IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
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In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6090",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Aspects in Dialysis",title:"Aspects in Dialysis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Dialysis (clearance of uremic toxins and removal of excess fluids) is a broad term for different modalities of treatment for patients with acute and end-stage kidney disease. These modalities include peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, and continuous renal replacement therapy for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Dialysis is a lifesaving measure and can be conducted in hospitals, in dialysis clinics, and at home. Recently, dialysis techniques have witnessed tremendous improvements in technology and performance. The book Aspects in Dialysis covers important aspects of dialysis-related topics and is empowered with well-established and experienced authors, who have written clear and informative chapters. It covers various aspects of dialysis modalities supported by well-established clinical studies. Aspects in Dialysis can be considered as a guide for daily practice and a reference for medical and nursing staff involved in taking care of dialysis patients.",isbn:"978-1-78923-025-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-024-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-285-0",doi:"10.5772/68136",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"aspects-in-dialysis",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"be78832ec657b137d473accee9fe221d",bookSignature:"Ayman Karkar",publishedDate:"April 25th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6090.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7550,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 7th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 28th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 19th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 19th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"156627",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Karkar",slug:"ayman-karkar",fullName:"Ayman Karkar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156627/images/system/156627.jpeg",biography:"Following his graduation from medical school, Dr. Ayman Karkar received his MSc degree in Nephrology and Hypertension and his Ph.D. degree in Renal Medicine from Hammersmith Hospital, University of London. Dr. Karkar is a consultant physician and nephrologist, a Fellow of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Ireland, and a Fellow of the American National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology. He has authored several books and book chapters and published over 150 articles and abstracts in peer-reviewed medical journals. Dr. Karkar is currently Baxter Head of Medical Affairs—Renal Care, Middle East and Africa, and Subject Matter Expert, East, and Central Europe and the Middle East and Africa.",institutionString:"Baxter AG, US",position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1163",title:"Nephrology",slug:"nephrology"}],chapters:[{id:"59983",title:"Introductory Chapter",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74849",slug:"introductory-chapter-2018-04-17",totalDownloads:794,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ayman Karkar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59983",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59983",authors:[{id:"156627",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",surname:"Karkar",slug:"ayman-karkar",fullName:"Ayman Karkar"}],corrections:null},{id:"56795",title:"Uremic Retention Solutes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70461",slug:"uremic-retention-solutes",totalDownloads:936,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will address the broad subject of uremic retention solutes (URS), also known as uremic toxins. Some of these solutes had been recognized for decades, and in 1999 when the European Uremic Toxin Work Group was established, a fuller description of URS was presented. The group sought to identify and characterize the solutes in the serum of patients with impaired glomerular filtration, in order to explore their role in the pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome and improve current therapeutic options. This chapter will review the different types of URS, as well as the adverse effects associated with their accumulation. It will also cover current and potential therapeutic approaches to reduce their levels.",signatures:"William Ackley, Leland Soiefer, Aleksey Etinger and Jerome\nLowenstein",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56795",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56795",authors:[{id:"206403",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerome",surname:"Lowenstein",slug:"jerome-lowenstein",fullName:"Jerome Lowenstein"},{id:"206605",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksey",surname:"Etinger",slug:"aleksey-etinger",fullName:"Aleksey Etinger"},{id:"207148",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Ackley",slug:"william-ackley",fullName:"William Ackley"},{id:"207149",title:"Mr.",name:"Leland",surname:"Soiefer",slug:"leland-soiefer",fullName:"Leland Soiefer"}],corrections:null},{id:"56660",title:"Body Composition and Its Clinical Outcome in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70353",slug:"body-composition-and-its-clinical-outcome-in-maintenance-hemodialysis-patients",totalDownloads:1267,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Previous epidemiological cohorts demonstrated that higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with greater survival in patients treated by hemodialysis. Although BMI is a simple measure of adiposity in general population, it may be an inaccurate indicator of nutritional status, particularly among dialysis patients given that it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat as well as body fat distribution. This problem might be aggravated in end-stage renal disease patients because of wasting or edema. In addition, individuals with higher BMI usually have both higher muscle and fat mass than those with lower BMI. Therefore, more sophisticated tool of body composition analysis is needed to address the query of which component is associated with mortality outcome among patients receiving hemodialysis. We summarized the current state of body composition, including lean and fat tissue evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual X-ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging, and its association with clinical outcomes among hemodialysis patients. The studies using anthropometry for the estimation of muscle mass, either mid-arm muscle circumference as a proxy of muscle mass or skinfold thickness and waist circumference as a surrogate of body fat and visceral fat, respectively, were all included in this review.",signatures:"Piyawan Kittiskulnam and Somchai Eiam-Ong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56660",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56660",authors:[{id:"49591",title:"Dr.",name:"Somchai",surname:"Eiam-Ong",slug:"somchai-eiam-ong",fullName:"Somchai Eiam-Ong"},{id:"207411",title:"Dr.",name:"Piyawan",surname:"Kittiskulnam",slug:"piyawan-kittiskulnam",fullName:"Piyawan Kittiskulnam"}],corrections:null},{id:"56689",title:"Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70362",slug:"cardiovascular-disease-in-dialysis-patients",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in the dialysis population, affecting up to 60% of cohorts. Cardiovascular mortality rates are reported to be ~14 per 100 patient-years, which are 10- to 20-fold greater than those of age- and gender-matched controls. CVD is the primary cause of death in up to 40% of dialysis patients in Australia, New Zealand and the United States. Dialysis patients endure a greater burden of both traditional risk factors for CVD and risk factors related to loss of kidney function that may account for the higher CVD morbidity and mortality. Many cardiology guidelines include chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) as coronary heart disease (CHD) risk equivalents. It is therefore important for clinicians to both recognise and optimise the cardiovascular health of patients receiving maintenance dialysis. This chapter will focus on risk factor modification, screening and prevention of CVD in dialysis patients.",signatures:"Dev Jegatheesan, Wenling Yang, Rathika Krishnasamy, Carmel M.\nHawley and David W. Johnson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56689",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56689",authors:[{id:"50425",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"},{id:"172329",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmel",surname:"Hawley",slug:"carmel-hawley",fullName:"Carmel Hawley"},{id:"207209",title:"Dr.",name:"Dev",surname:"Jegatheesan",slug:"dev-jegatheesan",fullName:"Dev Jegatheesan"},{id:"207210",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenling",surname:"Yang",slug:"wenling-yang",fullName:"Wenling Yang"},{id:"215314",title:"Dr.",name:"Rathika",surname:"Krishnasamy",slug:"rathika-krishnasamy",fullName:"Rathika Krishnasamy"}],corrections:null},{id:"56739",title:"High-efficiency Hemodiafiltration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70441",slug:"high-efficiency-hemodiafiltration",totalDownloads:1073,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high mortality of hemodialysis (HD) patients is partly due to the limited capacity of diffusion-based HD to remove large uremic toxins. Hemodiafiltration (HDF) which combines convection with diffusion could enhance both large and protein-bound uremic toxin removal. Recently, there have been several randomized controlled trials demonstrating that high-efficiency post-dilution online HDF could improve survival. Indeed, high blood flow rate, which is the necessary requirement, could not be achieved in some patients. The alternative HDF techniques that could provide comparative efficacy would be considered. Pre-dilution online HDF could be performed without risk of hemoconcentration. Mid-dilution online HDF could be conducted via either simple way by using two dialyzers with the substitution fluid line in between or using special designed dialyzer. Mixed-dilution online HDF requires additional substitution pump for both pre- and post-dilution. There are interesting HDF techniques that could be performed with the conventional HD machine and these include HD with double high-flux, enhanced internal filtration, or super high-flux dialyzers. These modalities enhance the convective clearance in combination with internal backfiltration within the dialyzer in HD platform. All of these alternative high-efficiency HDF modalities are available and can potentially provide quite equivalent benefits with the high-efficiency post-dilution online HDF.",signatures:"Khajohn Tiranathanagul and Somchai Eiam-Ong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56739",authors:[{id:"49591",title:"Dr.",name:"Somchai",surname:"Eiam-Ong",slug:"somchai-eiam-ong",fullName:"Somchai Eiam-Ong"},{id:"207817",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Khajohn",surname:"Tiranathanagul",slug:"khajohn-tiranathanagul",fullName:"Khajohn Tiranathanagul"}],corrections:null},{id:"56865",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients: The Impact of Conventional Dialysis versus Online-Hemodiafiltration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70465",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-factors-in-end-stage-renal-disease-patients-the-impact-of-conventional-dialysis-",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients present high incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events, which are the most common causes of death in these patients. The occurrence of CV events appears as a consequence of the high prevalence of traditional and non-traditional CV risk factors. Online-hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) was introduced as a better alternative to conventional dialysis, as it was proposed to be more biocompatible, to increase dialysis efficacy, to reduce the inflammatory response to treatment and to improve patient’s quality of life, contributing to reduce CV and all-cause mortality risk in ESRD. However, data in literature, comparing the effect of OL-HDF with conventional dialysis for clinical CV outcome and all-cause mortality, yielded controversy about those benefits of OL-HFD over standard hemodialysis. A review of the traditional CV risk factors (e.g., arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking and advanced age), non-traditional risk factors (e.g., anemia, oxidative stress, hyperphosphatemia, endothelial dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, insulin resistance, high levels of lipoprotein(a) and inflammation) and potential renocardiovascular biomarkers, in the setting of ESRD, is presented. The impact of conventional hemodialysis and OL-HDF on CV risk factors and on the outcome of ESRD patients is also addressed.",signatures:"Susana Coimbra, Maria do Sameiro Faria, Vasco Miranda, Luís Belo\nand Alice Santos-Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56865",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56865",authors:[{id:"56250",title:"Prof.",name:"Luís",surname:"Belo",slug:"luis-belo",fullName:"Luís Belo"},{id:"56251",title:"Prof.",name:"Alice",surname:"Santos Silva",slug:"alice-santos-silva",fullName:"Alice Santos Silva"},{id:"66774",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",surname:"Coimbra",slug:"susana-coimbra",fullName:"Susana Coimbra"},{id:"215847",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Do Sameiro",surname:"Faria",slug:"maria-do-sameiro-faria",fullName:"Maria Do Sameiro Faria"},{id:"215848",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasco",surname:"Miranda",slug:"vasco-miranda",fullName:"Vasco Miranda"}],corrections:null},{id:"59949",title:"Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Peritoneal Dialysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74015",slug:"angiogenesis-and-lymphangiogenesis-in-peritoneal-dialysis",totalDownloads:888,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ultrafiltration failure during peritoneal dialysis (PD) is related to inflammatory responses induced by bio-incompatible PD fluids, which may lead to deterioration of peritoneal membrane (PM) function. Mesothelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and other cell types present in the peritoneal cavity are stimulated to produce cytokines and growth factors that promote pathological processes. Due to these factors, blood and lymphatic vessels proliferate and could be responsible for hyperfiltration and PM failure type III and IV. Vessels proliferation may be related to fibrosis, being the cause and/or effect of the mesenchymal conversion of different cell types such as mesothelial (MMT), bone marrow-derived (fibrocytes) or endothelial (vascular- and lymph-endo-MT) cells. Lymphangiogenesis in PD is a poorly analysed process; however, its contribution to peritoneal function disorders has been recently recognized. VEGF production is associated with blood and lymphatic vessels proliferation, while specifically lymphangiogenesis is mainly regulated by VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Excessive lymphatic fluid drainage from the abdominal cavity may be related with macromolecule and isosmotic solutions reuptake and convective reabsorption of solutes that were cleared from plasma by diffusion. Some drugs have been shown to modulate tissue fibrosis, MMT, EndoMT, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and could represent interesting therapeutic strategies to protect the PM.",signatures:"Guadalupe Tirma Gónzalez-Mateo, Lucía Pascual-Antón, Lorena\nÁvila Carrasco, Virginia Martínez-Cabeza, Inmaculada Fernández,\nRafael Selgas, Manuel López-Cabrera and Abelardo Aguilera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59949",authors:[{id:"159084",title:"Dr.",name:"Abelardo",surname:"Aguilera Peralta",slug:"abelardo-aguilera-peralta",fullName:"Abelardo Aguilera Peralta"},{id:"189211",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"López Cabrera",slug:"manuel-lopez-cabrera",fullName:"Manuel López Cabrera"},{id:"211999",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Guadalupe Tirma",surname:"González-Mateo",slug:"guadalupe-tirma-gonzalez-mateo",fullName:"Guadalupe Tirma González-Mateo"},{id:"237821",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Lucía",surname:"Pascual-Antón",slug:"lucia-pascual-anton",fullName:"Lucía Pascual-Antón"},{id:"237826",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Selgas",slug:"rafael-selgas",fullName:"Rafael Selgas"},{id:"238053",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",surname:"Ávila Carrasco",slug:"lorena-avila-carrasco",fullName:"Lorena Ávila Carrasco"},{id:"239406",title:"Dr.",name:"Inmaculada",surname:"Fernandez",slug:"inmaculada-fernandez",fullName:"Inmaculada Fernandez"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5274",title:"Advances in Hemodiafiltration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"598942642a83f48470cf7cb04207e946",slug:"advances-in-hemodiafiltration",bookSignature:"Ayman Karkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5274.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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\r\n\tThe bottom-up approach for the self-assembly of molecules, macromolecules, and particles into well-defined superstructures provides superior structural control of materials compared to top-down methods. Nature largely utilizes macromolecules to construct supramolecular materials, which ultimately contribute to the great array of forms and functions of life. Thus, the self-assembly of materials and the formation of superstructures have been of great interest in the fields of materials science, nanoscience, and nanoengineering.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tThis book will describe the self-assembly of materials and supramolecular chemistry design principles for a broad spectrum of materials, including bio-inspired amphiphiles, metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, and organic-inorganic hybrid materials. It will provide fundamental concepts of self-assembly design approaches and supramolecular chemistry principles for research ideas in nanotechnology applications. The book will focus on three main themes, which include: the self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry of amphiplies by coordination programming, the supramolecular structures and devices of inorganic materials, and the assembly-disassembly of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The contributing chapters will be written by leading scientists in their field, with the hope that this book will provide a foundation on supramolecular chemistry principles to students and active researchers who are interested in nanoscience and nanoengineering fields.
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Her research on the design, synthesis, self-assembly, and application of well-defined superstructures in nanoelectronics, environmental remediation, and sustainable energy has impacted the scientific community with highly rated peer-reviewed journals publications, and more than 80 invited talks to scientific and non-scientific communities including colleges and high schools.",institutionString:"University of North Carolina at Greensboro",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of North Carolina at Greensboro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"427650",title:"Dr.",name:"Gayani",middleName:null,surname:"Pathiraja",slug:"gayani-pathiraja",fullName:"Gayani Pathiraja",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003CCSN2QAP/Profile_Picture_1644217020559",biography:"Dr. Gayani Pathiraja is a Postdoctoral Research Scholar at the Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN). 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1. Introduction
Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a stimuli-responsive polymer which has an ability to fix a temporarily deformed shape and to return from the deformed shape to its original permanent shape while induced by an external stimulus such as thermal, humidity, pH, light, magnetic energy, electric field, and so on [1–5]. SMP possesses two phases viz. frozen phase or net hard phase and reversible or switching soft phase. In case of polyurethane (PU), they may have reversible amorphous or crystalline phase [6, 7]. PU has a unique structural characteristic because of the presence of inherent incompatibility due to microphase in-homogeneity in its chain molecules. It possesses a wide-ranging temperature for shape recovery, high recoverable strain (up to 400%), inherent soft-hard segments, high control on the softening and retraction temperatures with good biophysical properties [8–11]. Further, the properties including switching transition temperature like glass transition temperature (Tg) or melting temperature (Tm) can be tuned much easily by proper choice and using suitable composition of the components during polymerization process. A large number of versatile components with different structures and properties are available for this polymerization [12]. Thus, PU is versatile with respect to its structure and properties. Further, it is available in various forms, thermoplastic, foam, elastomer, and fiber [13, 14]. Thus, among the different types of SMP, PU is a good candidate as SMP for various advanced applications. In this chapter, we focus on the raw materials required for the synthesis of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU), the principle of shape memory function, the design of protocol of SMPU, the recent research progress of SMPU, and their potential applications.
2. Raw materials for shape memory polyurethane
PU is an important subclass of polymers and it contains multi-disperse blocks of soft and hard segments in an alternative fashion. The urethane linkage (─NHCOO─) is produced by a rearrangement reaction between a diisocyanate and a polyol. The common raw materials used for PU synthesis are categorized into macroglyol, diisocyanate, and chain extender. The brief descriptions of these components are presented in this section.
2.1. Diisocyanate
It is a fundamental precursor for the synthesis of PU. Although both types of diisocyanate viz. aromatic and aliphatic are used, aromatic diisocyanates are most commonly used for SMPU. The properties of SMPU greatly depend on the structure of diisocyanate component. Thus, appropriate selection of diisocyanate component envisages the properties of SMPU. The most commonly used diisocyanates are toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI), 3,3-dimethyl diphenyl methane diisocyanate (DDI), naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and lysine diisocyanate (LDI).
Among them, TDI and MDI are widely used in the preparation of SMPU [15, 16]. In most of the cases, TDI is used as a mixture of the 2,4- and 2,6-isomers in 80:20 mol ratio. Similarly, MDI also has three isomers namely 4,4-, 2,4-, and 2,2-diphenyl methane diisocyanates. However, 4,4-isomer is used in most of the SMPUs [15]. Though aromatic diisocyanates have higher reactivity than aliphatic ones and obtained SMPU exhibited good thermal and mechanical properties, the former SMPU also suffers from a few inadequacies such as lower oxidation and weaker ultraviolet stabilization [17]. Therefore, the use of aliphatic diisocyanates is required, where color and transparency are important for end application.
2.2. Macroglycol
In the synthesis of SMPU, the aliphatic diols or polyols with a molecular weight of 400–5000 g mol−1 are mainly used as macroglycols. The long-chain macroglycol containing low functionality provides elastomeric soft SMPU, whereas the short-chain macroglycol with high functionality forms rigid SMPU. Various types of macroglycol such as polyester, polyether, polycarbonate, hydrocarbon, and so on are used in the synthesis of SMPU. However, the polyester and polyether macroglycols are mostly used among them. Polyester macroglycol provides high flexibility, which is very useful in SMPU. However, the ester groups are easily hydrolyzed by alkali, thereby weakening the performance of SMPU in special biological application under alkaline condition [18]. A few of polyester polyol macroglycols such as polycaprolactone, polycarbonate, and so on demonstrate high hydrolytic stability in alkaline condition too. On the other hand, polyether macroglycol contributes some specific properties such as metal chelation, hydrophilicity, crystallinity, surface activity, and so on. In addition to that, different dendritic or hyperbranched polyols are also used to prepare SMPU. Among all, the crystalline polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are widely used for SMPU as macroglycol.
2.3. Chain extender
Several low-molecular-weight (generally below 500 g/mol) diols, diamines, and amino alcohols are used as chain extenders for the synthesis of SMPU [18–20]. The most commonly used chain extenders are ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, diethylene triamine, and diethanol amine. The chain extender is generally used to increase the chain length and the molecular weight of SMPU. The amine chain extender reacts rapidly and increases the crosslinking density of SMPU by bridging with biuret linkages in case of SMPU thermoset, whereas diol chain extenders sometimes required organometallic catalysts to obtain SMPU. On the other hand, multifunctional and highly branched chain extenders like trimethylol propane, glycerol, triglyceride ricinolate, hyperbranched polyol, and so on are used to prepare hyperbranched structure in SMPU.
2.4. Catalyst
The isocyanates especially the aromatic ones are highly reactive, so catalyst is generally not needed in such cases. However, catalyst is required for synthesis of aliphatic isocyanate containing SMPU and at low temperature. Also, the reaction rate rapidly decreases when the steric hindrance increases, mainly on the substitute in higher alcohols. In such cases, catalyst is required. These catalysts are mainly divided into two categories viz. amino (basic) and organometallic compounds. The commonly used amine catalysts are triethyl amine, triethylenediamine (TEDA), dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), and so on. Similarly, organometallic catalysts are mercury, lead, tin, bismuth, and zinc-based organo-complexes. However, these catalysts are toxic and hence they have disposal problems which hinder their uses. Nowadays, bismuth and zinc carboxylates, alkyl tin carboxylates, oxides and mercaptide oxides such as dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTDL), dioctyltin mercaptide, stannous octoate, dibutyltin oxide, and so on are used successfully [21].
3. Properties and characterization of shape memory polyurethane
Transition temperature (Ttrans), shape fixity (Rf), shape recovery ratio (Rr), maximum recoverable strain (εmax), and maximum recovery stress (σmax) are the important parameters that are used to describe shape memory effects of a polymeric material [22].
Shape fixity: Shape fixity is the extent of a temporary shape being fixed for an SMP. It is also known as strain fixity or shape retention. The shape fixity is thus equal to the percentage of the ratio of fixed deformation to total deformation (Eq. (1))
Rf=εεload×100%E1
Shape recovery: Shape recovery is defined as the ability of a polymeric material to memorize the original shape from a temporary deformed shape. Therefore, the shape recovery is the percentage of the ratio of deformation recovered by the specimen to the deformation taken place to the specimen (Eq. (2))
Rr=ε−εrecoveryε×100%E2
Recovery rate: This parameter describes the speed, that is, the rate of recovery from a programmed shape to its original shape upon triggering of a proper stimulus. It can also be said as the speed of recovery process or shape recovery speed.
Ttrans is usually equal to Tg for an amorphous SMPU or Tm for a crystalline SMPU. This is generally measured by standard thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Conveniently, a shape memory cycle (SMC) as mentioned in Figure 1 is performed in order to determine Rf and Rr, the changes of sample dimension are manually measured, and Rf and Rr are calculated with the measured data using Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively. However, a mechanical testing equipment with a climate chamber (possess heating and cooling facilities) is the best choice to evaluate εmax by elongating the testing sample to its failure at Ttrans. In addition to that, the SMC using such thermo-mechanical analyzer can precisely evaluate different shape memory parameters such as Rf, Rr, σmax, and shape recovery rates. This method can accurately record the time progress of temperature, stress, and strain. An example of a typical SMC is shown in Figure 2a. Instead, the SMC may also be demonstrated in a three-dimensional (3D) diagram as shown in Figure 2b. In this 3D diagram, the three axes are temperature, strain, and stress. Especially, time information is absent there. This absence does not impede the determination of Rf and Rr. Basically, the use of such a 3D diagram is very well known in the literature. The absence of time information may be moderately unfavorable for a more sophisticated experiment of SMC. For example, if the testing sample is annealed under a constant stress at any stage of the experiment, the information about the annealing time and the strain reaches equilibrium or not during the annealing process would not be known. The rapid strain recovery rate Vr can also be calculated from the strain curve in the recovery portion of the SMC (Figure 2a), the time derivative of the strain as defined in Eq. (3)
Figure 1.
Thermomechanical cycle of SMPs.
Figure 2.
Shape memory cycle test: (a) 2D diagram (reproduced with permission from Ref. [2]) and (b) 3D diagram (reproduced with permission from Ref. [3].
Vr=δεδt×100%E3
4. Mechanism of shape memory behavior of SMPs
It is well known that the segmental motions of the polymer chains ceased on cooling the polymer below Tg, but the motions start dramatically above this Tg. Basically, the polymers are transformed from a glassy state to a rubbery-elastic state during this transition. In this state, if uniaxial stress is applied for a short period of time, then the entanglement of polymer chains prevents a large-scale movement of chains, resulting in the storage of entropic energy. However, if the application of stress occurs over a longer period of time, the relaxation process can take place and that causes chain slippage and bulk flow of polymer chains. Thus, the reversible macromolecular deformation can be achieved by using network chains as a kind of molecular switch. At a certain dose of external applied energy (stimulus), the chains are flexible at a temperature above the Ttrans, whereas their flexibility below Ttrans is limited. Thus, the freezing of the molecular motion of the amorphous zone or the crystallization of the crystalline zone of the polymers prevents the molecular chains from immediately reforming the coil-like structures and instinctive recovery of the original shape, that is, programmed shape is fixed. Therefore, the stability of molecular orientation depends on the strength of interaction between the macromolecular segments and on the conformations of the chains constituting a polymer. The stretching of molecular chains leads to a drop in entropy, which can be compensated for by the cooling process, where the internal energy is decreased. Again, when the system is heated, the oriented polymer chains are softened from their glassy state or melted from the crystals, and thereby molecular chains relax the orientation to form more stable, coiled conformations. Such relaxation or shrinkage of the molecular chains caused shape recovery [23]. Therefore, the elastic strain energy produced during the deformation process is the driving force for shape recovery in SMPU. The molecular mechanism of shape memory behavior of SMPUs is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli. Black dots: net points; blue lines: SMPU chains below Ttrans (low mobility); red lines: SMPU chains above Ttrans (high mobility).
At a high temperature, the rubber modulus of SMPU is lower, which makes the orientation of SMPU chains more feasible. So the deformation is much easier at high temperature. On the contrary, deformation at a lower temperature is tougher as glassy state modulus of the SMPU is high. However, the orientation of SMPU chain will withstand at a higher degree due to the slowdown of the relaxation process. Therefore, higher glassy state modulus (Eg) will offer higher shape fixity during concurrent cooling and unloading, where a higher rubber modulus (Er) will offer higher elastic recovery at a higher temperature. Shape memory effect can thus be described by mathematical modeling as follows [24 ]:
Rf=(1−ErEg)E4
Rr=(1−fR)[(1−ErEg)fα]E5
where fR is the viscous flow strain and fα is the strain when T >>> Ts. A high elastic ratio (Eg/Er) offers easy shaping of SMPs at T > Ts and provides a great resistance to deformation at T < Ts. The polymer should have thus greater Eg/Er. The fixation of the temporary shape is caused by strain-induced crystallization and strain-oriented reorganization. The processing conditions of SMPs have also an effect on the shape memory behavior, as there may be a variation in modulus under different processing conditions. A significant variation of rubbery modulus in SMPU was observed when cooled at different rates. Further, the recovery ratio increased with the increase of deformation speed with decreasing maximum strain. Ts of SMPU could be tuned over a wide range of temperature from −30 to +100°C by using different structures and compositions of the components like diisocyanate, polyol (macroglycol), and chain extender. Further, the shape memory effect can be monitored by the proper choice of nature and the amount of reinforcing nanomaterials.
5. Criteria and designing protocol for a desired SMPU
As mentioned earlier, the presence of two different “segments” (a permanent or a hard segment and a switching or a soft segment, which can be influenced by the external trigger) is essential to obtain shape memory effect in SMPs. The hard phase is responsible for retaining the original shape of the whole SMP. This hard segment can be attained through chemical crosslinking in the polymer network, incorporation of interpenetrating networks or crystalline phases (Figure 4). The switching segment temporarily fixes the programmed shape by a glass transition, crystallization, a transition between different liquid crystalline phases, reversible covalent or non-covalent bonds (e.g., photodimerization of coumarin, Diels-Alder reactions, and supramolecular interactions).
Figure 4.
General structure of SMPU containing a “permanent network,” which controls the shape and a “switch phase,” which can be triggered by external stimuli.
The polymer must deform to a desirable extent on heating at a certain temperature without any other change of its performance. This certain temperature is known as switching temperature (Tsw), which may be a Tg or a Tm of switching segments of the polymers. Here, it is necessary to mention that if the Tsw is nearer to the human body temperature, then the polymer is very useful for biomedical applications and Tsw as Tm is preferable over the Tg, as the former is a sharper physical property than the latter. Upon reheating above the Tsw, the oriented chains in case of an amorphous polymer or a crystalline polymer in the network restore the random coil conformation resulting in a macroscopic recovery of the original shape. So they have two different segments or phases in the structures: one is a net point or hard or fixed phase and the other is a soft or reversible or switching segment. Thus, the hard segment serves as a pivoting point for shape recovery and the soft segment could mainly absorb external stress applied to the polymers. They should also possess highly strain fixity rate and strain recovery rate.
The programming like applied strain or deformation rate and extent are also influenced by the shape memory effect of the polymers. The recovery ratios increased with an increasing deformation speed and with a decreasing maximum strain. Thus for good shape recovery, deformation speed must be fast, while overall deformation should be low. The recovery stress of SMPs increased with the decrease of stretching rate, an increase of stretching temperature, and stretch ratio. The recovery stress of SMPU largely depended on the degree of interfacial interaction. The effective SMPs can be obtained when the hard segments retain the whole shape through inter-/intra-attractions (H-bonding or dipole-dipole interaction) in SMPs chain and the soft segments freely engross external stress by extending and unfolding the molecular chains. If the interactions in the hard segments are broken at high stress, the shape memory effect will be lost and the original shape cannot be restored. Hence, the controlling of composition and the structure of hard segments and soft segments are very much required to obtain desired shape memory effect.
SMPs are designed in such a way so that a large change in elastic modulus above and below Tg of the switching or amorphous phase will occur. They also have micro-Brownian movement of the chain molecules at a temperature above Tg, though rubber elasticity will present within Tg to Tm range due to limited molecular motion of the frozen or crystalline phase. Below Tg, the deformation is fixed due to the frozen Brownian motion of the chains. The shape can be recovered by reheating at an elevated temperature due to the recovery of the elastic force or the strain generated during the deformation.
For crystalline SMPU, Tm can be taken as at Ts instead of Tg, as a large change in elastic modulus above and below Tm of the soft segment is possible. Further, thermoplastic SMPU with the mesogenic unit in the structure has a high value of modulus compared with conventional SMPU [25]. Crystalline state, glassy state, entanglement network, or crosslinking network can be used as a fixed structure memorizing the original shape, that is, frozen phase, the reversible phase must have a large drop-in-elastic modulus on heating at Ts. The selection of Ts depends on the temperature at which the elastic modulus is the highest.
From the study of shape memory effect with the molecular structure, it has been observed that high crystallinity of the soft segment region at room temperature is a necessary prerequisite for SMPU [26]. Thus, the most important thing to be required for developing SMPU is to achieve maximum crystallization and stable hard segment domains. To achieve this, various attempts have been made. These include incorporation of the mesogenic unit such as 4,4′-bis (2-hydroxy ethoxy) biphenyl [27], ionic group [28], long alkyl chain [29], and so on. Further, the studies of Kim et al. suggested that large ratio of Eg to Er is essential for obtaining good shape memory effect [29]. This can be easily achieved by using crystalline soft segments, for example, polycaprolactone diols; mesogenic moiety, for example, hydroxy-substituted biphenyls; and ionomers, for example, dimethylol propionic acid as the components of SMPU.
6. Application of shape memory polyurethane
SMP has myriad of advanced applications in different fields from daily life uses like textile to biomedicals. These applications include artificial organs like muscles, smart catheter, drug-delivery systems, biosensors, auto-repairing automobile parts, smart textile, self-healing materials, smart suture, and so on. In this section, we described the detailed application of SMPU in the different advanced areas.
6.1. Industrial applications of SMPU
SMPUs are already widely used as heat-shrinkable polymer tubings, films, and so on. The utilization of SMPU provides easier processing compared to other used polymers in such application [30]. As a consequence, these materials found a wide range of applications, for instance as a safety tag [31] or as a self-deploying chair [32].
6.2. Biomedical applications of SMPU
SMPs are also well suitable for the use in different biomedical applications, even though several requirements must be addressed and a range of problems must be overwhelmed for advanced application in this field [33]. For example, one major issue with thermo-responsive SMP is the heating of it inside the human body. Various approaches are developed to overcome this problem. One route is the use of noncontact triggering stimulus such as infrared (IR), lasers, and so on [34, 35]. These can heat SMP inside the body at the accurate location. Another way is the incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles in SMP. This magnetic nanoparticle can be triggered by an external magnetic field for the selective heating of the SMP. Biocompatible and nontoxic nature of SMP is also a crucial concern for biomedical applications. In this regard, it is pertinent to mention that the several SMPUs are developed, which are biocompatible. Generally, PCL, PEG, and polylactic acid-based SMPU are found to be nontoxic and biocompatible [36–38]. Besides these academic studies, DiAPLEX is a commercially available SMPU which also showed biocompatibility. Such biocompatible SMPU can be utilized in several biomedical applications, such as endovascular devices (clot-removal devices, aneurysm occlusion devices, and vascular stents), repair of cardiac valves, tissue engineering, orthopedics, orthodontics, endoscopic surgery, kidney dialysis, photodynamic therapy, and so on.
Thermo-responsive SMP-based mechanical clot extraction devices to treat ischemic stroke was reported by Maitland et al. [39]. Their fabricated catheter is photothermally activated, so it can easily remove the clot and finally relieve of the ischemia. Moaddeb and coworkers invented SMPU-based devices for treating heart failure patients suffering from various levels of heart dilation [40]. Such heart dilation is treated by reshaping the heart anatomy with the use of SMPU. The concept of biodegradable thermo-responsive SMP sutures was showed by Lendlein and Langer [41]. The suture was fabricated using oligo(ε-caprolactone)diol-based SMP. An abdominal wound in a rat was loosely sutured using the SMP fiber, and then heated to body temperature to achieve wound closure (Figure 5a). SMPU provides an alternative to traditional materials used for the treatment of dental malocclusions. Also, SMP arch wire in orthodontic braces for aligning teeth is more aesthetically appealing than a traditional metallic arch wire. These features were studied by Jung and Cho [42]. They used extruded SMP wire, which was attached to stainless steel brackets bonded to teeth in a dental model. When heated, the teeth slowly moved into alignment (Figure 5b).
Figure 5.
(a) Biodegradable SMP suture for wound closure. The photo series from the animal experiment shows the shrinkage of the suture as temperature increases (reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]) and (b) photographs of the orthodontic appliance (top) before and (bottom) after treatment. The movement of the misaligned teeth due to a lateral force originating from the shape recovery of the SMP arch wire is seen (reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]).
Tissue engineering is one of the large application areas of SMPs. The introduction of biodegradable SMPU urged the study of their usage for minimally invasive tissue engineering. Usually, tissues can be grown on SMPU-based scaffolds and incorporated inside the body through minimally invasive techniques (e.g., catheter). The scaffold is implanted to initiate the repair or reconstruction of tissues or organs in the affected area of the body. The SMPU-based-implantable embolic devices and stents demonstrated potential endovascular tissue engineering applications. Such biodegradable SMPU scaffolds can also be applied in pharyngeal mucosa reconstruction, bone regeneration, and organ repair. Different research groups have investigated the use of thermally responsive SMPUs as an extracellular matrix for in situ growing of various tissues. In this context, Rickert et al. reported the growth of cells on a biodegradable PCL-based SMP [43]. Rat pharyngeal cells are grown on a porous and smooth surface of the SMP to study the prospect of reconstructing the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Neuss et al. also investigated the cell-growing behavior of human mesenchymal stem cells, human mesothelial cells, rat mesothelial cells, and L929 mouse fibroblasts, on a similar PCL-based SMPU [44]. They found that mesothelial cells create an anti-adhesive surface layer, which may support abdominal repair or regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells, the precursor cells of bone, fat, cartilage, and muscle, may support bone regeneration and the construction of adipose tissue. Furthermore, they also found that the use of heat as a stimulus did not affect the majority of adherent cells. SMPU/carbon nanotube composites also showed good MG63 cell differentiation ability, which showed its potentiality as an alternative biomaterial for bone regeneration in a comprehensive manner [45].
6.3. Textile application of SMPU
SMPU can be made in the form of fibers (macro-, micro-, and nanofibers), solutions, films, and foams for textile and apparel applications, such as non-woven materials, coatings, finishing, lamination, weaving, and knitting [46–49]. Various methods such as wet spun, melt spun, dry spun, and electrospun are used for the production of SMPU fiber [50–53].
Shape memory films and foams have a number of applications in laminated smart fabrics [54, 55]. The functions of SMP films applied to textiles include waterproofing, water vapor permeability (WVP), seam sewing, crease recoverability, and crease fixing [56, 57]. SMPU has a potential for making breathable fabrics due to its good WVP sensitivity. Jeong et al. studied the WVP properties of SMPUs, and breathable fabrics were invented by coating the SMPU membranes on a fabric substrate [26]. Mondal and Hu also designed SMPU-coated fabrics, which abruptly increased WVP properties at room temperature (Tr) compared to low temperature [58]. These results suggested that the breathable textiles require possessing a high WVP at higher temperatures and a low WVP at lower temperatures. Additionally, Mondal and Hu incorporated a small percentage of carbon nanotube in SMPUs and then coated on cotton. They reported that the fabricated cotton fabric provided excellent UV protection, along with a required WVP and wearing coziness [58]. In addition to that, Chen et al. also investigated adjusting the size and shape of the free-volume holes in a fabricated membrane to control the WVP by adjusting the temperature [59]. Further, Mondal and Hu attempted to find the influence of hydrophilic groups and crystalline soft segments on the WVP of SMPU films [60]. They found that the WVP increased with the increase of PEG due to the enhancement of hydrophilicity. However, PCL or polytetramethylene glycol-based SMPUs have low WVP because of the increased interaction among the polymer chains.
Hu et al. also fabricated a fabric-based thermoelectric generator using coating of waterborne PU composite on yarn [61]. They reported that this coated fabric showed satisfactory thermoelectric performance and good processability. In addition to that, medical stockings are also fabricated using SMPU for the treatment of chronic venous disorders [62–64]. This SMPU-based stocking allows controlling or managing the pressure exerted in a wrapped position and also produces extra pressure (up to 50%) by simply heating the stocking. This type of stocking possesses a great potential to overwhelm the restriction of conventional stockings. It can be used as a smart wound-care product, during the course of compression therapy. Self-healing textiles are also developed using SMPU. In this context, Hu et al. fabricated stimuli-responsive fiber using SMPU which showed 94% healing efficiency [65].
6.4. Anti-counterfeiting application of SMPU
SMP security label film is made from SMPU. SMP security label film can store embossed logo/text shape information in the synthetic-paper-like film, and release these information when exposed to stimuli (Figure 6). This kind of SMP security label is just not only an exclusive anti-counterfeit label but also a tamper evidence label [66]. These labels are used for security label, tamper evidence, security packaging, security ticket, and so on.
Figure 6.
SMP in the anti-counterfeiting application (a) and (b) security label film, (c) tamper evidence label, and (d) security ticket. Adapted from Ref. [66].
7. New development and future trend
Even though an enormous progress in the field of SMPU is already done, several future directions and related challenges still remain, which may be considered in future research:
The fabrication of medical devices based on biocompatible and biodegradable SMPU is of great interest owing to the important impact on human health. Various materials are developed such as self-tightening sutures, scaffolds for tissue engineering, drug-delivery systems, implants for minimally invasive surgery procedures, synthesis of protein-polymer or DNA-polymer conjugates for therapeutic self-retractable and removable stents, and so on. Here, the main challenges of concern are the rate of degradation of SMPU (enzymatic or hydrolytic), their degree of toxicity, mechanical solicitation, and so on.
Three-dimensional printing of smart materials is another attractive field to be developed imminently. The change in the shape upon triggering of external stimuli provided a concept for the development of unique “four-dimensional (4D) printing” procedure. This may pave a way for the production of actuators to develop self-evolving structures, soft robotics, anti-counterfeiting system, and 4D bioprinting materials. Some technological and design restrictions are still unsolved such as inadequate choice of properly usable polymer, the existence of microstructural defects in SMPU, and materials real-time adapting; such problem can be addressed in future.
The design of SMPs-based self-cleaning, self-healing, and self-adapting materials is also gaining much interest over the last few years. These materials have shown their potential for the elaboration of load-bearing aircraft components, self-cleaning and light-guided windows, flexible solar modules (polymer solar cells), smart textiles, bionic robot, and so on. The production of SMPU with improved durability and good mechanical properties will further improve the performance in the field. In this regard, SMPU composite may be a choice to develop such smart materials.
The energy-harvesting SMPs (solar energy) and chemical-responsive SMPs (chemical reaction energy) also carved a distinct attention of both academic and commercial researchers. The molecular-, gas-, or sound-detectable materials can be defined as forthcoming materials. In addition to that, wireless and remote-controllable SMPs are another class of devices to be produced using different magnetic and light-actuated composites and piezoelectric-containing materials.
Despite their multi-applicability and a wide range of properties, the direct transfer from the laboratory to industrial scale remains a challenge. In this context, the main problems are associated with the complexity of shape memory effect. These are affected by many factors such as the programming step and the triggering process parameters. In addition, quick and versatile manufacturing processes are also desirable, while focusing on the use of cost-effective and eco-friendly raw materials, and ensured profit gain, and so on.
\n',keywords:"polyurethane, shape memory, smart, stimulus sensitive",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/56395.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/56395.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56395",totalDownloads:3219,totalViews:3210,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:29,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:10,impactScorePercentile:98,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 15th 2016",dateReviewed:"June 2nd 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 27th 2017",dateFinished:"July 11th 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a stimuli-responsive material with the ability to alter a programmed shape to its original shape upon triggering of an appropriate stimulus. For the past decades, SMP has dragged much interest in material field owing to its various and versatile applications. One archetypal SMP is polyurethane, which has a wide-ranging transition temperature for its shape recovery, retraction temperatures, inherent soft-hard segments, a high recoverable strain (up to 400%), high control of the softening, favorable and tunable physical properties, and so on. This chapter emphasizes on the raw materials required for the synthesis of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU), the principle of shape memory function, the design of protocol of SMPU, and their applications with future directions.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/56395",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/56395",book:{id:"5904",slug:"aspects-of-polyurethanes"},signatures:"Suman Thakur and Jinlian Hu",authors:[{id:"201508",title:"Dr.",name:"Suman",middleName:null,surname:"Thakur",fullName:"Suman Thakur",slug:"suman-thakur",email:"sumanchem89@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201508/images/5985_n.jpg",institution:{name:"Hong Kong Polytechnic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"201511",title:"Prof.",name:"Jin-Lian",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",fullName:"Jin-Lian Hu",slug:"jin-lian-hu",email:"jin-lian.hu@polyu.edu.hk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Hong Kong Polytechnic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Raw materials for shape memory polyurethane",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Diisocyanate",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Macroglycol",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. Chain extender",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4. Catalyst",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Properties and characterization of shape memory polyurethane",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Mechanism of shape memory behavior of SMPs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Criteria and designing protocol for a desired SMPU",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"6. Application of shape memory polyurethane",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"6.1. Industrial applications of SMPU",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"6.2. Biomedical applications of SMPU",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"6.3. Textile application of SMPU",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"6.4. Anti-counterfeiting application of SMPU",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"7. 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Waterborne polyurethane based thermoelectric composites and their application potential in wearable thermoelectric textiles. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2016;107(15):59-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.068'},{id:"B62",body:'Kumar B, Hu J, Pan N. Smart medical stocking using memory polymer for chronic venous disorders. Biomaterials. 2016;75:174-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.032'},{id:"B63",body:'Kumar B, Hu J, Pan N. Memory bandage for functional compression management for venous ulcers. Fibers. 2016;4(1):10. DOI: 10.3390/fib4010010'},{id:"B64",body:'Narayana H, Hu J, Kumar B, Shang S, Han J, Liu P, Lin T, Jia FL, Zhu Y. Stress-memory polymeric filaments for advanced compression therapy. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2017;5:1905-1916. DOI: 10.1039/C6TB03354G'},{id:"B65",body:'Li G, Meng H, Hu J. Healable thermoset polymer composite embedded with stimuli-responsive fibres. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2012;9(77):3279-3287. 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Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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1. Introduction
The skill gap for careers in a changing industrial sector has been identified by numerous authors [1], which has prompted educators to quickly adapt their courses, in order to prepare future engineers to excel in this new environment.
Typically, the following basic skills are in general required for engineers to succeed:
ability to design, operate and troubleshoot processes and equipment, following best recommended practices, to maximize efficiency and productivity.
teamwork, discipline and time management.
More formally, a document defining the skills and competencies needed in the automation field was proposed by The Automation Federation and International Society of Automation (ISA) [2]. It is made up of following tiers: personal effectiveness, academic, workplace, industry-wide technical, automation technical, occupation-specific knowledge, occupation-specific technical, occupation-specific requirements, and management (see Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Automation competency model [2].
In this model, it is possible to observe that competencies related to Communication, Integration, Software and Cybersecurity are placed in tier 5. Therefore, this is the natural place for the training program that will be described in next sections.
The Internet of Things (IoT) can be defined as a global dynamic network where physical and virtual objects interact to enable a set of services. In this context, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the extension of this network to industrial sectors like logistics, transportation, manufacturing, utilities, oil and gas, etc. This extension enables to gather real-time data, necessary to make better decisions across all business functions: procurement, production, shipping, maintenance, etc.
To prepare for this chapter, several reports of teaching experiences related to IIoT have been consulted. In [1], the author describes his personal experience, working with educators and practitioners. It is stated that the path toward creating the Industry 5.0 workforce should begin in elementary school, and a specific curriculum is proposed for each level.
In [3] an on-line learning infrastructure is proposed, that allows to engage in a range of programming of real-world sensing applications, using a board based on the Arduino microcontroller, with several onboard I/O devices, including a slider, a pushbutton switch, a bank of six LEDs, and analog inputs for additional sensors. In [4] a syllabus is proposed, which offers guidelines for the quality assurance and safeguarding of IoT solutions, suitable for advanced studies at postgraduate level.
This chapter describes a hands-on educational approach to teach IIoT. In Section 2, we discuss common educational challenges in this domain and how to overcome them. In Section 3, we elaborate on the experience gained from teaching an elective course to undergraduate engineering students, in terms of learning outcomes, methodology, assessment and feedback. Wherever possible, we provide the link to possible solutions of proposed problems, that we have developed in order to make it available for interested readers to test and adapt them for their own projects. Finally, we conclude this chapter.
2. Educational challenges
To the best of our knowledge, there is no official document specifically describing desired competencies in the field of IIoT. Therefore, we have extracted from [2], the following main technical IIoT-related desired competencies:
Design, document, install, and support the integration of automation systems with other systems, including Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM)
Design and operate databases for automation systems. Perform data historian duties: curation, archiving, retrieval
Determine and implement the appropriate tools and methods for cybersecurity
The required technical knowledge includes:
Network configuration, diagnostics and management
Industrial digital field protocols (including but not limited to): AS-I, Ethernet/IP, DeviceNet, Foundation fieldbus, HART, INTERBUS, Modbus, PROFIBUS
Industrial communication protocols (including but not limited to) XML, JSON, ASN.1, BACnet, ControlNet, Ethernet-TCP/IP, LonWorks, OPC UA, PROFINET
Data contextualization (online/offline), modeling (UML, Entity Relation), storage and retrieval
Therefore, it is possible to observe that there is a broad range of topics to be addressed, which is the first pedagogical challenge that instructors will encounter when trying to design an IIoT course. Here, we propose to select only a basic sub-set of skills and content, which is equivalent to focus on the expected quality and depth of learning, rather than on the number of tools or protocols included in the syllabus (see Table 1, Section 3).
Unit
Topic
Content
1
IIoT Fundamentals 3 weeks
Industrial communication: principles, protocols and technologies. IIoT definition, architectures and use cases. Convergence of IT and OT. Design methodology.
2
Interfacing sensors and actuators 3 weeks
Proximity sensors, temperature sensors, vibration sensor, color sensors. Controlling DC/AC motors.
The second challenge is the complexity of real world IIoT applications, which may impede their study, keeping in mind time and resource constraints [5]. Here, we propose to break down problems into simpler sub-problems, which can be solved within the allocated time, using available tools.
For example, the typical integration problem of a given control system to a remote dashboard can be divided into the following 5 sub-problems:
Design and implementation of a local dashboard, considering only devices able to communicate through Modbus RTU
Assuming the previous system is working, integration of devices able to communicate through Modbus TCP/IP
Integration of devices able to communicate through OPC UA
Setting up communication to remote broker through MQTT protocol
Implementation of more complex applications like computer vision, anomaly detection, etc.
These problems will be further explained in next section, in the framework of a case study centered in our experience teaching an elective course to undergraduate engineering students.
3. Case study
The course Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) aims at creating the fundamentals skills required to design, implement, and maintain industrial IoT systems. It is taught as elective course to undergraduate engineering students in their prefinal year. A previous exposure to embedded system programming, instrumentation and control systems is recommended. On successful completion of this course students are able to:
Explain the key components that make up an Industrial IoT system.
Discuss protocols and standards employed at each layer of the IIoT stack.
Design, deploy and test a basic Industrial IoT system, including data analysis functionalities.
Apply best practices to meet desired requirements for IIoT applications.
Analyze the environmental effects and incorporate robustness in design of IIoT system.
Choose technology for constrained nodes and network while maintaining real time data collection.
Explain the importance of cybersecurity for IIoT networks.
The course delivery is planned in online mode and three sessions per week are conducted for 18 weeks. These sessions include concept discussions, hands-on activities, projects, and assessments. The course description document containing the syllabus (see Table 1), learning outcomes, assessment rubric and references for learning materials is shared with students at the beginning of course. All the software is open source and sessions to install Node-Red, VNC viewer, Raspbian Busters operating systems, etc. are held at the beginning of the course. It is recommended for students to have a Desktop/Laptop able to run Windows 10.
3.1 Learning and assessment activities
The hands-on, problem-based learning or experiential learning approach means students are given a set of problems, and while trying to solve them they learn theoretical concepts. Figure 2 summarizes the concept map for the learnings in this course, showing the topics discussed and demonstrated during hands-on sessions.
Figure 2.
Concept map for the domain knowledge imparted in IIoT course.
Next, we describe the set of problems that were proposed to students. Note that, as discussed in previous section, they correspond to the breaking down of a more complex control system integration problem.
3.1.1 Problem 1. Design and implementation of a local dashboard, considering only devices able to communicate through Modbus RTU
Consider the input/output variables shown in Table 2. We assume they correspond to a set of sensors and actuators connected to a device, e.g., PLC, Raspberry Pi, Arduino board, etc., able to act as a Modbus RTU slave, at address 01. It is required to design and implement a dashboard to supervise and control this process, which will also run at edge level, in a second device able to run Node Red [6], e.g., Desktop PC, Laptop or Raspberry Pi. This second device will act as Modbus RTU master.
Data address
Type
Internal tag
ISA S5.1Tag
Range
0
Analog input register – read only
AI0
TC01.PV
0–100°C
1
Analog input register – read only
AI1
FC02.PV
0–150 lt/min
2
Analog input register – read only
AI2
PC03.PV
0–200 psi
3
Analog input register – read only
AI3
SC04.PV
0–1000 RPM
4
Analog input register – read only
AI4
VC05.PV
0–10 mm/s
5
Analog output register – read/write
AW0
TC01.SP
0–100°C
6
Analog output register – read/write
AW1
FC02.SP
0–150 lt/min
7
Analog output register – read/write
AW2
PC03.SP
0–200 psi
8
Analog output register – read/write
AW3
SC04.SP
0–1000 RPM
9
Analog output register – read/write
AW4
VC05.SP
0–10 mm/s
10
Discrete input coil – read only
DI0
YC06.PV
0/1
11
Discrete input coil – read only
DI1
YC07.PV
0/1
12
Discrete input coil – read only
DI2
YC08.PV
0/1
13
Discrete input coil – read only
DI3
YC09.PV
0/1
14
Discrete input coil – read only
DI4
YC10.PV
0/1
15
Discrete output coil – read/write
DW0
YC06.SP
0/1
16
Discrete output coil – read/write
DW1
YC07.SP
0/1
17
Discrete output coil – read/write
DW2
YC08.SP
0/1
18
Discrete output coil – read/write
DW3
YC09.SP
0/1
19
Discrete output coil – read/write
DW4
YC10.SP
0/1
Table 2.
Input/output variables for Problem 1.
A low-cost solution for this problem is to set up an Arduino/Genuino Uno as MODBUS slave, which is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P microprocessor. It has 14 digital input/output pins, of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, 6 analog inputs, and runs with a 16 MHz quartz crystal (see Figure 3). Note that, in this problem, no real sensors/actuators will be connected to this board, because we are only interested in testing communication features. This means that the board will always be sending “dummy” data to the master. This also means that students do not need to have any sensor or actuator at home during on-line classes, to work on this problem.
Figure 3.
Example of required set-up for Problem 1.
We propose to use the library SimpleModbusSlave [7] which allows the Arduino board to communicate using Modbus RTU protocol. Note however that it does not fully comply with Modbus specifications, as only functions 3, 6 and 16 are implemented. Similarly, the check for inter character time-out and frame time-out are combined by checking a maximum time allowable when reading from the message stream. This library implements an unsigned int. return value on a call to modbus_update(), which is the total error count since the slave started. Once this function is called, the input/output register defined during setup with function modbus_configure() will be updated. Note that we have also successfully tested this library with Arduino Nano.
In addition to communication setup, it is possible to add other features in this Arduino program, to make it dynamic when visualizing the dashboard, as follows:
For variable TC01.PV it is required to program a counter that increments from 0 to 100 and then is reset to 0.
Between variables VC05.PV and VC05.SP it is required to implement a first order transfer function, to simulate a real process.
Status of discrete output variable YC06.SP must be updated to YC06. PV and Arduino built-in LED.
An example of code complying with these specifications is available in this link: https://bit.ly/3eqHmxB. It is possible to test this code, previously to developing user dashboard, with QModbus, which implements a master application through a graphical user interface, allowing communication with slaves over serial line interface [8]. Students are able to analyze Modbus frames, from master and slave.
The previous explanation corresponds to the edge layer. Now considering the gateway layer, Node Red is able to run in different devices. We have used a laptop for convenience. The following palettes must be installed:
3.1.2 Problem 2. Integration of devices able to communicate through Modbus TCP/IP
For the same process described in problem 1, include the input/output variables shown in Table 3, connected through Modbus TCP/IP at address 02.
Data address
Type
ISA S5.1Tag
Range
0
Analog input register – read only
TC11.PV
0–100°C
1
Analog output register – read/write
FC12.SP
0–150 lt/min
2
Discrete input coil – read only
YC13.PV
0/1
3
Discrete output coil – read/write
YC14.SP
0/1
Table 3.
Input/output variables for Problem 2.
An example of Node-Red code for Problem 2 is available in this link https://bit.ly/3tpnv7x. It is possible to test this code with ModbusSlave, which enables simulation of slave devices [9]. The limitation is that this software runs only in Windows operating system. The dashboard integrating measurements from both sources Modbus RTU and TCP is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Example of Node-Red dashboard for Problem 2.
3.1.3 Problem 3. Integration of devices able to communicate through OPC UA
Design a dashboard to display the OPC UA tags shown in following Table 4, which will be randomly generated by Integration Objects’ Server Simulator, which is a free to use tool [10].
Tag
Address
Type
Tag11
ns = 2; s = Tag11
Int16
Tag12
ns = 2; s = Tag12
Int32
Tag13
ns = 2; s = Tag13
Int64
Tag14
ns = 2; s = Tag14
UInt16
Tag15
ns = 2; s = Tag15
UInt32
Tag16
ns = 2; s = Tag16
UInt64
Tag17
ns = 2; s = Tag17
Double
Tag18
ns = 2; s = Tag18
String
Tag19
ns = 2; s = Tag19
Byte
Tag20
ns = 2; s = Tag20
Boolean
Table 4.
OPC UA tags for Problem 3.
An example of Node-Red code to solve this problem is available in this link https://bit.ly/3er1QqZ. The following palette must be previously installed: node-red-contrib-opcua. The dashboard displaying required OPC UA tags is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Dashboard displaying required OPC UA tags.
3.1.4 Problem 4. Setting up communication to remote broker through MQTT protocol
It is required to design and implement a remote dashboard, which will run in Cloud, using Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol.
It is recommended to have at least some hardware setup (sensors, micro-controllers, power supply, etc.) available with the instructor. In case students do not have any hardware at home, they write the code and send it to the instructor for testing purpose. A schematic diagram showing the architecture for interfacing sensors and uploading the data to Cloud is shown in Figure 8. The data from the analog pin is sent to serial port of Arduino. The data from the controller board serial port is sent to the Internet gateway. Node-Red flow is run on the gateway and enable the data to be sent to Cloud.
Figure 8.
Architecture for interfacing and uploading data to Cloud.
A snapshot of flow where a SW-420 vibration sensor has been interfaced to an Arduino Nano, which sends the values to dashboard and display them in form of chart, is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Displaying SW-420 vibration sensor data in form of chart.
The sensors may be interfaced to the microcontrollers using various protocols. An example of this is the Zigbee protocol where sensors communicate with an end point device, which in turn sends the sensor data through routers to the Zigbee coordinator. The advantage of this type of connection is that multiple sensors can be connected to endpoint devices, and many such endpoint devices may be connected in star topologies to the controller through routers.
The Zigbee protocol is known to be secure and low power consuming as the endpoints which are inactive may sleep for the inactive duration. A typical application could be connecting crop monitoring sensors to end points and sending the data from endpoints to coordinator, which in turn may send the data to an MQTT server using the node-red-contrib-zigbee pallete (see Figure 10).
Figure 10.
Example of Zigbee architecture for agriculture application.
Various other wireless protocols like the Sigfox and LoRa WAN may be used for interfacing the sensors to the master coordinator/controller. The advantage of some of these emerging protocols are low power consumption and high data rates [11, 12]. The IoT Gateway is used to convert the data format received from any of these protocols to internet protocols like the HTTP, MQTT, XMPP or any other light weight protocol. The Gateway also implements security for the Endpoint and Coordinator devices and may do some edge computing or data analytics before sending the data to the Cloud storage.
3.1.5 Problem 5. Implementation of more complex applications like computer vision, anomaly detection, etc
Students were able to interface the Raspberry Pi camera to upload images to Cloud, trying to optimize bandwidth usage. MQTT protocol and associated libraries for image transmission using Python programming are used in some of these projects for uploading data to Cloud. The Node-Red palletes required for implementing the flows were identified and installed.
Machine Learning services available on Cloud like IBM Watson were used by students, where algorithms for image recognition and classification, text recognition and other resources of AI/ML deployed. Knowledge of Raspberry Pi boards and Python programming as well as running Node-Red using Docker container was introduced. Node-Red flow was used to upload camera images and to classify objects using pretrained models from Tensorflow.js (Common Objects in Context dataset), available from pallete node-red-contribtensorflow [13, 14]. A simple flow for interfacing the camera and sending images to Cloud is shown in Figure 11. The flow consists of an inject node followed by execute node which contains the command to run the python program and a message payload node to debug the messages.
Figure 11.
Simple flow for interfacing the camera and sending images to Cloud.
3.2 Project
Once students have completed all the previous hands-on activities, they were requested to work on a project, so they can apply the methods they have learned. First, they must submit a project charter, describing the project goals, responsibilities of team members, resources/bill of materials, references to literature and timing charts. Students should be made conscious of the professional ethics while working on this project. We consider the following facts as academic dishonesty offenses:
Cheating: using unauthorized information. Receiving or giving unauthorized assistance.
Fabrication: invention or falsification of any information.
Plagiarism: deliberately representing the ideas, results, reports, drawings, notes, computational code, or any other product prepared by another person as one’s own.
Some of the project ideas identified by the students for this course are:
monitoring safety in personnel in industry by monitoring camera images for helmet usage,
facemask detection for crowd at public places using live video transmission.
home automation using Zigbee and MQTT protocol and Node-Red flow(s),
language translation: speech to text and vice versa for real time audio signal,
surveillance using infrared camera and live video transmission to remote control station.
3.3 Assessment
Quizzes are recommended to be conducted periodically for assessing the learning outcomes. The aim of these evaluations should be to determine the understanding of concepts for implementation. As a sample a quiz may comprise following questions (with marks break) as follows:
Q1. Write Node-Red and Arduino code to solve the following problem:
Communication between Arduino and Node-Red can be implemented using any protocol (4 marks)
Two values A in [0, 100] and B in [0, 100] will be generated through Node-Red dashboard and written to Arduino board (3 marks)
Average M of these A and B will be calculated by Arduino board (3 marks)
Average M needs to be displayed back in Node-Red dashboard (3 marks)
If M is greater than 80 during 5 seconds, an alarm H will be displayed in the Node Red dashboard and Arduino built-in LED, until a RESET button (also in dashboard) is pressed (3 marks)
All values A, B, M and H will be published to Mosquitto MQTT broker, to following topics: IIoTQuiz1/Name/A, IIoTQuiz1/Name/B, IIoTQuiz1/Name/M, IIoTQuiz1/Name/H, where Name is student’s name. (4 marks)
3.4 Learners feedback
Feedback is recommended fortnightly to understand the learning process. A sample questionnaire and the responses are shown in Figure 12 here for the course conducted by the authors for the first time for undergraduate students. The bar charts are self-explanatory and the feedback will be considered for further improvements.
Figure 12.
(a–f) Feedback questionnaire and responses by students for the first time launch of the course.
4. Conclusion
In this chapter, a hands-on educational approach to teach Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) was proposed. Because the set of required skills is large, we propose to focus on a basic sub-set of skills and content, trying to achieve the best possible quality and depth of learning. To overcome the complexity of real world IIoT projects, we propose to identify simpler sub-problems, which can be solved within the allocated time, using available tools. To illustrate our approach, specific examples, in terms of learning outcomes, methodology, assessment and feedback were presented. Wherever possible, link to solutions was provided for interested readers to test and adapt them for their own projects. The feedback received from students and their final performance is encouraging, as they seem to appreciate the proposed approach. We believe the same can be extended to teach similar courses like Digital Computer Networks, SCADA systems, Programmable Logic Controllers, etc. Currently, authors are planning to scale up this course, as an international MOOC, to reach a broader audience.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the Atal Incubation Center at JK Lakshmipat University for funding the projects for this course. We also acknowledge the support and motivation from the management in helping us to launch this course for students pursuing Bachelor in Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
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In parallel, key competencies like team management, project planning, costing and time scheduling, are imbibed in students to prepare them to become deployable automation engineers. To illustrate the proposed approach, we elaborate on the experience gained from teaching an elective course to undergraduate engineering students, in terms of learning outcomes, methodology, assessment and feedback. This course was centered on the Node Red platform (based on Node.js), using hardware devices like Arduino Uno, Nano and Raspberry Pi. Sensors commonly used and protocols like Modbus RTU/TCP, OPC UA, MQTT are discussed in the framework of common industrial applications.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78768",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78768",signatures:"Gustavo Sanchez and Devika Kataria",book:{id:"10495",type:"book",title:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",slug:"insights-into-global-engineering-education-after-the-birth-of-industry-5-0",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",bookSignature:"Montaha Bouezzeddine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10495.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-286-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-285-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-287-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"313464",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Montaha",middleName:null,surname:"Bouezzeddine",slug:"montaha-bouezzeddine",fullName:"Montaha Bouezzeddine"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"340124",title:"Dr.",name:"Devika",middleName:null,surname:"Kataria",fullName:"Devika Kataria",slug:"devika-kataria",email:"devikakataria@jklu.edu.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"JK Lakshmipat University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"348397",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez",fullName:"Gustavo Sanchez",slug:"gustavo-sanchez",email:"gustavo.sanchez@jklu.edu.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"JK Lakshmipat University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Educational challenges",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Case study",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Learning and assessment activities",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"Table 4.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"3.1.4 Problem 4. Setting up communication to remote broker through MQTT protocol",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.1.5 Problem 5. Implementation of more complex applications like computer vision, anomaly detection, etc",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2 Project",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.3 Assessment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.4 Learners feedback",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'M. D. Kirchner. Teaching the Industrial Internet of Things. Preparing Students and Learners for Industry 4.0. September 2017. Available from: https://labmidwest.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Teaching-IIoT-Preparing-Students-and-Learners-for-Industry-4.0-2.pdf [Accessed: 04 April 2021]'},{id:"B2",body:'The Automation Federation. Automation Competency Model. Available from: https://www.careeronestop.org/competencymodel/competency-models/automation.aspx [Accessed: 06 April 2021]'},{id:"B3",body:'G. Kortuem, A. K. Bandara, N. Smith, M. Richards, and M. Petre. Educating the internet-of-things generation. Computer 2013;46(2):53-61. DOI:10.1109/MC.2012.390'},{id:"B4",body:'A. Boukhris, et al. Quality engineering for the internet of things. Foundation level syllabus. Software Quality and Advanced Training Working Group (ASQF); 2018'},{id:"B5",body:'F. Salewski and R. Schmidt. Teaching industrial automation: An approach for a practical lab course. In: Proceedings of the WESE’15: Workshop on Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems Education, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 2015. pp. 1-7. DOI:10.1145/2832920.2832921'},{id:"B6",body:'https://nodered.org/'},{id:"B7",body:'https://github.com/jecrespo/simple-modbus/blob/master/Modbus%20RTU%20libraries%20for%20Arduino/SimpleModbusSlaveV10/SimpleModbusSlave.h'},{id:"B8",body:'http://qmodbus.sourceforge.net/'},{id:"B9",body:'https://github.com/ClassicDIY/ModbusTool'},{id:"B10",body:'https://integrationobjects.com/sioth-opc/sioth-opc-unified-architecture/opc-ua-server-simulator/'},{id:"B11",body:'https://lora-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/what-is-lorawan.pdf'},{id:"B12",body:'https://www.sigfox.com/en/sigfox-story'},{id:"B13",body:'https://cocodataset.org/#home'},{id:"B14",body:'https://developer.ibm.com/technologies/artificial-intelligence/tutorials/building-a-machine-learning-node-for-node-red-using-tensorflowjs/'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Gustavo Sanchez",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, India
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, India
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Inflammation begins with an acute pattern; however, it can become chronic by activating the adaptive immune response through cellular and noncellular mechanisms. The main etiologic factor of periodontal disease is bacteria which substantially harbor the human oral cavity. The most common periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis, whose main characteristic is inflammation. The knowledge of how immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses are regulated is fundamental to understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The purpose of this chapter is to show the current panorama of the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.",book:{id:"8202",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",title:"Periodontal Disease",fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo, Viridiana Elizabeth Hernández-Reyes, Oscar Eduardo García-Huerta, Francisca Chávez-Ruvalcaba, María Isabel Chávez-Ruvalcaba, Karla Mariana Chávez-Ruvalcaba and Lizbeth Díaz-Alfaro",authors:null},{id:"20289",doi:"10.5772/25275",title:"The Anatomy and Physiology of the Healthy Periodontium",slug:"the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-healthy-periodontium",totalDownloads:21284,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"352",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",title:"Gingival Diseases",fullTitle:"Gingival Diseases - Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment"},signatures:"Anthony Palumbo",authors:[{id:"62813",title:"Dr",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Palumbo",slug:"anthony-palumbo",fullName:"Anthony Palumbo"}]},{id:"56535",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69959",title:"Impact of Dental Plaque Biofilms in Periodontal Disease: Management and Future Therapy",slug:"impact-of-dental-plaque-biofilms-in-periodontal-disease-management-and-future-therapy",totalDownloads:2659,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Oral cavity represents an ideal environment for the microbial cell growth, persistence, and dental plaque establishment. The presence of different microniches leads to the occurrence of different biofilm communities, formed on teeth surface, above gingival crevice or at subgingival level, on tongue, mucosa and dental prosthetics too. The healthy state is regulated by host immune system and interactions between microbial community members, maintaining the predominance of “good” microorganisms. When the complexity and volume of biofilms from the gingival crevice increase, chronic pathological conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis can occur, predisposing to a wide range of complications. Bacteria growing in biofilms exhibit a different behavior compared with their counterpart, respectively planktonic or free cells. There have been described numerous mechanisms of differences in antibiotic susceptibility of biofilm embedded cells. Resistance to antibiotics, mediated by genetic factors or, phenotypical, due to biofilm formation, called also tolerance, is the most important cause of therapy failure of biofilm-associated infections, including periodontitis; the mechanisms of tolerance are different, the metabolic low rate and cell’s dormancy being the major ones. The recent progress in science and technology has made possible a wide range of novel approaches and advanced therapies, aiming the efficient management of periodontal disease.",book:{id:"5887",slug:"periodontitis-a-useful-reference",title:"Periodontitis",fullTitle:"Periodontitis - A Useful Reference"},signatures:"Veronica Lazar, Lia-Mara Ditu, Carmen Curutiu, Irina Gheorghe,\nAlina Holban, Marcela Popa and Carmen Chifiriuc",authors:[{id:"176119",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Holban",slug:"alina-maria-holban",fullName:"Alina Maria Holban"},{id:"176120",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Lazar",slug:"veronica-lazar",fullName:"Veronica Lazar"},{id:"177380",title:"Dr.",name:"Lia-Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Ditu",slug:"lia-mara-ditu",fullName:"Lia-Mara Ditu"},{id:"206971",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Curutiu",slug:"carmen-curutiu",fullName:"Carmen Curutiu"},{id:"206973",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Gheorghe",slug:"irina-gheorghe",fullName:"Irina Gheorghe"},{id:"206974",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Chifiriuc",slug:"carmen-chifiriuc",fullName:"Carmen Chifiriuc"}]},{id:"20298",doi:"10.5772/37923",title:"Periodontal Inflammation: From Gingivitis to Systemic Disease?",slug:"periodontal-inflammation-from-gingivitis-to-systemic-disease-",totalDownloads:7085,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"352",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",title:"Gingival Diseases",fullTitle:"Gingival Diseases - Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment"},signatures:"Fotinos Panagakos and Frank Scannapieco",authors:[{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",middleName:null,surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"},{id:"114800",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Scannapieco",slug:"frank-scannapieco",fullName:"Frank Scannapieco"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61046",title:"Optical Diagnostics to Improve Periodontal Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"optical-diagnostics-to-improve-periodontal-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:7339,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The performance of clinicians undertaking periodontal assessment or periodontal therapy can be improved by using optical methods as adjuncts to visual inspection and periodontal probing. Subtle changes that occur over time in periodontal tissues that are below the detection limit of visual examination or periodontal probing can be found and tracked accurately over time using 3D imaging, fluorescence spectroscopy, and optical coherence tomography. During debridement of teeth and dental implants, the effective removal of subgingival microbial biofilms and dental calculus deposits can be enhanced using magnifying loupes and operating microscopes and by novel methods based on the interactions of light with bacterial deposits, such as differential reflectometry and light-induced fluorescence. While such techniques can also be used using initial case assessment, their primary purpose is for checking debridement procedures, since the point when bacterial deposits are no longer present represents an endpoint for treatment. The concept of real-time feedback has been developed, using fluorescence readings to control the removal of deposits. Overall, optical methods can support traditional periodontal diagnosis and improve treatment planning and clinical periodontal care.",book:{id:"7244",slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Fardad Shakibaie and Laurence Walsh",authors:[{id:"179467",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"laurence-walsh",fullName:"Laurence Walsh"},{id:"235443",title:"Dr.",name:"Fardad",middleName:null,surname:"Shakibaie",slug:"fardad-shakibaie",fullName:"Fardad Shakibaie"}]},{id:"67314",title:"Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease",slug:"pathogenesis-of-periodontal-disease",totalDownloads:3090,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Inflammation is a physiological response of the innate immune system against several endogenous or exogenous stimuli. Inflammation begins with an acute pattern; however, it can become chronic by activating the adaptive immune response through cellular and noncellular mechanisms. The main etiologic factor of periodontal disease is bacteria which substantially harbor the human oral cavity. The most common periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis, whose main characteristic is inflammation. The knowledge of how immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses are regulated is fundamental to understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The purpose of this chapter is to show the current panorama of the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.",book:{id:"8202",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",title:"Periodontal Disease",fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo, Viridiana Elizabeth Hernández-Reyes, Oscar Eduardo García-Huerta, Francisca Chávez-Ruvalcaba, María Isabel Chávez-Ruvalcaba, Karla Mariana Chávez-Ruvalcaba and Lizbeth Díaz-Alfaro",authors:null},{id:"65145",title:"Treatment of Gingival Enlargement",slug:"treatment-of-gingival-enlargement",totalDownloads:2065,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Gingival enlargement or overgrowth is a common disease of gingiva. The causative factors may range from inflammation due to local factors to conditioned enlargement and neoplastic enlargements. They commonly present as bulbous interdental gingival, diffuse swelling of gingival. Due to the unaesthetic appearance of the overgrown gingiva, treatment becomes inevitable. This results in excision of overgrowth known as gingivectomy. The first gingivectomy procedure was explained by Robicsek in 1884 and later by Zentler (1918). Grant (1979) defined gingivectomy as excision of soft tissue wall of pathologic periodontal pocket. Gingivectomy procedures can be done by means of scalpel, laser, electrosurgery and chemosurgery. The ultimate result remains the same indifferent of the method used. However the amount of remaining keratinized gingival and esthetic appearance is of supreme importance.",book:{id:"7060",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",title:"Gingival Disease",fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention"},signatures:"Shruti Bhatnagar",authors:[{id:"270317",title:"Dr.",name:"Shruti",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatnagar",slug:"shruti-bhatnagar",fullName:"Shruti Bhatnagar"}]},{id:"61980",title:"Periodontal Diseases in Patients with Special Health Care Needs",slug:"periodontal-diseases-in-patients-with-special-health-care-needs",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"A wide variation of people with an impairment or disability requires a “special care dentistry” once their general manifestations directly act in the oral cavity. This target public is inserted into the following categories: neuromotor disability, sensory disability, mental disorder, infecto-contagious diseases, chronic systemic diseases, and systemic conditions. Among the several oral illnesses found in these groups, periodontal diseases have been the most frequent, becoming a major challenge for the dental practitioners. Thus, we described the microbiological, histopathological, and clinical features of periodontal diseases in each “special health care needs” group. Advances in “Omic” technologies have suggested the application of molecular biology methods to assess the genomics (genes), proteomics (proteins), transcriptomics (mRNA), and metabolomics (metabolites) aspects of periodontal diseases. These researches aim to promote a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and in the identification of new biomarkers of periodontal diseases that help in diagnosis of periodontal diseases and in tissue responses after treatments of gingivitis and periodontitis. As an alternative therapy, some bioactive materials and photobiomodulation may be indicated once they strongly stimulate the periodontal tissue regeneration, attenuate the inflammatory processes, and/or promote the reconstruction of the microstructure of the periodontium.",book:{id:"7244",slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Mônica Fernandes Gomes, Andrea Carvalho De Marco, Lilian Chrystiane Giannasi and Miguel Angel Castillo Salgado",authors:[{id:"205710",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mônica",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Gomes",slug:"monica-gomes",fullName:"Mônica Gomes"},{id:"243846",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho De Marco",slug:"andrea-carvalho-de-marco",fullName:"Andrea Carvalho De Marco"},{id:"243847",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo Salgado",slug:"miguel-angel-castillo-salgado",fullName:"Miguel Angel Castillo Salgado"},{id:"243848",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilian Chrystiane",middleName:null,surname:"Giannasi",slug:"lilian-chrystiane-giannasi",fullName:"Lilian Chrystiane Giannasi"}]},{id:"20291",title:"Gingival Indices: State of Art",slug:"gingival-indices-state-of-art",totalDownloads:41999,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"352",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",title:"Gingival Diseases",fullTitle:"Gingival Diseases - 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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