of AVNRT. In this case, we have a coexistent conduction by two or more pathways: slow and fast. In this model, we assume that the fast pathway is described by the first van der Pol model, but the slow pathway is treated as an action potential in other characteristic, so we use the second model of van der Pol to describe the pathway.
\nNext, we focus on such a type of AVNRT in which only one fast pathway with depolarization of slow pathway occurs. The conduction is only out of the fast pathway, because descending depolarization of slow pathway prevents conduction. To describe that situation, we add only one unidirectional coupling to our model. This coupling does not change the main rhythm
where
Time series for fast type of AVNRT.
Now, we consider a situation where the difference in the refractive state of both pathways leads to an excitation of one of them causing the re-entry wave [20]. In Figure 5, the result for a typical AVNRT (fast/slow) is presented. This type of AVNRT is described by the following system:
\nDynamics of action potential for a typical AVNRT, given in
The mechanism of the typical AVNRT is similar to this which is observed in the WPW syndrome. Also, we have a feedback with delay in the first part of the given model.
\nThe atypical AVNRT (slow/fast type of AVNRT) is described in the following way:
\nIn both of those types of AVNRT (fast/slow and slow/fast) we obtain regular fast rhythm, which is a typical behaviour for this kind of pathology (during this type of tachycardia, the rhythm of the heart is about 35% more frequent than normal rhythm, which is in accordance with our results).
\nThe last case is for the situation where there are two re-entry waves but both go through slow pathways (slow/slow type of AVNRT), which we reflect by the following system of equations:
\nIn this variant, we also observe shortening (like in Figure 5) of the period of oscillations. In this pathology, the presence of more than two conduction paths is possible which is associated with more re-entry waves. Increasing the number of feedbacks modelling re-entry waves of slow pathways causes a progressive shortening of the period of oscillation, while the rhythm remains regular. The conclusion is that a regular excitation may evoke a regular answer.
\nAfter examining the influence of excitation with modified van der Pol oscillator wave, we have analysed behaviour of the modified van der Pol oscillator with feedback excited with a single rectangular pulse. In this way, two excitations co-exist in the system—the wave brought by the oscillator’s feedback and the one from the external pulse. The pulse is defined by a step function H for the amplitude
Influence of the pulse is treated as an appearance of the accessory current in the system. For this reason, this pulse is introduced to the equation describing the potential change (the
where
The influence of the pulse, which results in the period length change, depends on in which phase of oscillations it is applied. As mentioned before, the excitation influences the system having the regular behaviour.
\nNumerical solution of the system with feedback (
Numerical solution of the system with feedback (
Phase response curves for models with rectangular pulse.
The system is phase-sensitive, and that, depending on the phase, excitation may change the potential period length. Models with feedback are much less phase-sensitive, Figure 7. The feedback strongly modifies the properties of the modified van der Pol model.
\n\nThe human heart rhythm with feedback about AV node is low-variable. The results of this study were consulted with the medical doctor from the Institute of Cardiology in Anin near Warsaw, who confirmed that the very stable heart rhythm is typical for patients with AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia.
\nOne of the most important features of oscillators is synchronization. The behaviour of cardiac pacemaker cells resembles those relaxation oscillators. A characteristic property of relaxation oscillators is that they may be synchronized by an external signal, if the latter has a periodicity similar to spontaneous frequency of the oscillator [14]. We investigate a phenomenological model for the heartbeat which consists of two coupled van der Pol oscillators. The coupling between these oscillator (action potential) can be either unidirectional or bidirectional, with or without feedback. Below, we present our model with possible couplings and feedbacks and try to analyse all of them for behaviour of given system and its synchronization.
\nIf we consider physiological coupling between nodes, then the
Time series: physiological coupling between nodes, the parameters are given in
Time series: physiological coupling for
But for bigger value (e.g. 10 or 100), parts of amplitudes are synchronized in-phase with
Time series: physiological coupling for
Projection of the phase space for
This causes the attempt of fitting the AV frequency to SA which slows down the heart rate.
\nWe study here the synchronization properties of such an association with respect to the nature and intensity of coupling.
\nProjection of the phase space for
Projection of the phase space for
In Figures 11–13, we can observe an influence of unidirectional coupling for strength of synchronization of given oscillators (Eq. (11)). We must remember that complete synchronization of oscillators, characterized by
Finally, the influence of the bidirectional coupling for behaviour of the model was studied. It would seem that the bidirectional coupling should operate so that when we enter it in relation 2:1 between oscillators, the rhythm of the fast pathway should be slowed down, while the rhythm of the fast pathway should accelerate.
\nIn the model without feedback, periodic potential
Projection of the phase space for
Projection of the phase space for
Projection of the phase space for
However, with bigger values of
We investigated the synchronization between oscillators themselves despite that the generation of cardiac dysrhythmias are associated with a lack of synchronization between autonomous pacemakers [22]. But we showed that we can obtain certain types of synchronization: phase synchronization, partial synchronization or lag synchronization. This depends on the strength of coupling coefficients. Corresponding large coefficient may cause synchronization, but often setpoints are not the values of the physiological range.
\nMain aim of the paper was to propose the system of differential equations describing the dynamics of action potential that accompanies the WPW syndrome and five different forms of AVNRT. In this work, by using the proposed models we were able to reproduce the most important physiological properties of the discussed pathologies. In literature, there are no mathematical models of AVNRT. By using one of the proposed models, we can try to add an equation which is responsible for modelling the pharmacological treatment of the pathologies of our interest. These type of models then can help to determine an optimal treatment. On the other hand, we should keep in mind that the proposed models are phenomenological, so the results are accurate as far as a simple model can describe the potential found in one of the more complex oscillators appearing in real biological phenomena. We can continue the validation of these models with the use of medical data. However, to collect the necessary data, only the invasive methods can be used, which constitutes an important difficulty.
\nAn important and growing part of the textile industry is the medical and related healthcare and hygiene sectors. The extent of growth is due to constant improvement and innovations in both textile technology and medical procedures. A critical and developing part of the fabric Industry is the clinical and associated healthcare and hygiene sectors. Textile has usually been part of healthcare [1]. The variety of merchandise to be had is sizeable however normally they are used inside the running room theatre or at the health centre ward for the hygiene, care and protection of personnel and patients. The range of programmes variety from the easy cleansing wipe to the superior barrier fabric used for running rooms. Medical textiles constitute systems designed and executed for scientific software [2]. The range of programs is diverse, starting from an unmarried thread suture to the complicated composite systems for bone alternative and from the easy cleansing wipe to superior barrier fabric utilized in running rooms. Textile substances and products, which have been engineered to fulfil precise needs, are appropriate for any scientific and surgical software wherein a mixture of strength, flexibility and from time to time moisture and air permeability is required.
Textile materials and products that have been engineered to meet particular needs are suitable for any medical and surgical applications, where a combination of strength, flexibility and sometimes moisture and air permeability are required [3, 4].
Textile has usually been a part of healthcare. The variety of merchandise to be had is sizeable; however, normally they may be used inside the working room theatre or at the health facility ward for the hygiene, care and protection of workforce and patients. The quantity of packages variety from the easy cleansing wipes to the superior barrier fabric used for working rooms [5].
The medical textile fabric merchandise may be prepared into three simple categories
Patient specific: sponges, sheets, burn sheets etc.
General patient management: Under-pads, adult diapers and wipes
Procedure specific: sterilization wrap, surgical gowns, drapes, table covers, face masks, head and shoe covers.
Nontoxicity
Non-allergenic response
The ability to be sterilized
Elasticity, durability
Biocompatibility
Fast and highly absorbent
Static dissipation
Antimicrobial
Wide range of staple fibres are used for the hygiene sector and technical application (Table 1)
Bi-component fibres for thermal bonding, used in hygiene articles such as sanitary napkins, baby diapers, etc.
Special types for hydro-entangled nonwovens are not only employed in the manufacturer of wet and cosmetic wipes but also increasingly in technical applications.
Fibres made from biopolymers (PLA/Ingeo) include fibres made from renewable plant compounds
Fill fibres for beds.
Used medical application | Type of fibre used | Cloth type |
---|---|---|
Cover cloths and Surgical drapes | Polyester and polyethylene | Nonwoven or woven |
Absorbent layer Outer layer, Incontinence and diaper Cover stock | Polyester, polypropylene Wood fluff and Super-absorbents Polyethylene fibres | Nonwoven |
Protective clothing and Clothing uniforms | Cotton, polyester and polypropylene | Woven and Nonwoven |
Surgical hosiery garments products | Polyamide, polyester, cotton and elastomeric yarn | Nonwoven and Knitted |
Wipes and garments | Viscose rayon | Nonwoven |
Masks and caps etc. | Viscose rayon, polyester, viscose and glass | Nonwoven |
Pillow covers, sheets and Bedding, Blanket | Cotton, polyester and cotton | Woven and knitted |
Surgical gowns garments | Cotton, polyester, viscose rayon and polypropylene | Nonwoven and Woven |
Non-woven possesses the following properties due to which they became famous in medical field:
Various parameters can be controlled easily like porosity, weight of fabric, thickness.
Nonwovens are easy to sterilise
Various manufacturing technique options according to applications.
Economical manufacturing process.
These encompass surgeon`s gowns, caps and masks, affected person drapes and cowl cloths of all sizes. The reason for defensive healthcare clothes is to defend healthcare experts from infection from blood and different infectious fluids [6, 7]. Biological defensive clothes are described through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as follows: `Personal defensive garb may be taken into consideration suitable most effective if it does now no longer allow blood and different infectious substances to by skip thru to attain an employee`s paintings clothes, road clothes, undergarment, pores and skin, eyes, mouth or different mucous membranes below the ordinary situations of use and at some point of time the protection system may be used` According to this definition, there are fundamental necessities for a defensive fabric garment: it ought to save you infectious substances from passing thru the pores and skin and it ought to closing lengthy enough. Protective clothing inside the clinical subject ought to be affordable, breathable, comfortable, dependable, and effective [8].
Main issue in design and use of operating room fabric used to be is the protection of the patient from contamination by the environment and by healthcare workers. The principle design features for medical non-woven fabric are barrier properties, strength, sterilization stability, breathability and comfort for garment application.
Barrier performance can be partial (resistant) or total (proof) ranging from particulates and bacteria to fluids and viruses. The principal necessities for barrier fabric are that they withstand the penetration of liquids, especially blood and on the equal time be sterile, breathable, bendy and cheaper. Because of those necessities, maximum of the barrier clothes are crafted from non-woven fabric, which can be exceedingly cheaper and may be thrown away after every use, hence lowering the want for re-sterilization. In a few cases, unique breathable movies are being brought to fibres and fabric. In different cases, components are being brought without delay into polymers getting used to making the fibres. Theatre drapes are meant to shape a barrier in opposition to contamination each to and more good from the patient. Strength requirements vary with end-use application. For surgical drapes, stiffness is very critical because barrier performance may be affected by comorbidity to patient or equipment. Good abrasion resistance is necessary for the safety of barrier administration. The consumer product safety commissions (CPSC) require 3.5sec burn time on CS-191-53 for gowns, head covering and surgical mask [9, 10, 11].
Many hospitals have delivered peroxide plasma systems, inclusive of STERRAD, to their steam autoclaves and ethylene oxide chambers inside the Central Supply Room. In designing fabric for sterilization, it is far critical to apprehend the effect of sterilization tactics on material overall performance features. Steam autoclaves typically function at 132°C. Fabrics containing cellulose are not typically advocated for the plasma gadgets as those fabrics hold residual peroxide.
The consolation and breathability components are commonly taken into consideration as opposing the barrier performance. For sterilization wrap, the difficulty is that the barrier should save you dirt and micro-organisms from penetrating a sterilized bundle in the course of garage and transportation. At an equal time, it should be porous sufficient for the sterilant to penetrate the wrapped bundle and absolutely sterilize the content material of the surgical set.
For gowns, linting is not wanted because particles from gowns or drapes may complicate the wound healing process. In general, it is accepted that particles above 50μm are readily visible to the unaided eye.
Treated fabric articles can encompass clinical textiles consisting of pads, face masks, surgical gowns, ambulance blankets, stretchers, and clear out substances and diapers [12].
High overall performance fibres had been evolved which save you risky microorganism from buildup and could discover programs with inside the fields of private hygiene wherein buildup of risky microorganism may be risky to health: the fibre essentially includes a mixture of antimicrobial compounds, primarily based totally on steel salts which in the end controls microorganism and fungi. The compounds are embedded inside the matrix of fibres which renders it impervious to washing and wear [13].
Surgical gowns are worn during medical procedures, to prevent contamination by splattering of body fluids such as blood, respiratory secretions, vomit or feces during medical procedures.
Surgical gowns are made of fluid-resistant materials to reduce the transfer of body fluids (Figure 1). Isolation gowns are usually intended to protect the wearer from the transfer of micro-organisms and only small amount of body fluids [14].
Surgical gowns, healthcare and hygiene products [
They should have high level of air permeability, high filter capacity, and should be light weight and non-allergic .
Materials: consist of a very fine middle layer of extra fine glass fibres or synthetic micro fibres covered on both sides by either an acrylic bonded parallel-laid or wet-laid non-woven (Figure 2).
Surgical masks products [
These are used to cover patients or working areas around patients.
Material: loop raised warp-knitted polyester fabric laminated with PTFE films for air permeability, comfort and resistance to microbiological contaminants [15].
Surgical hosiery with graduated compression traits is used for wide variety of purposes, starting from a mild help for the limb to the remedy of venous disorders. Knee and elbow caps, which might be commonly fashioned throughout knitting on round machines and might additionally comprise elastomeric threads are worn for help and compression throughout bodily energetic sports activities or for protection.
Such as bedding garb, bed covers, incontinence merchandise are used for care and hygiene of patients. The conventional Woollen blankets had been changed with cotton leno woven blankets to lessen the threat of pass contamination and are crafted from smooth spun two-fold yarns which own suited thermal qualities. In isolation wards and in-depth care units, disposable defensive garb is worn to reduce pass contamination and are made from composite of tissue strengthened with a PET or polypropylene spunlaid web [16].
These include gauze for floors, dry dusting systems; hard surface disinfectant wipes high absorbency cloth, window cloth, electrostatic disposable dusters, cleaning mop, etc.
Figure 3 classify of three layers:
Inner pinnacle layer: fabricated from a mix of hydrophobic low-density fibre and is liquid and water permeable.
Core layer: full of wooden pulp and different absorbent fabric is especially absorbent.
Third layer encompasses multi-layer barrier, this is water vapour permeable, however persistent to liquid water.
Modern breathable disposable feminine products [
Modern incontinence product also consists of three layers.
Cover stock that is permeable and diffuses liquid laterally. Highly absorbent core and barrier polyethylene or PVC films that help patient cloths or bedding to keep dry.
Laboratory exams consist of water repellency, launder ability, burst electricity and tear electricity. The layout of barrier fabric is pushed with the aid of using the priority over HIV. Therefore, for those fabric check techniques that might help with inside the Characterisation of merchandise as blood-resistant, blood-evidence or viral evidence. These techniques were installed as ASTM 1670-95 and 1671-97.
The call for wettability approach of measuring the absorbency traits of fabric was defined with the aid of using Lichstein. This method measures each capability and absorption price concurrently at zero hydrostatic head. It is relevant to distinctive absorbents, wicking fluids and more than one ply system with the absorbent at any attitude to the fluid and below distinctive pressure [17].
Bio-purposeful substances are starting up new opportunities for the medical fabric sector. Here energetic materials are included in the fibre with the aid of using chemical change or implemented onto the fibre floor at some point of the spinning process. These components are transferred to the pores and skin with the aid of using frame moisture and frame warmth with stepped forward bioclimatic and hygienic homes such as.
Protection to the pores and skin from liquids, debris and bacteria.
Providing a powerful barrier towards germs, fungi and danger of infection.
Thermo regularity characteristic.
Ease of laundering, sterilization and anti-static behaviour
Low stage of fabric chemical compounds and dyes with excessive mechanical stability.
New fabric is evolved to face up to bacteria, mildew, stain and odour for healthcare applications. For example, anti-allergen completing retailers are used on material to offer themselves remedy to sufferers from bronchial allergies and allergic reactions as a result of dirt mites.
Active substances can also be made available to the skin as an aqueous solution by micro-encapsulation or by their insertion into water-absorbing network polymers, which are affixed to the fibre. Advanced processes also offer the potential for the development of bioactive, drug-delivering textiles and the controlled treatment of diseases.
Ideal bedding materials attribute the following
Convenient during changing and to wash
Breathable
Absorbent
Durable
Odour free
Now allergic
Hygienic
Easy to care for and store
Prevent liquid and soil spread around
Colour and pattern of the fabric (not significant for elderly)
Provide comfort support
Keep patient clean after being soiled
Smooth to the touch
Keep patient warm after being wetted
Soft to touch dry after being wetted
The application of textile in high performance and specialized fields are increasing day by day. There will be an increasing role for medical textiles in future.
Textile substances hold to serve a critical characteristic with inside the improvement of number clinical and surgical products.
The advent of recent substances, the development in manufacturing strategies and fibre properties, and the usage of greater correct and complete trying out have all had a giant impact on advancing fibres and fabric for clinical applications.
Advances in nonwovens have ended in a brand new breed of clinical textiles. Advanced composite material containing a combination of fibres and fabrics has been developed for applications where biocompatibility and strength are required.
As medical procedures continue to develop, the demand for textile material is bound to grow.
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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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