EDXS analyses of single crystals and matrix grains of samples annealed at 1100°C for 10 h (Fisher et al., 2008b).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2287",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",title:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'"Crude Oil Exploration in the World" contains multidisciplinary chapters in the fields of prospection and exploration of crude oils all over the world in addition to environmental impact assessments, oil spills and marketing of crude oils.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0379-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6158-5",doi:"10.5772/2676",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"crude-oil-exploration-in-the-world",numberOfPages:232,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"929c0975182e0946cc7cc5ed77cfc137",bookSignature:"Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes",publishedDate:"March 16th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2287.jpg",numberOfDownloads:53235,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:71,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 4th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 1st 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 6th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 5th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 4th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"104550",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Abdel-Aziz",surname:"Younes",slug:"mohamed-younes",fullName:"Mohamed Younes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104550/images/system/104550.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes has recently rejoined the staff of Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt as a Professor of Petroleum Geology and Geochemistry in 2007.\nMohamed has B. 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Due to the toxic nature of PbO in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), the most common type of piezoceramic, many studies on lead-free materials are being conducted worldwide (Röedel et al., 2009). One of the most studied groups of lead-free ferroelectric materials is based on a solid solution of potassium sodium niobate, K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) (Jaffe et al., 1971; Kosec et al., 2008). However, activity in attempts to find a lead-free replacement for PZT really accelerated with the discovery of textured (K,Na,Li)(Nb,Ta,Sb)O3 ceramics, with properties comparable to those of PZT (d33> 300 pC/N, relative permittivity > 1500, planar coupling coefficient kp> 60%)(Saito et al., 2004).
One way to enhance the piezoelectric properties of KNN is to grow KNN-based single crystals along certain crystallographic directions, as has been demonstrated for the case of KNbO3(Wada et al., 2004) and relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals (Park &Shrout, 1997). The most frequently used methods for growing alkali niobate based single crystals are top seeded solution growth and the flux methods (Chen et al., 2007; Davis et al.,2007; Kizaki et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2009). However, these methods are not yet fully commercialized due to high costs and poor reproducibility related to compositional inhomogeneity within the crystals. A possible way to improve the homogeneity of crystals with complex composition is to grow them by the low cost Solid State Single Crystal Growth (SSCG) method.
The SSCG method is essentially a form of induced abnormal grain growth, a phenomenon which is very well known in the solid state sintering community. A significant breakthrough in the solid state synthesis of lead-free materials has been achieved in recent years (Kosec at al., 2010; Malič et al., 2008a). However, due to the strongly hygroscopic nature of alkaline carbonates usually used in solid state synthesis, different diffusion rates of involved ionic species during annealing, and the high sublimation rates of the alkaline species at high temperatures (Bomlai et al., 2007; Jenko et al., 2005; Kosec&Kolar, 1975; Malič et al., 2008b), it may be rather difficult to obtain compositionally homogeneous alkali niobate-based single crystals by SSCG.
The chemical homogeneity and porosity, as well as crystal and domain structure of such single crystals strongly affects their ferroelectric behaviour. Theydepend on many parameters such as the initial growth setup used for SSCG, i.e. the choice of the seed and the presence of a liquid sintering aid, and further growth conditions, such as annealing rate, temperature, pressure etc. In order to be able to understand the composition-property relationship of single crystals their structure and chemical composition has to be accurately determined. This can be achieved using different complementary analytical methods such as optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction analysis, etc.
The aim of the following chapter is firstly to present basic principles of the SSCG techniqueand its application to the growth of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) and Li,Ta-modified KNN single crystals. Secondly, the use of complementary analytical characterization techniques for obtaining the precise compositional and structural data from the produced crystals and its correlation with the electrical properties will be discussed.
The SSCG method is a way of growing single crystals from a polycrystalline starting material. In this method, a single crystal (called a seed crystal) is embedded in ceramic powder of the desired crystal composition and pressed. The sample is then sintered and a single crystal with the composition of the ceramic powder grows using the seed crystal as a template (Fig.1). Alternatively, a seed crystal is placed on top of a pre-sintered ceramic sample and annealed (both the faces of the seed crystal and the ceramic that are in contact must be polished). A single crystal then grows downward from the seed crystal into the ceramic.
Schematic of Solid-State Single Crystal Growth
The SSCG method was first used to grow single crystals of BaTiO3 (DeVries, 1964) and has since been used to grow single crystals of manganese zinc ferrite (Kugimiya et al., 1990), Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3(Khan et al., 1999), Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbZrO3–PbTiO3(Zhang et al., 2007), Ba(Ti,Zr)O3 (Rehrig et al., 1999) and BaTiO3 (Yamamoto & Sakuma, 1994). The piezoelectric properties of single crystals grown by the SSCG method are comparable to those of crystals grown by flux-based methods (Lee, 2003).
The SSCG method has several advantages over more traditional flux or melt-based methods of single crystal growth (Lee, 2003). Conventional ceramic processing equipment can be used, avoiding the need for expensive crystal-growing apparatus. The SSCG method is particularly suited to growing single crystals which melt incongruently or which have volatile components. Because the SSCG method does not involve melting and re-solidification of the ceramic powder, problems such as compositional variations in crystals can be avoided. Furthermore, since SSGC is an isothermal crystal growth method, problems of temperature-gradient induced stresses in the crystal are avoided.
However, the SSCG method also has some disadvantages. If pores exist or form in the substrate, they can be included in the growing single crystal (DeVries, 1964; Kim et al., 2006). Once pores are trapped within the crystal they are very difficult to remove, as gases trapped in the pore have to diffuse through the crystal lattice (Choi et al., 2001). Also, if abnormal grain growth takes place in the substrate, these large grains will pin the single crystal boundary, preventing further growth (Kim et al., 2006). So control of the substrate microstructure is vital if good quality single crystals are to be obtained.
The SSGC method utilizes the phenomenon of abnormal grain growth. Abnormal grain growth also frequently occurs in the ceramic matrix/substrate during the sintering/annealing stage. In order to understand and control SSCG, the principles behind abnormal grain growth in ceramics must first be discussed.When a polycrystalline ceramic undergoes abnormal grain growth, a small number of grains (abnormal grains) grow much more rapidly than the other grains (matrix grains). A bimodal microstructure develops, consisting of fine micron-sized matrix grains and a few large abnormal grains, which can be hundreds of microns in diameter. Sometimes, all of the matrix grains are consumed by the abnormal grains, resulting in a coarse microstructure. Examples of systems which display abnormal grain growth include BaTiO3(Hennings et al., 1987) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (Seo&Yoon, 2005).
In a polycrystalline ceramic that is being sintered or annealed, each grain will have its own growth rate
where Mb is the interface mobility and is the driving force for grain growth. The driving force for grain growth of a grain (assuming liquid-phase sintering) is given by (Yoon et al., 2001):
wheresl is the solid / liquid interfacial energy, the molar volume of the solid phase, r the grain radius and
Whether a ceramic undergoes abnormal grain growth or not depends upon its interface structure. Interfaces (both grain boundaries and solid/liquid interfaces) can be either rough (disordered) or faceted (ordered) at an atomic level (Hirth& Pound, 1963). If the interfaces are rough, then atom attachment can take place at any point on the growing grain and grain growth is controlled by diffusion of atoms through the liquid phase or across the grain boundary between the shrinking and growing grain. If the interfaces are faceted then attachment of atoms to a grain is energetically unfavourable because a number of broken bonds are formed. After atoms adsorb on the grain surface, they will quickly desorb again unless they can migrate and attach to a low energy site such as the edge of a 2D nucleus. Such a grain can therefore grow by the formation and spread of 2D nuclei on the grain surface. Alternately, if a defect such as a screw dislocation or twin is present, then this can also act as a site for grain growth.
Fig.2 shows the variation of the grain growth rate with driving force forrough and faceted interfaces(Hirth& Pound, 1963). For rough solid/liquid interfaces, interface mobility Mb is constant with and the growth rate is given by (Greenwood, 1956):
where D is the diffusivity of the solid through the liquid phase, C0 the equilibrium solubility and T the temperature. The growth rate is linearly proportional to the driving force. Grains larger than the mean radius will grow, whilst smaller grains will shrink. For a system with rough solid/liquid interfaces, abnormal grain growth does not occur (Kwon et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2000).
For faceted interfaces, Mb is not constant with . For grain growth caused by 2D nucleation, the growth rate is described by the following equation (van der Eerden, 1993):
wherest, , and h are the step velocity of the growing nucleus, edge free energy of the nucleus and step height of the nucleus respectively.For low driving forces, the rate at which stable 2D nuclei form is very low.Hence atoms cannot easily attach to the grain and the growth rate is very slow. Above a critical driving force C, the rate at which stable 2D nuclei form increases exponentially (Hirth& Pound, 1963). Atoms can then easily attach to the grain and grain growth can take place. The grain growth rate thereforevaries exponentially with.For >C, kinetic roughening takes place: the number of 2D nuclei available for atom attachment on a grain is so large that atoms can easily attach at any point and grain growth is effectively diffusion controlled, as in the case of a rough interface (Kang, 2005). For a system with faceted interfaces, abnormal grain growth can occur. Most of the grains will have <C and will grow very slowly, but a few grains will have C and can grow rapidly to form abnormal grains. This leads to a bimodal microstructure, with large abnormal grains in a matrix of fine grains.
For faceted interfaces, screw dislocations can act as sites for atom attachment and grain growth (Bauser & Strunk, 1982). The growth rate for an interface containing screw dislocations is described by the Burton-Cabrera-Frank theory (Burton et al., 1951). For a crystal face with a growth spiral, the growth rate increases parabolically with for <C, and linearly for >C (Bennema, 1993).
Variation of growth rate with driving force for rough and faceted interfaces
In the SSCG method, the seed crystal acts as a large grain which can grow abnormally to form a single crystal. Grains in the matrix that are large enough can also undergo abnormal grain growth. For the SSCG method to work, the grains must have faceted interfaces.The seed crystal should have the same crystallographic structure as the desired single crystal, and should have similar unit cell parameters so that epitaxial growth can take place on the seed. In addition, the seed crystal should not react chemically with the matrix material or sintering aid.
Most of the methods that are applicable to the compositional and chemical characterization of bulk ceramics can be employed for the single crystals. One of the most commonly employed methods for exploring ceramic structure is X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.Besides crystal structure related analysis, the XRD data gives the information about the bulk phase composition. However, fractions of minor phases below ~3 to ~1 vol%, depending on the XRD configuration, cannot be detected. In case of single crystals, a dedicated XRD setup can be used, if the size of the investigated crystal exceeds 2 mm(Arndt & Willis, 1966).
The microstructure of the material can be explored by the different methods of microscopy, depending on the size of the investigated feature. The optical microscope can be employed for studying larger features and for a general overview of the material. With its specific applications, such as polarization microscopy, the domain structure of the ferroelectric material can be studied with aresolution up to 0.5 μm. Further exploration of the material’s microstructure is generally conveyed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Here, the local microstructure can be studied at micro- and nano-scales by means of both imaging and electron diffraction. The utilization of the electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique in SEM allows probing of the ferroelectric domain structure at the microscale, while the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns obtained in the TEM can be used for studying the nanosized domains.
As well as facillitating the visualization of the microstructure, the electron microscopy techniques make it possible to gain the compositional information from the localized area of the bulk sample. For the bulk material, the complete quantitative elemental composition can be obtained with Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis with ppm precision. With energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDXS) in SEM it is possible to gain compositional information with micrometer-scale resolution and with typical detection limits of ≈ 0.1wt% and ≈ 0.01 wt.%, respectively (Goldstein et al., 2003).Further improvement of spatial resolution in the compositional analysis can be achieved with TEM-EDXS. Although the detection limits of TEM-EDXS are the same as those in SEM-EDXS, the analyses can be performed with the spatial resolution in the nm range.
It is important to mention that due to the presence of the volatile compounds in alkali based single crystals, the data acquisition and the interpretation of the EDXS analysis have to be performed with caution. Issues such as the spatial resolution, beam-specimen interactions and the use of proper standards should be taken into account to obtain the true chemical composition of KNN single crystals (Benčan et al., 2011). For example, Samardžija et al. (Samardžija et al., 2004) showed that the standardless quantitative EDXS analysis of polycrystalline KNN gave erroneous compositions for the KNN solid solution. Another point which was made by the authors was concerning the proper choice of analytical standards. Glasses containing Na and/or K or natural minerals with Na and/or K (albite,orthoclase) which are usually used as standards in virtual standard packages for standardless SEM-EDXS methods are not reliable enough due to the appearance of compositional variations and the well known beam-induced alkali migration within a single specimen. Additionally, the alkali content in these minerals is rather low, which affects the precision of the analysis. Instead, the use of reliable, homogeneous and stable standard materials such as single crystals of KNbO3 and NaNbO3 is proposed.
As was already discussed in Section 2, seed crystalsand ceramic powder precursors are needed to grow KNN single crystals by SSCG. For the KNN system, KTaO3was found to be a suitable material for seed crystals due to the similarity in unit cell parameter between KTaO3 (a=3.9883Å) (ICSD #39673) and K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (a=4.0046Å, b=3.9446Å, c=4.0020Å, and β=90.3327º) (Tellier et al., 2009).Also, KTaO3 does not undergo any phase transitions during cooling which could produce stresses and cracking in the single crystal.For the growth of KNN single crystals, KTaO3 single crystalseeds (FEE GmbH, Germany) oriented in the <001>and <110>directions were used.
The precursor powder with a composition of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 was prepared by attrition milling K2CO3 (Aldrich, 99+%), Na2CO3 (Riedel-de Haën, 99.8%) and Nb2O5 (H. C. Starck, 99.8%) in acetone with ZrO2 media, followed by calcination at 700oC for 4 hours. The ceramic powder should have a fine mean particle size and should also have a narrow particle size distribution. The growth rate of the single crystal is inversely proportional to the mean matrix grain size of the ceramic, so a ceramic with a small mean matrix grain size is preferable(Equation 2). To make a precursor ceramic with a small mean matrix grain size, a fine starting powder is necessary. Also, if the starting powder has a wide particle size distribution, the larger particles can grow rapidly to form abnormal grains during sintering of the ceramic. These abnormal grains will then slowdown of even block single crystal growth (Kim et al., 2006).
It may be necessary to add a liquid phase sintering aid to the powder. For the PMN-PT system, addition of PbO as a liquid phase sintering aid increases the growth rate of the single crystal (Gorzkovski et al., 2006).Inthe experiments described below, K4CuNb8O23 was used as a liquid phase sintering aid(Matsubara et al., 2005). To make K4CuNb8O23, K2CO3, CuO (Alfa Aesar, 99.7%) and Nb2O5 were attrition milled and calcined at 700 °C for 4 hours. The effect of K4CuNb8O23 on single crystal growth of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 will be discussed in a later Section 4.3.
KTaO3 seed crystals with the dimensions of 2 mm 2mm 0.5 mm were buried in 1.2 g of powder and uniaxially pressed at 100 MPa, followed by cold isostatic pressing at 200 MPa. Samples were sintered in air at 1100°C for 10 h, with heating and cooling rates of 2°C.min-1. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of a vertically-sectioned, polished and thermally etched sample is shown in Fig. 3 (Fisher et al., 2007a). The inset shows the boundary between the single crystal and the matrix. A single-crystal 160m thick has grown on the seed crystal. Both the single crystal and the polycrystalline matrix contain large numbers of pores.
Quantitative SEM-EDXS analysis was carried out using single crystals of KNbO3 and NaNbO3 as standards (Samardžija et al., 2004). Analysis shows that both the single crystal and the matrix grains have the composition (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 within the limits of experimental error. Furthermore, the EDXS results show that Ta has not migrated from the seed crystal to the single crystal. High resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) of the seed/single crystal interface shows that the single crystal grew epitaxially on the seed crystal, as shown by the selected area diffraction pattern of the interface in the inset (Fig. 4).
SEM micrograph of a Single Crystal of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 grown by SSCG (
High resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of the KTaO3 seed crystal / (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 single crystal interface (
As can be seen in Fig. 3 single crystals of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 grown by the SSCG method are very porous. To solve this problem, single crystals were grown in a hot press (Fisher et al., 2008a). In these experiments, <110>-oriented KTaO3 seed crystals were used.
The sample was pre-densified in the hot press at a temperature of 975°C and a pressure of 50 MPa for 2 h, and then annealed at a temperature of 1100°C and a pressure of 50 MPa for 100 h. In Fig. 5a, the optical micrograph of the resulting single crystal is shown. Compared to a single crystal grown in a conventional box furnace under atmospheric pressure (Fig. 5b), hot pressing made it possible to produce a much denser crystal.
Comparison of optical micrographs of (a) a (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 single crystal grown in a hot press at 975°C/50 MPa for 2 h, followed by 1100°C/50 MPa for 100 h (b) a (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 single crystal grown in a conventional furnace at 1100°C for 100 h (
During growth of the single crystal in the conventional furnace, single crystal growth, matrix grain growth and matrix densification take place simultaneously. During crystal growth, pores in the matrix can be picked up by the moving single crystal/matrix interface. If the pores then separate from the interface, they will become trapped in the single crystal. The size of the trapped pores increases with crystal growth distance. This is probably due to pore coalescence in the matrix before the crystal/matrix interface reaches them. Application of an external pressure during crystal growth has two benefits. Firstly, during the first stage (975°C/50 MPa for 2 h), the polycrystalline matrix is densified. Application of an external pressure promotes densification without promoting grain growth (Chiang et al., 1997). The sintering temperature can therefore be reduced, allowing the matrix to be densified without much grain growth or single crystal growth. Growing the single crystal in an already dense matrix increases the density of the crystal (Fisher et al., 2007a). Secondly, during the second stage (1100°C/50 MPa for 100 h), the K4CuNb8O23 liquid phase sintering aid melts and penetrates the grain boundaries, leaving behind pores which must be eliminated. The applied pressure increases the driving force for shrinkage of these pores within the matrix and also of pores that become trapped within the crystal (Kang and Yoon, 1989).
The effect of the amount of sintering aid on single crystal growth, matrix grain growth and single crystal composition was investigated (Fisher et al., 2008b). Single crystals were grown from (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 powders with additions of 0, 0.5 and 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23, using <001>-oriented KTaO3 seed crystals. Before the crystal growth experiments, samples were pre-densified by hot-pressing at 975°C / 50 MPa for 2 h. Crystals were then grown in air under atmospheric pressure at 1100°C for 1-20 h.
Single crystals grown from (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 powders with additions of (a) 0, (b) 0.5 and (c) 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23. Crystals were grown at 1100°C for 10 h. (d) Backscattered electron image of crystal shown in
Secondary electron SEM images of crystals which had been grown at 1100°C for 10 h are shown in Fig.6 (a) – (c). In the sample with 0 mol % K4CuNb8O23, the crystal/matrix interface is very irregular. Addition of 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23 causes the interface to become regular but reduces the single crystal growth distance. Addition of 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23 causes the crystal growth distance to increase again. Fig.6 (d) is a backscattered electron image of the sample with 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23. It can be seen that there is a second phase trapped within the crystal. EDXS analysis revealed this phase to be the K4CuNb8O23 sintering aid. This phase was not present within the crystals grown from samples with 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23.
Fig.7 shows the growth distance of the single crystals and mean matrix grain sizes vs. growth time. For the samples with 0 and 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23, crystal growth is initially rapid but tails off with growth time (Fig.7a). Addition of 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23 causes a reduction in single crystal growth distance at all annealing times. For the sample with 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23, the crystal growth rate decreases after 1 hour and then remains approximately constant up to 20 h. For the samples with 0 and 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23, matrix grain growth is initially rapid but then tails off with annealing time (Fig.7b). For the samples with 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23, after initial growth for 1 h, the matrix grain size remains almost constant up to 20 h.
a) growth distance of single crystal and (b) mean matrix grain radius vs. growth time at 1100°C (
This behaviour is explained by considering the effect of the liquid phase on both single crystal growth and matrix grain growth. Because the seed crystal acts as a very large grain, for the single crystal equation Eq. 2 can be approximated to:
Therefore, the single crystal growth rate is inversely proportional to the mean matrix grain size. In the samples with 0 and 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23, matrix grain growth causes the driving force for single crystal growth to decrease with annealing time and the single crystal growth rate to slow down. Addition of 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23 liquid phase sintering aid can further reduce both the crystal and matrix grain growth rates, as the thickness of the solid/liquid interface across which atoms must diffuse increases (Kang, 2005). With addition of 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23, matrix grain growth effectively ceases after 1 h. This means that the driving for single crystal growth remains constant after 1 h, allowing the crystal to keep growing even for extended annealing times.
Table 1 gives EDXS analyses of single crystals and matrix grains of samples with different amounts of K4CuNb8O23. Again, single crystals of KNbO3 and NaNbO3 were used as standards. For the samples with 0 and 0.5 mol % K4CuNb8O23, both the single crystal and matrix grains have compositions close to the nominal composition. For the sample with 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23, the matrix grains have the nominal composition but the single crystal is Na-rich. According to the KNbO3-NaNbO3 phase diagram, (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 at 1100°C lies just below the solidus line (Jaffe et al., 1971). It is possible that addition of 2 mol % K4CuNb8O23 lowered the solidus temperature to below 1100°C. This would then cause the equilibrium solid phase to be Na-rich. Indeed, the growing single crystal is Na-rich. The matrix grains retain their original composition as their growth rate is very slow. Therefore, care must be taken when adding a liquid phase sintering aid to promote single crystal growth in this system.
0 (single crystal) | 10.34 ± 0.58 | 10.82 ± 0.64 | 0.96 ± 0.04 |
0 (matrix) | 10.64 ± 0.62 | 10.53 ± 0.58 | 1.01 ± 0.05 |
0.5 (single crystal) | 10.41 ± 0.44 | 10.39 ± 0.41 | 0.99 ± 0.05 |
0.5 (matrix) | 10.48 ± 0.63 | 10.42 ± 0.96 | 1.02 ± 0.13 |
2 (single crystal) | 8.46 ± 0.54 | 13.35 ± 0.65 | 0.64 ± 0.06 |
2 (matrix) | 10.58 ± 0.32 | 10.79 ± 0.99 | 0.99 ± 0.10 |
Nominal composition for (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 | 10 | 10 | 1 |
EDXS analyses of single crystals and matrix grains of samples annealed at 1100°C for 10 h (Fisher et al., 2008b).
The SSCG method was successfully applied to the growth of (Li, Ta)-KNN modified single crystals (Fisher et al., 2007b). Powder of a nominal [(K0.5Na0.5)0.97Li0.03](Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 composition was prepared in a similar way as before, but with a higher calcination temperature of 900°C. 0.5 mol % of K4CuNb8O23 was added as a liquid phase sintering aid. A <001>-oriented KTaO3 single crystal was used as a seed. The sample was pre-densified by hot pressing at 975°C / 50 MPa for 2 h. The crystal was grown by annealing in air at 1135°C for 50 hours under atmospheric pressure. A single crystal 100m thick grew on the seed (Fig.8). SEM-EDXS analysis showed that the single crystal and the matrix grains have the same composition; however, it was not possible to analyse Li content by means of EDXS.
SEM micrograph of [(K0.5Na0.5)0.97Li0.03](Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 Single Crystal grown by SSCG (
The studies of structure and composition were performed on the hot-pressed KNN single crystals (see Fig. 5a). For the single crystal XRD setup, the size of the single crystals after their removal from the matrix was not sufficient. Therefore, the obtained crystals were crushed and a powder XRD setup was used.
In Fig. 9, experimental XRD powder diffraction patterns of the crushed KNN single crystal and a polycrystalline KNN ceramic, as well as calculated a XRD diffraction pattern are shown. The inset in Fig. 9 shows an enlarged view of the 100/001 and 010 diffraction peaks for the KNN single crystal and ceramic. Both the single crystal and ceramic have narrow and well defined peaks. No secondary phases were detected (Benčan et al., 2009). In previous work, different workers have refined KNN unit cell parameters using perovskite unit cells with orthorhombic symmetry (Attia et. al., 2005), monoclinic symmetry (Shiratori et. al., 2005) and also triclinic symmetry (Shiratori et. al., 2005). Our experimental data was fitted using the monoclinic symmetry given by Tellier et al. (Tellier et al. 2009), with unit cell parameters a=4.0046Å, b=3.9446 Å, c=4.0020 Å, and β=90.3327º.
A precise chemical analysis of the KNN single crystal was performed by WDXS and semi-quantitative EDXS analysis in the SEM at twelve selected points across the KNN single crystal. For WDXS analysis, KNbO3 and NaNbO3 single crystals were used as standards. Table 2 shows the determined elemental composition of the KNN single crystal, which is very close to the nominal one. The small variations in the values of standard deviation for both WDXS and EDXS analysis serve as proof of the crystal’s homogeneity. The latter makes it possible to use these crystals as reference standards for the quantitative analysis of sodium and potassium in other materials (Benčan et al., 2009).
XRD powder diffraction patterns of the crushed KNN single crystal and polycrystalline KNN ceramic. A calculated XRD pattern using a monoclinic KNN unit cell is added (
Element | Nominal composition | WDXS | EDXS | ||
at% | at% | STDEV | at% | STDEV | |
K | 10 | 10.06 | 0.08 | 9.5 | 0.1 |
Na | 10 | 10.03 | 0.07 | 9.8 | 0.2 |
Nb | 20 | 19.89 | 0.10 | 20.3 | 0.3 |
O | 60 | 60.02 | 0.15 | 60.4* | 0.5 |
Elemental composition in at% of the KNN single crystal, determined by WDXS and EDXS, with standard deviation (STDEV). Nominal composition is shown for comparison. Oxygen (*) is calculated from the stoichiometry (Benčan et al., 2009)
The domain structure of KNN single crystals at micro- and nano-scales was analysed using the techniques of optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (Benčan et al., 2009). A polarized light optical micrograph of the KNN single crystal is shown in Fig. 10a. The crystal is still embedded in the KNN ceramic matrix. Large ferroelectric domains from 50 to 100 microns in size are revealed by dark/bright contrast oscillations in the micrograph. These large domains in turn contain smaller domains with dimensions from tens of microns down to hundreds of nm. The smaller domains have a herring bone 90º arrangement, as shown in the inset. in Fig. 10a. The larger domains in the single crystal were also probed by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The EBSD image (Fig. 10b) shows the distribution of the orientations in the crystal and surrounding matrix. Differences in colour inside the single crystal are attributed to the differently oriented ferroelectric domains. From the colour-key inverse-pole-figure it can be seen that the orientation inside the single crystal is changing by 90 ° and that there are three different orientations rotated to each other by 90 ° angles.
Optical microscope micrographs of the KNN single crystal and its domain microstructure. The inset shows a herring bone 90º arrangement of smaller domains (a)EBSD orientation map of the KNN single crystal and the corresponding color-key inverse-pole-figure(b) (
In order to determine the domain structure at the nanometer scale, the specimen was investigated by TEM (Benčan et al., 2009). Smaller saw-like domains with a size of about 50nm were arranged within the larger ones (Fig.11).
TEM-BF image of the KNN single crystal with corresponding SAED patterns showing the presence of 180 º domains. Due to the very small difference in a and c unit cell parameters, a and c axes were chosen arbitrarily (
The overlapping of these domains is represented by the selected area diffraction (SAED) pattern in the [010] zone axis, taken from the area of ~1.5 μm. Splitting of the {h00} or {00l} reflections parallel to the <001> or <100> directions is seen. This is due to the β angle (~ 90.3º). Such patterns can be experimentally observed only in the case where the [100] or [001] direction of one domain is parallel to the [-100] or [00-1] direction of the other one, meaning that these are 180º domains.
The dielectric properties of a hot-pressed KNN single crystal (see Fig. 5a for reference) were measured on the as-cut piece of crystal in two perpendicular orientations. These were determined from EBSD analysis and described as [1
Comparison of ε (thick lines) and tanδ (thin lines) as a function of the temperature for the KNN single crystal in [1
Due to the high dielectric constant, the [1
T2 (°C) | |||||
KNN s.c. [1 | 100 | 1015 | 0.01 | 192 | 410 |
KNN s.c. [ | 100 | 650 | 0.01 | 193 | 409 |
KNN ceramics this study | 100 | 750 | 0.01 | 193 | 411 |
K0.5Na0.5NbO3 s.c. [001] Lin et al., 2009 | 100 | 240 | 0.02 | 205 | 393 |
K0.47Na0.53NbO3 s.c. [100]cKizaki et al., 2007 | 1000 | 600 | below 0.1 | 190 | 390 |
K0.53Na0.47Mg0.004Nb0.996Oy s.c. [100]cKizaki et al., 2007 | 1000 | 740 | below 0.1 | 160 | 390 |
0.95(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-0.05LiNbO3 s.c. [001] Chen et al., 2007 | 100 | 185 | 0.01 | 192 | 426 |
Li0.02(Na0.5 K0.5)0.98NbO3 s.c. [001]cDavis et al., 2007 | 1 | 205 | 0.33 | 177 | / |
The ε, tgδ and monoclinic - tetragonal (T1)and tetragonal - cubic (T2) phase transition temperatures for KNN single crystal in the [1
Freq. (Hz) | Pr (µC/cm2) | Ec (kV/cm) | |
KNN s.c. [1 | 50 | 17 | 24 |
KNN ceramics this study | 50 | 15 | 24 |
K0.47Na0.53NbO3 s.c. [100]cKizaki et al., 2007 | 1 | / | / |
K0.53Na0.47Mg0.004Nb0.996Oy s.c. [100]cKizaki et al., 2007 | 1 | 40 | 12 |
0.95(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-0.05LiNbO3 s.c. [001] Chen et al., 2007 | 10 | 9 | 22 |
Ferroelectric properties of KNN single crystalsin the [1
The displacement signal versus the applied voltage of the KNN single crystal in the [1
The obtained displacement signal consists of two components. The first component has the same frequency as the applied voltage, i.e., this is the linear piezoelectric component (see Fig. 13). The second component is the pronounced quadratic component with the double frequency (see inset in Fig. 14). The piezoelectric coefficients d33, shown in Fig. 13, were determined from the slopes of the linear fits of the linear component of displacement versus the applied voltage (Uršič et al., 2010).
The d33 piezoelectric coefficients for the KNN single crystal and for the surrounding ceramic are approximately 80 pm/V at a measurement frequency of 2 Hz. As frequency increases, the d33 value for the KNN single crystal decreases (see Fig.13). Although very small applied electric fields (up to 0.1 kV/mm) were used to measure the piezoelectric coefficient for the KNN single crystal, the obtained d33 value (80 pm/V) was in the same range as for the poled KNN ceramic. The explanation of such behaviour can be given by the domain structure of the KNN single crystal. As shown in Section 5 the KNN single crystal consists of large 90° domains with widths of up to 100 microns, and smaller 180° domains with widths ranging between a few tens of nms to 300 nm. Since the contact area of the AFM tip is around 20 nm, it is likely that only the smaller 180° domain walls are moving during the AFM measurements. These small 180° domains probably contribute to the obtained linear response of the KNN single crystal. The inability of the 180° domains to reorientate quickly enough at higher frequencies explains the decrease in d33 with increasing measurement frequency. It has been previously demonstrated by McKinstry et al. (McKinstry et al., 2006) that if the mobility of 90 ° domains is limited, then the 180° domains can contribute to the piezoelectric linear response.
The linear part of displacement versus voltage amplitude of KNN single crystal in [1
The electrostrictive coefficients (M33) were determined from the slope of the linear fit of the relative strain versus the square of the amplitude of the electric field, as shown in Fig. 14. The M33 for the surrounding KNN ceramic was lower than that of the KNN single crystal.
The measured values M33 for the KNN single crystal are significantly higher than values of M33 for PMN-based single crystals. The highest obtained electrostrictive coefficient for a 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.35PbTiO3 single crystal was in the range 1.3 to 4x10-15 m2/V2 at 0.01 Hz; a 90o domain wall contribution to electrostriction was reported (Bokov&Ye, 2002). Such a high M33 value for the KNN single crystal can arise from the intrinsic electrostrictive behaviour as well as the extrinsic contribution, i.e., the strain from the domain-wall motion. Most probably in the KNN single crystal, the main contribution to electrostrictive strain arises from the contribution of 180° domain walls. Our results agree with the findings obtained by McKinstry et al. (McKinstry et al., 2006), who showed that 180° domains walls can contribute to the linear response as well as to electrostrictive strain response in ferroelectric materials. Although the pure electrostrictive response should be frequency independent, they observed in (111) Pb(Zr0.45Ti0.55)O3 thin films a decrease of the second-order strain with frequency by 20%, as was also the case for our KNN single crystal.
Relative strain versus square of the amplitude of the electric field of KNN single crystal in the [1
In this chapter the principles of the SSCG technique and its application to the growth of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) and Li,Ta-modified KNN single crystals were presented. With the use of the complementary analytical characterization techniques, i.e. XRD, optical microscopy and electron microscopy (SEM, EDXS, WDXS, EBSD, TEM, SAED), the precise compositional and structural analysis of KNN single crystals was performed and the correlation with its electrical properties was given.
There are several possible directions for future work. First, it wouldbe useful to grow larger single crystals. This will enable crystals to be cut in controlled orientations e.g along the [001] or [110] directions and their properties measured and compared with KNN crystals grown by solution-based methods. Furthermore, alternative seed crystals need to be found. Although KTaO3 single crystals make excellent seeds, they are rather expensive and to grow large single crystals, large seed crystals are needed. If cheaper alternatives could be found, this would reduce the cost of growing large KNN single crystals. Work needs to be done in growing single crystals from seeds placed on top of the ceramic substrate. Finally, growth of other compositions such as Li-doped KNN should be carried out.
Dr. Daniel Rytz, from FEE GmbH, Germany is acknowledged for the preparation of KTaO3 seeds. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Slovenian Research Agency (P2-105) and the 6FP project IMMEDIATE.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
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In this prospect, the nucleation and growth mechanism of graphene on a catalytic substrate play the fundamental role on the control growth of layers and large domain. The transition metals and their alloys have been recognized as the active catalyst for growth of monolayer and bilayer graphene, where the surface composition of such catalysts also plays critical role on graphene growth. CVD-synthesized graphene has been integrated with bulk semiconductors such as Si and GaN for the fabrication of solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Furthermore, CVD graphene has been integrated with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for the fabrication of van der Waals heterostructure for nanoelectronic, optoelectronic, energy devices, and other emerging technologies. The fundamental of the graphene growth process by a CVD technique and various emerging applications in heterostructure devices is discussed in detail.",book:{id:"6215",slug:"graphene-materials-advanced-applications",title:"Graphene Materials",fullTitle:"Graphene Materials - Advanced Applications"},signatures:"Golap Kalita and Masaki Tanemura",authors:[{id:"17333",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Tanemura",slug:"masaki-tanemura",fullName:"Masaki Tanemura"},{id:"195869",title:"Dr.",name:"Golap",middleName:null,surname:"Kalita",slug:"golap-kalita",fullName:"Golap Kalita"}]},{id:"39648",doi:"10.5772/51514",title:"Fundamental Aspects of Silicon Carbide Oxidation",slug:"fundamental-aspects-of-silicon-carbide-oxidation",totalDownloads:4371,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"3129",slug:"physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices",title:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices",fullTitle:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices"},signatures:"Heiji Watanabe and Takuji Hosoi",authors:[{id:"153696",title:"Prof.",name:"Heiji",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"heiji-watanabe",fullName:"Heiji Watanabe"}]},{id:"37701",doi:"10.5772/50748",title:"Thermal Oxidation Mechanism of Silicon Carbide",slug:"thermal-oxidation-mechanism-of-silicon-carbide",totalDownloads:3525,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3129",slug:"physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices",title:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices",fullTitle:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices"},signatures:"Yasuto Hijikata, Shuhei Yagi, Hiroyuki Yaguchi and Sadafumi Yoshida",authors:[{id:"18137",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Hijikata",slug:"yasuto-hijikata",fullName:"Yasuto Hijikata"},{id:"18271",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Yaguchi",slug:"hiroyuki-yaguchi",fullName:"Hiroyuki Yaguchi"},{id:"18272",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",slug:"sadafumi-yoshida",fullName:"Sadafumi Yoshida"},{id:"152822",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuhei",middleName:null,surname:"Yagi",slug:"shuhei-yagi",fullName:"Shuhei Yagi"}]},{id:"60330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74176",title:"Preclinical Aspects on Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Interventions as Anticancer Agents: Enucleation, Apoptosis and Other Mechanism",slug:"preclinical-aspects-on-magnetic-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-and-their-interventions-as-anticancer-agent",totalDownloads:1325,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The broad area of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (M-IONP) applications and their exclusive physico-chemical characteristics (superparamagnetic properties per se, solubility and stability in aqueous solutions, and high bioavailability in vivo) make these nanoparticles suitable candidates for biomedical uses. The most employed magnetic iron oxides in the biomedical field are magnetite and maghemite. Cancer represents a complex pathology that implies multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways, this complexity being responsible for the increased resistance to therapy and the lack of an effective curative treatment. A potential useful alternative was considered to be the use of magnetic iron nanoparticles. The M-IONPs proved to be effective as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, as drug delivery carriers for different therapeutic agents, in magnetic cell separation assays, and are suitable to be engineered in terms of size, targeted delivery and substance release. Moreover, their in vivo administration was considered safe, and recent studies indicated their efficiency as anticancer agents. This chapter aims to furnish an overview regarding the physico-chemical properties of M-IONPs (mainly magnetite, maghemite and hematite), the synthesis methods and their in vitro biological impact on healthy and cancer cell lines, by describing their potential mechanism of action—enucleation, apoptosis or other mechanisms.",book:{id:"6335",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",fullTitle:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials"},signatures:"Elena-Alina Moacă, Elena Dorina Coricovac, Codruta Marinela\nSoica, Iulia Andreea Pinzaru, Cornelia Silvia Păcurariu and Cristina\nAdriana Dehelean",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"173283",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorina",middleName:null,surname:"Coricovac",slug:"dorina-coricovac",fullName:"Dorina Coricovac"},{id:"186678",title:"Dr.",name:"Codruta",middleName:null,surname:"Soica",slug:"codruta-soica",fullName:"Codruta Soica"},{id:"217849",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Iulia Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Pinzaru",slug:"iulia-andreea-pinzaru",fullName:"Iulia Andreea Pinzaru"},{id:"219727",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elena Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Moaca",slug:"elena-alina-moaca",fullName:"Elena Alina Moaca"},{id:"219728",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornelia Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Pacurariu",slug:"cornelia-silvia-pacurariu",fullName:"Cornelia Silvia Pacurariu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58868",title:"Iron Ore Pelletizing Process: An Overview",slug:"iron-ore-pelletizing-process-an-overview",totalDownloads:4575,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries. However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed. The fines resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking. This chapter shows the status of the pelletizing process with a special focus on binders. Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina. The importance of many researches concerning alternative binders is also discussed in this chapter. Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets. While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.",book:{id:"6335",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",fullTitle:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials"},signatures:"Sandra Lúcia de Moraes, José Renato Baptista de Lima and Tiago\nRamos Ribeiro",authors:[{id:"216788",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:"Lúcia",surname:"De Moraes",slug:"sandra-de-moraes",fullName:"Sandra De Moraes"},{id:"233466",title:"Prof.",name:"José Renato Baptista",middleName:null,surname:"De Lima",slug:"jose-renato-baptista-de-lima",fullName:"José Renato Baptista De Lima"},{id:"233467",title:"MSc.",name:"Tiago Ramos",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"tiago-ramos-ribeiro",fullName:"Tiago Ramos Ribeiro"}]},{id:"58937",title:"Intermetallics Formation and Their Effect on Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-X Alloys",slug:"intermetallics-formation-and-their-effect-on-mechanical-properties-of-al-si-x-alloys",totalDownloads:1854,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"This study focuses on primary impurities, called intermetallics, in the microstructure of Al-Si-X alloys, their formation, effects and treatments to eliminate or ameliorate their deleterious effects. Intermetallic compounds are usually formed when alloying elements, such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg and Sr. are added to Al-Si based alloys. These elements are depicted by X in the alloys formation expression. The chapter noted that the most common intermetallics are iron (Fe) based, and several of these Fe-phases, including the most harmful Fe-phase, β-Al5SiFe, are listed and discussed. Fe-phase intermetallics are deleterious to the mechanical properties of Al-alloys; however, addition of <0.7% Fe helps prevent soldering in die casting mould. The effects of Fe-phase and other intermetallics formed by Cu, Mg and Mn were examined. Further, some techniques of eliminating or mitigating the negative influences of intermetallics were discussed.",book:{id:"6134",slug:"intermetallic-compounds-formation-and-applications",title:"Intermetallic Compounds",fullTitle:"Intermetallic Compounds - Formation and Applications"},signatures:"Williams S. Ebhota and Tien-Chien Jen",authors:[{id:"206268",title:"Dr.",name:"Williams",middleName:"S.",surname:"Ebhota",slug:"williams-ebhota",fullName:"Williams Ebhota"},{id:"214786",title:"Prof.",name:"Tien-Chien",middleName:null,surname:"Jen",slug:"tien-chien-jen",fullName:"Tien-Chien Jen"}]},{id:"54372",title:"Photoinduced Pseudospin Dynamical Effects in Graphene-Like Systems",slug:"photoinduced-pseudospin-dynamical-effects-in-graphene-like-systems",totalDownloads:1644,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter, we describe some of our recent results on the laser-induced manipulation of the energy band structure of graphene-like systems. We present numerical results on the quasi-energy spectrum as well as detailed calculations of semi-analytical approximations to other physical quantities of interest. The main message we would like to convey to the interested reader of the chapter is that by properly tuning the perturbation parameters of the radiation field one can control the size and shape of the photoinduced gaps. These in turn would allow the realization of new electronic phases on graphene and its related materials such as silicene.",book:{id:"5722",slug:"graphene-materials-structure-properties-and-modifications",title:"Graphene Materials",fullTitle:"Graphene Materials - Structure, Properties and Modifications"},signatures:"Alexander López and Benjamin Santos",authors:[{id:"195536",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"López",slug:"alexander-lopez",fullName:"Alexander López"},{id:"204551",title:"MSc.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"benjamin-santos",fullName:"Benjamin Santos"}]},{id:"58482",title:"Calcination and Pelletizing of Siderite Ore",slug:"calcination-and-pelletizing-of-siderite-ore",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the present study, calcination properties of Hekimhan-Deveci siderite (FeCO3) ore and the effect of calcination process before the pelletization on strength of pellet were investigated and evaluated. Two different calcination processes were followed. One of them is the traditional calcination process and the other one is microwave assisted calcination process which is a new process for siderite ore. The characterization of the calcined and uncalcined siderite ore was done using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The physical and mechanical properties of pellets which were obtained using the raw siderite and the calcined siderite were compared with each other. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that the calcination process decreased the milling time, causing the significant energy saving and the most suitable calcination process for siderite ore was found as 15 min at 700°C temperature. It was the first time that the calcination process of the siderite ore was achieved by microwave by adding 30 wt% sucrose as a thermal auxiliary. The microwave conditions were determined as 900 W at 3 min. In 3 min, the temperature of the siderite ore increased up to 1100°C and 32.14% weight loss for the sample was achieved.",book:{id:"6335",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",fullTitle:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials"},signatures:"Mehmet Celikdemir, Musa Sarikaya, Tolga Depci, Ramazan\nAydogmus and Aysegul Yucel",authors:[{id:"212301",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Çelikdemir",slug:"mehmet-celikdemir",fullName:"Mehmet Çelikdemir"},{id:"213405",title:"Prof.",name:"Musa",middleName:null,surname:"Sarikaya",slug:"musa-sarikaya",fullName:"Musa Sarikaya"},{id:"213412",title:"Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Depci",slug:"tolga-depci",fullName:"Tolga Depci"},{id:"213413",title:"MSc.",name:"Ramazan",middleName:null,surname:"Aydoğmuş",slug:"ramazan-aydogmus",fullName:"Ramazan Aydoğmuş"},{id:"227119",title:"MSc.",name:"Ayşegül",middleName:null,surname:"Yücel",slug:"aysegul-yucel",fullName:"Ayşegül Yücel"}]},{id:"69224",title:"Introductory Chapter: Cobalt Compounds and Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-cobalt-compounds-and-applications",totalDownloads:761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8886",slug:"cobalt-compounds-and-applications",title:"Cobalt Compounds and Applications",fullTitle:"Cobalt Compounds and Applications"},signatures:"Aynur Manzak and Yasemin Yildiz",authors:[{id:"208129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Yıldız",slug:"yasemin-yildiz",fullName:"Yasemin Yıldız"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"950",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/155495",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"155495"},fullPath:"/profiles/155495",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()