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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5854",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Germ Cell",title:"Germ Cell",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book focuses on the development and biology of germ cell and is edited by Ahmed RG, associate professor and Doctor of Developmental and Experimental Biology, Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt. While many articles have appeared in journals on germ cell, this book provides you with a rare treat - an extensive and intensive study on it. It is one of a kind, offering important and valuable information about the biology of germ cell. This book covers the specification, regulation, and reprogramming of germ cell and germ line stem cells. This book provides important information about the new insight into germ cell signaling and the genotoxic in vitro studies in testicular germ cells. This book offers significant results about the origin, specification, and development of the female germ line in placental mammals and the germ cell tumors and their association with pregnancy.",isbn:"978-953-51-3759-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3758-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-3986-7",doi:"10.5772/65614",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"germ-cell",numberOfPages:156,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e63c03c8b93ebc004eef632ab84d62ea",bookSignature:"Ahmed RG",publishedDate:"January 31st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5854.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8005,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 14th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"138555",title:"Prof.",name:"R.G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"r.g.-ahmed",fullName:"R.G. Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/138555/images/system/138555.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ahmed RG received his Ph.D. in Developmental Biology (Developmental endocrinology) from Beni-Suef University, Egypt and received research training (postdoctoral fellowship) as a visiting scholar at the Katholic University, Belgium. He has outstanding record of scientific and academic accomplishments with multiple research funding, numerous publications (books/papers) in highly prestigious journals and various presentations in both national and international conferences. He is a member of a number of eminent societies, organizations and schools. On the other hand, he served as a scientific editors and reviewer for the national and international research institutions. He has been honored by the Society for Endocrinology in project of You and Your hormones. He is an assistant director of animal housing, Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.",institutionString:"Beni-Suef University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Beni-Suef University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1403",title:"Reproductive Immunology",slug:"reproductive-immunology"}],chapters:[{id:"58819",title:"Germ Cell Specification: The Evolution of a Recipe to Make Germ Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71557",slug:"germ-cell-specification-the-evolution-of-a-recipe-to-make-germ-cells",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multicellular species use gametes for their propagation. Gametes are formed from primordial germ cells (PGCs), which develop during embryogenesis. In some species, PGCs are specified by the inheritance of a RNA granule known as germ plasm. During germ cell specification, the germ plasm conveys a unique set of properties, e.g. the germ cell specific meiotic cell cycle to the PGCs. Germ plasm assembly is controlled by independently evolving organizer proteins like Oskar in Drosophila or Bucky ball in zebrafish. These organizers are intrinsically disordered proteins, which rapidly changed their amino acid sequence during evolution. A common recipe has emerged by studies on organizer proteins for animals that use germ plasm to specify their germline. Investigating the nature of these organizers might therefore provide a clue to germ cell specification in other species, which are less accessible to molecular-genetic and embryological approaches. Moreover, we might understand how the first metazoans modified their existing cellular structures from unicellular eukaryotes to ensure their reproduction.",signatures:"Pritesh Krishnakumar and Roland Dosch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58819",authors:[{id:"220901",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Pritesh",surname:"Krishnakumar",slug:"pritesh-krishnakumar",fullName:"Pritesh Krishnakumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"56303",title:"The Regulation of Germline Stem Cells and Their Neighbouring Somatic Cells in the Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69963",slug:"the-regulation-of-germline-stem-cells-and-their-neighbouring-somatic-cells-in-the-fruit-fly-drosophi",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs) remain as one of the most well-understood adult stem cells. The number of stem cells that self-renews and differentiates must be tightly controlled to maintain tissue homeostasis. The Drosophila GSCs are maintained by local signals emanated from the niche, which is composed of the surrounding somatic cells. Notably, GSC homeostasis is also known to be influenced by systemic signals and external stimuli. The Drosophila hormone ecdysone and its signalling cascade were found to regulate GSC homeostasis. The insulin signalling pathway as well as nutrient availability can also regulate GSC number. Furthermore, neuronal sex peptide signalling induced in female flies after mating was shown to increase GSC number. Hence, the Drosophila GSC system serves as a useful model towards understanding the mammalian stem cells. Compared with the mammalian stem cell models, the Drosophila GSC system is anatomically simpler where stem cells can be easily identified, imaged and manipulated genetically. Nevertheless, recent findings have facilitated our understanding into how GSCs and their neighbouring somatic cells sense and respond to changes in a variety of local, systemic and external stimuli.",signatures:"Sharon Wui Sing Tan, Yu Cai and Gyeong Hun Baeg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56303",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56303",authors:[{id:"198098",title:"Prof.",name:"Gyeong Hun",surname:"Baeg",slug:"gyeong-hun-baeg",fullName:"Gyeong Hun Baeg"},{id:"207180",title:"MSc.",name:"Sharon Wui Sing",surname:"Tan",slug:"sharon-wui-sing-tan",fullName:"Sharon Wui Sing Tan"},{id:"207181",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",surname:"Cai",slug:"yu-cai",fullName:"Yu Cai"}],corrections:null},{id:"56483",title:"Primordial Germ Cell Reprogramming",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69965",slug:"primordial-germ-cell-reprogramming",totalDownloads:1429,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the embryonic precursors of the gametes. Thus, they are unipotent cells. However, PGCs share some common features with pluripotent stem cells. Among them, PGCs show alkaline phosphatase activity and express stage-specific embryonic antigens and pluripotency factors Lin28, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. Under specific conditions, they undergo spontaneous reprogramming in vivo. Moreover, they can be easily reprogrammed in vitro into pluripotent embryonic germ cells (EGCs) by culturing them in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor or the epigenetic modulator trichostatin A. Previous work in our laboratory has also proven that hypoxia alone can reprogram PGCs into hypoxia-induced embryonic germ-like cells, which have a pluripotent phenotype but which do not show self-renewal capacity. Therefore, PGCs are an interesting model to further comprehensively understand the process of cell reprogramming. This chapter reviews various methods to achieve PGC reprogramming, as well as the molecular pathways involved. We focus on soluble factors and genetic strategies to obtain pluripotent cells from PGCs. Special emphasis will be given to factors implied in energetic metabolism, epigenetics, and cell signaling transduction, both in vitro and in vivo.",signatures:"Maria P. De Miguel, Yago Alcaina and Diego Sainz de la Maza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56483",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56483",authors:[{id:"60625",title:"BSc.",name:"Yago",surname:"Alcaina",slug:"yago-alcaina",fullName:"Yago Alcaina"},{id:"199960",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria P",surname:"De Miguel",slug:"maria-p-de-miguel",fullName:"Maria P De Miguel"},{id:"207051",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Sainz De La Maza",slug:"diego-sainz-de-la-maza",fullName:"Diego Sainz De La Maza"}],corrections:null},{id:"56417",title:"Membrane Dynamics of Spermatozoa during Capacitation: New Insight in Germ Cells Signalling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69964",slug:"membrane-dynamics-of-spermatozoa-during-capacitation-new-insight-in-germ-cells-signalling",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study of germline stem cells and of germline cells has deep implications for the understanding of fertility, development and cancer. Nowadays, we are experiencing the very fascinating challenge of application of –OMICS technologies to this issue, which is opening new and unexpected horizons in virtually all the branches of biology. Here, we carried out a review of signalling systems involved in maturation of male germ cells and in the process that leads them to become fully fertile. In particular, we discuss the control mechanisms involved in capacitation and acrosome reaction that act at membrane level. Indeed, spermatozoa membranes play key roles in determining the achievement of fertility: they are the interface with the surrounding environment, they locate the signal transduction systems and they are active in recognizing and binding the oocyte. In addition, we discuss the effect of several compounds that could exert a negative effect on reproductive activity, by interfering with the endocrine axis, the so-called endocrine disruptors.",signatures:"Nicola Bernabò, Marina Ramal Sanchez, Luca Valbonetti, Luana\nGreco, Giulia Capacchietti, Mauro Mattioli and Barbara Barboni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56417",authors:[{id:"88710",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",surname:"Mattioli",slug:"mauro-mattioli",fullName:"Mauro Mattioli"},{id:"88713",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Barboni",slug:"barbara-barboni",fullName:"Barbara Barboni"},{id:"90197",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Bernabò",slug:"nicola-bernabo",fullName:"Nicola Bernabò"},{id:"199832",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Valbonetti",slug:"luca-valbonetti",fullName:"Luca Valbonetti"},{id:"199833",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Ramal Sancez",slug:"marina-ramal-sancez",fullName:"Marina Ramal Sancez"},{id:"199834",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulia",surname:"Capacchietti",slug:"giulia-capacchietti",fullName:"Giulia Capacchietti"}],corrections:null},{id:"57528",title:"Challenging the Paradigms on the Origin, Specification and Development of the Female Germ Line in Placental Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71559",slug:"challenging-the-paradigms-on-the-origin-specification-and-development-of-the-female-germ-line-in-pla",totalDownloads:1195,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most of our understanding on the origin, specification and development of the female germ line in placental mammals comes from studies in the laboratory mouse. The molecular pathway leading to the development and establishment of the female germ line in mouse has erected as the paradigm for placental mammals. It remains, however, largely unexplored whether the well-established mouse regulatory pathway is a common mechanism to other or all placental mammals. Discrete differences in mammals other than mouse reveal the existence of alternative mechanisms that challenge the currently accepted tenets on the origin and establishment of the mammalian female germinal reserve. Here, we will discuss the mouse framework in the light of emerging discrepancies seen in other placental mammals.",signatures:"Noelia P. Leopardo, Pablo I.F. Inserra and Alfredo D. Vitullo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57528",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57528",authors:[{id:"214484",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Vitullo",slug:"alfredo-vitullo",fullName:"Alfredo Vitullo"},{id:"214485",title:"Dr.",name:"Noelia",surname:"Leopardo",slug:"noelia-leopardo",fullName:"Noelia Leopardo"},{id:"214486",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Inserra",slug:"pablo-inserra",fullName:"Pablo Inserra"}],corrections:null},{id:"58351",title:"Germ Cell Tumors and their Association with Pregnancy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72556",slug:"germ-cell-tumors-and-their-association-with-pregnancy",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) comprise 20–25% of all ovarian cancers arising from germ cells of ovary. Mature teratoma (dermoid) is the only benign and commonest germ cell tumor. Only 3–5% germ cell tumors are malignant, dysgerminomas being the most common. These tumors occur in adolescents and reproductive age group. Hence, its association with pregnancy is not uncommon. They can be reliably diagnosed with ultrasound imaging. Raised levels of tumor markers in pregnancy should be interpreted with caution. Cystectomy can be done for benign germ cell tumors. However, fertility sparing surgery with surgical staging with or without adjunctive therapy is recommended for malignant germ cell tumors (MOGTs). Surgery is safe in the second trimester of pregnancy. MOGTs are quite sensitive to chemo and radiotherapy. Three to four courses of chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and platinum is recommended. Prognosis of these germ cell tumors is excellent.",signatures:"Mamta Gupta and Vandana Saini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58351",authors:[{id:"221469",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamta",surname:"Gupta",slug:"mamta-gupta",fullName:"Mamta Gupta"},{id:"222224",title:"Dr.",name:"Vandana",surname:"Saini",slug:"vandana-saini",fullName:"Vandana Saini"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7175",title:"Placenta",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447d49d62164c5437461f3b0aae7a67f",slug:"placenta",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. G.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7175.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138555",title:"Prof.",name:"R.G.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"r.g.-ahmed",fullName:"R.G. 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The instinct of the collector and exhibitor has been present in man since the earliest phase in the form of cave paintings and sculptural art in the form of Paleolithic and later Mesolithic Venus. This trend of preserving and expanding the “art of past generations” took place in all subsequent periods and centuries. However, it gradually manifested itself as an attribute of preserving and documenting the authenticity of time through objects.
Today’s exhibition language is the product of a combination of current knowledge of science and exhibition practices, knowledge and needs of the visitor of the 21st century. Among the priority needs for visitors to a modern museum is not only to learn about collection items, but also to examine them in detail, e.g. try them, touch them, or make a true copy of them. At present, the needs of visitors can be saturated with technology in the form of 3D printers, as well as the direct craft creation of castings of selected collection items.
Alternatives to adapting modern cyber technology are almost limitless; from visual presentations (from educational aids such as PowerPoint, Impress, Kyenote and others) to the technological creation itself (eg. software - graphic reconstruction of monuments and collection objects, 3D shapes and forms of architecture of cities using 3D printing, or 3D Puzzle of world cities and cultural heritage and others).
Today we can no longer talk only about the form of “help and finding solutions to problems” but it is necessary to create modern procedures (online presentation of field results associated with video calling, practical adaptation of acquired theoretical knowledge into practice, for example when researching issues using a virtual archive, verification of architectural knowledge in constructed 3D and XD virtual monuments, and the like) in combining the acquired knowledge with technological advances.
The research samples were selected according to the following basic factors:
Constant and stable attendance of selected institutions.
The scope of digitized collection items and the degree of execution of virtual reality.
Necessary economic stability (eg. the largest state support) and cooperation with the private sector, which helps to create alternative exhibitions in the form of a virtual presentation.
Marketing and advertising promotion.
Multimedia education and interactive research of collections for practical purposes. [1]
Based on the above criteria, several national and specific museums of diverse character were documented (according to the typology: artistic, historical-patriotic and ethnographic), which applied elements of cyberculture as much as possible (2014/2015–2019/2020).
The priority of the research was to analyze the following pitfalls using comparison, area diagnostics, psychological and axiological methods:
Virtual interface of the museums website (eg obtaining clear information, degree of online interaction, etc.).
The impact of visual design on the visitor or his need for self-education and relaxation.
Invoking an emotional experience from a selected exhibition and presentation.
Empirical experience in demonstrations of the application of virtuality (an effort to understand collection items and today’s technologies).
Inducing renewed interest in visiting selected museums.
Register of cultural institutions using elements of virtuality, resp. virtual reality is geographically and technologically diverse. The main criteria in compiling the list of museums for the study that apply cyberculture to their prepared programs were:
Combination of classic and virtual exhibitions. A key factor is the degree of diversity in the design and adaptation of digital collections.
Offer interaction on the web, even in classic spaces.
Use of virtual and multimedia elements in the advertising presentation of the museum. It goes e.g. about the use of 3D videos. This includes design promotion based on the use of technical innovations such as. handheld scanner.
Experimenting with interactive components of cyberculture during the tour, such as e.g. tablets, audio-guide devices and others.
Presentation of development stages of the application of technical innovations in the interpretation of their collections in the form of pilot projects and short-term exhibitions.
Applying more demanding components of cyberculture (eg holograms) to the exhibition process.
From the very beginning, museums have promoted the idea of providing new facts to those who intend to broaden their knowledge horizons. Such an example are the collections from the 2nd millennium BC. from the city of Larsa for didactic purposes. It is education and the acquisition of new knowledge that play a key role in the creation of museums and their collections. This moment intensified at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, when the foundations of exhibition plans for the realization of expositions were laid.
At present, we can prove the existence of three exhibition plans:
The basic contours of the visualization-virtualization plan are:
Life in society has changed a lot in the last 50 years. Undoubtedly, this is also a consequence of the technology that, with the advent of classic television sets, was already creating a ramp to gradual virtualization. This was most evident in cinematography. Virtuality is one of the basic forms of cyberculture, which is “generated through fiction and illusiveness in confrontation with mimeticism, emphasis on identity in terms of ideal presentation and the existence of what is otherwise impossible, inaccessible, and brings a permanent deal with the degree of expression, disrupted to hyperreality and superficiality… “ [8].
However, we can not understand virtualization purely as a way of visual presentation, [9] as it is a fundamental phenomenon of network, so-called cyber-communication. From a sociological point of view, virtuality is an epistolary genre, [10] that is, writing on the screen, not on paper. This type of writing is mostly used for communication, especially on social networks and e-mail.
The development of science and technology in the field of communication and information means has opened up new, previously non-existent spaces. These spaces are connected by relatively large geographical distances, it is possible to move in them and create virtual communities. The current consumer population is adapting space and time, even discovering and explaining the importance of connecting borders. In this spirit, J. Pašiak sketched the basic scheme of spatial trends, forms and types of society, which in the course of historical development reacted to the then technological boom. [11]
Similar views arose from the technological and economic predictions of many authors (eg. D. Bell and H. Kahn), [12, 13] who emphasized the evolutionary model of post-industrial society. A. Toffler also predicted in 1968 that the main “feature of cyberculture” would be “work from home”, performed using a computer connected to a telecommunications network. [14] These predictions led from industrial and urbanized space to cyberspace and virtual networks. This transformation of processes represents a global trend and is characteristic of the civilizational component of globalization. [15]
In the context of globalization, cyberculture has strengthened certain boundaries and barriers between the various strata of society, such as:
Between people who have access to information and people without access.
Among people who can work with new technologies and among people who do not have the necessary knowledge to use technology.
This trend is also applied in museums and galleries through museum digitization and elements of virtual reality, especially with regard to virtual reconstructions and high technology. [16] The purpose of museums is not only exhibition activity, but also the formation of public opinion of the past. Contemporary museums are exposed to a compromise between authenticity, the display of original museum collections and virtual pomp in the struggle for their existence. This situation is primarily influenced by the website and the degree of presentation of digitized collections to the public via the Internet, which has its supporters and opponents. A significant shift in information and a cross-section of traffic was also ensured by Google’s computer application. Google Corporation has launched a project called “Google Art Project” to unite selected world museums with art and graphics in a virtual environment using the Internet. [17] The revolutionary idea was to create a list of the best virtual museums in the world according to certain criteria. The criteria were e.g. virtual museum with the best exhibition activity, the best application of virtual products, animation-virtual stories (scenes), interest of visitors, etc. The list of museums is expanding every year and even new applications are being created in the project with the basic intention of attracting visitors to the museum premises. Currently, the leading position in Google search traffic per weekly click belongs to the French Louvre. The museum currently has the most detailed elaborate graphic design and interactive interface. In addition to the interior, the virtual tour also offers some of the floors of the museum’s exterior.
In other leading places in the ranking were placed museums, such as Smithsonian Institute: Museum, NASA Museum or Virtual Museum of Canada, etc. A rather specific virtual museum is the NASA Museum in Washington. The museum has an animation-interactive page. The robot in the role of a guide accompanies the virtual visitor through the history of the American national space program. The virtual museum is complemented by original, authentic materials from the archives, photographs and various audio / audio samples.
The museum with the largest number of existing virtual exhibitions so far is the Virtual Museum of Canada. The virtual museum operates on the basis of a grouping of physical museums from the territory of Canada. So far, 752 virtual exhibitions have been constructed. The most interesting presentations within the exhibitions are considered to be cartoons in 2D and 3D and profile cities. Individual cities are processed in a virtual form. It is possible to follow their historical-architectural development, or contemporary local sounds from factories, neighborhoods, cars, etc. It should be noted that the latter museums are located exclusively on the Internet.
The basic forms of museum cyberculture include digitization, internet communication, cyberspace, virtual reality and online presentation. Defining the concept of museum cyberculture is complicated for several reasons, such as non-uniform terminological bases, absence of elaboration of methodological procedures in analysis of impact of digitization and virtualization of museum artifacts, different execution of virtual reconstructions on the basis of technical complexity and lack of financial and marketing promotion. [18]
From the museum practice, the most used elements of cyberculture are the digitization of museum artifacts and the internet presentation of the museum, the so-called virtual tours. [19]
Although digitization is a relatively long-term matter in terms of time and technology, it is gradually becoming established in the pedagogical environment. We can observe the greatest manifestation in the creation of digital and multimedia laboratories directly at universities or in the museum sphere. In addition, the digital - visualization trend also affected the educational process. Nevertheless, various forms of application of the components of cyberculture prevail among individual departments (as well as universities) for the benefit of research and interpretation of knowledge. This fact is also noticeable in the Slovak Republic, where it is necessary to improve the usability of digitization and work with virtualization in the university environment. Compared to other, comparable countries (eg Poland, the Czech Republic or Hungary), this situation is considerably underestimated in our region, which is also reflected in the acquisition of European projects or the success of graduates with digital experience in obtaining employment.
In several humanities and social sciences, the adaptation and dissemination of technological innovations (eg the use of tablets, smartphones, Tesla’s transformer, etc.) is currently the most prone in the field of visualization elements. The basic task of virtualization is the presentation and verification of theoretical knowledge in real form. It is visual practice that documents other research alternatives from other scientific disciplines.
Currently, the following scientific phenomena are the most preferred:
creation of reconstruction models of existing collection objects in order to present them online as a promotional item, as well as for available study (eg the Digital Museum project, which is under the patronage of the SNP Museum in Banská Bystrica).
creation of various collection items (most often damaged or stolen, processed on the basis of preserved documentation) using 3D printers.
making available reconstructive museological exhibitions of historical and social themes in universities (eg “Virtual Exhibition of Slovak Castles” at the University of St Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, or “History of Scotland” at the University of Glasgow.). In this regard, it should be noted that most foreign universities (eg, the University of Denver, the University of Maryland, and many others) focused on the study of history and architecture on their official (department) site offer direct virtual exhibits.
construction of an ideal virtual form of cultural monuments (especially ancient and medieval buildings: sacral and profane buildings) in a digital format for the study of the history of architecture.
virtual animated demonstrations and feature films about individual historical periods. They are mostly 2D, or. 3D examples documenting the social conditions of the time. [20]
virtual geographical and cartographic plans and maps created using technological and navigation systems (eg GIS).
creating simple educational presentations (Figure 1) using multimedia tools (eg. virtual book) to simplify and explain historical - socio - cultural processes for high school students (especially grammar schools) and universities.
Example: Life and works of Galileo - a virtual 3D survey [
In the way of studying and interpreting the nature of complex historical processes and their connections as a whole, implementation using individual virtual elements is increasingly present on a global scale. Important promoters of virtualization include, in particular, German, Anglo-Saxon, Francophone and Sino-Japanese university experts, who apply forms of virtualization and cyberspace in the analysis of the history of the human population.
This situation manifests itself in several patterns (eg from short clips to rehearsal and repetition alternatives, etc.), which are accessible to the public, especially in the online interface. In the educational process and especially in the interpretation of the history of architecture, especially in the presentation of building changes in urban planning and differences in the architecture of monuments, we can consider the following forms as decisive elements:
2D to 3D virtual reconstructions of various cultural monuments included in the then cities (Figure 2). These forms are based on sources of archeological provenance and also on architectural and historical graphic documents.
cartographic, geographical virtual plans and floor plans of the then cities. (Figure 3). Virtual maps as well as books are based on the geography of the time and preserved maps.
static and virtual reconstruction models of cultural heritage (layout of buildings, natural attributes, as well as period sounds). Knowledge from the literature and previous graphic and sound analyzes play a significant role in the creation. A typical example is the exhibition at The Virtual Museum of Canada (VMC), which documents one of its exhibitions of the social changes of selected Canadian cities from the 19th and 20th centuries through old photographs and period sounds (Figure 4) or he - line exhibition of the floor plan of the city of the Manhattan district from 1812 to the present (Figure 5).
reconstructions of the then portraits of the most important figures, which changed the character of the history of cities (eg kings, statesmen, architects, etc.). Selected reconstructions are created mainly with preserved artifacts (eg. sculptures, busts, paintings, graphics, photographs and others).
Example: 3D castle Slanec [
Example: 3D floor plan of the city of Lucca [
Sample: Exhibition entitled “Urban Life Through Two Lense” at VMC [
Sample: Online exhibitions of Manhattan Island history [
Today, there are a relatively large number of professional websites on several Internet browsers that visually process the history of individual European and non-European cities. Nevertheless, no website (with the exception of the National American Archive with its own virtual museum) offers the online user historical [26] and factual interactions (except for pre - stored facts and graphic recordings). Almost all websites lack the alternative of creating and documenting the history and visualization of cultural artifacts.
Virtual museums are created with innovative technology and represent the most modern virtual and didactic models. Their purpose is to ensure current marketing progress, they are part of an entertaining, but mainly educational digital - virtual space, where we can move, walk, respond to stimuli and gain certain knowledge. [27] The authenticity of visual - virtual objects and artifacts in a cyber exhibition depends on the processing and application of current technology. The originality of a virtual object is not always static, so it is necessary to approach it broadly, as it has the dimension of the original objects and we can not talk about copies, but illusions or even reproductions of missing articles that directly create a visual experience, but many times do not correspond to the original objects. and thus create hypotheses of the selected object, the artifact. [28]
The virtual museum represents a hybrid concept [29] of a physical museum with digital flexibility of technological and technical equipment, while it has alternatives such as:
Digital collections are independent of physical artifacts.
Digital exhibits can facilitate the purchase distribution of replica sales, thus creating an effort for non-violent marketing and promotion of a cultural institution.
Digital exhibits can be used in another digitization process.
Digital, but especially virtual exhibits can be applied in the pedagogical process in several dimensions.
These alternatives are intended to support the diversity of the use of virtuality, from websites to virtual cyberspace. 2D and 3D exhibition (not to mention the application of anaglyphs, holograms, but especially the so-called augmented reality in the presentation process) serves as a tool for education and assistance in solving other research hypotheses. The aim of the virtual exhibition is not only the creation of virtual space, respectively. Cybercocks, but especially the spatial rendering corresponding to the real state of the monument or artifact in the relevant historical decade.
Among the positive elements we include:
in the long run they are lower costs,
exhibiting other collection objects and objects not in the given museum,
association of museums due to mutual cooperation and creation of joint projects,
virtual reality is more personal than ordinary means of communication such as e-mails or social networks,
virtuality has socio-sociological significance regardless of language, age and gender,
the virtual reality community forms a whole without the influence of the geographical environment,
virtual reality helps to more effective and productive communication between individual scientific disciplines,
each individual can find their own territory of interest,
the space of virtual reality offers complete free communication with the world.
Among the negative elements we include:
lack of personal contact with collection items,
hypothetical conclusions of newly created objects,
loss of radiation and radiation from original collection items,
restriction, even loss of social life and erosion of interpersonal relationships,
virtual interaction gradually replaces social communication and discussion in the public,
greater socio-property differentiation in society and increasing industrialization of everyday life,
the virtual environment provides the risks of various hypotheses,
virtual reality in some cases brings worthlessness, even insignificance of personalities, leading to destructive features,
deterioration of the health status of users, especially the possible occurrence of ophthalmological, mental and neurological disorders.
We can observe urban changes in culture in several spheres, but especially in the way of perceiving art and presenting cultural heritage. Today, it is no longer enough for visitors to present facts, as was the case in the past. It is necessary to process the overall context and create a diverse art and life of previous generations. Cyberculture components can handle this attribute.
We can also observe a fundamental change in the influence of cyberculture in museums, when documenting in the form of exhibition, educational and scientific activities. Cyberculture in the presentation and protection of cultural heritage can modify the basic emotional elements that affect human organs to such an extent that they evoke the impression of infinite space. The artificial virtual world, in which the human visitor feels without limitations and boundaries, is created with the intention of direct participation in the cyber world. Existing virtual exhibitions have created certain standards for the presentation of artifacts and individual themes.
This situation can be reflected from the opening of exposures to cyberspace at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. It is the openness of free cyberspace that creates new types of presentation of cultural monuments and artifacts to the public. It is one of the globalization trends taking place in museums and monuments. With the help of accessible cyberspace (eg. virtual tour), every potential visitor gets the opportunity to look at the world’s cultural uniqueness. Year-on-year, European archeological sites (eg Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lasaux Cave, etc.) as well as American natural curiosities (eg Grand Canyon or Niagara Falls and others) will receive the most “clicks”. Adherents of cyberculture also welcome the application called “Live” as a positive side, t. j. live broadcast from relevant sites. In recent years, this trend of a lively, current environment has also been applied to the largest cities in the world, or tourist sites. Most of the world’s museums and galleries already have a similar treatment. It should be noted that negative attitudes prevailed among the conservative group in making the cultural heritage accessible in the cyber world.
At present, the mentioned phenomenon is supplemented by a new technological element, i.e. j. 3D reconstruction of ideal forms and shapes of existing cultural monuments. This type is mainly used by important tourist regions (eg. 3D Ancient Rome, 3D Louvre, etc.) using portable audio- guides.
The phenomenon of cyberculture is an extraordinary component of the presentation and its possibilities are almost limitless. For this reason, a wider application would be needed in the humanities, which lags behind the technical sciences. It is only up to the researchers of the humanities which direction their future will develop and what position they will build in the university environment.
The paper is part of the solution of the grant task APVV-18-0196 Knowledge of the Nitra capital M. Bel (interpretation and application) and KEGA 005UCM/4-2019 Natural conditions of the Nitra capital in the 18th century from the perspective of M. Bel (university textbook).
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Immediately after plasma treatment, the values of the contact angles of the modified polymer significantly decrease. In the case of a specific polymer, the strongly hydrophilic surface is created and leads to total spreading of the water drop. Wettability is strongly dependent on time from modification.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Nikola Slepickova Kasalkova, Petr Slepicka, Zdenka Kolska and\nVaclav Svorcik",authors:[{id:"144929",title:"Prof.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Svorcik",slug:"vaclav-svorcik",fullName:"Vaclav Svorcik"},{id:"146297",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Slepicka",slug:"petr-slepicka",fullName:"Petr Slepicka"},{id:"147600",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nikola",middleName:null,surname:"Slepičková Kasálková",slug:"nikola-slepickova-kasalkova",fullName:"Nikola Slepičková Kasálková"},{id:"153983",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdeňka",middleName:null,surname:"Kolská",slug:"zdenka-kolska",fullName:"Zdeňka Kolská"}]},{id:"48822",doi:"10.5772/60808",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:3122,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire characteristics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. Mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu"},{id:"174343",title:"Dr.",name:"Liviu",middleName:null,surname:"Duta",slug:"liviu-duta",fullName:"Liviu Duta"},{id:"174344",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Zgura",slug:"irina-zgura",fullName:"Irina Zgura"},{id:"174345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",slug:"ligia-frunza",fullName:"Ligia Frunza"}]},{id:"49090",doi:"10.5772/61205",title:"The Wetting of Leaf Surfaces and Its Ecological Significances",slug:"the-wetting-of-leaf-surfaces-and-its-ecological-significances",totalDownloads:3519,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Leaf wettability, indicating the affinity for water on leaf surfaces, is a common phenomenon for plants in a wide variety of habitats. The contact angle (θ) of water on leaves measured at the gas, solid and liquid interface is an index of surface wettability. Leaves are termed as “super-hydrophilic” if θ < 40°, “highly wettable” if θ < 90°, and “wettable” if θ < 110°. If θ > 110°, the leaves are classified as being non-wettable, while θ > 130° for highly non-wettable and θ > 150° for super-hydrophobic. Both internal and external factors can influence leaf wettability. The chemical composition and structure of leaf surfaces are internal causes, but the external environment can also influence wettability by affecting the structure and composition of the surface. The main internal factors that affecting leaf wettability include the content and microstructure of the epidermal wax, the number, size and pattern of trichomes, stomatal density, the shape of epidermal cells, and leaf water status. The leaf contact angles increased with the increasing of leaf wax content. However, studies have shown that the contact angles were more dependent on the complexity of wax structure than on the absolute amount. For trichomes, there are three types of interaction between trichomes and water droplets, including (1) low trichomes density: no apparent influence of trichomes on the location of surface moisture, droplet formation and retention ; (2) medium trichomes density: trichomes appear to circle surface moisture into patches; (3) high trichomes density: trichomes appear to hold water droplets above the trichomes. In some cases, a higher stomatal density was accompanied with a higher contact angles. While, it was also observed that there was no significant correlation between contact angle and stomatal density for some species. For the effects of epidermal cells on leaf wettability, it was generally considered that the combination of a dense layer of surface wax and the convex epidermal cells was what created a hydrophobic leaf surface. However, the influence of leaf water content on contact angle of water droplets on different leaf surfaces was complex, e.g., contact angles increased with decreasing of leaf water content, contact angle remained to be constant with different leaf water content.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Huixia Wang, Hui Shi and Yanhui Wang",authors:[{id:"173921",title:"Dr.",name:"Huixia",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"huixia-wang",fullName:"Huixia Wang"}]},{id:"40738",doi:"10.5772/49979",title:"Viscoelastic Properties of Biological Materials",slug:"viscoelastic-properties-of-biological-materials",totalDownloads:5567,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"2854",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",title:"Viscoelasticity",fullTitle:"Viscoelasticity - From Theory to Biological Applications"},signatures:"Naoki Sasaki",authors:[{id:"140935",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",slug:"naoki-sasaki",fullName:"Naoki Sasaki"}]},{id:"40741",doi:"10.5772/50137",title:"Die Swell of Complex Polymeric Systems",slug:"die-swell-of-complex-polymeric-systems",totalDownloads:6066,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"2854",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",title:"Viscoelasticity",fullTitle:"Viscoelasticity - From Theory to Biological Applications"},signatures:"Kejian Wang",authors:[{id:"141238",title:"Prof.",name:"Kejian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"kejian-wang",fullName:"Kejian Wang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48768",title:"TiO2 -Based Surfaces with Special Wettability – From Nature to Biomimetic Application",slug:"tio2-based-surfaces-with-special-wettability-from-nature-to-biomimetic-application",totalDownloads:5008,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with extremely high contrast of surface energy and liquid adhesion have attracted a lot of interest in both fundamental research and industry. Various types of special wetting surfaces can be constructed by adjusting the topographical structure and chemical composition. In this chapter, recent advance of the super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with special solid/liquid adhesion has been reviewed, with a focus on the biomimetic fabrication and applications of TiO2-based surfaces. Special super-wettability examples include lotus-leaf-inspired surfaces with low adhesion, rose-petal-inspired surfaces with high adhesion, spider silk bio-inspired surfaces with directional adhesion, fish-scale-inspired underwater superoleophobic surface, and artificial surfaces with controllable or stimuli-responsive liquid adhesion. In addition, we will review some potential applications related to artificial antiwetting surface with controllable adhesion, e.g., self-cleaning, antifogging/anti-icing, micro-droplet manipulation, fog/water collection, water/oil separation, anti-bioadhesion, micro-template for patterning, and friction reduction. Finally, the difficulty and prospects of this renascent and rapidly developing field are also briefly proposed and discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Jian-Ying Huang and Yue-Kun Lai",authors:[{id:"175512",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuekun",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"yuekun-lai",fullName:"Yuekun Lai"}]},{id:"62882",title:"Inside the Phenomenological Aspects of Wet Granulation: Role of Process Parameters",slug:"inside-the-phenomenological-aspects-of-wet-granulation-role-of-process-parameters",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Granulation is a size-enlargement process by which small particles are bonded, by means of various techniques, in coherent and stable masses (granules), in which the original particles are still identifiable. In wet granulation processes, the powder particles are aggregated through the use of a liquid phase called binder. The main purposes of size-enlargement process of a powder or mixture of powders are to improve technological properties and/or to realize suitable forms of commercial products. A modern and rational approach in the production of granular structures with tailored features (in terms of size and size distribution, flowability, mechanical and release properties, etc.) requires a deep understanding of phenomena involved during granules formation. By this knowledge, suitable predictive tools can be developed with the aim to choose right process conditions to be used in developing new formulations by avoiding or reducing costs for new tests. In this chapter, after introductive notes on granulation process, the phenomenological aspects involved in the formation of the granules with respect to the main process parameters are presented by experimental demonstration. Possible mathematical approaches in the granulation process description are also presented and the one involving the population mass balances equations is detailed.",book:{id:"7352",slug:"granularity-in-materials-science",title:"Granularity in Materials Science",fullTitle:"Granularity in Materials Science"},signatures:"Veronica De Simone, Diego Caccavo, Annalisa Dalmoro, Gaetano\nLamberti, Matteo d’Amore and Anna Angela Barba",authors:[{id:"140173",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Barba",slug:"anna-angela-barba",fullName:"Anna Angela Barba"},{id:"143947",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amore",slug:"matteo-d'amore",fullName:"Matteo D'Amore"},{id:"176104",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaetano",middleName:null,surname:"Lamberti",slug:"gaetano-lamberti",fullName:"Gaetano Lamberti"},{id:"176239",title:"MSc.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Caccavo",slug:"diego-caccavo",fullName:"Diego Caccavo"},{id:"181500",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Dalmoro",slug:"annalisa-dalmoro",fullName:"Annalisa Dalmoro"},{id:"260822",title:"MSc.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"De Simone",slug:"veronica-de-simone",fullName:"Veronica De Simone"}]},{id:"49177",title:"Influence of Wettability and Reactivity on Refractory Degradation – Interactions of Molten Iron and Slags with Steelmaking Refractories at 1550°C",slug:"influence-of-wettability-and-reactivity-on-refractory-degradation-interactions-of-molten-iron-and-sl",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Refractories, materials that can withstand high temperatures, play an important role in the iron and steel sector which alone accounts for ~70% of total refractories produced. In this chapter, detailed wettability and interfacial phenomena investigations on alumina-carbon and zirconia-carbon refractories at steelmaking temperatures. The wettability between refractory substrates and molten iron/slags was investigated at 1550°C using the sessile drop approach in a horizontal tube furnace equipped with a CCD camera. Detailed experimental results were obtained on alumina-carbon/molten iron system at high temperatures. Alumina is known to be non-wetting to molten iron while carbon can be easily wetted. Observed contact angles were found to depend strongly on the substrate composition and contact time. While the refractory substrates containing 50 and 60% carbon were found to be non-wetting to molten iron, the substrates containing higher amounts of C (≥ 70%) were found to become increasingly wetting. Molten iron droplets were seen to spread on these substrates.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"R. Khanna, M. Ikram-ul-Haq and V. Sahajwalla",authors:[{id:"19010",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Khanna",slug:"rita-khanna",fullName:"Rita Khanna"}]},{id:"48822",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:3122,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire characteristics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. Mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu"},{id:"174343",title:"Dr.",name:"Liviu",middleName:null,surname:"Duta",slug:"liviu-duta",fullName:"Liviu Duta"},{id:"174344",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Zgura",slug:"irina-zgura",fullName:"Irina Zgura"},{id:"174345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",slug:"ligia-frunza",fullName:"Ligia Frunza"}]},{id:"62615",title:"Nanolevel Surface Processing of Fine Particles by Waterjet Cavitation and Multifunction Cavitation to Improve the Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium Oxide",slug:"nanolevel-surface-processing-of-fine-particles-by-waterjet-cavitation-and-multifunction-cavitation-t",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Titanium oxide particles were treated by water jet cavitation (WJC) generated and multifunction cavitation (MFC) using an ejector nozzle. Generation, growth, and collapse of cavitation are repeated with the particles of titanium oxide and platinum. Because the cavitation has an extremely high collapse pressure, the surface of the titanium oxide particles is processed by the microjets of cavitation in a reactor comprising the ejector nozzle. In the multifunction cavitation, ultrasonic irradiation of a waterjet during floating cavitation was used to generate microjets with hot spots. Hot working can be performed at the nanoscale on a material surface using this MFC process, resulting in morphological changes and variations in the surface electrochemical characteristics. The fundamental characteristics of multifunction cavitation were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Furthermore, the additional nozzle was put on the ejector nozzle in order to increase the temperature and pressure of bubble and the mechanism was clarified. The quantities of hydrogen and oxygen generated from titanium dioxide particles treated by multifunction cavitation in response to UV and visible light irradiation were remarkably increased compared to the amounts produced by particles treated by WJC processing. In this chapter, the methods and their results of processing particles by cavitation are introduced.",book:{id:"7385",slug:"cavitation-selected-issues",title:"Cavitation",fullTitle:"Cavitation - Selected Issues"},signatures:"Toshihiko Yoshimura, Kumiko Tanaka and Masataka Ijiri",authors:[{id:"246052",title:"Dr.",name:"Masataka",middleName:null,surname:"Ijiri",slug:"masataka-ijiri",fullName:"Masataka Ijiri"},{id:"246359",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshimura",slug:"toshihiko-yoshimura",fullName:"Toshihiko Yoshimura"},{id:"246433",title:"Dr.",name:"Kumiko",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",slug:"kumiko-tanaka",fullName:"Kumiko Tanaka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"961",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/15309",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"15309"},fullPath:"/profiles/15309",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()