Analysis of the effect of parameters S and w on the result of optimization.
\r\n\tgas sensors.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-963-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-962-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-964-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",keywords:"Fabrication Technologies, Applications, Characterizations, Case Studies, Various Gas Sensors, Improvement of Lifestyle, Societal Benefit, Bio-Sensors, Bioreceptor Molecules, Integration, Packaging, Lab-on-Chip",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in nanowire heterostructures and laser spectroscopy, recipient of JSPS (Govt. of Japan) and NPDF (Govt. of India) fellowships, and member of MRS(USA), MRS(India), IPA(India).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Assistant Professor with the School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur with research interests that include the design and characterization of portable biosensors, biodevices, and sensor interfaces for miniaturized systems and biomedical applications for point-of-care testing.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",middleName:null,surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196334/images/system/196334.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Dhara received his Ph. D in Physics in 2012 from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. Presently, he is associated with the Faculty of Science, Sri Sri University, India as an Assistant Professor in Physics. Prior to joining the current\naffiliation, he was a postdoctoral fellow at different renowned institutions, Kobe University Japan, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, India and Cardiff University, United Kingdom. He was awarded prestigious JSPS postdoctoral fellowship based on his research contribution on semiconducting nanowires. He has published more than 32 research articles including 1 review article in high profile international journals and 3 book chapters to his credit. His research trust areas of interests are semiconductor nanostructures, optoelectronics, solid state lighting and light sensors, spectroscopy of nanomaterials, thin-film transistors (TFTs) etc.",institutionString:"Sri Sri University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sri Sri University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"442408",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorachand",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"gorachand-dutta",fullName:"Gorachand Dutta",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Gorachand Dutta, PhD is an Assistant Professor with the School of MedicalScience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. His research interests include the design and characterization of portable\r\nbiosensors, biodevices and sensor interfaces for miniaturized systems and biomedical applications for point-of-care testing. He received his Ph.D in Biosensor and Electrochemistry from Pusan National University, South Korea,\r\nwhere he developed different class of electrochemical sensors and studied the electrochemical properties of gold, platinum, and palladium based metal electrodes. He completed his Post-doctoral fellowships in the Department of\r\nMechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, USA and Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at University of Bath, UK. He has expertise on label-free multichannel electrochemical biosensors, electronically\r\naddressable biosensor arrays, aptamer- and DNA-based sensors and surface bio-functionalization.",institutionString:"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429341",firstName:"Paula",lastName:"Gavran",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"paula@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Thus, during the evolution of living organisms, the problem of reliable life support is solved with minimal expenditure of energy with a constant change in natural environmental conditions. The theory and practice of using modern electric drives increasingly give them the features of an intellectual approach. This makes it possible to maintain a high level of reliability and operate efficiency with changing external influences.
In the process of the electric drive synthesis, there is no ideal technical solution for the same terms of reference and formulated requirements (like the laws of nature evolution, there are many different variations).
When creating an electric drive, it is often necessary to make a compromise between a highly specialized technical solution for one specific device and a universal version for use in various fields.
When creating electric drives, the best technical solutions are obtained using optimization algorithms. It should be noted that a more general formulation of the problem and less restrictions provide better results.
There are significant difficulties for the optimization problem (including optimization of the magnetic circuit geometry and control optimization) for the following reason. The existing methods of designing the magnetic circuit of switched reluctance motor (SRM) do not fully take into account the drive control algorithm, since they are guided either by the nominal mode of operation or by some mode for a particular application. This is caused by uncertainty: if the algorithm is divided into time sections (within which the control actions are constant), many optimal variants of the magnetic circuit are obtained when solving the optimization problem. The number of optimal variants is equal to the number of time sections. That is, when controlling the drive, the extremum of the cost function (CF) will be obtained only if the magnetic circuit of the electric motor (magnetic core and winding) changes its configuration. But this is impossible now and in the near future. We have covered this problem in paper [4]. In the same paper, we proposed an algorithm for determining the only variant of the magnetic circuit of the traction motor when solving the optimization problem with varying control actions.
This chapter (Sections 2–5) presents the results of the optimization of the magnetic circuit of the motor using the Monte Carlo method. The Monte Carlo method was adapted to find the optimal geometric shape of the rotor pole as smooth curves (the air gap is not necessarily constant). To reduce the calculation time and ensure a high probability of obtaining a global extremum when performing an optimization by an improved method, a variable probability density of a random variable is used.
This chapter (Section 6) presents the results of solving a boundary problem of optimal SRM control. The cost function includes the square of the voltage applied to the stator winding.
Recommendations on the practical implementation of the optimal control algorithm are given (using the most common half-bridge power circuit and modern electronic components).
There are many different optimization methods: simplex method, Monte Carlo method, ant colony optimization algorithms, gradient descent, evolutionary algorithm, etc. [5, 6]. All of them are adapted for specific aims and make it possible to take into account the specific conditions inherent in a particular task.
As an optimization criterion, there may be different characteristics of the motor: average electromagnetic torque, torque ripple, efficiency, heat loss, and others (depending on the requirements of terms of reference). In multi-objective optimization, the objective function must be set using mathematical equations that take into account the priority of a certain criterion or use multi-objective optimization algorithms.
The developed optimization algorithm is based on the Monte Carlo method. Experience in designing SRM [4] shows that using this method to optimize the geometric dimensions of the magnetic circuit can significantly improve the performance of the motor compared to the results of the design without the use of optimization.
The Monte Carlo method allows finding the global extremum of the several CF variables. The essence of this method is as follows:
Setting limits for all optimized parameters.
A series of pseudorandom numbers is generated (uniform distribution of a random variable) and is performed within the specified limits for each optimized parameter.
CF value calculation.
Repeating steps 2 and 3 provides an extensive basis for establishing various relationships. By analyzing the data obtained, it is possible to know which parameter values provide the extremum of CF.
One of the advantages of the Monte Carlo method is that it guarantees with a fairly high probability that the global (not local) extremum of the cost function is found. But the main drawback is the need to perform a huge amount of CF calculations (hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands) to get an acceptable result. This leads to more time spent on optimization. Hence, SRM design lasts much longer. Even with a few numbers of optimized parameters, this disadvantage is very noticeable.
The algorithm developed on the basis of the Monte Carlo method makes it possible to find the global extremum of the CF with an accuracy sufficient for many practical problems in a relatively short time.
It is possible to reduce the time of optimization by generating random numbers near the coordinates of the global extremum.
The main difference of the developed algorithm is the generation of random numbers performed according to the Gaussian laws. Its probability density function is expressed as
where
Before starting the main part of the algorithm, it is necessary to set a certain number of random values of parameters (uniform distribution of a random variable). After that the best point should be selected of all available coordinates (the best point is the coordinates at which the CF has an extreme value). The selected point is the first approach to the extremum. Then the random number generation with Gaussian distribution is used (expected value corresponds to the coordinates of the first approach, and the variance is still large). After each calculation of the CF for the next approach point, it is necessary to take the last point if the value of the CF of this point is the best among all. Thus, self-adaptation occurs by adjusting the expectation and reducing the variance (Figure 1). It should be noted that the dependence of the variance on the calculation number of the CF affects the optimization time.
Examples of probability density graphs (1, start of optimization; 6, completion of optimization).
Figure 1 is an example for the case if the limits for the variation by the optimized parameter were from 0 to 1 and the extremum would be located at the point with coordinates 0.55 for this parameter. After all the calculations of the function have expired, the last result (quasi-extremum) is taken as the result of optimization.
In order to make it convenient to depict the graphic dependence of the variance on the CF calculation number, we introduce the parameter
As stated above, before starting the main part of the algorithm, it is necessary to set a certain number of random values of parameters (uniform distribution of a random variable, variance value is high,
The dependence of T (reciprocal for the variance σ2) on the CF calculation number (k = 1; w = 30; S = 0.7).
where
The effect of parameter k on the general form of the dependence T(n0).
The effect of parameter
The effect of parameter S on the general form of the dependence T(n0).
where
Figures 3–5 show the influence of parameters
The analysis of Figures 4 and 5 is presented in the form of Table 1.
High value | Low value | |
---|---|---|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
Analysis of the effect of parameters S and w on the result of optimization.
As Table 1 shows, various combinations of values can have both positive and negative effects. The values of
The coefficient
The value of the coefficient
When using the coefficient, it should be guided by the “68–95–99.7” rule: a random variable having a normal distribution does not deviate from the expectation in absolute value by more than 3
The coefficient
The influence of the coefficient k on the accuracy of the extremum coordinates calculation.
The value of the coefficient should be determined by the following formula
where
Number 3 in the denominator indicates the value of three sigmas.
Eventually, the developed optimization algorithm was based on the distribution function with variable expectation and standard deviation (Eq. (6)). The expectation depends on the intermediate optimization results. The standard deviation and variance depend on the calculation number of the CF:
where
Figure 7 summarizes Section 2 and shows the flowchart defining the developed optimization algorithm.
Flowchart defining the developed optimization algorithm.
When designing SRM, the shape of the poles of the rotor and stator is most often defined by contours similar to an isosceles trapezoid using segments and arcs [2, 9]. This results in a uniform air gap in the motor. Figure 8 shows an example of the rotor pole contours (uniform air gap).
Example of standard rotor pole defined using segments and arcs.
These restrictions on the shape of the magnetic core do not allow to fully realizing the possibilities for improving the performance of the SRM by changing the geometry of its magnetic circuit.
The scientific novelty of our research is the way of setting restrictions for varying the optimized geometric parameters of the SRM rotor by means of the zone shown in Figure 9.
The area of possible contours of the rotor poles when setting the curved shape of the pole.
As Figure 9 shows, the location of the rotor pole contour is limited only by the diameter of the rotor shaft, the maximum approach to the stator, and the sector which depends on the number of poles of the rotor. The left side of the pole is set by mirroring the contours of the right side.
Note that it does not complicate the manufacturing technology, because modern equipment allows to make sheets of magnetic core without restrictions on their shape.
Consider the mathematical description of the rotor pole curved shape. When optimizing the geometry of the curved pole shape, it is necessary to generate a
To solve this problem, an algorithm for generating a random curve was developed. The design features of the SRM magnetic cores make it necessary to take into account some restrictions on the curve shape that determines the magnetic core at each step of optimization:
Point 1 (belongs to the pole contour and is located on the pole axis) must be farther from the rotor axis of rotation than point 2 (belongs to the pole contour and is located on the groove axis). This rule is shown in Figure 10.
The pole contour should not be in sharp protrusions, peaks, and other irregularities. This may degrade motor performance due to deep local magnetic saturation (Figure 11) [10].
To fulfill Eq. (2), it is necessary that on the border of the pole zone, the tangents to the magnetic core are perpendicular to the radial direction (Figure 12).
An example of incorrect (a) and correct (b) setting of the coordinates of the boundary points of the pole contour.
An example of the influence of irregularities of the pole contour on the magnitude of the flux density in the magnetic core: incorrect (a) and correct (b) setting of the curve describing the pole contour.
Examples of incorrect (a) and correct (b) setting of the inclination of the extreme sections of the contour of the rotor pole.
It is possible to take into account the above conditions if the random curve is set by means of the Cartesian coordinate system using the analytical formula, then bring the curve to the form required for the SRM pole (Figure 13).
The principle plotting of the rotor pole curved shape. The magnetic core curves (b) divide the segments (numbered from 1 to 21) in the same proportions as the corresponding initial curves (a) defined using a mathematical expression and represented in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Curve plotting condition: it should be located in the pole sector so that the segments (numbered from 1 to 21, Figure 13b) are separated by the curve in the same proportions as the corresponding segments in the Cartesian coordinate system (Figure 13a).
The proposed location of the segments (from 1 to 21) in the zone sector pole ensures Eq. (1) (
To fulfill Eq. (2) (the pole contour should not be in sharp protrusions, Figure 11), it is advisable to set a random curve using the sum of sinusoids with different amplitudes, frequencies, and phases:
where
As shown by the experience of designing SRM [11], in order to avoid protrusions and irregularities, the values
Parameter name | Symbol | limitation | Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | |||
Amplitude | 0 | 1 | 0…1 | |
Frequency | 0 | 1 | 0…1 | |
Sine wave phase | 0 | 2π | 0…2π | |
Number of sinusoids | — | — | 2 |
Values of mathematical parameters of a random curve.
To eliminate the irregularities of the magnetic core at the top of the pole and in the center of the groove (Eq. (3), Figure 12), it is necessary to further develop measures that exclude the inclination of the random curve in the abscissas 0 and 2π: the derivative in these coordinates should be zero, and this should not contribute to the appearance of high fluctuations on the curve. We write the equation of the curve as follows:
where
The most suitable for this is the equation:
The function values at the three significant coordinates (
Examples of changing the shape of curves after conversion (
The above optimization algorithm is applicable to optimize the trapezoidal pole shape. To optimize the curved shape, it is necessary to take into account some features of the implementation of this algorithm in computer programming.
When optimizing the trapezoidal pole shape, the optimization parameters are clearly defined: they represent the specific geometric dimensions of the magnetic core. The curved shape of the pole does not have these geometric dimensions. The curved shape of the pole can be defined differently, for example, by the set of coordinates of the points belonging to this curve. Therefore, as optimization parameters, it is advisable to set the ratio (Eq. (11)) of the geometric dimensions
Formation of optimization parameters and their values.
where
Thus, the number of optimization parameter is equal to the number of points defining the half-pole contour. It should be noted that an increase in defining points does not entail an increase in optimization time. The curve is set using six random numbers (for two sinusoids, as in our case) that are independent of each other, similarly, optimization by six parameters.
The number of defining points is selected for each design problem singly, depending on the required accuracy and smoothness of the pole contour. The number of defining points is limited only by the features of creating a mesh in a computer program for calculating magnetic fields (e.g., FEMM). The more points that define the pole, the more the number of nodes in the output mesh. This entails a significant increase in the calculation time without increasing their accuracy [12].
As an example, consider the optimization of the curved shape of the rotor magnetic core for SRM 6/4; the outer diameter of the stator magnetic core is 131 mm, and the shaft diameter is 30 mm. The number of points defining the half-pole contour is 21.
Optimization criteria: minimum of torque ripple, it is defined as follows [4, 11, 13]:
where
When modeling electromagnetic processes in a SRM, the following assumptions were made:
The supply network has infinite power.
Losses in power switches and converter conductors are not taken into account.
Rotor eccentricity is absent; there is no deflection and shaft skew.
Magnetic field was calculated in two-dimensional space, calculated SRM space is stationary, and leakage flux at the end winding is neglected.
Electrical steel has isotropic properties for a two-dimensional computational space.
The shape of the current was rectangular (ideal case).
The result of the optimization is shown in the Figure 16.
Experimental SRM sample: 1 (dotted line) is the rotor obtained without optimization algorithm; 2 (continuous line) is the rotor obtained as a result of optimization.
In addition to the calculations, the electric motor with two rotors was tested alternately: with a rotor that was designed without the use of optimization methods and with a rotor whose geometric dimensions were obtained by optimization.
The purpose of the experiment was to obtain curves of the dependence of the torque on the rotor position for a motor with different rotor.
The experiment for each electric motor was carried out according to the following algorithm:
The values of the torque for the full rotation of the rotor were measured in 0.5° increments with a 0.33 m arm, at the end of which the strain gauge was attached. At the same time, the readings of two measuring instruments were registered: the absolute rotary encoder and the weight terminal (the force occurring in the strain gauge with an accuracy of 0.01 N). The phase windings were supplied with a variable autotransformer (with the help of which a current of 10 A), the diode bridge and a battery of capacitors with a total capacity of 4400 μF.
According to the data, the curves of the dependence of the torque on the rotor position were obtained.
The averaging of all sections of the curve, limited by the repeat interval, was performed. For a three-phase SRM, which has a 6/4 configuration, this interval is 30° (120 electric degree). Averaging of 12 sections was performed that correspond to different rotor positions. So, it was possible to reduce the error in measurements caused by the rotor eccentricity.
The results of the experiment are shown in Figure 17.
Comparison of experimental results for two rotor samples.
As can be seen from Figure 17, the experimental and calculated curves that correspond to one rotor are sufficiently close in form. When comparing the two experimental curves with each other, it follows that the torque ripple with the rotor obtained as a result of optimization is much less than for the motor with the rotor, which was designed without optimization. The torque ripple (Eq. (12)) with the rotor, which was designed without the use of optimization, is 137%. The torque ripple with the rotor, which was designed by means of optimization, is 51%. Thus, it was possible to reduce torque ripple more than 2.5 times.
When designing switched reluctance motors for specific applications, in addition to reducing the pulsations of the electromagnetic torque, other parameters, such as efficiency, thermal conditions, etc., need to be improved. To do this, we need to use a multi-objective optimization, for example, compiled using linear scalarization of cost function: The above optimization method based on Monte Carlo optimization method can also be used in the case of a multi-objective optimization:
where
The above optimization method based on Monte Carlo optimization method can also be used in the case of a multi-objective optimization.
Note that the design algorithm developed (allowing to get an uneven air gap and a curved pole shape) is applicable to optimize the stator pole. But for its implementation, it is necessary to take into account the additional restrictions that are created by the stator winding.
The following is one of the variants of the approach to the design of electric motors with regard to the control algorithm using the example of SRM, which are considered promising for applications.
It is known that the wider the range of permissible values of the coordinates and control actions of the control object, the less likely that the optimal dependence will pass along the boundary of the permissible values of coordinates or control actions and the greater the likelihood of obtaining a better final result. We formulate the requirements for the converter, which forms the control algorithm for the SRM on the basis that its functionality should be as wide as possible:
To power one phase of the SRM, there must be at least one semiconductor key in order to be able to independently switch for this phase. The current must be supplied to the winding during the conduction interval set by the rotor position specified by the control algorithm, in order to ensure the specified operating mode.
The converter should be able to regulate the phase current in the whole range of frequencies of rotation of the SRM and form a predetermined form of current using pulse-width modulation (PWM) together with frequency-pulse modulation (FPM).
The converter should be able to simultaneously feed several phases independently of each other, as well as ensure the operation of phases with overlapping.
As a converter for powering SRM, we use the most common half-bridge circuit. Various control laws can be implemented using modulation of the supplying voltage of the SRM and forming a current wave of almost any shape in the stator winding.
Find the power supply parameters of the SRM, which will provide a minimum of cost function, the integrand of which includes the square of the voltage applied to the stator winding:
The optimization criterion is selected based on the analysis of variables affecting electrical losses. The integrand (Eq. (14)) determines the electrical losses according to the Ohm’s law for linear electrical circuits (containing only active elements). In SRM, the relationship between current and voltage is nonlinear, and the integrand (Eq. (14)) is not identical to electric losses. In spite of this, minimization (Eq. (14)) can significantly reduce the electrical losses in the stator SRM, as shown by calculations.
In solving the problem of optimal control, the maximum principle is used. The equations for the SRM parameters, auxiliary
where
The first equation (system of Eq. (15)) is based on the Kirchhoff’s voltage law for one phase of the SRM. The second equation is the power balance equation (Cauchy equation): dynamic torque, electromagnetic torque, and torque of resistance. The remaining equations are obtained from the auxiliary function H according to the maximum principle:
The initial values of the auxiliary functions were found using the Newton-Raphson iteration method based on the following equation:
where
More detailed mathematical transformations to obtain the solutions to Eqs. (15) and (20) are given in [3, 14].
The calculations selected SRM with the following initial data: number of salient poles on the stator, 6; number of salient poles on the rotor, 4; phase resistance at 20°С, 0.4 Ω; number of phases, 3; stator package length, mm, 80; outer diameter of the stator, mm, 131; height of salient poles on the stator, mm, 21.2; width on the stator and rotor salient poles on the side of the air gap, mm, 8.8; stator core height, mm, 8.2; height of the rotor core, mm, 4.4; and inner diameter of the rotor core (shaft diameter), mm, 73.70.
In the practical application of SRM, there are always restrictions on the amplitude of the supply voltage. Table 3 shows the calculation results for the three options. Three different options are selected from the condition of limiting the voltage in the DC link: for the first option, the voltage is not more than 325 V, for the second option, the voltage is not more than 415 V, and for the third option, the voltage is not more than 566 V.
No. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 325 | 100 | 31.8 | 7.7 |
2 | 415 | 84.5 | 25.9 | 7.7 |
3 | 566 | 74.1 | 21.0 | 7.7 |
The calculation results for the three options.
To correctly compare the magnitude of the electrical losses over the switching period, calculations were performed for the same average value of the electromagnetic torque of all three options.
In the calculations, restrictions were imposed on the amplitude of the supply voltage, so that the parameters of the SRM and the supply converter did not exceed the maximum permissible values. In option 1 (Figure 18), a voltage pulse of constant amplitude was applied to the SRM stator winding—an option without optimization. Options 2 and 3 are calculated by the optimization criterion (Eq. (14)) with different voltage limits. For the calculation of option 1 and 3, the voltage value is chosen on the basis that the primary source of voltage for the converter is an industrial AC main voltage of 230 and 400 V, respectively. In carrying out the calculations of option 2, an intermediate nonstandard value was taken to illustrate the tendency of the SRM power parameters to change.
Curves of changes in the parameter SRM during the controlled switching process, in which the stator winding is under the supply voltage.
As can be seen from the Table 3, the electric losses in the stator winding with the optimal form of the supply current are significantly reduced, and the higher the voltage limit, the lower the electrical losses. From Figure 18 it can be seen that the current I3, corresponding to the lowest electrical losses, is characterized by a decrease in the amplitude value at the beginning of the switching process and a higher value of the current in the middle of the switching cycle with respect to the rest of the current curves.
Figure 18 shows the power supply interval of the phase winding. The optimal control problem was solved at this interval. The end of this interval corresponds to the moment of power off. The graphical dependencies of the currents
Chart currents for the full switching cycle of a single-phase SRM.
Practical implementation of algorithms for optimal control SRM.
Currently, there are a number of options for the formation of the optimal dependence of current on time. It seems rational to use PWM together with FPM, just as for an asynchronous motor, a current form is formed that approximates a sinusoid with PWM. To obtain maximum current repetition of the desired shape of the curve, the number of sampling points of current dependence on time increases, while the maximum pulse duration is reduced, and their frequency is increased with the help of PFM. FPM is used to obtain an optimal SRM current graph, since SRM has a nonlinear current dependence on the rotation angle and rotation frequency, and this in turn imposes limitations on the time of current rise in the SRM phase. From the beginning of each phase SRM to its end, the switching frequency of the half-bridge transistors should constantly change, taking into account the geometric design features of the active part SRM, as well as the specified characteristics. It is also necessary to implement with the help of PWM intermediate current increments that provide a smooth transition from one switching frequency of transistors to another, as well as provide protective and restrictive functions. In practice, all the necessary SRM parameters are read by the control converter as follows:
Phase current is obtained by digitizing an analog signal, a matched level, and certain limits, from a current transformer or a galvanically isolated shunt connected in series with each phase of the SRM.
Voltage is obtained by digitizing the analog signal, the agreed level, and certain limits, from the voltage divider galvanically isolated using linear optocouplers.
The rotation angle of the rotor is read from the encoder (both incremental and absolute encoders can be used), and it can also be obtained by processing test pulses sent to the SRM phase (without encoder control system).
The binding of the obtained parameters to the time is carried out by the timers-counters of the microcontroller used to control the SRM.
One of the microcontroller control subroutines solves Eqs. (15) and (20) based on the ADC data obtained using the built-in DMA controller (direct memory access controller). Of course, the microcontroller subprogram solves Eqs. (15) and (20) not in the form presented by the formulas; otherwise it would not have time to process them in time, but in a program-logical form, where the variables of Eqs. (15) and (20) are read and their limits are given. In this case, the entire calculation process takes place in one of the real-time systems such as FreeRTOS or TNKernel. The use of such operating systems helps to properly prioritize and sequence actions when collecting data on the SRM and calculating the sequence of control pulses to obtain the optimal current curve in real time.
Before the microcontroller program issues a sequence of control pulses to the SRM phase control driver, it goes through several stages:
Input of parameters and desired characteristics SRM into the EEPROM of the microcontroller from the interface panel of the configuration
Obtaining parameters SRM using ADC and encoder
Binding of the obtained data to time using timers-counters in the real-time operating system
Setting event flags and reading automatically changing event registers
Simultaneous reading of the time intervals of the components of the process of measuring all parameters and calculating the characteristics SRM over a period of time due to the preset sampling of the angle of rotation and the current rotor speed calculated by the difference in time between the encoder pulses relative to the set reference flags or registers
After receiving and calculating all unknowns in Eqs. (15) and (20), the microcontroller program selects the desired sequence and duration of control pulses to realize the desired current shape depending on the preset limits of parameters and desired characteristics of the SRM.
Even with the achievement of a correctly written program for the microcontroller and the optimization calculation of the SRM geometry, there will always be restrictions for their implementation related to the component base of the converter control. First of all, this refers to the semiconductor elements IGBT and MOSFET. Until recently, IGBT for SRM phase switching was the most popular, because they have small gate capacitances and a short recovery time of the free-wheel diode when switching high currents and voltages, as compared with MOSFET of the same price category. Their only drawback is that the switching frequency is up to 100 kHz, which imposes a restriction on the discretization of pulses forming a SRM current curve. At the moment, the markets appeared are MOSFET, Wolfspeed, and CREE [15]. MOSFET data have zero tail current. Along with this, Wolfspeed produces Schottky SiC diodes with zero reverse recovery current. By using a Z-FET™ and MOSFET™ bundle with Z-Rec™ Schottky diodes, you can get “all-SiC” high-power switching circuits. The switching frequency of such a MOSFET bundle is limited by the maximum operating frequency of the driver and, that, in turn, is limited by the response time of the galvanic isolation circuit. Although these limitations exist, using drivers with a large inverse gate-source current and implementing a driver power supply circuit with a bipolar power source, as well as minimizing parasitic capacitances and inductances in the control circuit of the power transistors during PCB layout, they can be removed completely. The microcontroller operates at large switching frequencies and is not taken into account as a limiting factor for the implementation of the program for the formation of optimal SRM current curves.
The use of optimal SRM control by optimization criterion (Eq. (14)) allowed to significantly reduce electrical losses in the winding.
In practice, the optimal control of the SRM can be realized with the help of shared pulse-width and pulse-frequency modulation, supplemented by a high-speed data acquisition system for the microcontroller.
The derivation of control laws and formulas for calculating the driving pulses that form the optimal SRM current graph for each of its possible operation modes and performance ranges is achieved in practice by a microcontroller control program generating these pulses according to conditions that are initially determined based on the optimal control problem, by means of collecting and calculating all unknown equations of the mathematical model of SRM in real-time systems.
Optimization algorithms used at different stages of the SRM life cycle (design, manufacturing, exploitation, recycling) can significantly improve all technical and economic performance of the SRM including environmental issues, loss reduction, and reduction of energy costs in the performance of certain work.
Further development of this line of research will consist in the fact that the optimization problem will be solved in a more general formulation and eventually will cover the entire life cycle of SRM, as a converter of one type of energy into another.
According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 80% of people around the world use herbal medicine. Studies show that certain herbs effectively treat several health issues, like allergies, premenstrual syndrome, chronic fatigue, cancer, diabetes and many more. India is one of the big resources of medicinal plants and natural products due to its geological diversity. In recent years, various researches have been conducted on medicinal plants and spices worldwide. Plant-derived chemicals have attracted the attention of the scientific community for their various potential positive qualities. Studies have shown that polyphenols are anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, cardiac and neuroprotective, as well as having anti-cancer properties [1, 2]. Some of these natural chemicals have been included in clinical trials due to their inherent biological activity in a variety of disease models [3, 4], as they exhibited promising benefits in terms of boosting the anti-proliferative response and reducing the toxicity of conventional treatments.
Islamic medicine, often known as Arabic medicine in medical history, is the science of medicine developed during the Islamic Golden Age, which lasted from the ninth to thirteenth centuries. Although the main medical tradition was Greek, it was influenced by Islamic or Prophetic Medicine, as well as folk medicine to a lesser extent. The Holy Quran has provided the knowledge for a variety of crops, including grains, seeds, and fodder, as well as their germination and growth processes in several Surah. Plants are considered a gift from God, and the Quran mentions various plant names such as Date palms, figs, olives, ginger, grapes, miswak, onion, barley, garlic, pomegranates, camphor, Christ’s thorns, bottle gourds and other significant therapeutic herbs and plants utilized as food [5, 6].
Various medicinal plants and nutraceuticals derived from different natural resources, as well as their products such as polyphenolic components, flavones, flavonoids, and antioxidants, have been found to provide significant protection against a variety of diseases [7]. Epidemiological observations show that various traditional Islamic medicinal plants have powerful disease inhibiting properties [6, 8]. Currently, developing a preventive/therapeutic drug that reduces the particular disease without harming normal cells, is the primary goal of the research performed. For instance, in the case of cancer treatment, some of the methods used by the experts to cure the condition include tumor debulking, chemotherapies, radiotherapies, targeted treatments, immunotherapies, stem cell transplants, and photodynamic therapies [9]. Around the world, researchers are trying to develop new strategies to eradicate the diseases.
The present chapter summarizes the recently reported pharmacologically and therapeutically based medicinal plants and its products mentioned in Islamic scriptures. The chapter also highlights the recent studies of medicinal plants and their natural products based on
Date palm fruit has been described in traditional and alternative medicine to provide several health benefits including anticholesteremic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticancer effects [12]. According to prior phytochemical studies, Date pulp fruit contains about 80% reducing sugars, including fructose, glucose, galactose, and maltose, as well as flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenols, and phytosterols [13, 14]. Phytochemicals present in dates palm fruits exhibit anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antioxidant, hypolipidemic and anti-apoptotic properties [15]. The main bioactive components present dates palm pulp are Carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene), phytosterols and phytoestrogens (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, daidzein, genistein and isofucosterol), flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, isoquercetrin, rutin and kaempferol) and phenolic acids (benzoic acid derivatives; p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid and syringic acid, and cinnamic acid derivatives; o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) (Figure 1) [10, 16].
Chemical structure of principal bioactive components found in date palm (
The ethyl acetate fraction of
Low glycemic index (GI) diets have been proven to be effective in the treatment of diabetes. Dates can be classed as a low GI superfood because of their high fructose content, which is sweeter and less diabetogenic than glucose [23].
The use of dates is also important for antimicrobial activities. The
Date palm fruit has shown the protective effect on dimethoate induced-oxidative stress in rat liver [28]. Moreover, date palm fruits have shown anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects in hyperlipidemia and fatty liver male albino rats [29].
The use of dates is especially important for pregnant and postnatal women. Women who consume dates before and after giving birth might strengthen their uterine muscles by consuming dates [20]. Consumption of date fruit in the last 4 weeks before labor reduced the need for initiation and augmentative labor and resulted in a better delivery outcome [30]. Due to their high fiber, iron and trace element contents, as well as their high energy and low GI, date fruits seem to be the ideal superfood for today’s health-conscious age.
One of the largest angiosperm genus, Ficus belonging to the family of Moraceae (Mulberry) are perennial plants comprising of over 800 different species including climbers, trailers, and epiphytes distributed around the tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide [31, 32].
Bush/small tree-like appearance with single, alternating and large foliage, deep lobes with three or seven lobes; rough and hairy on the top surface; soft and hairy underneath along with smooth and gray bark. In addition to being cultivated from ancient times, they were found growing in the wild in dry and sunny places with rich and fresh soil, as well as in rocky locations. A reasonably permeable and easy draining soil is ideal for the plant’s growth; nevertheless, it can also grow in nutritionally poor soil [34]. The edible part of
Figs have acquired a considerable amount of folkloric importance and still invite the attention of researchers globally for their pharmaceutical properties to be used as complementary medicine. Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha are the classical medicine systems of Ayurveda that have acknowledged the medicinal benefits of fig [39]. Therefore, it promises to treat and cure disorders of endocrine (diabetes), ventilatory, cardiovascular, digestive (ulcers and vomiting), urinary, reproductive (menstrual discomfort), and immune systems, as well as infectious diseases of the skin, scabies, and gonorrhea [40].
Phytochemical analysis results revealed a number of secondary metabolites being isolated from different parts of
Linolenic acid (53.1%) was found to be the most prominent fatty acid present in dried figs followed by linoleic acid (21.1%), palmitic acid (13.8%), and oleic acid (9.8%) [41]. Phenolic compounds; 3-O- and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acids, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, psoralen, and bergapten isolated from the fruit pulp [43]. However, numerous volatile components namely 3-methyl-butanal, 2-methyl-butanal, (E)-2-pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methylbutanol, benzyl alcohol, (E)-2-nonenol, and phenylethyl alcohol, ketone: 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, esters: methyl hexanoate, methyl salicylate, and ethyl salicylate, limonene, menthol, α-pinene, β-pinene, linalool, eucalyptol, α-cubenene, copaene, β-caryophyllene, τ-muurolene, τ-cadinene, and germacrene D and β-cyclocitral were found in the
Chemical structure of principal bioactive components found in fig (
The fruits have emerged as an outstanding complementary medicine that could be used in treating leprosy, nasal hemorrhage, and deficiency disorders as well as are used in various drug preparations [45].
Methanolic fruit extract of
Methanolic fruit extract of
As a promising nutritional intervention for acute postprandial glucose and insulin homeostasis,
In a previous study, it has been found that the fig seems to have a spasmolytic action that might be mediated by activation of the K+-ATP channel, which supports some of its therapeutic uses in hyperactive gastrointestinal illnesses, and its antiplatelet effect [51].
Various therapeutic attributes of black seed and its active component thymoquinone have been shown in
The most important active compounds are thymoquinone (30–48%), thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, p-cymene (7–15%), carvacrol (6–12%), 4-terpineol (2–7%), t-anethol (1–4%), sesquiterpene longifolene (1–8%) α-pinene and thymol [62]. Among the various active components reported thus far, thymoquinone, which is a major component of essential oil, is the most bioactive chemical and has a variety of therapeutic properties (Figure 3).
Chemical structure of principal bioactive components found in black cumin (
Thymoquinone, the active compound of the black seed helps to train T cells
Black cumin is one of the most inspirational medicinal plants, with potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. Thymoquinone isolated from
The administration of black cumin seed to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for one month resulted in a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose, serum MDA, interleukin-6, and immunoglobulin A, G, and M, as well as a significant increase in endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, Glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase expression. Diabetes-induced elevations in tissue MDA and blood glucose were greatly reduced in rats treated with
According to a nonrandomized controlled trial, 57 patients who were given 2 g daily supplements of black cumin for one year showed a significant reduction in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP, heart rate, TC, LDL-c, the fractions of TC/HDL-c, and LDL-c/HDL-c, while serum HDL-c was suggestively raised when compared to baseline values and the control group. It was also used to assess the blood pressure-lowering capability and possible processes of
Medicinal plants are great sources of phytochemicals, which are abundant in a variety of plants and have few negative effects. They include active chemicals that help the body recover itself and re-establish its natural equilibrium. Traditional Islamic natural products are important sources of therapeutic medications with innovative structures and modes of action for the treatment of a variety of ailments as well as the drug discovery process. The recently reported pharmacologically and therapeutically based medicinal plants and their products that are mentioned in Islamic scriptures are presented in this chapter. The current study also emphasizes recent
This work was supported by Cell and Tissue Culture Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Department of Biochemistry, Era University, Lucknow, India.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
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\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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Due to its advantages of abundant resources, less in cost, great workability and high physical properties, fly ash leads to achieving high mechanical properties. Fly ash is considered as one of the largest generated industrial solid wastes or so-called industrial by-products, around the world particularly in China, India, and USA. The characteristics of fly ash allow it to be a geotechnical material to produce geopolymer cement or concrete as an alternative of ordinary Portland cement. Many efforts are made in this direction to formulate a suitable mix design of fly ash-based geopolymer by focusing on fly ash as the main prime material. The physical properties, chemical compositions, and chemical activation of fly ash are analyzed and evaluated in this review paper. Reference has been made to different ASTM, ACI standards, and other researches work in geopolymer area.",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Aissa Bouaissi, Long Yuan Li, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Romisuhani Ahmad, Rafiza Abdul Razak and Zarina Yahya",authors:null},{id:"73729",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93500",title:"Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building",slug:"solar-energy-and-its-purpose-in-net-zero-energy-building",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The Net Zero Energy Building is generally described as an extremely energy-efficient building in which the residual electricity demand is provided by renewable energy. Solar power is also regarded to be the most readily available and usable form of renewable electricity produced at the building site. In contrast, energy conservation is viewed as an influential national for achieving a building’s net zero energy status. This chapter aims to show the value of the synergy between energy conservation and solar energy transfer to NZEBs at the global and regional levels. To achieve these goals, both energy demand building and the potential supply of solar energy in buildings have been forecasted in various regions, climatic conditions, and types of buildings. Building energy consumption was evaluated based on a bottom-up energy model developed by 3CSEP and data inputs from the Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS) model under two scenarios of differing degrees of energy efficiency intention. The study results indicate that the acquisition of sustainable energy consumption is critical for solar-powered net zero energy buildings in various building styles and environments. The chapter calls for the value of government measures that incorporate energy conservation and renewable energy.",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan",authors:[{id:"317852",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaeili Shayan",slug:"mostafa-esmaeili-shayan",fullName:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan"}]},{id:"67105",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86279",title:"Social Innovation and Environmental Sustainability in Social Housing Policies: Learning from Two Experimental Case Studies in Italy",slug:"social-innovation-and-environmental-sustainability-in-social-housing-policies-learning-from-two-expe",totalDownloads:1011,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter critically examines approaches and solutions developed by social housing to sustainably respond to the housing emergency plaguing contemporary cities and Italian cities in particular. In a broader perspective, we also investigate how housing has become ‘difficult’ in Europe and the poorest segments of the population run the risk of having their right to housing dramatically denied. Analysing housing in terms of its procedural dimension, we focus on two Italian case studies that evoke a new way of inhabiting the city, cases in which high standards characterised social housing and yet remain accessible to all. The Sharing hotel residence in Turin and Zoia social housing in Milan combine housing with other socially innovative measures in a framework of sustainability and avant-garde construction. These are significant examples that speak to issues such as temporariness, flexibility and the coordination of measures. These two cases both pursued objectives having to do with social, planning, architectural and environmental quality, albeit each in their own way. There are by now numerous examples of social housing in Europe and these have recently attracted growing interest in Italy as well; in this country, however, such projects represent valid instances of experimentation but are not at all widespread.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Rossana Galdini and Silvia Lucciarini",authors:[{id:"281246",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Lucciarini",slug:"silvia-lucciarini",fullName:"Silvia Lucciarini"},{id:"282958",title:"Prof.",name:"Rossana",middleName:null,surname:"Galdini",slug:"rossana-galdini",fullName:"Rossana Galdini"}]},{id:"67084",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86278",title:"Comprehensive Strategy for Sustainable Housing Design",slug:"comprehensive-strategy-for-sustainable-housing-design",totalDownloads:1362,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Sustainable housing needs to be designed to maximize occupants’ well-being and minimize the environmental load. The pursuit of combining these two different aspects toward sustainability is a goal-oriented task. The science of control can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks. Therefore, applying control science, we have been progressing in research on sustainable housing design. Our previous study has produced the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Based on these accomplished results, this study has comprehensively visualized the process of producing and revising the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist. Following this visualized process, also this study has concretely shown the production and revision processes of the sustainable design guidelines. The study results suggest that the comprehensive visualization can make these processes more manageable and help system designers to produce and revise the guidelines more efficiently. Furthermore, these results have led to indicating how to adjust the guidelines to different countries or regions as well as changing situations over time.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"57401",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71325",title:"Basic Schemes: Preparations for Applying Control Science to Sustainable Design",slug:"basic-schemes-preparations-for-applying-control-science-to-sustainable-design",totalDownloads:1223,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"It is the ultimate goal for humankind to deal with various problems and achieve sustainability. Control science can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks and has already produced remarkable results. Accordingly, applying control science to the task of achieving sustainability is a rational and reliable approach. In order to apply control science to sustainability issues, our first study has shown the “basic control system for sustainability” as well as the “model of sustainability.” After that, in order to identify system components of practical control systems for promoting sustainable design, we have devised “two-step preparatory work for sustainable design.” The two steps of this preparatory work are “determining the relationships between the standard human activities and sustainability” and “sustainability checkup on human activities as an object.”",book:{id:"5692",slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71982",title:"Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Principles and Applications",slug:"net-zero-energy-buildings-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:2226,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Global warming and climate change are rising issues during the last couple of decades. With residential and commercial buildings being the largest energy consumers, sources are being depleted at a much faster pace in the recent decades. Recent statistics shows that 14% of humans are active participant to protect the environment with an additional 48% sympathetic but not active. In this chapter, net-zero energy buildings design tools and applications are presented that can help designers in the commercial and residential sectors design their buildings to be net-zero energy buildings. Case studies with benefits and challenges will be presented to illustrate the different designs to achieve a net-zero energy building (NZEB).",book:{id:"9916",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Maher Shehadi",authors:null},{id:"57400",title:"Case Study: Detached House Designed by Following the Control System",slug:"case-study-detached-house-designed-by-following-the-control-system",totalDownloads:1548,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The previous chapter has demonstrated the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Following this control system, we have actually designed and constructed a detached house. To be concrete, the homeowner and the architects of the housing manufacture have designed the home’s parts, or elements, so that as much as possible the elements’ variables meet their desired values. The sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist have been readily accepted because the material and spatial elements are equivalent to real parts of the home. After the home started to be used, we have obtained external evaluations of the home’s sustainability performance. For example, CASBEE for Detached Houses, a comprehensive assessment system, has readily ranked the house in the highest “S.” An energy-saving performance assessment has shown that this home has reduced energy consumption by over 70%, as compared with the average home. On the other hand, the reactions of the occupants and visitors have indicated the comfort, healthiness and safety of this house. Furthermore, this home has received a sustainable housing award, especially due to its extremely high sustainability and energy-saving performance.",book:{id:"5692",slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"67084",title:"Comprehensive Strategy for Sustainable Housing Design",slug:"comprehensive-strategy-for-sustainable-housing-design",totalDownloads:1362,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Sustainable housing needs to be designed to maximize occupants’ well-being and minimize the environmental load. The pursuit of combining these two different aspects toward sustainability is a goal-oriented task. The science of control can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks. Therefore, applying control science, we have been progressing in research on sustainable housing design. Our previous study has produced the control system for promoting sustainable housing design in which sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist are incorporated. Based on these accomplished results, this study has comprehensively visualized the process of producing and revising the sustainable design guidelines and sustainability checklist. Following this visualized process, also this study has concretely shown the production and revision processes of the sustainable design guidelines. The study results suggest that the comprehensive visualization can make these processes more manageable and help system designers to produce and revise the guidelines more efficiently. Furthermore, these results have led to indicating how to adjust the guidelines to different countries or regions as well as changing situations over time.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"65804",title:"Effects of Street Geometry on Airflow Regimes for Natural Ventilation in Three Different Street Configurations in Enugu City",slug:"effects-of-street-geometry-on-airflow-regimes-for-natural-ventilation-in-three-different-street-conf",totalDownloads:1401,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Efficient natural ventilation is dependent on the micro climate conditions of an urban environment. This is affected by ambient wind flow, radiation and air temperatures. The airflow within the urban street can be cultivated into two regions. The first is a recirculation region, which forms in the near wake of each building. The Second is a ventilated region downstream of the recirculation region, formed when the street is sufficiently wide. The development of the flow into these two regions depends on geometry. This chapter looks at the impacts of street geometry on these regions of airflow cultivation in three different street configurations in high density residential settlements in Enugu city. It utilized schematic analysis of airflow regimes to identify the behaviors of flow in these street configurations relative to the height and width ratios of the street canyon. This schematic analysis can be utilized in preliminary design studies by city and building designers for justifying street dimensions and configurations in tropical regions where natural ventilation is paramount.",book:{id:"7650",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Jideofor Anselm Akubue",authors:[{id:"139659",title:"Dr.",name:"Akubue",middleName:"Jideofor",surname:"Anselm",slug:"akubue-anselm",fullName:"Akubue Anselm"}]},{id:"66000",title:"Fundamentals of Natural Ventilation Design within Dwellings",slug:"fundamentals-of-natural-ventilation-design-within-dwellings",totalDownloads:962,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Along with acoustical and lighting comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort upon households are essential to maintain a proper indoor environment, therefore ensuring a welfare toward the occupants. Nevertheless, sometimes, these features are neglected by building designers and constructers, causing problems such as the so-called sick building syndrome (SBS) and thermal discomfort, among others. Although there are short-term solutions such as purifiers, extractors, fans, and air conditioning, eventually these methods become not sustainable activities that consume energy and emit polluting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons. One alternative to this is natural ventilation, understood as the airflow throughout a building caused by changes of pressures naturally produced. 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Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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