Composition of macronutrients of conventional and non-conventional nuts native from Brazil.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9430",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Energy Investment - Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk",title:"Sustainable Energy Investment",subtitle:"Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book examines the technical, market, and policy innovations for unlocking sustainable investment in the energy sector. While finalizing this book, the COVID-19 pandemic is cutting a devastating swath through the global economy, causing the biggest fall in energy sector investment, exacerbating the global trade finance gap, worsening signs of growing income inequality, and devastating the health and livelihoods of millions. What is the parallel between the COVID-19 pandemic and the climate change crisis? The impacts of the global pandemic are expected to last for a few years, whereas those associated with the climate crisis will play out over several decades with potentially irreversible consequences. However, both show that the cost of inaction or delay in addressing the risks can lead to devastating outcomes or a greater probability of irreversible, catastrophic damages. In the context of sustainable energy investment and the transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy, what ways can financial markets and institutions support net-zero-emission activities and the shift to a sustainable economy, including investment in energy efficiency, low-carbon and renewable energy technologies? This book provides students, policymakers, and energy investment professionals with the knowledge and theoretical tools necessary to address related questions in sustainable energy investment, risk management, and energy innovation agendas.",isbn:"978-1-83880-198-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-197-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-508-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86093",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sustainable-energy-investment-technical-market-and-policy-innovations-to-address-risk",numberOfPages:260,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"944911e9a2154a0bf8b358cafc971f42",bookSignature:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",publishedDate:"March 10th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9430.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4005,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!0,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225597/images/system/225597.jpg",biography:"Dr. Joseph Nyangon is a senior researcher at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware. He is also a senior research fellow at the Foundation for Renewable Energy and Environment, a non-resident fellow of the Payne Institute at the Colorado School of Mines, and a research fellow in the Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy at the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). He holds a Ph.D., two master’s degrees, and an undergraduate degree focusing on energy economics, public policy, energy systems engineering and computing systems from Columbia University, the University of Delaware, among others. Dr. Nyangon’s practice focuses on applying optimization methods and econometric modeling techniques to evaluate electricity systems and generate insights to inform policy, risk pricing strategies, and planning decisions.",institutionString:"University of Delaware",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Delaware",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"245796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",fullName:"John Byrne",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245796/images/system/245796.jpeg",biography:"Dr. John Byrne has contributed to Working Group III of the United Nations-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1992. Dr. Byrne is an advisor to the “Solar City Seoul” initiative, which is building 1 GWp of solar power on public buildings, parking facilities, and residential and commercial buildings. He is co-editor-in-chief of the invitation-only journal, WIREs Energy and Environment. He has published nineteen books and more than 170 research articles.",institutionString:"University of Delaware",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Delaware",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"73728",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sustainable Energy Investment and the Transition to Renewable Energy-Powered Futures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94320",slug:"introductory-chapter-sustainable-energy-investment-and-the-transition-to-renewable-energy-powered-fu",totalDownloads:339,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73728",authors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon"},{id:"245796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",fullName:"John Byrne"}],corrections:null},{id:"73085",title:"Tackling the Risk of Stranded Electricity Assets with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93488",slug:"tackling-the-risk-of-stranded-electricity-assets-with-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence",totalDownloads:389,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Paris Agreement on climate change requires nations to keep the global temperature within the 2°C carbon budget. Achieving this temperature target means stranding more than 80% of all proven fossil energy reserves as well as resulting in investments in such resources becoming stranded assets. At the implementation level, governments are experiencing technical, economic, and legal challenges in transitioning their economies to meet the 2°C temperature commitment through the nationally determined contributions (NDCs), let alone striving for the 1.5°C carbon budget, which translates into greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) gap. This chapter focuses on tackling the risks of stranded electricity assets using machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies. Stranded assets are not new in the energy sector; the physical impacts of climate change and the transition to a low-carbon economy have generally rendered redundant or obsolete electricity generation and storage assets. Low-carbon electricity systems, which come in variable and controllable forms, are essential to mitigating climate change. These systems present distinct opportunities for machine learning and artificial intelligence-powered techniques. This chapter considers the background to these issues. It discusses the asset stranding discourse and its implications to the energy sector and related infrastructure. The chapter concludes by outlining an interdisciplinary research agenda for mitigating the risks of stranded assets in electricity investments.",signatures:"Joseph Nyangon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73085",authors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon"}],corrections:null},{id:"69358",title:"Risk Mitigation in Energy Efficiency Retrofit Projects Using Automated Performance Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89476",slug:"risk-mitigation-in-energy-efficiency-retrofit-projects-using-automated-performance-control",totalDownloads:341,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Performance gap concerns limit investment in the building energy efficiency retrofit market. In particular, the ability of projects to deliver on promised energy savings is commonly drawn into question. Performance risk mitigation mainly occurs through energy saving performance guarantees. Contractual stipulations arrange the conditions of the guarantee, and ceteris paribus, a higher energy saving guarantee should reduce project performance risk. Therefore, methods that yield a higher energy saving guarantee could help accelerate the market. We review the ability of “smart,” automated, and connected technologies to: (a) intelligently monitor and control the performance of energy-consuming devices to reduce performance variations, (b) provide additional degrees of control over the project’s performance, and, by doing so, (c) motivate the energy services company (ESCO) to raise the energy saving guarantee. Our analysis finds that use of such automated performance control could significantly raise the energy saving guarantee, making projects more likely to succeed.",signatures:"Job Taminiau, John Byrne, Daniel Sanchez Carretero, Soojin Shin and Jing Xu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69358",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69358",authors:[{id:"306657",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Job",surname:"Taminiau",slug:"job-taminiau",fullName:"Job Taminiau"},{id:"309663",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",fullName:"John Byrne"},{id:"310457",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Sanchez Carretero",slug:"daniel-sanchez-carretero",fullName:"Daniel Sanchez Carretero"},{id:"310458",title:"Ms.",name:"Soojin",surname:"Shin",slug:"soojin-shin",fullName:"Soojin Shin"},{id:"310459",title:"Ms.",name:"Jing",surname:"Xu",slug:"jing-xu",fullName:"Jing Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"72927",title:"Assessing Renewable Energy Loan Guarantees in the United States",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93288",slug:"assessing-renewable-energy-loan-guarantees-in-the-united-states",totalDownloads:251,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Conceived as an idea to push financing toward underdeveloped clean energy technology to improve the environment, promote economic growth, and produce a more secure energy supply, the Title XVII loan guarantee program has likely failed to meet these objectives. Instead, it has been used as a political tool, exposed taxpayers to unnecessary risk, diverted funding from alternative clean energy investments, and primarily benefitted large, politically connected corporations.",signatures:"Ryan M. Yonk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72927",authors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk"}],corrections:null},{id:"71285",title:"Innovative Circular Business Models: A Case from the Italian Fashion Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91277",slug:"innovative-circular-business-models-a-case-from-the-italian-fashion-industry",totalDownloads:341,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Transition to a sustainable economy signed by a circular vision and culture asks firms for huge investments to innovate their own management, strategies, business models, products, and marketing approaches. The Agenda 2030 and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are an important framework for businesses to change their approach and contribute positively to the global movement to fight climate change. The question is what and how micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMES) can contribute to reduce their impacts while creating more value for them and their stakeholders. This paper aims to answer to this question presenting a case study from Italy where an artisan small firm is innovating to create more positive impacts in circular terms. The focus will be on circular economy and the firms’ material and energy strategies. In doing so, the paper will try to answer the following questions: how easy is for micro and small firms to apply circular economy strategies to contribute to reduce their environmental impacts? Does their strategy coherently compose energy and material flows? The case study will refer to the fashion system in Italy.",signatures:"Marco Tortora and Giuseppe Tortora",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71285",authors:[{id:"303546",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Tortora",slug:"marco-tortora",fullName:"Marco Tortora"},{id:"311774",title:"Mr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Tortora",slug:"giuseppe-tortora",fullName:"Giuseppe Tortora"}],corrections:null},{id:"70310",title:"Harnessing Small Country Collaboration Opportunities to Advance Energy Innovation and Joint Investments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90348",slug:"harnessing-small-country-collaboration-opportunities-to-advance-energy-innovation-and-joint-investme",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Greater international collaboration is required to catalyze research and development (R&D) investment flows in energy technologies. Successful deployment of such technologies requires innovative funding mechanisms, intellectual property, and data-driven analyses to make smarter, sustainable investment decisions. As small countries are increasingly dealing with effects of climate change, some are projected to lose large portions of their economy. This chapter discusses ways that smaller countries, both in the developed and developing world, can harness international cooperation to advance energy innovation and mitigate such impact. In contrast to collaboration with larger countries, smaller country collaboration can build more agile, balanced partnerships in which participating countries co-develop and co-own R&D and training, and define pilot programs that target their own needs. Leveraging each other’s strengths, small countries can become catalysts for global change. Smaller country collaboration is explored through a proposed model of collaboration in energy innovation between Singapore and Estonia, often considered gateways to Southeast Asia and the EU plus Russia, respectively. Specifically, Singapore and Estonia have the opportunity to leverage each other’s startup ecosystems, innovation systems, knowledge-based economies, and regional markets to build a niche in clean energy technologies, particularly energy storage innovation, with potential global impact on larger markets.",signatures:"Anneliese Gegenheimer and Charles Michael Gegenheimer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70310",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70310",authors:[{id:"309820",title:"Ms.",name:"Anneliese",surname:"Gegenheimer",slug:"anneliese-gegenheimer",fullName:"Anneliese Gegenheimer"},{id:"314737",title:"Dr.",name:"C. Michael",surname:"Gegenheimer",slug:"c.-michael-gegenheimer",fullName:"C. Michael Gegenheimer"}],corrections:null},{id:"71072",title:"Establishing Property Rights and Private Ownership: The Solution to Malinvestment in the Energy Sector in Developing Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91039",slug:"establishing-property-rights-and-private-ownership-the-solution-to-malinvestment-in-the-energy-secto",totalDownloads:310,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are over 800 million people in the world without access to modern forms of energy services, like electricity, cooking gas, and LPG. This has been called energy poverty. Most studies in the field of energy poverty address the issue from an absence of technological or financial resources perspective. They address the problem as energy in itself having an objective inherent value, more or less addressing the symptoms of the problem and not the problem itself. In this chapter, a new paradigm that addresses the problem of energy poverty and malinvestment is introduced. This paradigm, utilizing the theory of economic calculation and the use and exchange value embodied in the subjective value theory, makes a case for the importance of private property rights in the factors or means of production for modern forms or energy such as electricity. The Nigerian energy sector is used as a case study for this.",signatures:"Tam Kemabonta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71072",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71072",authors:[{id:"293945",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Tam",surname:"Kemabonta",slug:"tam-kemabonta",fullName:"Tam Kemabonta"}],corrections:null},{id:"73957",title:"The Electrification-Appliance Uptake Gap: Assessing the Off-Grid Appliance Market in Rwanda Using the Multi-Tier Framework",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93883",slug:"the-electrification-appliance-uptake-gap-assessing-the-off-grid-appliance-market-in-rwanda-using-the",totalDownloads:332,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The structure of the electricity system includes universal access to electricity that is adequate, available, reliable, affordable, legal, convenient, healthy, and safe and the efficient (inefficient) use of the electricity. Quality of access also influences clean energy technologies and electrical appliance purchase, ownership, use and perceived value (uptake, hereafter). Also, improved uptake assists in closing systemic gaps between rural and urban areas and grid and off-grid communities. Rwanda is projected to attain full electrification by 2024 (inclusive of all sectors: consumptive, productive and services). In this context, the East African country has articulated support mechanisms for off-grid market players through technical assessments and siting incentives. However, studies that focus on characterising diffusion and uptake of clean energy technologies and electrical appliances in mini-grid sites (market) are crucial to understand the emerging trends in off-grid rural electrification. This chapter contributes to this emerging discourse by proposing a four-fold demand side characterisation approach which (i) conducts a systemic review of literature to identify emerging off-grid themes as they relate to the multi-tier framework (MTF) and vice-versa, (ii) uses existing data to characterise the off-grid market (based on a typical village load), (iii) demonstrates the tariff regime changes using two payment methodologies (willingness to pay (WTP) and ability to pay (ATP)) and (iv) projects the 2024–2032 consumptive energy demand (using a simplified relation between appliance, it’s rating and duration of use). Results of this characterisation demonstrate global and local level (glo-cal) literature gaps meriting a localised MTF assessment. The purpose of the localised assessment reported in this Chapter was therefore to understand appliance uptake gaps at the user level. The typical village load is basic (implying low energy demand). Ceteris paribus, higher WTP and ATP by users yield higher tariffs. However, a high ATP is a business sustainability determinant than a high WTP. Because energy consumption is also dependent on how efficiently it is used by those with access, the Chapter discusses appliance efficiency as a partial definition of sustainable energy and also as an example of sustainable energy. Then, demand stimulation pathways addressing wider systemic opportunities at the intersection of the theory of change and the theory of agency and risk reduction in markets, investments and policy (derisking markets, investments and policy) are discussed. The first pathway focuses on women and youth participation in productive use activities. The second pathway highlights strategies for appliance financing such as cost-sharing and micro-credit. The final pathway considers economic activity stimulation which has multiplier effects on energy demand and consequently energy-using appliances uptake. The implications for Sustainable Citizens and markets, investments and policy innovations are contextualised in the Sustainable Energy Utility business model.",signatures:"Olivia Muza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73957",authors:[{id:"302281",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Olivia",surname:"Muza",slug:"olivia-muza",fullName:"Olivia Muza"}],corrections:null},{id:"71015",title:"Beyond the Hydrocarbon Economy: The Case of Algeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91033",slug:"beyond-the-hydrocarbon-economy-the-case-of-algeria",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The energy sector is vital to efforts to combat climate change as well as achieve economic development. The economy of many Middle East and North African (MENA) countries, such as Algeria, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, is completely based on hydrocarbons which represent the main source of the state revenue. Investing in renewable energy and efficiency is a winner strategy, allowing both to ensure the necessary availability of energy to cover the country’s domestic energy demand and to make more resources available for export to guarantee the state earnings. Renewable sources can be a solution for a transition to a more sustainable economy and a response to the economic stability of these countries affected by the volatility of oil prices. Such a strategy is reflected in improving the attractiveness of foreign investment in the renewable energy sector. Focusing on Algeria, in this article, we analyze the link between the Algerian economy and energy, underlining the current weakness. This work is partially based on the research financed by the meetMED project (WP 3.1) on barriers for domestic and international investors in the energy sector of Algeria.",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71015",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71015",authors:[{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo"},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale"},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO"}],corrections:null},{id:"70936",title:"Remotely Sensed Data for Assessment of Land Degradation Aspects, Emphases on Egyptian Case Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90999",slug:"remotely-sensed-data-for-assessment-of-land-degradation-aspects-emphases-on-egyptian-case-studies",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Remote sensing and thematic data were used to provide comprehensive views of surface conditions related to land degradation and desertification, considered environmental extremes in arid and semi-arid regions. The current work applies techniques, starting with simple visual analyses up to a parametric methodology, adopted from the FAO/UNEP and UNESCO provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of soil degradation. Egyptian case studies are highlighted to insinuate on studied aspects. Variable satellite imageries (MSS, TM, and ETM) and aerial photographs were utilized to provide data on soil conditions, land cover, and land use. IDRISI and ArcGIS software were used to manage thematic data, while ERDAS IMAGIN was used to process satellite data and to derive the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. A GIS model was established to modify the universal soil loss equation (USLE) calculating the present state and risk of soil degradation. The study area is found exposed to slight hazard of water erosion, however, and to high risk of wind erosion. It is also threatened by a slight to high salinization and slight to moderate physical degradation. It is recommended to use a GIS in detailed and very detailed studies for evaluating soil potentiality in agricultural expansion areas.",signatures:"Abd-alla Gad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70936",authors:[{id:"294002",title:"Prof.",name:"Abd-alla",surname:"Gad",slug:"abd-alla-gad",fullName:"Abd-alla Gad"}],corrections:null},{id:"72306",title:"Scaling Up Sustainable Biofuels for a Low-Carbon Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92652",slug:"scaling-up-sustainable-biofuels-for-a-low-carbon-future",totalDownloads:350,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fossil fuels oil, coal, and gas are valuable resources that are depleting day by day around the world and also imparting a negative impact on the environment. Biofuel because of its dynamic properties; its market values; and being sustainable, renewable, biodegradable, economic, non-pollutant, and abundant is an alternate source of energy. Each country can produce it independently, and because of these valuable properties biofuels have become superior over fossil fuels. This chapter gives a concise preface to biofuels and its impact on the environment. It includes definitions; classifications; impact on environment; implications; types of production techniques like chemical, biochemical, physical, and thermochemical techniques; types of resources like lignocellulosic-biomass, feedstock energy crops, algae, micro-algae, all kinds of solid wastes; and biofuels of prime importance like solid biofuels (biochar, solid biomass), gaseous biofuels (biogas, bio-syngas, and bio-hydrogen), and the most important liquid biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-oil). Due to increasing global warming and climate-changing conditions, in the near future biofuel being an environment-friendly resource of energy will be a substantial part of the world’s energy demand, with no or zero polluting agents.",signatures:"Tahira Shafique and Javeria Shafique",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72306",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72306",authors:[{id:"316563",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahira",surname:"Shafique",slug:"tahira-shafique",fullName:"Tahira Shafique"},{id:"320738",title:"Ms.",name:"Javeria",surname:"Shafique",slug:"javeria-shafique",fullName:"Javeria Shafique"}],corrections:null},{id:"70884",title:"City-Scale Decarbonization Strategy with Integrated Hydroelectricity-Powered Energy Systems: An Analysis of the Possibilities in Guadalajara, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90899",slug:"city-scale-decarbonization-strategy-with-integrated-hydroelectricity-powered-energy-systems-an-analy",totalDownloads:307,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"According to the UN, in the next 20 years, most of the world’s population will live in urban areas. Cities consume a high amount of resources, between this water, for their sustenance, hence the greatest necessity of sustainable development plans. What viable options or strategies can we consider in Latin America such that it can resist the economic, political, and social changes that it is facing? Through prospective studies, in case of Guadalajara, it is possible to determinate how water can generate clean energy, and which are the other strategic areas to empower the city through decarbonization with an interoperative and smart loop system of co-benefits. This study can help in public policy decisions of medium-sized cities in Latin America.",signatures:"Dulce Esmeralda García Ruíz and Jorge Alberto Navarro Serrano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70884",authors:[{id:"305163",title:"Dr.",name:"Dulce Esmeralda",surname:"Garcia Ruiz",slug:"dulce-esmeralda-garcia-ruiz",fullName:"Dulce Esmeralda Garcia Ruiz"},{id:"305194",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge Alberto",surname:"Navarro Serrano",slug:"jorge-alberto-navarro-serrano",fullName:"Jorge Alberto Navarro Serrano"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3633",title:"Solar Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"solar-energy",bookSignature:"Radu D Rugescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8615",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Rugescu",slug:"radu-rugescu",fullName:"Radu Rugescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4479",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"New Approaches and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6907a79a7d35f34d0c719d6297a2667",slug:"solar-cells-new-approaches-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Leonid A. 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A closer look into the composition of nuts may help understand their health-promoting effects. They are rich in unsaturated acids such as oleic and linoleic, and have low concentrations of saturated fatty acids. In addition, the oil fraction presents significant amounts of tocopherols and phytosterols. The cake and shell, coproducts obtained from nuts, are rich in polyphenols. Besides the lipids and bioactive substances, nuts and their coproducts are also rich in other macronutrients (protein and fiber) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). The composition and concentration of bioactive compounds vary according to the type of nut and its coproducts [1].
Brazil has a great diversity of nut trees distributed in five of its six biomes Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Pampas, and Pantanal. Figure 1 presents the Brazilian biomes where the nuts discussed in this chapter are found.
Distribution of different nut trees in Brazilian biomes.
Brazil nuts and cashew are commercial nuts native to Brazil. The cashew tree (
Brazil nut tree (
On the other hand, the pecan nut (
These commercial or named conventional nuts in Brazil are usually consumed in a variety of ways such as raw, roasted and salted, caramelized, and coated. In addition, they can be incorporated into other food products, such as cereal bars, chocolates, bakery goods and spreads, among other foods. They can also be used for the extraction of specialty oils and for obtaining plant-based milk [1, 5, 6, 7].
However, the availability of nuts in Brazil is not limited to cashew, pecan, and Brazil nuts. A large variety of nut trees is available, especially in the Amazon region. These relatively unknown indigenous nuts represent a vast potential for the introduction into the diet of Brazilians and other consumers around the world. Sapucaia, chichá, monguba, and pracaxi are some of the nuts, which are not commercialized on a large scale and are usually consumed in their natural form by the local population. Therefore, data on their production is not found in the literature. A few reports showed that such nuts are also rich in macro and micronutrients, including phenolic compounds [8, 9, 10].
Sapucaia (
This chapter presents the nutritional composition, phytochemical properties, and bioactive compounds of commercial (cashew, Brazil nuts, and pecan) and non-commercial (sapucaia, chichá, monguba, and pracaxi) nuts found in Brazil. The health benefits associated with their consumption, as well as novel products based on these nuts and their coproducts will be discussed with emphasis on their functional properties and nutritional profile.
Table 1 shows the macronutrient composition of conventional and non-conventional nuts native to Brazil. Brazil nuts present the highest lipid content and energy value. On the other hand, cashew nuts have higher protein content followed by chichá, which has the highest content of carbohydrates and the lower content of lipids. The sapucaia nut presents the highest fiber content among all nuts showed in Table 1.
Component (g/100 g) | Conventional | Non-conventional | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil nuts [12, 13] | Cashew [14] | Pecan [15] | Chichá [8, 16] | Monguba [10, 17] | Pracaxi [11] | Sapucaia [18, 19] | |
Ashes | 3.3 | 2.8-4.1 | 1.8 | 3.0-3.2 | 2.3-2.7 | 1.9 | 2.9-3.5 |
Moisture | 3.1-3.2 | 2.7-8.4 | 3.3 | 8.2-11.4 | 5.3-8.3 | 4.0 | 4.1-4.2 |
Protein | 14.4-16.2 | 19.7-24.5 | 8.6 | 18.5-22.5 | 13.3-15.4 | 15.5 | 15.5-20.5 |
Lipids | 64.9-67.3 | 39.8-47.1 | 62.2 | 24.5-28.6 | 41.9-45.6 | 53.4 | 58.7-60.8 |
Total fiber | 7.5-8.0 | 2.5-4.2 | 10.9 | 4.6-5.8 | 4.7-6.1 | — | 16.5 |
Carbohydrate | 10.9-15.9 | 27.1-34.9 | 13.4 | 40.5-45.8 | 34.3-36.2 | 25.2 | 4.9-13.8 |
Energy value (kcal/100 g) | 659-715 | 499-707 | 633.9 | 456-530 | 557-677 | 644 | 616-665 |
Composition of macronutrients of conventional and non-conventional nuts native from Brazil.
—: not presented.
Table 2 shows that the conventional and non-conventional nuts are rich in lipids considered beneficial to health, such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS). Pecan nut presents the highest content of the MUFA oleic acid (C18:1, ω9) followed by the cashew and pracaxi. Besides the nutritional benefits, another advantage of oleic acid is related to its higher oxidative stability compared to PUFAS. On the other hand, Brazil nuts show a high PUFA linoleic acid (C18:2, ω6) content (36-37%), which is an essential fatty acid. It also presents a balanced fatty acid composition containing significant concentrations of MUFAs and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). The main fatty acids present in Brazil nuts is oleic (C18:1, ω9), linoleic (C18:2, ω6), and palmitic (C16:0) acids. In addition, most of the nuts have a low concentration of saturated fatty acids. The exception is monguba, carrying 63% saturated fatty acid, with palmitic acid being the main fatty acid.
Fatty acids (%) | Conventional | Non-conventional | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil nuts [12, 13, 20] | Cashew [21, 22] | Pecan [4, 15] | Chichá [8] | Monguba [10] | Pracaxi [11, 23] | Sapucaia [18] | |
Miristic (C14:0) | 0-0.1 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.1 |
Palmitic (C16:0) | 14.9-16.7 | 10.3 | 5.4 | 26.5 | 60.9 | 1.4-1.5 | 12.9-15.2 |
Palmitoleic (C16:1 cis 9) | 0-0.4 | 0.3 | — | 2.4 | — | — | 0.2-0.3 |
Margaric (C17:0) | — | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | 0-0.1 |
Stearic (C18:0) | 9.9-11.9 | 9.8 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 2.5-2.7 | 7.7-8.4 |
Oleic (C18:1 cis 9) | 28.5-36.3 | 60.6 | 71.8 | 37.8 | 7.7 | 53.2-53.5 | 39.7-44.4 |
Linoleic (C18:2 cis 9,12) | 36-37.5 | 17.0 | 20.2 | 11.2 | 6.6 | 12.1-12.2 | 32.2-40.0 |
Linolenic (C18:3cis 9,12,15) | 0.1-0.2 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | — | 0.1 | 0.3-0.4 |
Arachidic (C20:0) | 0-0.2 | 0.7 | — | 0.7 | — | — | — |
Gondoic (C20:1 cis 11) | 0-0.1 | 0.2 | — | — | — | — | 0.1 |
Behenic (C22:0) | — | 0.1 | — | 0.3 | — | 16.4-16.5 | — |
Lignoceric (C24:0) | — | — | — | — | — | 11.1-11.6 | — |
∑ Saturated | 24.9-28.9 | 21.3 | 7.0 | 31.5 | 62.7 | 33.3-33.6 | 21.5-23.3 |
∑Monounsaturated | 28.5-36.8 | 61.1 | 71.8 | 40.4 | 14.2 | 54.1-54.3 | 40.1-45.7 |
∑Polyunsaturated | 36.1-37.7 | 17.2 | 21.0 | 12.2 | — | 12.2-12.3 | 32.7-40.4 |
α-Tocopherol | 72.5 | 78.4 | 1.7 | 16.6 | ND | ND | 11.2 |
β-Tocopherol | — | 1329.8 | — | 1.1 | ND | ND | ND |
γ-Tocopherol | 74.4 | 300.3 | 26.8 | 88.5 | 5.1 | 416.1 | 285.0 |
δ-Tocopherol | 5.9 | 6.3 | — | 21.0 | ND | 7.8 | 2.8 |
Total | 152.8 | 1714.8 | 28.7 | 127.0 | 5.1 | 423.9 | 299.0 |
Brassicasterol | 1.5 | 101.4 | — | ND | — | — | ND |
β-Sitosterol | 39.5 | 7.8 | — | 184.9 | — | — | 93.7 |
Campesterol | 4.0 | — | — | 18.6 | — | — | 8.6 |
Stigmasterol | 11.3 | — | — | 54.2 | — | — | 11.2 |
Sitostanol | 39.5 | 8.6 | — | — | — | — | — |
δ5-Avenasterol + δ7-stigmasterol | 6.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Total | 47-148 | 117.8 | 0.2-0.3 | 257.7 | — | — | 113.5 |
Lipid composition of conventional and non-conventional nuts.
—: not presented.
Between the nuts shown in Table 2, cashew has the highest tocopherol content (1714.80 μg/g) followed by the pracaxi nuts (423 μg/g). The main tocopherols identified in the cashew nut were β-tocopherol > γ-tocopherol > α-tocopherol > δ-tocopherol. The chichá nut presents the highest content of phytosterols (257.7 mg/100 g), followed by the cashew nut (117 mg/100 g). β-sitosterol and brassicasterol were the main phytosterols found in these nuts. The bioactive composition of Brazilian nuts is presented in item 3 of this chapter.
Table 3 shows that Brazil and sapucaia nuts are a source of selenium. Considering the level of Se detected in Brazil (36.1 μg/g), and sapucaia (46.9 μg/g) nuts, a daily intake of more than one or two nuts can exceed the recommended daily dose of selenium for adults (55 μg/day) [18]. A selenium intake higher than 400 μg/day has been associated with toxic effects, including selenosis, which symptoms are hair loss, skin damage, and nervous system disorders [12]. Sapucaia nuts are also rich in magnesium (1572 μg/g) and calcium (1168 μg/g). Chichá is rich in potassium (8718 μg/g) and presents the highest concentration of zinc (24.2 μg/100 g). On the other hand, cashew is rich in potassium (K) and pecan in phosphorus (P).
Mineral (μg/g) | Conventional | Non-conventional | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil nuts [25] | Cashew [26] | Pecan [27] | Chichá [8, 16] | Monguba [10, 17] | Pracaxi [28] | Sapucaia [18, 19] | |
Al | — | — | — | 6.2 | — | — | 1.7 |
Ca | 7432.8 ± 10.2 | 35.8 ± 0.7 | 70.0 | 149.1 | 558.9 | 8.9 ± 0.2 | 1168.0 |
Cd | — | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | 0.3 |
Cr | 1.3 ± 0.2 | — | — | 0.4 | — | — | 0.5 |
Cu | 59.4 ± 0.5 | 9.5 ± 0.2 | — | 7.5 | 7.5 | — | 16.9 |
Fe | 74.3 ± 0.5 | 26.1 ± 0.5 | 2.5 | 218.2 | 4.4 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | — |
K | — | 1443.3 ± 26.2 | 4.1 | 8718.0 | — | — | — |
Mg | 9678.5 ± 68.5 | 612.7 ± 13.2 | 121.0 | 1327.0 | 875.3 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 1572.0 |
Mn | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 0.2 | 4.5 | 32.1 | 2.0 | — | 41.4 |
Na | — | 148.5 ± 2.6 | — | — | 11.4 | — | 0.5 |
Ni | — | 0.6 ± 0.5 | — | 0.4 | — | — | — |
P | — | — | 277.0 | — | — | 18.1 | — |
Pb | — | — | — | 0.5 | — | — | 0.5 |
Se | 36.1 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | — | — | — | — | 46.9 |
Sn | — | — | — | 16.6 | — | — | 11.1 |
Zn | 110.3 ± 1.3 | 28.9 ± 1.2 | 4.5 | 24.2 | 9.9 | — | 20.9 |
Mineral composition of conventional and non-conventional nuts.
—: not presented.
Minerals play fundamental roles in several functions in the human body, acting as cofactors in enzymatic processes, structural elements, and participating in the regulation of acid–base balance, nerve impulse, and muscle activity [24]. The consumption of nuts as part of a balanced diet can contribute to a proper consumption of minerals, which play an important role in maintaining good health. On the other hand, an excessive consumption of Brazil and sapucaia nuts is not recommended due to the high levels of selenium.
Tocopherols and tocotrienols are a group of eight compounds widely spread in nature. They are monophenols chemically characterized by a chromanol ring, in which a hydroxyl group is attached. The configuration of the side hydrocarbon chain determines whether the compound is either tocopherol or tocotrienol (saturated side chain or three double bonds, respectively). Both tocopherols and tocotrienols have four homologs each (α, β, γ, and δ), which are defined by the methylation pattern on the chromanol ring. These compounds can act as antioxidants by the donation of a hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group to free radicals, stabilizing them and reducing oxidative stress. α-Tocopherol presents the highest
Nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils are good sources for tocopherols, and α-tocopherol is the most abundant one in photosynthetic tissues. On the other hand, seeds accumulate about 10–20 times more γ-tocopherol. Tocopherols can be found in considerable amounts in Brazil nuts, where they are concentrated in the oil fraction due to their lipophilic character, as reported by Costa et al. [20]. The authors reported a total tocopherol content of 152.80 μg/g for Brazil nuts, composed of α-tocopherol (72.55 μg/g), γ-tocopherol (74.35 μg/g), and δ-tocopherol (5.90 μg/g). This profile may change according to the region where the nuts are grown. Funasaki et al. [30] reported the tocopherol composition of Brazil nuts from seven different Amazon rainforest areas. α-Tocopherol content ranged from 37.92 μg/g (Manicoré 2-AM) to 74.48 μg/g (Manicoré 1-AM) and γ-tocopherol levels varied between 106.88 μg/g (Manicoré 2-AM) and 171.80 μg/g (Xapuri – AC). The differences in the tocopherol content can be related to climate variations and post-harvest handling.
As natural antioxidants, tocopherols play a role in the protection of nuts against oxidation. Zajdenwerg et al. [31] showed a correlation between the decrease in tocopherol concentration and the appearance of secondary oxidation products in Brazil nuts after a period of storage of 16 days at 80°C γ-tocopherol was depleted by 50%, and α-tocopherol was completely consumed, while aldehydes started to build up from hydroperoxide breakdown. The authors suggested that α-tocopherol acted as a primary antioxidant, which would explain why this homolog was depleted first. α-Tocopherol is less polar than γ-tocopherol due to the presence of three methyl groups on its chromanol ring, which gives it higher antioxidant efficiency in non-polar systems [31].
Cashew nuts, on the other hand, present a lower concentration of tocopherols when compared with Brazil nuts. Ryan et al. [32] reported α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol contents of 3.6 mg/g and 57.2 mg/g, respectively, for cashew oil. Meanwhile, Brazil nut oil was composed of 82.9 mg/g of α-tocopherol and 116.2 mg/g of γ-tocopherol. However, according to the same study, cashew oil is richer in other bioactive compounds than Brazil nut oil, namely some types of phytosterols, such as β-sitosterol (1768 mg/g against 1325 mg/g from Brazil nut) and campesterol (105.3 mg/g against 26.9 mg/g for Brazil nut). Nevertheless, stigmasterol is more concentrated in Brazil nuts oil (577.5 mg/g) than cashew oil (116.7 mg/g). The consumption of phytosterols has been associated with a decrease in LDL-cholesterol levels. The reason behind this bioactivity relies on the higher hydrophobicity of phytosterols compared with cholesterol, which would give them an advantage in being transported by micelles and later exerted once humans do not absorb them. This would prevent cholesterol from accumulating in the enterocytes and further reaching the bloodstream [32]. Pecan nut is rich in γ-tocopherol, with 23.8-38.1 mg/100 g [4].
The bioactive composition of cashew, Brazil and pecan nuts goes beyond the presence of tocopherols and phytosterols in their oil fraction. Both are also rich sources of polyphenols, an extensive class of secondary plant metabolites with antioxidant properties. Polyphenols primarily act by donating a hydrogen atom to free radicals in order to interrupt oxidation reaction chains. As a minor antioxidant mechanism, phenolics also can chelate transition metals, preventing these prooxidant agents from initiating the reaction chain that originates from the oxidative process. Based on structural differences, this large group can be further divided into subgroups, with the main ones being flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, hydrolysable tannins, and proanthocyanidins. In nuts, phenolics can be present as free soluble compounds, esterified to fatty acids (soluble esters), or insoluble-bound to macromolecules (e.g., cellulose, structural protein, pectin) [1].
John et al. [1] reported the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Brazil nut. Soluble phenolics (free plus esterified) were found to be the predominant state present in the whole nut (519.11 mg/100 g), as well as the kernel (406.83 mg/100 g) and the brown skin (1236.07 mg/100 g). However, a significant amount (352.48 mg/100 g) of insoluble-bound phenolics were detected in the brown skin of Brazil nuts. Gallocatechin, protocatechuic acid, catechin, and vanillic acid were the main phenolics identified in the bound fraction. Insoluble-bound polyphenols are related to beneficial effects on gut health, once they are associated with a decrease in the colonic pH, preventing the growth of harmful microorganisms [33]. The study of John et al. [1] also demonstrated that the brown skin extract of Brazil nuts showed the highest
Yang et al. [34] compared the phenolic content and antiproliferative activities of Brazil nuts and cashew. Cashew showed a higher concentration of both soluble (86.7 mg/100 g) and insoluble-bound (229.7 mg/100 g) phenolics when compared to Brazil nuts (46.2 mg/100 g of soluble and 123.1 mg/100 g of insoluble-bound). Brazil nuts did not display antiproliferative activity against HepG2 (human liver cancer cells) at the doses tested in the study (from 1 to 200 mg/mL). On the other hand, cashew displayed the effect at high doses (100-200 mg/mL). In addition, neither of them showed inhibition for human colon cancer cells (Caco-2) proliferation.
The roasting, which is a common process in nut preparation, has shown evidence to impact the phenolic composition of cashew and Brazil nuts in different ways. Özcan et al. [35] reported that the total phenolic content of Brazil nuts significantly decreased from 68.97 mg/100 (raw nut) to 66.47 mg/100 g when oven-roasted (130°C for 20 min). The microwave-roasted (720 W for 5 min) showed the highest impact on the phenolic compounds, decreasing from 68.97 mg/100 to 25.88 mg/100 g. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the phenolic extracts also declined from 81.77% in the raw nut to 40.66% in the oven-roasted nut and 34.60% in the microwave-roasted nut. On the other hand, Chandrasekara and Shahidi [21] demonstrated that oven-roasting cashew at 130°C for 33 min increased the total phenolic content (both soluble and insoluble-bound) of the whole nut, as well as the kernel and the testa. At the same time, the levels of proanthocyanidins decreased, except for soluble phenolic extract from the kernel. In particular, the concentrations of the flavonoids (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and epigallocatechin were enhanced after the roasting process, which also positively affected the antioxidant capacity of such extracts. According to the authors, these findings could be owed to the release of phenolics because of temperature, making them readily soluble in the extraction solvent. Although relatively high, the temperature was applied for a short period, which prevented an extensive degradation of polyphenols.
Pecan nutshell, a coproduct, have demonstrated great potential due to its rich phenolic composition and high antioxidant capacity. According to Hilbig et al. [36], extracts from this coproduct obtained under optimum conditions yielded total phenolic contents of 426.15-581.9 mg GAE/g, resulting in antioxidant activities of 2574.32-2573 μmol TEAC/g and 1268.03-1287.08 μmol TEAC/g measured by ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. The extracts showed a variety of 29 different phenolic compounds, with gallic acid as the predominant one.
Demoliner et al. [9, 18] investigated the nutritional and phytochemical composition of sapucaia nut. The oil extracted from the nuts presented a considerable amount of total tocopherols (21.8-29.9 mg/100 g), with γ-tocopherol identified as the primary homolog (19.2-28.5 mg/100 g). α- and δ-Tocopherols were also identified in smaller quantities. Mounting evidence has shown that γ-Tocopherol excels in scavenging reactive oxygen species, which play an essential role in the development of chronic diseases [37, 38, 39]. Sapucaia nut oil also showed a significant concentration of phytosterols, namely β-sitosterol (92.8-193.9 mg/100 g), stigmasterol (9.92-13.2 mg/100 g), and campesterol (8.42-9.63 mg/100 g) [9].
Demoliner et al. [9] extracted the phenolic compounds from sapucaia nut and shell and used LC-ESI-MS/MS to identify and quantify the individual polyphenols present. The nut extracts were composed of 14 compounds, mainly phenolic acids, and flavonoids, with myricetin, vanillic, ferulic, and ellagic acid showing the highest amounts. Interestingly, shell extracts demonstrated to carry a greater variety of phenolics, with 22 compounds identified, with high levels of phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, ferulic, and ellagic) and flavonoids (epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, taxifolin, myricetin, and vanillin). Shell extracts were also superior to the nut extracts in terms of
Similar to sapucaia, the coproducts of chichá, namely the pellicle (26.26 mg GAE/g) and the shell (21.42 mg GAE/g), have been reported to be richer in total phenolic compounds than the nut (16.85 mg GAE/g). The extracts presented a wide variety of phenolic acids, such as ellagic, ferulic, salicylic, protocatechuic, and rosmarinic acid [8].
It has been reported that monguba oil is source of γ-tocopherol (513.5 mg/kg). In addition, ten phenolic compounds have been identified, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. The majority of phenolics (74.58%) were in the esterified form, followed by the glycosylated (13.02%), free (8.22%), and insoluble bound (4.18%) forms. Caffeic acid Monguba was the main phenolic compound found in this raw material (57.5%) [10].
Teixeira et al. [11] reported total phenolic contents ranging from 31.92 to 54.05 mg GAE/kg for pracaxi oil extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction. The highest phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was obtained using 200 bar at 40-60°C. The oils obtained under low pressure demonstrated high antioxidant capacity measure by the CUPRAC method, indicating a significant content of both hydrophilic (phenolics) and lipophilic (carotenoids and tocopherols) antioxidants. The presence of natural antioxidants may also have positively affected the stability oxidative index (OSI of 11.38 h at 110°C and 10.83 at 120°C), which suggests a prolonged shelf life for the oil [11].
The nutritional profile and bioactive compounds present in Brazilian nuts are certainly a positive characteristic of these raw materials. However, the presence of these nutrients and minor compounds do not guarantee their conversion into health-promoting benefits. They need to be efficiently released from the food matrix and be absorbed in sufficient amounts to be converted into biologically active metabolites for having and positive impact on human health. In addition, the potentially toxic compounds should be assessed to ensure its safety. That is especially true when considering expanding the commercialization of relatively unknown nuts, like the ones we have been presenting throughout this chapter.
Moreda-Piñeiro et al. [40] assessed the
Nascimento et al. [41] reported the
Using an
Brazil nuts are one of the main sources of Se in nature, which are constituents of selenoproteins (e.g., glutathione peroxidases – GSH-Px), enzymes that are part of the endogenous antioxidant defenses system. A high blood concentration of such enzymes is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases. Stockler-Pinto et al. [43] conducted a human trial on the supplementation of Brazil nuts to patients on hemodialysis, which produces a large amount of reactive oxygen species. The administration of one nut per day for three months increased the subjects’ GSH-Px activity. Before the supplementation, 11% of the patients presented GSH-Px levels below the normal range. After the supplementation, all subjects showed results within the normal range.
Inflammation processes are essential biological responses when the organism needs to fight intrusive agents. However, inflammatory disorders are extremely damaging and can lead to conditions such as cancer, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others [44]. Colpo et al. [45] monitored the activity of inflammation markers upon the intake of different portions of Brazil nuts (from 0 to 50 g) by healthy individuals. The trial revealed that the consumption of 20 or 50 g of Brazil nuts was responsible for a decrease in serum levels of inflammation markers (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ).
Nanoemulsions prepared from cashew nut shell liquid showed cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The cells treated with the nanoemulsion presented reduced viability, primarily through apoptosis or necrosis [46]. Cashew nut has also demonstrated a positive impact on cholesterol levels and systolic blood pressure. In a trial conducted with 300 type 2 diabetic adult patients, the administration of 30 g of cashew nuts daily for 12 weeks could reduce the subjects’ blood pressure while the concentration of plasma HDL cholesterol increased.
Müller et al. [47] reported a potential biological effect of pecan nutshell extracts
Nuts are usually consumed as a snack, in their natural form, as well as toasted, salted, or caramelized. The Brazil nuts, cashew and pecan and are used as ingredients in several industrialized food products such as bakery goods, sweets, chocolates and ice creams, among others. The underexplored nuts, such as chichá, monguba, pracaxi, and sapucaia, although not reaching the same level of commercialization, have shown to be potentially suitable for these types of application.
Nut oils are usually obtained by pressing, and since they are not refined, they are classified as extra virgin. The main steps involved in the processing of an extra virgin nut oil are harvesting, pre-drying, peeling, drying, oil extraction, and centrifugation. Because of the appreciable sensorial attributes and elevated price compared with other vegetable oils, the nut oils are considered gourmet oils. The price will differ according to the nut type, its availability, and the processing used.
Brazil nut, pecan and cashew nut oils are usually found in specialized stores of natural products, in pharmacies (for use as cosmetics) and are available for online purchase, where their price ranges from 8 US $ to 17 US $. The pracaxi oil can be found for commercialization, mainly as a cosmetic, due to its emollient properties. On the other hand, chichá, sapucaia and monguba oils have not been commercially produced yet. However, studies show that these oils are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and possess high oxidative stability, thus showing great potential for commercialization [8, 18]. Monguba oil, which is rich in palmitic acid, has a great potential for food applications as a substitute for cocoa butter [10].
Cereal bars are consumed mainly as a diet substitute for sugar-dense snacks, as well as an energy and protein source for athletes. In the formulation of cereal bars, it is important to take into account the cereal choice (oats, wheat, rice, barley, maize). In addition, the selection of the appropriate carbohydrate to maintain a balance between taste and shelf life, the nutrient profile, the dietary fiber, and the processing stability [49] are also important. Cereal bars made with nuts are widely accepted by consumers. Besides their nutritional and sensory quality, they remain stable during product storage. Currently, we can easily find cereal bars containing Brazil nuts and cashew as ingredients.
Nuts can be ground into flour for use in bakery goods. Cake, the residue left after nut oil extraction, can be used as raw material to produce defatted nut flour. This is considered a sustainable process since it adds value to a coproduct, reducing waste generation [50]. Nut flour is rich in dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. The application of partially defatted nut flour has been reported to improved consumer acceptance of gluten-free bakery products [50]. The combination of rich nutritional composition with appreciable physical properties makes these flours suitable for bakery products, such as cookies, bread, cakes, sweets, among others.
Physical properties, such as water or oil retention capacity, foam properties, emulsifying activity, and emulsion stability, are very important for the incorporation of flour into bakery products. Sanchez et al. [51] reported that pistachio and cashew nut flours with thermal trapping in autoclave showed interesting emulsifying and water rectifying properties for application in bakery products. In another study, Teixeira et al. [19] reported functional properties of defatted sapucaia flour. The parameters of emulsion formation and stability indicated that it could be applied as an ingredient in emulsified products such as cakes, creams, sauces and sausages, among others.
Plant-based milk alternatives are beverages obtained from crushing a specific feedstock homogenized in water. The resulting particle size distribution should be between 5 and 20 μm to mimic cow’s milk in appearance and consistency. Sethi et al. [5] reported that the vegetable-based milks can be divided in five categories according to the raw material used: cereals (oats, rice, corn, spelled), vegetables (soy, peanuts, lupines, cowpea), nuts (almonds, coconut, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts), oilseeds (sesame, flax, hemp, sunflower), and pseudo-cereals (quinoa, teff, amaranth).
The improved diagnosis of conditions related to cow’s milk consumption, such as milk protein allergy and lactose intolerance, increased the demand for non-dairy milk alternatives. Besides, vegans also prefer these beverages, and it is being considered a continuously growing niche [5]. Nuts, such as walnuts, chestnuts, and almonds, are used to produce plant-based milk alternatives, mainly due to their functionality and better sensory characteristics [5]. The allergenic potential and high cost are some of the limiting factors presented by the nut-based milks.
The addition of Brazil nuts extract in a soybean-based drink positively influenced the sensory characteristics of the product [52]. On the other hand, prebiotic drinks based on cashew nuts and fruit juice have proved to be a viable alternative for the development of functional products [53]. Bruno et al. [6] reported that cashew nut-based milk alternative was a good matrix for the development of probiotics. They showed that
Plant-based milk of sapucaia nut cake using block freeze concentration, which was done in five consecutive stages, allowed the concentration of the phenolic compounds (gallic, vanillic, ferulic, sinapic and salicylic acids, catechin, taxifolin and sinapaldehyde) and minerals in all the five fractions [54]. Studies with different raw materials and formulations, especially non-conventional nuts, are still scarce. The knowledge about such products should contribute to encouraging their consumption.
Industrial nut processing results in a large amount of shells, a coproduct that can represent approximately 40-50% of the original total mass. The reuse of these coproducts, which are usually discarded, should be encouraged for reducing waste disposal, preserving the environment and adding value to the raw materials.
Some nutshells, such as pecan, are sold in pieces to make tea [4]. The ethnopharmacological use of nutshell tea includes the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer and, inflammatory diseases [24]. The therapeutic effects of the tea made with pecan nutshell have been associated with the presence of several phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activity of pecan peel extract have been reported [4, 50]. Other nutshells may have health benefits due to their bioactive composition.
Cashew nut is covered with a thin antioxidant-rich layer of reddish-brown color, known as testa. This fraction is an excellent source of hydrolysable tannins and polymeric proanthocyanidins. It comprises of phenolic acids like syringic acid, gallic acid, and
The process of mechanical oil extraction generates a partially defatted by-product known as cake. The agro-industrial use of the defatted nut cake has great nutritional value, based on its high lipid and protein contents and the functional aspect present in this material, adding value to food products. The nuts cake can be used in bakery (as presented in item 5.3), but also in sweets. In the study by Lima et al. [56], the cashew nut cake was used to replace peanuts in the production of a sweet known as
Commercial and non-commercial Brazilian nuts are nutritionally rich in macronutrients and bioactive compounds, with considerable amounts of natural antioxidants. Such substances are related to a myriad of health benefits since they are able to reduce oxidative stress. A significant number of studies have investigated the bioavailability of these bioactive compounds of Brazil nuts and cashew with promising results. The effect of the nuts on health using human trials had positive outcomes. However, relatively unknown Brazilian nuts, such as sapucaia, chichá, pracaxi, and monguba remain an underexplored topic. Information about their bioavailability aspects and their impact on human health is still necessary. Therefore, more studies should be done in order to stimulate large-scale commercialization.
Finally, nuts are incredibly versatile with great economic potential. The incorporation of the coproducts, which are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, is an opportunity to enrich food formulation with these cost-effective ingredients, diminishing the waste generated by nut processing.
The authors are grateful to National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the scientific productivity fellowship of Jane Mara Block (process 311070/2018-3), and to Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the doctoral scholarship of Gabriela Polmann (process 88882.344944/2019-2101).
Melatonin is recognized as an active oxygen scavenger, which can inhibit peroxidation, effectively scavenge reactive oxygen radicals, delay the wilting of plants, and alleviate salt, drought, heavy metal, cold, pathogens and other adversities [1]. Melatonin, a derivative of tryptophan, has a low molecular weight and an indole ring structure and is an evolutionarily conserved pleiotropic molecule ubiquitous in living organisms. Melatonin is a molecule that plays an active role in reducing many stress factors in plants and has important functions in the growth, development and reproduction of plants [2]. It is accepted that melatonin can regulate vegetative growth and flowering processes such as rooting, photosynthetic yield and biomass yield, and plays a potential regulator role in the formation and maturation of fruits and seeds [3].
Melatonin is a substance secreted by the pineal gland in the darkness and can regulate biological rhythms in many physiological systems in animals, including the behavioral, cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, excretory, thermoregulatory and neuroendocrine systems [4]. Melatonin has many physiological functions that directly affects feed consumption, feed efficiency, energy metabolism and immune system in animals. Studies on the effects of melatonin on animals have shown different results [5, 6]. In a study on the use of melatonin as a silage additive, Li et al. stated that it significantly improved the quality of the silage by increased volatile fatty acid levels and decreased pH. In addition to these positive effects, melatonin had curative effects on silage fermentation by increasing microbial diversity [1].
The use of melatonin as an additive is not common. Because, melatonin has not been studied sufficiently in animals as a feed additive and its effects have not been adequately explained. In this chapter, the effects of melatonin as a feed additive especially in ruminants, broiler and layer chickens on production, yield and animal health were reviewed in order to popularize the use of melatonin as an additive and supplement. Also, the effects and functions of melatonin on plants were tried to be explained.
Melatonin was isolated from the pituitary gland in 1958. A lot of research has been conducted about the effects and usage areas of melatonin. It was discovered as a skin lightening molecule that acts on frog and fish melanocytes, and found to be an important hormone rhythmically secreted by the brain’s pineal gland [7, 8]. The relationship between the pineal gland and light has caused it to be called the third eye. Melatonin can be synthesized in almost every living creatures, including many vertebrates and invertebrates, bacteria, protozoa, plants and fungi. Melatonin has immunostimulatory and cytoprotective agent functions that regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Also, it activates T and B lymphocytes, monocytes and stimulates the reproduction of thymocyte cells and the release of cytokines. In addition to these, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and antiapoptotic effects are also known [9].
Apart from the pineal gland, melatonin is also secreted from the ovary, lens of the eye, bone marrow cells, gall bladder and gastrointestinal tract. However, the level of circulating melatonin reflects the production of melatonin in the pineal gland. While there is no difference in terms of human and animal health in matters such as the mode of action, release and chemical structure of melatonin, its usage areas vary. The antioxidant properties of melatonin and its effect on sleep disorders are at the forefront on humans. But, it has also been reported to have protective effects in neuronal degeneration and neuroprotective properties in oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis [10, 11].
Light exposure level is the most effective factor that determines the rate of melatonin secretion. In general, light decreases melatonin production, while darkness increases it. The starting material of melatonin synthesis is tryptophan, an indole amino acid taken from plasma [12]. Tryptophan is hydroxylated to 5-hydroxytryptophan in pinealocytes by the enzyme tryptophanhydroxylase. 5-hydroxytryptophan is decarboxylated to 5-hydroxytryptamine (seratonin) by aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase. Seratonin is converted to N-acetylseratonin by N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzyme, and this is converted to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) by the effect of hydroxyindole-o-methyl transferase (HOMT). It has been determined that NAT and HOMT activities, which enable the conversion of serotonin to melatonin, are higher at night. It has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods that the enzymes required for melatonin synthesis are also present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, retina and small intestine, apart from pinealocytes [13, 14].
After melatonin is synthesized in the pineal gland, it quickly passes into the capillaries without being stored in the organism. Due to its high lipophilic effect, it can be distributed to many biological tissues and fluids in the organism. Approximately 70% of plasma is transported bound to albumin. While melatonin can be metabolized in the kidney, this process generally takes place in the liver. Melatonin is converted to 6-hydroxymelatonin in the liver; this, in turn, binds to sulfate and glucuronic acid through the kidneys and is excreted in the urine [15].
Morphological, biochemical and molecular studies in both animals and humans in recent years have shown that oxidative stress plays a primary role in the development of degenerative changes in cells and tissues in our body. The highest degree of oxidative damage usually occurs in organs such as the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. Melatonin inhibits free radicals from their pyrrole rings and interacts with them, reducing their activity. It also shows its effect by inducing the production of antioxidants. Melatonin has the ability to scavenge all free radicals formed in the cell. Thus, an increase is observed in the expression of genes encoding antioxidants, while genes that cause an increase in free radicals are suppressed metabolites such as melatonin also have very protective effects against oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation, which occurs as a result of oxidative damage and accumulation of free radicals in cells, causes deterioration in cell membranes. As a result of damage, signal transmission and activation of signal pathways in cells are affected and various metabolic functions become ineffective. Melatonin prevents this lipid peroxidation and minimizes cell damage. Melatonin also neutralizes radicals caused by nitrogen and prevents nitric oxide formed [16].
Under extreme stress conditions, the natural defense mechanisms of plants do not provide adequate protection; In this case, exogenous biostimulants can be used to improve plant stress tolerance [17]. Recent studies have indicated that plant growth regulators manage stress mechanisms. Among these regulators, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a functional natural antioxidant widely used among plants [18]. While melatonin plays an important role in plant growth and development, it promotes root and hypocotyl growth and increases the biomass of plants with its auxin-like functions [19]. Studies on the functions of melatonin in plants have revealed that melatonin plays a very important role in plant growth and development under abiotic stress conditions. Melatonin is known to increase plant tolerance under salinity stress, improve photosynthesis capacity to maintain plant ionic balance (Na+/K+ ratio), protect chlorophyll and carotenoids, and reduce photorespiration [1]. The transcriptome analysis results showed that melatonin particularly affected the pathways of plant hormone signal transduction and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant and has the ability to purify reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and various chemical pollutants. It has been suggested that melatonin detoxifies the oxidative stress caused by excess cadmium in tomatoes by stimulating antioxidant enzymatic activity [20]. In another study, it was reported that antioxidants suppress H2O2 production, reduce malondialdehyde and regulate various physiological processes. In addition, exogenous application of melatonin improves the chlorophyll content and photosynthesis capacity of various plant species under salt stress by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species and increasing the soluble protein content [21].
Fresh roughage is fermented to preserve its nutrient content for a long time by ensiling. The purpose of silage additives is to control the fermentation products by ensuring domination of lactic acid bacteria during fermentation and to preserve the nutrients in the feed as much as possible. In recent years, the popularity of silage additives has increased and has found a wide range of uses. Many additives have been studied for many years to support the fermentation process. Additives improve feed consumption, feed efficiency and performance in animals with their positive effects on silage quality together with an efficient ensiling [22]. Many silage additives are produced biotechnologically. Among them, bacterial inoculants and enzymes are used to provide fast and effective silage fermentation. The purpose of using melatonin as an additive is to control silage fermentation, form the desired end products and obtain appropriate quality silage. Melatonin has antioxidant and bacteriostasis properties as a natural preservative. With these properties, it can be considered as a silage additive. There is no literature on the use of melatonin as an additive in corn or mazie silages used in dairy cattle feeding. However,
Cessation of milking initiates the dry period in dairy cattle, but milk production continues and begins to accumulate in the mammary. With accumulation, milk leaks may occur. In this case, the mammary becomes open to infection. Cows are at high risk of developing intramammary infections due to udder enlargement and altered immune functions during the transition period. When the mammary gland is completely involved, it becomes more resistant to infections. Therefore, it is beneficial to suppress milk yield and accelerate the involution process before the dry period [24]. The melatonin hormone is physiologically secreted at nights in cows. It has been determined that there is a higher rate of melatonin in milk in the morning. While prolonged exposure to sunlight is beneficial for lactating animals, it should be the opposite for animals in dry period. Exposure to sunlight for a short time or administration of melatonin during late lactation may accelerate mammary gland involution by reducing milk yield before the dry period. Several studies have found that the addition of melatonin to feed reduces blood prolactin levels. For example, the addition of melatonin at a dose of 4 mg/kg BW decreased the prolactin level in prepubertal heifers [25]. It has been reported that prolactin level decreased with the addition of melatonin to the rations of cows in the late lactation period for 8 weeks. However, melatonin mixed into the ration did not affect milk yield [26]. It has been reported that the application of melatonin in the form of implants without mixing with the feed did not affect the milk yield of the cows in the postpartum period [27].
The effect of melatonin feeding on prolactin hormone in prepartum heifers and cows was not as effective as “short day photoperiod” (SDPP, 16 s dark-8 s light) application [24]. The positive effects of melatonin supplementation in prepartum period on milk production in postpartum period are not certain. This may also be related to short trial duration or insufficient number of cows. Lacasse et al. applied “long day photoperiod” (LDPP, 16 s light-8 s dark) to cows starting 8 weeks before calving and added 25 mg melatonin to feed. It was stated that the milk yield of the cows treated with SDPP in the early lactation period was higher than those treated with LDPP + melatonin [28]. This situation can be explained by the source of the melatonin used. Because not all sources of melatonin may have the same effect. SDPP application in the dry period has a positive effect on feed utilization as well as postpartum milk yield. In the studies, adding melatonin instead of applying SDPP in the dry period did not show the same effects. More studies are needed on the relationship between melatonin feeding and performance in dairy cattle. Milk yield parameters in sheep and goats depend on melatonin and prolactin concentrations as much as dairy cows. Using melatonin as a feed additive can reduce the stress caused by injection and implant applications. The use of exogenous melatonin as a subcutaneous implant together with naturally produced endogenous melatonin under SDPP conditions had no effect on lactation performances in different breeds of sheep with different levels of milk production level [29, 30]. This situation can be associated with the stress created in animals.
Rumen fermentation is an issue to be considered when using melatonin as a feed additive or oral preparation. Digestive enzymes and microorganisms in the rumen can metabolize melatonin. If melatonin is involved in rumen fermentation, its bioavailability may be significantly reduced. Therefore, melatonin should be tried in different forms (preserved or by-pass) and by adding it to the rations at different levels. Because it has been reported that the protein, fat and dry matter of milk increased in cows given melatonin in rumen protected from [31]. These researchers also emphasized that milk lactose level decreased with the addition of melatonin. The effect of preserved melatonin on nutrient digestibility or nutrient availability of cows should be considered as reasons for these results. Melatonin is an environmentally friendly molecule that is not toxic in the organism and its preserved forms are quite useful. For the treatment of mastitis, it may be recommended to use protected form of melatonin instead of antibiotics. Thus, the treatment cost would decrease, and the milk quality would increase. It has been determined that melatonin has an effect on some carcass parameters in beef cattle. In heifers given melatonin (4 mg/100 kg body weight) daily for 59 days, rib and longissimus muscle adiposity increased, carcass protein deposition decreased, but body weight gain was not affected [32].
The cycle of light and dark, which lasts for about 24 h, causes cyclical changes in birds. These cyclical, physiological, biochemical and behavioral effects are defined as circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm in birds is highly synchronized by the pineal gland, retina and hypothalamus. Melatonin, the major hormone of the pineal gland, plays a role in controlling circadian rhythms in poultry [33].
Light intensity and duration of lighting also play an important role in the secretion of hormones that play a role in growth, maturation, reproduction and circadian rhythm in poultry. Circadian rhythms are important biological features of broilers and laying hens and are synchronized by daylight. The melatonin hormone secreted from the pineal gland plays a major role in this synchronization. The secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland in the dark is a reflection of this biological clock [34].
Broilers cannot achieve daily synchronization without melatonin. Most of the melatonin in the bloodstream is secreted in the pineal gland, but a small amount of melatonin is also produced in the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestinal mucosa. Melatonin production in the gastrointestinal tract is particularly associated with the consumption of diets rich in tryptophan. Because tryptophan is a structural component of protein and a precursor of the hormones serotonin and melatonin, which play an important role in maintaining normal physiological processes in broilers such as tissue regeneration, feed consumption, growth performance, feed conversion ratio and immunity [35]. The highest serum melatonin level occurs at midnight and is lowest at noon. However, the secretion of this hormone by mucosal enteroendocrine cells is associated with feed consumption and feeding frequency rather than photoperiod [36]. Orally administered melatonin to monogastric animals has high intestinal absorption and high bioavailability.
Another important role of melatonin in the organism is to participate in the antioxidant system and to protect cells from the harmful effects of free radicals. Inadequate secretion of melatonin in broilers causes metabolic and physiological disorders leading to reproductive diseases and deaths, thus economic losses [37]. Drugs and other methods used for the treatment of metabolic diseases are expensive and can negatively affect efficiency. Public health may also be adversely affected by the use of drugs in poultry. For this reason, it is important to use feed additives such as melatonin, which have no side effects, in order to prevent metabolic diseases that may occur. Apart from its use as a feed additive, melatonin is found in different parts of various plants. Oats and sweet corn take the first place with their melatonin content. In addition, walnuts, tomatoes, grapes, hazelnuts, strawberries, cherries and sour cherries contain significant amounts of melatonin [38]. It is thought that feeds rich in melatonin will positively affect the metabolic and physiological functions of birds. Thus, animal welfare problems caused by intense and long-term lighting can be compensated in this way.
High productivity, rapid growth and intensive metabolism of broilers and layer hens are accompanied by excessive free radical formation. In addition, intense and prolonged light exposure may increase the risk of ascites and sudden death syndrome by preventing melatonin production [39]. Implementation of intermitted lighting programs in broiler farming resulted in decreased death rate and foot problems. Such lighting programs provide the opportunity to rest, less stress and high melatonin synthesis during the dark period [40]. Relić et al. added 30 mg/kg synthetic melatonin to broiler rations by applying continuous lighting for the first 2 weeks. At the end of the study, higher body weight gain in the group added melatonin to the feed was determined [35] . In another study where laying hens were supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 mg melatonin per animal, it was reported that the optimal dose for the best egg production and quality was 10 mg. At the same time, positive effects of melatonin on egg weight, shell thickness, albumin height and haugh unit parameters were reported. The rate of ovulation also shows a positive correlation with the level of melatonin in the blood, but the use of 30 mg negatively affected egg production and quality [41].
Although it has been stated that melatonin and its metabolites promote follicle maturation and ovulation by scavenging free radicals [42], high-dose melatonin supplementation may compromise the beneficial effect on ovulation by suppressing the physiological function of the ovaries. In order to evaluate the controversial results on this subject more meaningfully, the effects of different doses of melatonin on ovarian functions should be revealed in future studies. In a study examining melatonin effects on growth and development revealed that femur and tibia bones of chickens supplemented with melatonin were stronger. However, it caused a decrease in egg shell resistance [43]. The bone-strengthening effects of melatonin supplementation in chickens may be beneficial for poultry, but poor eggshell is undesirable. Therefore, melatonin supplementation may be more appropriate for broilers rather than layers. Although it has positive effects on laying hens, the melatonin metabolism of these animals is not known exactly.
Melatonin has effects on energy metabolism of broilers. In a study, physical activity decreased in animals placed in chambers for 20 days and exposed to intermittent lighting (16 h light-8 h dark) and added 40 ppm melatonin to their feed, thus energy loss was reduced. This effect was not observed in animals that exposed continuous lighting (23 h light-1 h dark) [6]. It is expected that the conserved energy that spent for physical activity positively affect the rate of feed conversion in broilers. Normally broilers do not eat at night. If they are exposed to continuous lighting, their feed consumption is considered to reach their maximum. However, several studies have shown that intermittent lighting programs improve body weight gain and feed efficiency, as well as reduce leg problems and mortality in broilers [44, 45]. The immune system strengthening effect of the increased melatonin secretion during the dark period helps to lower the mortality rate in poultry. In addition, application of melatonin alleviates the harmful effects of continuous lighting on broilers.
Melatonin plays a role in the development and maturation of the immune system. Stimulation of cytokine production, which increases lymphocyte activity, is one of its effects on immunity. Melatonin also increases the lethal activity of T cells and the production of interleukin and interferon in monocytes [46]. Melatonin hormone is also effective in regeneration of intestinal cells in poultry [36]. In a histopathological study, it was revealed that lymphoid hyperplasia in the liver, spleen and bursa fabricus was induced in broiler chickens treated with the addition of melatonin to the diet [47]. This result can be explained by the immunostimulating effect of melatonin. Bursa fabricus, which is involved in lymphocyte production in chickens, is suggested to be the target organ of melatonin [48]. It has been reported that 10–40 mg/kg melatonin supplementation significantly alleviates hepatic degeneration, necrosis and biliary hyperplasia resulting from aflatoxin in chicks [49]. This hormone may also interact with the thermoregulation mechanism in poultry. It has been reported that the body temperature of the 14-21d old and 150 mg/kg melatonin supplemented broiler chicks decreased and the heat distribution was regulated [50]. Melatonin can prolong life span by protecting erythrocytes in the blood from oxidative stress. It also stimulates the production of immune system cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils [51]. However, in another study, melatonin supplementation in broiler diets did not make a significant difference on hematological parameters [35].
Tryptophan, a precursor of melatonin, was used as an additive, increased cellular and humoral immunity, stimulated melatonin synthesis, and increased immunity by peritoneal macrophages reported as a result of the immunomodulatory effect of melatonin [52]. The effect of tryptophan on immune function is mediated by melatonin receptors in tissues. Patil et al. showed that tryptophan is a precursor of melatonin and inhibits oxidative damage in broilers, and also improves the enzymatic effect of catalase and superoxide dismutase [53]. However, Wang et al. emphasized that 1.5 times increased tryptophan level in the diet of broiler chickens housed under stress conditions, feed efficiency increased and oxidative stress reduced [54].
The optimal lighting level and the most appropriate feeding method are still being discussed in the poultry industry, where it is expected to achieve high level yield and production. With this expectation, animals are faced with stress factors such as intensive feeding and poultry housing conditions. Considering the properties of reducing stress factors, antioxidant and positive effects on animal health, the use of melatonin as an additive in poultry has been approved in many studies [35, 52].
Feed additives are frequently studied and new products are introduced to the market in order to keep the function animal metabolism healthy. A wide variety of additives are used in order to protect animal health at the maximum level, to obtain higher efficiency and direct animal products according to consumer and market demands. Melatonin has positive effects, especially on the productivity of poultry. However, different melatonin sources should be tested on animals in different life periods. The effects of melatonin, which is used as a feed additive and as an implant, on ruminant animals are not certain. As a result of a small number of studies in ruminant animals, it has been found that only daylight and lighting duration are sometimes more effective than melatonin feeding. Apart from melatonin secreted by animals at night, the effects of melatonin added to feed should be examined in more detailed studies. The effects of melatonin as a silage additive, should be investigated on the most commonly ensiling forages used in ruminant feeding. Benefits of melatonin on silage quality by comparing it with other additives that affect silage fermentation should be proven. In conclusion, melatonin is a promising feed additive whose antioxidant and immune system support properties have been proven in many studies in animals.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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The chapter describes the design, implementation and integration of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using a software defined radio (SDR) platform into the aerial drone. The chapter?s goal is first to tackle in detail the development of a custom-designed lightweight GPR by approaching interplay between hardware and software radio on an SDR platform. The SDR-based GPR system results on a much lighter sensing device compared against the conventional GPR systems found in the literature and with the capability of re-configuration in real-time for different landmines and terrains, with the capability of detecting landmines under terrains with different dielectric characteristics. Secondly, the chapter introduce the integration of the SDR-based GPR into an autonomous drone by describing the mechanical integration, communication system, the graphical user interface (GUI) together with the landmine detection and geo-mapping. This chapter approach completely the hardware and software implementation topics of the on-board GPR system given first a comprehensive background of the software-defined radar technology and second presenting the main features of the Tx and Rx modules. Additional details are presented related with the mechanical and functional integration of the GPR into the UAV system.",book:{id:"5905",slug:"robots-operating-in-hazardous-environments",title:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments",fullTitle:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments"},signatures:"Manuel Ricardo Pérez Cerquera, Julian David Colorado Montaño\nand Iván Mondragón",authors:[{id:"177422",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",slug:"julian-colorado",fullName:"Julian Colorado"},{id:"197884",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Mondragon",slug:"ivan-mondragon",fullName:"Ivan Mondragon"},{id:"199958",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",slug:"manuel-perez",fullName:"Manuel Perez"}]},{id:"15855",title:"Kinematics of AdeptThree Robot Arm",slug:"kinematics-of-adeptthree-robot-arm",totalDownloads:14668,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"152",slug:"robot-arms",title:"Robot Arms",fullTitle:"Robot Arms"},signatures:"Adelhard Beni Rehiara",authors:[{id:"29287",title:"Dr.",name:"Adelhard",middleName:"Beni",surname:"Rehiara",slug:"adelhard-rehiara",fullName:"Adelhard Rehiara"}]},{id:"62978",title:"Intelligent Robotic Perception Systems",slug:"intelligent-robotic-perception-systems",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Robotic perception is related to many applications in robotics where sensory data and artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) techniques are involved. Examples of such applications are object detection, environment representation, scene understanding, human/pedestrian detection, activity recognition, semantic place classification, object modeling, among others. Robotic perception, in the scope of this chapter, encompasses the ML algorithms and techniques that empower robots to learn from sensory data and, based on learned models, to react and take decisions accordingly. The recent developments in machine learning, namely deep-learning approaches, are evident and, consequently, robotic perception systems are evolving in a way that new applications and tasks are becoming a reality. Recent advances in human-robot interaction, complex robotic tasks, intelligent reasoning, and decision-making are, at some extent, the results of the notorious evolution and success of ML algorithms. This chapter will cover recent and emerging topics and use-cases related to intelligent perception systems in robotics.",book:{id:"7227",slug:"applications-of-mobile-robots",title:"Applications of Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Applications of Mobile Robots"},signatures:"Cristiano Premebida, Rares Ambrus and Zoltan-Csaba Marton",authors:[{id:"203409",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Premebida",slug:"cristiano-premebida",fullName:"Cristiano Premebida"},{id:"254880",title:"Dr.",name:"Rares",middleName:null,surname:"Ambrus",slug:"rares-ambrus",fullName:"Rares Ambrus"},{id:"254881",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltan-Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Marton",slug:"zoltan-csaba-marton",fullName:"Zoltan-Csaba Marton"}]},{id:"67705",title:"Advanced UAVs Nonlinear Control Systems and Applications",slug:"advanced-uavs-nonlinear-control-systems-and-applications",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Recent development of different control systems for UAVs has caught the attention of academic and industry, due to the wide range of their applications such as in surveillance, delivery, work assistant, and photography. In addition, arms, grippers, or tethers could be installed to UAVs so that they can assist in constructing, transporting, and carrying payloads. In this book chapter, the control laws of the attitude and position of a quadcopter UAV have been derived basically utilizing three methods including backstepping, sliding mode control, and feedback linearization incorporated with LQI optimal controller. The main contribution of this book chapter would be concluded in the strategy of deriving the control laws of the translational positions of a quadcopter UAV. The control laws for trajectory tracking using the proposed strategies have been validated by simulation using MATLAB®/Simulink and experimental results obtained from a quadcopter test bench. Simulation results show a comparison between the performances of each of the proposed techniques depending on the nonlinear model of the quadcopter system under investigation; the trajectory tracking has been achieved properly for different types of trajectories, i.e., spiral trajectory, in the presence of unknown disturbances. Moreover, the practical results coincided with the results of the simulation results.",book:{id:"7792",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Abdulkader Joukhadar, Mohammad Alchehabi and Adnan Jejeh",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"22",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82223",title:"Biomechanical Design Principles Underpinning Anthropomorphic Manipulators",slug:"biomechanical-design-principles-underpinning-anthropomorphic-manipulators",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105434",abstract:"The biomechanical design of an artificial anthropomorphic manipulator is the focus of many researchers in diverse fields. Current electromechanical artificial hands are either in the research stage, expensive, have patents, lack severely in function, and/or are driven by robotic/mechanical principles, which tend to ignore the biological requirements of such designs. In response to the challenges addressed above this chapter discusses the potential of current technology and methods used in design to bridge the chasm that exists between robot manipulators and the human hand. This chapter elucidates artificial anthropomorphic manipulator design by outlining biomechanical concepts that contribute to the function, esthetics and performance of artificial manipulators. This chapter addresses joint stabilization, tendon structures and tendon excursion in artificial anthropomorphic manipulators.",book:{id:"11455",title:"Recent Advances in Robot Manipulators",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11455.jpg"},signatures:"Mahonri William Owen and Chikit Au"},{id:"82056",title:"Learning Robotic Ultrasound Skills from Human Demonstrations",slug:"learning-robotic-ultrasound-skills-from-human-demonstrations",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105069",abstract:"Robotic ultrasound system plays a vital role in assisting or even replacing sonographers in some cases. However, modeling and learning ultrasound skills from professional sonographers are still challenging tasks that hinder the development of ultrasound systems’ autonomy. To solve these problems, we propose a learning-based framework to acquire ultrasound scanning skills from human demonstrations1. First, ultrasound scanning skills are encapsulated into a high-dimensional multi-modal model, which takes ultrasound images, probe pose, and contact force into account. The model’s parameters can be learned from clinical ultrasound data demonstrated by professional sonographers. Second, the target function of autonomous ultrasound examinations is proposed, which can be solved roughly by the sampling-based strategy. The sonographers’ ultrasound skills can be represented by approximating the limit of the target function. Finally, the robustness of the proposed framework is validated with the experiments on ground-true data from sonographers.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Miao Li and Xutian Deng"},{id:"82057",title:"An Episodic-Procedural Semantic Memory Model for Continuous Topological Sensorimotor Map Building",slug:"an-episodic-procedural-semantic-memory-model-for-continuous-topological-sensorimotor-map-building",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104818",abstract:"For humans to understand the world around them, learning and memory are two cognitive processes of the human brain that are deeply connected. Memory allows information to retain and forms an experiences reservoir. Computational models replicating those memory attributes can lead to the practical use of robots in everyday human living environments. However, constantly acquiring environmental information in real-world, dynamic environments has remained a challenge for many years. This article proposes an episodic-procedure semantic memory model to continuously generate topological sensorimotor maps for robot navigation. The proposed model consists of two memory networks: i) episodic-procedural memory network (EPMN) and ii) semantic memory network (SMN). The EPMN comprises an Incremental Recurrent Kernel Machines (I-RKM) that clusters incoming input vectors as nodes and learns the activation patterns of the nodes for spatiotemporal encoding. The SMN then takes neuronal activity trajectories from the EPMN and task-relevant signals to update the SMN and produce more compact representations of episodic experience. Thus, both memory networks prevent catastrophic forgetting by constantly generating nodes when the network meets new inputs or updating node weights when the incoming input is similar to previously learned knowledge. In addition, idle or outlier nodes will be removed to preserve memory space.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Wei Hong Chin, Naoyuki Kubota and Chu Kiong Loo"},{id:"81922",title:"Skill Acquisition for Resource-Constrained Mobile Robots through Continuous Exploration",slug:"skill-acquisition-for-resource-constrained-mobile-robots-through-continuous-exploration",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104996",abstract:"We present a cognitive mobile robot that acquires knowledge, and autonomously learns higher-level abstract capabilities based on play instincts, inspired by human behavior. To this end, we (i) model skills, (ii) model the robot’s sensor and actuator space based on elementary physical properties, and (iii) propose algorithms inspired by humans’ play instincts that allow the robot to autonomously learn the skills based on its sensor and actuator capabilities. We model general knowledge in the form of competencies (skills) of the mobile robot based on kinematic properties using physical quantities. Thus, by design, our approach has the potential to cover very generic application domains. To connect desired skills to the primitive capabilities of the robot’s sensors and actuators, it playfully explores the effects of its actions on its sensory input, thus autonomously learning relations and dependencies and eventually the desired skill. KnowRob is used for knowledge representation and reasoning, and the robot’s operation is based on ROS. In the experiments, we use a millirobot, sized 2 cm2, equipped with two wheels, motion, and distance sensors. We show that our cognitive mobile robot can successfully and autonomously learn elementary motion skills based on a playful exploration of its wheels and sensors.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Markus D. Kobelrausch and Axel Jantsch"},{id:"81693",title:"The Neo-Mechanistic Model of Human Cognitive Computation and Its Major Challenges",slug:"the-neo-mechanistic-model-of-human-cognitive-computation-and-its-major-challenges",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104995",abstract:"The neo-mechanistic theory of human cognition is currently one of the most accepted major theories in fields, such as cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience. This proposal offers an account of human cognitive computation, and it has been considered by its proponents as revolutionary and capable of integrating research concerning human cognition with new evidence provided by fields of biology and neuroscience. However, some complex cognitive capacities still present a challenge for explanations constructed by using this theoretical structure. In this chapter, I make a presentation of some of the central tenets of this framework and show in what dimensions it helps our understanding of human cognition concerning aspects of capacities, such as visual perception and memory consolidation. My central goal, however, is to show that to understand and explain some particular human cognitive capacities, such as self-consciousness and some conscious informal reasoning and decision making, the framework shows substantial limitations. I conclude the chapter by suggesting that to fully understand human cognition we will need much more than what the neo-mechanistic framework is actually able to provide.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Diego Azevedo Leite"},{id:"81719",title:"Service Robots in Healthcare Settings",slug:"service-robots-in-healthcare-settings",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104640",abstract:"Robots will play a part in all aspects of healthcare. The presence of service robots in healthcare demands special attention, whether it is in the automation of menial labour, prescription distribution, or offering comfort. In this chapter, we examine the several applications of healthcare-oriented robots in the acute, ambulatory and at-home settings. We discuss the role of robotics in reducing environmental dangers, as well as at the patient’s bedside and in the operating room, in the acute setting. We examine how robotics can protect and scale up healthcare services in the ambulatory setting. Finally, in the at-home scenario, we look at how robots can be employed for both rural/remote healthcare delivery and home-based care. In addition to assessing the current state of robotics at the interface of healthcare delivery, we describe critical problems for the future where such technology will be ubiquitous. Patients, health care workers, institutions, insurance companies, and governments will realize that service robots will deliver significant benefits in the future in terms of leverage and cost savings, while maintaining or improving access, equity, and high-quality health care.",book:{id:"10657",title:"Advances in Service Robots",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg"},signatures:"Rohit Singla and Christopher Nguan"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:7},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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