\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5361",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Energy Efficient Buildings",title:"Energy Efficient Buildings",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book discusses energy efficient buildings and the role they play in our efforts to address climate change, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by considering buildings and the construction sector's unique position along a critical path to decarbonisation from a multi-perspective and holistic viewpoint. Topics covered in the book range from daylighting, building topology comparison, building envelope design, zero energy homes in hot arid regions, life-cycle considerations and energy efficiency analysis to managing energy demand through equipment selection. Each chapter addresses an important aspect of energy efficient building and serves as a vital building block towards constructing a timely and relevant body of knowledge in energy efficient buildings.",isbn:"978-953-51-2876-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2875-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6691-7",doi:"10.5772/62592",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"energy-efficient-buildings",numberOfPages:214,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b479633e09d7149b2fb8014839035f5a",bookSignature:"Eng Hwa Yap",publishedDate:"January 18th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5361.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22203,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:49,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:103,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 29th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 25th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185577",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Eng Hwa",middleName:null,surname:"Yap",slug:"eng-hwa-yap",fullName:"Eng Hwa Yap",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185577/images/system/185577.jpeg",biography:"In the Faculty of Transdisciplinary Innovation, Eng Hwa Yap is\nthe Acting Associate Dean: Teaching and Learning (Operations).\nHe also leads the Bachelor of Technology and Innovation (BTi)\nas the Course Director. His research at the university focuses\non curated multidisciplinary and mixed approaches of enquiry\nto understand and respond to complex problems surrounding\ntechnology, environmental sustainability, and future energy\nsystems. In his research, Eng Hwa uses methods centering on systems thinking to\ninvestigate emerging and contemporary issues in technologies and their interaction\nwith society, the environment, economics, and policy.",institutionString:"University of Technology Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Technology Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"764",title:"Design Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-design-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"53600",title:"Incorporating Sustainable Development Principles into Building Design",doi:"10.5772/66825",slug:"incorporating-sustainable-development-principles-into-building-design",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main aim of this research is to utilise the focus of sustainable design to compare the material and subsequent environmental impacts of multi‐storey structures situated in Australia. The structure types under investigation were characterised by post‐tensioned and conventionally reinforced floor and roof flat plate slab systems. The foundation designs are undertaken for isolated spread footings on 32 structural model types with constant external dimensions which were composed of floor and roof slabs of varying concrete strength, span length and construction method, with all footing designs providing equivalent structural performance. The results from this study have reinforced the evidence that post‐tensioned construction can have significant effects in reducing material requirements and provide increased structural and environmental efficiency. Through reducing the frame mass, the footing systems were able to be designed using significantly less embodied energy when compared to the reinforced concrete structures. It is also noted that further investigation in the foundational requirements of these models is warranted, with the need to investigate the use of mat foundations for cases where isolated spread footings have required more than 50% of the structural plan area and for the footings that have required excessively thick sections to resist large shearing actions for larger spanned cases at 10 and 13.33 m.",signatures:"Jeung-Hwan Doh and Dane Miller",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53600",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53600",authors:[{id:"186139",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeung-Hwan",surname:"Doh",slug:"jeung-hwan-doh",fullName:"Jeung-Hwan Doh"},{id:"186949",title:"Dr.",name:"Dane",surname:"Miller",slug:"dane-miller",fullName:"Dane Miller"},{id:"374321",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeung-Hwan",surname:"Doh",slug:"jeung-hwan-doh",fullName:"Jeung-Hwan Doh"},{id:"374322",title:"Dr.",name:"Dane",surname:"Miller",slug:"dane-miller",fullName:"Dane Miller"}],corrections:null},{id:"52745",title:"Daylighting is More than an Energy Saving Issue",doi:"10.5772/65866",slug:"daylighting-is-more-than-an-energy-saving-issue",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The focus in this chapter is to find adequate solutions to optimize daylighting of buildings. The climatic context is limited to Nordic European countries. As the knowledge of the positive impact of daylight on the human health increases and people spend most of their lives in buildings, the main objective is to create interiors with an optimum level of daylight for humans in a way which may also contribute to energy savings.",signatures:"Barbara Szybinska Matusiak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52745",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52745",authors:[{id:"186233",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Matusiak",slug:"barbara-matusiak",fullName:"Barbara Matusiak"},{id:"372328",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara Szybinska",surname:"Matusiak",slug:"barbara-szybinska-matusiak",fullName:"Barbara Szybinska Matusiak"}],corrections:null},{id:"53060",title:"Energy Efficiency of Lightweight Steel-Framed Buildings",doi:"10.5772/66136",slug:"energy-efficiency-of-lightweight-steel-framed-buildings",totalDownloads:2767,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The market share of lightweight steel‐framed (LSF) construction system has grown over the last decades, mainly in low‐rise residential buildings, due to its advantages such as having small weight with high mechanical strength; reduced disruption on‐site and speed of construction; great potential for recycling and reuse; high architectural flexibility for retrofitting purposes; easy prefabrication, allowing modular construction; economy in transportation and handling; superior quality given off‐site manufacture control; and excellent stability of shape in case of humidity and resistance to insect damage. However, given the high thermal conductivity of steel and the lightness of this type of construction, it may also have some drawbacks if not well designed and executed. Therefore, special attention should be given to the LSF building envelope in order to minimize thermal bridges. Moreover, given the usual reduced thermal mass, several strategies could be implemented to increase thermal inertia, consequently reduce indoor temperature fluctuations, enhance the occupants comfort and increase energy efficiency. In this chapter an overview of the main features related to the thermal behaviour and energy efficiency of LSF buildings is provided alongside some related case studies.",signatures:"Paulo Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53060",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53060",authors:[{id:"186441",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Santos",slug:"paulo-santos",fullName:"Paulo Santos"},{id:"372973",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Santos",slug:"paulo-santos",fullName:"Paulo Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"53729",title:"Building Typology Comparison Between Courtyard and Atrium Buildings: A Study of Thermal Comfort and Energy Performance Factors in Different Climate Zones",doi:"10.5772/66669",slug:"building-typology-comparison-between-courtyard-and-atrium-buildings-a-study-of-thermal-comfort-and-e",totalDownloads:2106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of the study in this chapter is to investigate performances shown by courtyard buildings, used widely both as microclimate regulators and as city-wide climate stabilizers especially in the hot-dry climate regions. Furthermore, this study examines atrium buildings having an increasing usage rate in recent years and the presence of comfort problems in particular which have not been resolved for different climate regions. Wind velocity measurements are performed in 36 different points determined in X and Y directions and 17 different points in the Z dimension on the outside of the courtyard considered in this study. In addition, both atrium building typology model and courtyard building typology model are obtained by taking the average courtyard dimensions seen in many regions; by covering open space courtyard section of the geometry with a transparent glass, atrium and courtyard typologies can be obtained. Furthermore, thermal comfort states and energy performances of these two different building typologies in interior courtyard and in building internal volumes for hot-dry, hot-humid and cold climate region conditions as well as the effect of solar radiation values exposing the building surfaces and solar movements during the day on the thermal performance on the building are analysed with CFD FloEFD and Star CCM+ software.",signatures:"Enes Yasa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53729",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53729",authors:[{id:"185967",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Enes",surname:"Yasa",slug:"enes-yasa",fullName:"Enes Yasa"},{id:"374708",title:"Dr.",name:"Enes",surname:"Yasa",slug:"enes-yasa",fullName:"Enes Yasa"}],corrections:null},{id:"53557",title:"Energy-Efficient Building Design in the Context of Building Life Cycle",doi:"10.5772/66670",slug:"energy-efficient-building-design-in-the-context-of-building-life-cycle",totalDownloads:5423,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Energy is one of the most important catalysts in wealth generation, economic growth, and social development in all countries. Buildings have a significant share in total energy consumed globally; therefore, they have a profound impact upon the environment. Energy is used in every stage of building life cycle (these stages are choice of locality, architectural design, structural systems and material selection, building construction, usage and maintenance, demolition, reuse-regain-recycle, and waste disposal). According to World Watch Institute data, buildings are responsible for the annual consumption of 40% of the world's energy. Energy consumption of buildings can be reduced significantly in every stage of a building life cycle. This study investigated the energy-efficient methods in building life cycle. In this context, we give information about the life cycle of building and explain energy-efficient guiding principles in life cycle stages.",signatures:"Izzet Yüksek and Tülay Tikansak Karadayi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53557",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53557",authors:[{id:"186397",title:"Dr.",name:"İzzet",surname:"Yüksek",slug:"izzet-yuksek",fullName:"İzzet Yüksek"},{id:"186398",title:"Prof.",name:"Tülay",surname:"Tıkansak Karadayı",slug:"tulay-tikansak-karadayi",fullName:"Tülay Tıkansak Karadayı"},{id:"374197",title:"Dr.",name:"Izzet",surname:"Yüksek",slug:"izzet-yuksek",fullName:"Izzet Yüksek"},{id:"374198",title:"Dr.",name:"Tülay Tikansak",surname:"Karadayi",slug:"tulay-tikansak-karadayi",fullName:"Tülay Tikansak Karadayi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51988",title:"Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing Facilities: Assessment, Analysis and Implementation",doi:"10.5772/64902",slug:"energy-efficiency-in-manufacturing-facilities-assessment-analysis-and-implementation",totalDownloads:2501,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Manufacturing facilities are one among the largest consumers of energy. Efforts to improve energy efficiency are an increasing concern for many manufacturing facility engineering managers. This can be achieved by evaluating energy end uses (e.g., lighting, processing equipment, and heating, air conditioning, and ventilation (HVAC) systems), and by implementing measures to reduce the total amount of energy consumed for one or more of the end uses. Throughout the 40 years of its existence, the US Department of Energy’s Industrial Assessment Center program has developed an array of techniques to improve energy efficiency in industrial facilities. This chapter discusses recommended assessment procedures and observed energy-saving opportunities for some of the most common industrial energy systems. These systems include lighting, compressed air, boilers and steam systems, manufacturing process heating, HVAC, pumps, and fans. Implementation of these assessment recommendations has been demonstrated to increase efficiency and to thus reduce energy consumption and associated costs. While every manufacturing facility is different, and their component industrial energy systems equally unique, this chapter presents a set of analytical guidelines that can be used as a template by engineering practitioners to evaluate their facility energy use and implement subsequent energy conservation measures.",signatures:"Gary P. Moynihan and Frank L. Barringer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51988",authors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"},{id:"193958",title:"Mr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Barringer",slug:"frank-barringer",fullName:"Frank Barringer"},{id:"371713",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank L.",surname:"Barringer",slug:"frank-l.-barringer",fullName:"Frank L. Barringer"}],corrections:null},{id:"53147",title:"Energy Efficiency of Hydronic Heating System in Retrofitted Buildings",doi:"10.5772/66364",slug:"energy-efficiency-of-hydronic-heating-system-in-retrofitted-buildings",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since central-based heating systems with radiators are among the most widely used heating systems in Europe, retrofit measures should include heat distribution and heat emission elements. One of the most cost-effective measures for heating systems is the replacement of the heat generator and circulating pump while preserving the distribution system and heat emitters. Reducing the heating demand results in an oversized existing heating system and thus enables a reduction in flow rates and supply temperatures. These steps should be taken to enhance the efficiency of the heating system without affecting the level of thermal comfort. This chapter focuses on the issue of energy efficiency in retrofitted buildings by optimizing the existing heating systems. The heating equipment is considered as one system, and it is not intended to improve only individual component efficiency. The optimization goal is to achieve a recommended or prescribed thermal comfort level with minimal energy use.",signatures:"Matjaž Prek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53147",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53147",authors:[{id:"144302",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaz",surname:"Prek",slug:"matjaz-prek",fullName:"Matjaz Prek"},{id:"373192",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaž",surname:"Prek",slug:"matjaz-prek",fullName:"Matjaž Prek"}],corrections:null},{id:"53738",title:"Managing Energy Demand in Buildings through Appropriate Equipment Specification and Use",doi:"10.5772/66363",slug:"managing-energy-demand-in-buildings-through-appropriate-equipment-specification-and-use",totalDownloads:2123,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high demand for electrical energy in virtually all human endeavour has engendered the continuous rapid growth of electricity production, transmission and distribution worldwide. Every habitable building structure usually requires electrical appliances and mechanical systems such that the cost of electrical and mechanical installation in a building is generally between 10% and 35% of the total construction cost. This chapter examines the equipment used for electrical, mechanical and lighting systems in contemporary buildings in Cape Town, South Africa, towards determining those materials and equipment aiding energy efficiency in these buildings. The research employs a multiple case study approach, consisting of recently completed buildings. The study established that the equipment used in these contemporary buildings to effect a reduction in energy consumption are compliant with the main specifications and policies guiding energy efficiency in buildings in South Africa and that owners of the Case Study buildings obtained a significant reduction in power consumption as a result of the installation of the identified equipment. Based on these findings, the study concludes that a building that is compliant with energy efficient systems installation standards will experience a significant reduction in utility bills, and savings for commercial buildings and private property owners.",signatures:"Abimbola Olukemi Windapo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53738",authors:[{id:"186236",title:"Prof.",name:"Abimbola Olukemi",surname:"Windapo",slug:"abimbola-olukemi-windapo",fullName:"Abimbola Olukemi Windapo"},{id:"374738",title:"Dr.",name:"Abimbola Olukemi",surname:"Windapo",slug:"abimbola-olukemi-windapo",fullName:"Abimbola Olukemi Windapo"}],corrections:null},{id:"53183",title:"Towards Near Zero Energy Home",doi:"10.5772/66224",slug:"towards-near-zero-energy-home",totalDownloads:2168,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the context of building design, as investment in the built-environment continues to grow, the requirement to deliver low-energy buildings will become ever more pressing as natural resources dwindle and consumer energy costs increase. Energy efficiency awareness and regulations continue to rise in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries but the majority of building stock of which the larger share in energy consumption has not been designed for energy efficiency. The design and construction of buildings in hot humid climates require high-energy consumption typically for air conditioning due to higher thermal loads. Regionally, there is a rising concern on the current rate of energy consumption due to air conditioning. The global sustainability assessment system (GSAS), a performance-based system raised the bar of efficient design by the development of stringent energy passive design benchmarks on the thermal cooling need in buildings. This chapter introduces the simulation measures undertaken to reduce the cooling need using a ‘showcase’ house or the ‘near Zero Energy Home’ (nZEH), which is currently under construction. The chapter presents and discusses the Be Lean, Be Clean and Be Green strategies that used to reduce the cooling demand by more than 80% and the overall energy consumption by 75%.",signatures:"Esam Elsarrag and Yousef Alhorr",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53183",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53183",authors:[{id:"62641",title:"Dr.",name:"Esam",surname:"Elsarrag",slug:"esam-elsarrag",fullName:"Esam Elsarrag"},{id:"186304",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",surname:"Alhorr",slug:"yousef-alhorr",fullName:"Yousef Alhorr"},{id:"373274",title:"Dr.",name:"Esam",surname:"Elsarrag",slug:"esam-elsarrag",fullName:"Esam Elsarrag"},{id:"373275",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousef",surname:"Alhorr",slug:"yousef-alhorr",fullName:"Yousef Alhorr"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7200",title:"Green Energy and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72ad3cb35d7eb84855d6cb05c6e73897",slug:"green-energy-and-environment",bookSignature:"Eng Hwa Yap and Andrew Huey Ping Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7200.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185577",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Eng Hwa",surname:"Yap",slug:"eng-hwa-yap",fullName:"Eng Hwa Yap"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8890",title:"Design Optimization of Wind Energy Conversion Systems with Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2ce9419202c074e3aee8dff0d87326c",slug:"design-optimization-of-wind-energy-conversion-systems-with-applications",bookSignature:"Karam Y. 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The purpose of a thin film is to provide distinct optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties that bulk solid materials do not possess. Depending on the materials used and the desired properties, thin films can be fabricated by various deposition processes. These include physical methods (e.g. sputtering, E-beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, cathodic arc deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and evaporation), and chemical methods (e.g. chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, atomic layer deposition, and electroplating). Thin films are widely used for many industrial applications, including as optical coatings (antireflective, and self-cleaning coatings) for lenses, windows, and optoelectronic devices; for energy generation (e.g. thin-film photovoltaics) and storage (thin-film batteries and supercapacitors); in gas- and bio-sensors; in electronic semiconductor devices (e.g. transistors); as hard coatings on cutting tools, modules and dies; as decorative coatings; and as bio-compatible coatings for medical implants and thin-film drug delivery. The prevalence of thin films across so many fields of research leads to a rapidly evolving technology where many impactful strides to optimize deposition processes and realize novel applications have been made recently.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book intends to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals, challenges, and trends in thin-film technologies, the recent advances in thin film deposition techniques, as well as the characterization and applications of thin films.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-456-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-455-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-457-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"9c10a55203c2f0f7d47c743e6cfa2492",bookSignature:"Dr. Dongfang Yang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11484.jpg",keywords:"Thin-Film Photovoltaics, Thin-Film Batteries, Plasmonic Devices, Semiconductors, Organic Electronics, Superconductor Oxide Films, Growth Mechanisms, Epitaxy, Uniformity, Grain Size, Sputtering, Pulsed Laser Deposition",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 2nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 30th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 29th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 17th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Yang is a distinguished senior researcher and expert in laser materials processing, pulsed laser, and e-beam deposition of thin films. Previously affiliated with the University of Ottawa, University of Brunswick, and the University of Guelph, where he was awarded his Ph.D. degree in 1995. Dr. Yang was awarded the title of World's Top 2% Scientists by Stanford University and IAAM Scientist Award and Medal in 2021.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177814/images/system/177814.jpg",biography:"Dongfang Yang received his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from the University of Guelph in 1995. He joined the National Research Council Canada in London Ontario in 2001 and is now a Senior Research Officer. His current research interests include laser materials processing; pulsed laser, sputtering and e-beam deposition of thin films; new materials development for energy storage devices; chemical and optical sensors development; and electrochemical studies of organic adsorption and self-assembly monolayer. He is currently serving as an editor or editorial board member for ten scientific journals and was listed among the top 2% most-cited scientists according to a Stanford study in 2020. 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Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"73923",title:"Hybrid Steering Systems for Automotive Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94460",slug:"hybrid-steering-systems-for-automotive-applications",body:'The classical electrohydraulic servomechanisms, which include different types of high-speed two or three-stages servo valves (with flapper - nozzles, jet - pipes or piezo ceramic actuators) are still widely used in high performance control systems due to their very high dynamics reaching even 1000 Hz. However, the complex and expensive maintenance program, and the low overall energy efficiency due to the lamination of the fluid are strong drawbacks. The maximum efficiency of a classical hydraulic position servo system is lower than 65%. Consequently, all the advanced fluid control systems include oil coolers, and use special synthetic fluids for wide temperature ranges. In spite of these peculiarities, the modern servo valves offer minor time constants, which allow a high positioning accuracy. In the recent evolution of the electrohydraulic servo systems two important structural improvements can be pointed out:
The replacement of the classical servo valves by proportional directional flow control valves in different industrial applications (Rexroth, from 1989).
The replacement of any kind of servo valves by a bidirectional reversible volumetric pump driven with a brushless motor controlled by power electronics (Airbus, from 2005). This evolution is presented in Figure 1 for symmetric actuators [1, 2]. Figure 2 shows the hydraulic diagram, and the main view of A380 ailerons servos [1, 2].
Symmetrical structures of classical and hybrid electrohydraulic servos.
Structure of a hybrid servomechanism designed for actuating the ailerons of A380: (a) Basic hydraulic diagram; (b) Main view of assembly.
The assessment of the static and dynamic behavior of a hybrid servomechanism was performed by numerical simulation using Simcenter Amesim language produced by SIEMENS PLM Software [3, 4]. The simplified simulation network is shown in Figure 2a. The real hydro mechanical diagram of the system, proposed by Prof. J.-Ch. Mare in 2013 [5], shows a much more complex mechatronic system, with a mode selector (active or damping), a differential pressure transducer for the main loop, a rudder angle transducer, some hydraulic resistances modeling the system leakages etc. (Figures 3 and 4).
Electric drive system and the position loop controller.
Hydraulic section of a complete hybrid servomechanism.
The core of the system is simple, but the whole assembly looks like a F1 hydraulic system with nine complex control loops: Power Steering, Gearshift Clutch, Differential, and Reverse gear, DRS, Brake by Wire, Throttle Inlet valves, and Turbo Wastegate. All of them are supplied in close loop by a single Parker swash plate axial pistons pump, pressure compensated! [6].
A simple design [5] based on a DC motor driving a gear pump, and a hydraulic cylinder can reveal both good enough dynamic performances, and some design problems involved in the lifetime of a hybrid servomechanism. The time constant can be easy found using a small voltage step input, for obtaining a piston displacement of 1.0 cm from a stroke of 2.5 cm. A reasonable force step input applied on the hydraulic cylinder piston rod can show the system capability to reject common disturbances. Both events were simulated with Simcenter Amesim language for a pump of 1 cc3/rev, reaching 9000 rev/min and 250 bar, driven by a small DC motor of 25 Nm at 270 V and 45 A, with shaft speed sensors used to allow the speed control. The results are presented on the same diagram from Figure 5. The time constant of the electro pump is less than 0.25 s, and the piston final position is reached in less than 0.7 s. A piston sudden load variation of 40,000 N generates a drift of about 20% from the nominal value 0f about 80,000N.
Dynamic response for a common position request followed by the rejection of a sudden aerodynamic load: (a) Position request and the piston sliding position; (b) Aileron angular position as a function of time.
Figures 6–8 show the evolution of the main parameters of the pump during the studied transient.
Pump flow rate evolution during the studied transient.
Pressure in the suction port at the beginning of the aerodynamic load.
Pump delivery pressure evolution during the studied load transient.
A sudden aerodynamic load on the aileron can generate a short cavitation period in the suction line of the pump. This dangerous event is avoided by loading the hydraulic accumulator with nitrogen at 5-6 bar. The compensation of the aerodynamic load applied on the aileron needs a remnant voltage on the armature winding, and a corresponding current (Figures 9 and 10). However, the energy needed for the studied operation cycle is very low (less than 120 J).
Variation of the input voltage applied to the armature winding.
Variation of the input current in the armature winding.
It is useful to study the frequency response of a basic hybrid servomechanism. This task can easy be accomplished using the “transfer meter” block from the “control library” of Simcenter Amesim (Figure 11). A typical result (Figure 12) shows a normal behavior for small amplitude input signals: (a) low auto-oscillation risk; (b) lower, but dynamic good enough performance for practice.
Simulation network for servomechanism frequency response.
Frequency response of a symmetric hybrid servomechanism.
The studied dynamic model, even simple, gives an overview of the wide facilities of the behavioral analysis by simulation. However, in reality, some parts of the system should be better considered to get a more predictive representation. Much more, the experimental validation of each new component needs a lot of experimental researches. The history of the high tech electro hydraulic manufacturers has shown a huge effort of fine-tuning and implementing new generations of components and systems [7, 8, 9]. Dominque van den Bossche [2] summarized some of developing stages of this process in close connection with the possible dangerous situations, which can occur in any flight control systems. Specific maintenance programs have to be implemented in all manufacturing process related to the automotive engineering.
The new generation of mechatronic simulation languages reduced drastically this effort. The use of the Real Time Simulation with Hardware In-The-Loop accelerated this process [10, 11, 12, 13]. For example, Amesim models can be imported in LabVIEW real time platforms in order to simulate the automotive systems using the general software platform from Figure 13 [10].
RTS Platform of Amesim models in LabVIEW RT environment [
A successful hardware implementation of this concept is presented in Figure 14, in order to speed up the design of the new automotive control programs.
RTS test platform created in the Fluid Power Laboratory of U.P.B. for automotive electric transmissions [
The RT simulations with Amesim are frequently used for tailoring different applications of the electrohydraulic hybrid servomechanisms. For example, the complex steering systems of “Self-Propelled Modular Transporter” as that designed by Mammoet [14] need a RTS of all the path followed during the process. The independent propulsion and steering axles are regarded as “super component” in the simulation network of such a complex vehicle. The RTS platform from Figure 15, designed by the authors allow the validation of the Amesim simulations for different configurations of complex servomechanisms [12, 13].
RTS platform for different complex hybrid servomechanisms.
A modern trend in the agriculture is about making farming processes more accurate, efficient, and sustainable with advanced satellite navigation systems (like GPS) and Information Technology (ITC). Precision Farming is raising the agriculture to a new level: doing the right thing, in the right place, the right way, at the right time in the field. Apart from satellite navigation systems, Precision Farming makes use of a number of other key technologies [15, 16]. They include automated steering systems, which take over specific driving tasks like auto - steering, overhead turning, following field edges and overlapping of rows. On tractors, combine harvesters, maize harvesters and other simulate vehicles there is often a need for electrically actuated steering to make automatic GPS controlled steering possible. In addition, manual steering with variable ratio is an often-wanted feature to improve productivity and driver comfort. For this purpose, Sauer-Danfoss [17, 18] has developed a combined steering unit and electro hydraulic steering valve (Figures 16–18) named OSPE: OSP for normal manual steering wheel activated steering and E for electro hydraulic steering activated by electrical input signal either from GPS or vehicle controller or from steering wheel sensor (SASA) for variable steering ratio. In variable steering mode, the electro hydraulic valve part adds flow to the metered out flow from the steering unit part of the OSPE. This combination has built in safety function in form of cut off valve, which makes unintended steering from Electro hydraulic valve part impossible. So OSPE is the right steering element to build up steering system with very high safety level and so to be able to fulfill legislations demands like e.g. in EU Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC.
Hybrid steering module OSPE including both hydromechanical OSP and electrohydraulic proportional servovalve PVE (Sauer Danfoss).
Hybrid steering system for tractors [
Electrical and mechanical complex pilot operated steering valve [
On different kind of heavy mobile equipment, as tractors, mobile cranes, self-propelled modular transporter like Mammoet and dedicated mobile systems like fire trucks there is often need for electrically controlled steering either in the form of a joystick, or fully automatic wireless. For such applications Sauer-Danfoss has developed the pilot operated steering valve type EHPS, which covers a wide range of flows by different geometrical spool flow gain (Figure 18).
The above systems turn any tractor in a friendly environment for driver. John Deere [19] gives modern examples of ergonomic cabin of the tractor type 8400R (Figure 19).
The driving cabin of a modern tractor.
There are some initial decisions to make in order to design a hybrid steering system for any kind of mobile equipment. First, the new system has to allow the human operator to drive himself the equipment anytime i.e. to have the highest priority. Second, the new control system has to be stable and to preserve the accuracy of the previous one under any operation condition. The electrical component strongly depends on the electric power supply, rising real problems from the security point of view. Some electrical power supply systems can reduce the risk of the electrical systems failure. The main problem is to use the same steering cylinders with two kinds of hydraulic metering valves. Both of them need to have close center, or to be isolated upon the request of the driver by an additive directional valve. The relative small fuel consumption introduced by an open center ORBITROL hydraulic steering units can be preserved by driving the input with an electric actuator like a stepping motor with 100-200 pulses/revolution. This option needs a special design of the stepping motor in order to insert it into a steering column. On the other hand, the use of an open center flow valve leads to a poor tracking ability that increases with the steering wheel speed [17]. A typical steady state diagram of such a hydro mechanical feedback steering unit shows a small force capability for high turning speeds. The modern product range has to cover applications of all types of mobile equipment.
This section presents the structure and the performance of a new electro hydraulic steering system for articulated mobile equipment remote controlled. The new concept was designed and tested in the Fluid Power Systems of the University “POLITEHNICA” of Bucharest in order to point out the accuracy and the stability of a control solution based on a dual input (digital and analog) IAC-R REXROTH valve (Figure 20), and a single OBE analog input valve of the same size [20]. The software is individually tailored for the different configurations and combinations of the IAC-R valve by standard parameters set in the factory. Settings for the closed-loop and control parameters are done via the bus interface. Several characteristics define the last generation of electro hydraulic control: fully digitized valve and axis control electronics; position and force control of hydraulic axes directly in the valve; various controller functions available (pressure/flow rate, position and alternating control); input of set points, configuration and diagnosis via field bus (depending on the type via CANopen or Provirus DP). Additional analog set point interface can be used as an alternative to set point input via field bus, but the electromagnetic interferences can create serious troubles, which need safety requirements according ISO 26262.
High-response valve with integrated digital axis controller (IAC-R) and field bus interface (REXROTH)
The CANbus type of controller area network is best suited for multipoint, long range cabling in high electromagnetic interferences areas where analog feedback signals may fail. This new type of control is widely used in military, automotive and aerospace simulating platforms or other systems where accuracy is very important. The behavior of the servovalve in a digital position-closed loop was identified by the aid a special test platform, which includes a strong elastic component, and a variable mass load (Figures 21 and 22).
Hydraulic diagram of the platform for testing digital servovalves.
Test platform for identifying the digital servovalve performance [
A magnetostrictive digital displacement transducer with SSI interface was used for the load. Position reference is set though CANopen bus, and the control algorithm is a PID made with the OBE of the digital servo valve. The reference value for the digital test was generated with the application provided by the manufacturer and sent with a USB<->CANopen adapter. The positioning accuracy depends on the friction force of the steering cylinder as a function of speed (Figure 23).
Friction force of the steering cylinder as a function of speed [
Figure 24 shows a typical response of a servomechanism with P controller. The response time of the digital servovalve is very small: about 2 ms for a 10% input signal. Consequently, the frequency response is very fast (Figure 25).
Typical response of the servomechanism for a P controller with KP = 4.
Frequency response of the servovalve spool position for a sine input of 1.0 V at 50 Hz (given by CANopen).
The system performances were identified using a forestry articulated tractor (Figure 26) designed as prototype by the research department of the Romanian company “PROMEX” from Brăila [22]. The front chassis was locked, leaving free the back one to rotate on a circular raceway (Figure 27). The tractor steering system was studied by the aid of a rotary hydraulic motor controlled in closed loop by a servovalve (Figure 28). Then, the steering amplifier was replaced by the servovalve itself.
Overall view of the articulated full hydraulic tractor.
Plain view of the steering hydraulic cylinders with position transducer.
Hybrid steering servo system driven by an ORBIT motor in close loop: (a) driving system view; (b) rotary feedback potentiometer driven by the motor.
Usually, the control valve of the ORBITROL hydraulic steering unit is designed with open center for reducing both fuel consumption and steering mechanical shocks. The “price” of these gains is a big backlash (Figures 29 and 30) which increases with the input frequency [23].
Steering system response when ORBITROL unit is driven by a hydraulic motor (Ui = 1.0 V; f = 0,05 Hz).
Steering system steady state characteristics when ORBITROL unit is driven by a hydraulic motor (Ui = 1.0 V; f = 0.05 Hz).
The direct control of the steering angle by a servovalve needs a constant pressure supply but avoids the backlash (Figures 31 and 32). However, the hysteresis increases with the input frequency. The normal friction forces inside the hydraulic cylinders increase the nonlinearity of the steady state characteristics.
Steering system frequency response when cylindres are driven by a servovalve (Ui = 1.0 V; f = 0,05 Hz; \tps = 100 bar).
Steady state characteristics for Ui = 1V, f = 0.05 Hz and ps = 100 bar.
The steering process quality can be improved by increasing the pressure supply, reducing the length of the hoses, and the servovalve gain around the null. A common stepping motor with battery-less multi-turn absolute encoder can be regarded as a possible electromechanical interface in the ORBITROL steering system, but the size and the weight are too large for the normal input torque (about 10 Nm).
The high-speed trucks and buses offer an important field of applications to the hybrid servo systems. However, the linear mechanical feedback of the classical steering box is still used in modern front axles with independent suspension arms (Figure 33) [24].
Front axle of a modern truck with linear steering box.
A hybrid effect can be introduced by a brushless servomotor placed on the steering column, or in a mixing box SC, in series with the torsion bar, under the shape of a module with two inputs, which controls the rotary valve (Figure 34).
Simcenter Amesim simulation of a hybrid linear steering box [
The rotary valve opening has a high frequency oscillations (Figure 35a), but the steering process remains continuous (Figure 35b).
Valve opening and rod displacement for a hydraulic steering system [
The basic rotary steering box of the trucks and buses has the same structure as the linear one, the only difference coming from the feedback: the piston motion is fed back to the torsion bar with a ball screw (Figure 36). A brushless motor placed in series with the input shaft can control the motion of the rotary valve (Figure 37).
Steering box with ball screw feedback [
Hybrid steering box [
The brushless motor controls the torsion bar by a complex torque and angle sensor composed by Hall sensors and a rotary inductive wheel (Figure 38).
Brushless motor with complex control functions [
A general view of the hybrid system of a Volvo truck shows the minimum changes needed in the standard version of the car for introducing the hybrid feature (Figure 39).
Components of the hybrid steering system placed in a Volvo truck [
The HYDRAPULSE Company from U.S.A. introduced a special kind of hybrid driving system. EHSU is a ruggedized electric hydraulic steering pump (electro-hydraulic) unit with integrated motor, controller, and closed-loop feedback that is specifically designed for mobile steering assist and e-steering applications. The EHSU (Figure 40) is available in both high and low voltage models and a variety of pump displacements and power levels. There is no electrical feedback from the steering arm! [27].
Electrohydraulic hybrid steering systems without direct feedback.
The basic hydrostatic transmission, composed by a volumetric pump and a hydraulic cylinder remains the most simple, compact and light mechanism for generating any force. The combination between a brushless motor, with digital driver, and a ball screw connected in close position loop became already the best driving system for small inertial loads, but the upper limit of the force remains low. The hybrid combination between a brushless motor and a hydrostatic transmission composed mainly by a high-speed pump, and a linear servomotor offers the best performances with the smallest weight and reduced dimensions. In the last decade, a significant progress was achieved in promoting this new generation of compact actuators in all the modern industrial manufacturing process, different kind of steering system for airplanes, ships, trucks, the control systems for engines, turbines, ships, trucks etc. (Figures 41 and 42). The author’s team created a new type of small power hybrid steering system dedicated to some type of heavy mobile robots. Figure 43 presents a part of the test platform of the servopump [30]. A FPGA controller was designed for controlling the whole system. The exposure of the experimental results overcomes the frame of this paper.
Voith industrial digital hybrid servomechanism [
Rexroth industrial digital hybrid servomechanism [
Servopump for hybrid servomechanisms designed in the Fluid Power Systems Laboratory of U.P.B. [
However, some information about the components of the test bench built in the frame of the University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest can be useful for a better understanding of the design problems. An AC Servo Motor & Driver, MINAS A6 series produced in 2016 by Panasonic Corporation Motor Business Division was chosen for driving a reversible high-pressure gear pump XR012 from Vivolo Corporation.
A PXI industrial device from NI Corporation [20] controls the assembly by the aid of the LabVIEW real time environment. The hydraulic cylinder, designed by the authors for high mechanical efficiency, includes a tension and compression load cell Model 2712 – 500 from Sensy Company from Belgium; two pressure sensors type 7768202 from VIKA Company, and a linear displacement transducer type MLS130-200-R-N from Penny & Giles Company. Hydac Group and Bosch Rexroth Group supplied the hydraulic circuit components. After the first series of performance test, a cheaper dedicated controller was designed, and successfully tuned (Figure 44).
Architecture of a configurable embedded controller for hybrid automotive servomechanisms [
Anyway, the road to a mature industrial design will be a long one, and according to Dirk Hartmann and Herman Van der Auweraer from Siemens Corporation, it must pass through all the stages of the modern manufacturing process called now Digital Twins [31].
We are particularly grateful to
Currently, the cement industry is working on the search and use of new SCMs that allow the reduction of the clinker/cement factor in a significant way. The traditionally ones used are mainly blast furnace slags, natural pozzolans and fly ashes. In the case of the latter, and in view of the requirement to reduce “greenhouse-effect” gas emissions, the commitments acquired from COP21, and the forthcoming closure of coal-based electricity generation plants will greatly affect and seriously compromise their availability soon.
In the field of cements, mineral additions are understood to be natural or artificial inorganic materials or products that, added to Portland cement (PC) in certain quantities, improve its normal behavior, and may also sometimes provide some additional and specific positive quality or improve some of the characteristics of PC. As already mentioned before, the traditional mineral additions that are used in the cement and concrete industry, we can mention the pozzolanic additions (natural and artificial) and blast furnace slags, both which are known as active additions, in order to differentiate them of non-active or misnamed inert additions. The latter can be of limestone or siliceous origin and receive the common name of “filler”, and none can be considered pozzolanic.
Figure 1 shows the scarce availability of conventional SCMs in relation to the existence of limestone and clays. The availability of thermally activated clays on the globe is quite large, giving the SCM the greatest potential in the cement industry, even more so given the future drastic reduction in the supply of fly ash.
Availability of MCSs worldwide. Their variability according to their composition.
The need to activate clays thermally for an industrial scale manufacturing arises also because of its very high pozzolanic reactivity and the high quality that it implies. In addition, the cement producer has the control over production capacity and quality. Here it is necessary to clarify the difference of terms like “calcined clay” and “ activated clay”. The first term, which is the most frequently used in publications, also includes the calcined clays of the ceramic and brick industry, which have very low pozzolanic activity. The second term, “activated clay” (AC), which is a clay with a much higher pozzolanic activity, therefore it will be the term used instead of “calcined clay” from now on.
The new technology to produce AC implies an industrial development that will bring greater sustainability in the cement industry bringing not only due to the considerable reduction of CO2 emission levels down to 70% compared to the Portland clinker manufacturing but also resulting in an important reduction in energy consumption.
Classifying and cataloging pozzolans according to their origin or by their total oxide content that is, according to their chemical composition [1, 2], is insufficient and not at all significant for the characterization of their reactivity. Therefore, R. Talero proposed a very different classification based on the results and conclusions of his research carried out with or without other authors [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], which is based on its chemical character resulting from its corresponding reactive silica content, SiO2r–(%), and reactive alumina, Al2O3r–(%) (Aluminum, Al, tetra- and/or penta-coordinated, which, in the case of the metakaolin is a metastable structure especially similar to the crystalline phase of the χ-alumina [16]). That is, under the same circumstances, capable of providing (depending on its amorphous or vitreous physical state and the average shape and size of its particles), every natural or artificial pozzolanic addition forming part of the cements and/or their derived products: concretes, mortars, pastes and prefabricated products.
Below are the chemical reactions (1)–(4) in which the hydraulic factors (reactive silica SiO2r–, and reactive alumina Al2O3r–) of the pozzolans are involved when they react chemically with the portlandite in an aqueous medium at room temperature, much faster with the portlandite of the PC fraction mixed:
In this sense, it is very important to know the chemical character of pozzolans through the determination of the content of its hydraulic factors ((SiO2r–(%) and Al2O3r–(%)).
Depending on its chemical character, pozzolans will have a very different influence on all the properties, performance and behavior of the PC base materials; starting from its fresh state to the recently hardened and the completely hardened: rheological behavior of its fresh pastes [3], to the heat of hydration [4, 5, 6], the mechanical-resistant performance [7] and durability against attack of sulfates [8, 9, 10, 11] and chlorides [12, 13, 14, 15] and other natural aggressive chemical attacks (sea water - aggregate-alkali reactivity and carbonation) in which the particle shape and average size can influence its nature like in the case of siliceous pozzolans and the silicic ones on its chemical character such as in silica fume and diatoms above all.
The term “clay” refers to both a group of phyllosilicates and a granulometric division of the detritic rocks. This term also designates, in a not very precise way, a sediment or a rock constituted, in a great part, by minerals of the clay [17]. From a granulometric point of view, clay is any fraction smaller than 1/125 mm (≈ 4 μm) of a detritic rock, regardless of its composition. Although there is no precise size limit for clay minerals, most do not exceed 2 μm.
This crystalline structure is formed basically by two types of layers: tetrahedrons and octahedrons [18]. The tetrahedral layer has the group Si2O5 as basic unit, with the silicon in tetrahedral coordination and three oxygen of each tetrahedron shared with the adjacent ones forming a hexagonal structure (Figure 2). A part of the silicon atoms can be replaced by aluminum atoms and, occasionally, by Fe (III).
Structure of the clay minerals. A) Type 1:1 stratum. B) Type 2:1 stratum [
On the other hand, the octahedral layer has a cation, generally Al, Mg, Fe (II) or Fe (III), in octahedral coordination with oxygen or hydroxyl ions. The smallest tetrahedral structural unit of the octahedral layer consists of three octahedral and depending on the degree of occupation of the octahedral positions, the layers can be dioctahedral or trioctahedral. Dioctahedral minerals are those in which only two of the three octahedral of the structural unit have a cation in the center. When all the octahedral positions are taken, the minerals are called trioctahedral, and the cations occupying the octahedral positions are divalent (Mg, Fe (II)), while in the dioctahedral minerals the octahedral positions are occupied by trivalent cations (Al, Fe (III)).
The stacking of the layers and the substitutions of the ions determine different types of minerals in the clay. According to the layer stacking, they are divided in two big groups: those constituted by a tetrahedral layer and another octahedral layer, which share oxygen atoms (type 1:1) and those formed by two tetrahedral layers separated by an octahedral one (type 2:1).
Kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite clays, when undergoing adequate heating, can be activated as a result of a dihydroxylation process or loss of OH− groups from their crystalline network, through the following chemical reaction:
The optimal temperature for this purpose usually ranges from 600–800°C, depending on the clay mineral composition itself. In synthesis, the clay thermal decomposition begins at 120°C with the loss of humidity (hygroscopic, colloidal and hydration water physically adsorbed, or absorbed in the material pores). As the process temperature increases, the hydroxyl groups begin to separate from the crystalline network (dihydroxylation stage). The increase in the vibration energy reaches a thermal agitation value adequate to enable the union with a nearby proton and form a water molecule that goes to the atmosphere to finally separate from the crystalline structure leaving it in an amorphous state that is not vitreous like that of fly ashes. At temperatures above 920° C, the AC becomes very unstable making the formation of spinel, pseudo-mullite or pre-mullite and even mullite possible [19]. Figure 3 shows the thermal behavior of the most common clays [19]. The temperature values here given correspond to kaolinitic clays.
Thermal behavior of the most common clays and its consequences for their resulting final pozzolanicity at each temperature.
The thermal activation process of the clays produces an artificial pozzolan with an aluminic chemical character, according to R. Talero [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. The chemically combined water of the clay released to the atmosphere acts on the coordination index of Al2O3 which was 6 [19]. After this thermal process, in optimum conditions (in coordination 4 or 5 [16]) it reacts chemically and very quickly with the portlandite of the liquid phase of the PC from the very first ages of its hydration. The physical state is amorphous and not vitreous like that of fly ash. On the other hand, the pozzolanic reaction of the latter, in the same circumstances and on an equal footing with everything else, is necessarily much slower.
Therefore, although kaolinitic clays have a higher content of Al2O3, a priori, it should not be a restriction as to which clay to use to produce an artificial pozzolan through thermal activation. Although finally and in any case, the suitability must be evaluated according to the content of SiO2r– (%) and Al2O3r– (%) in each mixture of clays that is possible to generate during its thermal activation process.
Figure 4 shows the pozzolanic activity of a kaolinitic clay, determined by the EN 196–5 standard [20] before and after its optimal thermal activation.
Increased pozzolanic properties of clay after thermal activation. Frattini test [
First, the clay must go through the drying, activation, and cooling processes. If the clay to be activated has a high content of iron (greater than 4%), it is important to ensure the change of color of the clay to gray during the thermal activation process to generate pozzolanic characteristics and thus promote its mixing with the PC.
The main parameters to obtain thermally AC and to guarantee its color change are the precise control of the adequate calcination temperature and the concentration of oxygen in the gases in the drying, activation, and cooling equipment.
The technology used for the combustion system of the drying and thermal activation processes allows operation with solid fuel, ensuring the stability of the flame even in a process with lower temperatures (less than 900°C).
The drying and thermal activation of the clays can be carried out by means of rotary kilns or with “flash technology”. In the case of the use of rotary kilns, it is possible to reuse existing kilns in cement factories that are already out of service to adapt them, in any case, to their new condition of adequate heating of the clays for their activation.
Figure 5 shows the temperature profiles of the gases, the material bed and the refractory lining of a mathematical model developed for the simulation of rotary kilns for the thermal activation of clays. In this case, the material fed into the kiln has already been dried at ≈ 250°C.
T-profiles of gases, material bed and refractory.
The flash technology is based on the dragging of small solid particles by a concurrent flow of hot gases to obtain high coefficients of heat and mass transfer in a more compact equipment. This technology can be used for the drying or activation process. In the case of applying a flash calciner, the process must be staged in several stages in a cyclone tower to ensure the proper residence time of the material in the temperature range of 750 to 850°C or “transit time”, necessary for the activation to take place.
The experience in rotary kilns at an industrial level is extensive in Brazil with kilns of up to 1,100 Tm/day. And at the present time in Colombia with a kiln with a capacity of 1,500 Tm/day. Its operation is relatively simple and easy to understand by control room operators. Its operation control, in terms of adjusting the activation temperatures according to the quality control variables hour by hour, is relatively easy to handle, even though the short activation range in terms of temperature makes this control very demanding in order to obtain an AC of high pozzolanic activity. Therefore, it is important to say that the experience of thermal activation of clays with rotary kilns has already been several decades and there is not, nowadays, an industrial activation in “flash calciner” of such an important industrial size.
Finally, after having achieved the thermal activation of the clayey material, it is necessary to cool it. In this last stage and in the case of clays with a high Fe2O3 (%) content, it is also important to control the atmosphere to avoid that the material at high temperatures comes into contact with high air flows and thus avoid that the gray color obtained in the previous heating stages is maintained and not lost by the oxidation of the new thermally activated material. A technology that is perfectly suited to these two objectives (cooling the material and maintaining its gray color) is the rotary cooler.
One of the aspects that takes on an extraordinary importance in the process of thermal activation of clays, is how to assure the quality of these after having them thermally activated because there is still no analytical method or mechanical test that determines the pozzolanic activity in a direct and immediate way as soon as the AC has left the rotary kiln or the flash Calciner.
Therefore, the clay thermal activation must be determined in an indirect way to guarantee the highest possible content of Al2O3r– (%) [21] and SiO2r– (%) [22] after the process of thermal activation of the kiln by quick kiln adjustments in case it will be necessary. This will undoubtedly translate into a higher pozzolanic activity of the same [20], as mentioned above.
During this stage, and for the same reason, it is highly recommended to determine parameters such as Loss of Ignition (LOI), content of Kaolinite (%) before and after this calcination process and also its Pozzolanic Activity Index (PAI) after the calcination process. All these analyses must be correlated previously.
On this previous stage it is so important to determine the hydraulic factor contents of Al2O3r– (%) [21] and SiO2r– (%) [22] on the AC, in order to find the optimum temperature of every different clay available in the quarry.
In that sense, the activation temperature at which the highest contents of Al2O3r– (%) [21] are obtained in the AC, will be the optimum temperature. Therefore, in this way it will also be possible to determine the upper and lower activation ranges, which indicate whether this optimal thermal activation temperature is exceeded to a certain extent, in such case, a recrystallization of the
With all this information obtained through the analysis and verification tests that must necessarily be carried out at laboratory level, it is possible to clearly identify and determine the ranges in which these variables move according to the highest pozzolanic activity to be reached, since the mentioned analysis and tests must also be used in the quality control of AC at an industrial scale in the cement factory.
The most common operation in the cement factories is the inter grinding in a single mill, of the Portland clinker, its setting regulator (natural gypsum stone) and the active and/or non-active mineral additions incorporated in each case, where the reduction in particle size occurs. For this reason, it is especially important to know the hardness indexes of the different materials to be grinded, their humidity, their proportions and granulometric feeding, in order to, with this information, design the load of grinding balls that each grinding chamber must carry, also according to the typology and physical quality of the cement to be produced.
The AC has a very high fineness. It could be said that 85% of its mass passes through the 1 mm mesh sieve, although, this value will depend on the type of clay, its mineralogical composition, and its quartz content. As an example, we can mention that the Bond hardness index for limestone can vary from 10 to 13 Kwh/Tm, for an AC from 13 to 15 Kwh/Tm and for Portland clinker from 16 to 18 Kwh/Tm. The ranges may vary depending on the mineralogical composition, quartz content, origin, etc.
In some cases, the quartz content in the raw clayey material fed to the kiln can vary from 25 to 50%. This factor must be considered, therefore, in an inter-grinding. The AC has an intermediate hardness, although it is closer to that of limestone, having a very fine granulometric feeding so that it will be much easier to grind than limestone, leaving the first chamber of the mill quite empty. To obtain a performance of the same order of magnitude that the traditional cements, with security it will be possible to work with the specifications of a greater retained in the sieve N. ° 325, although its Blaine fineness will be also greater. As an example, for a “General Use”, with a performance of ≈ 26 MPa at 28 days, it will be possible to work with a retention in screen No. 325 between 4 to 7% and a Blaine fineness between 4500 to 5500 cm2/g.
In addition, quartz, although hard to grind, does not usually present a large size so that in this type of grinding it can play the role of “grinding admixture”, also producing a cleaning effect of the balls and the lining of the mill, helping the grinding, thus being able to reduce or avoid the chemical admixture that improves the grinding itself. On the other hand, and due to the very low granulometry of the AC, the possibility of feeding it directly into the separator can also be studied. The physical aspects dealt with here make sense for replacement levels above 12%, but, however, with a low feed, its changes will not be much noticed. And as far as pozzolanic activity is concerned, this will become important with replacement levels above 8% depending on its Al2O3r– (%) content.
As for the dosage of the cements with this pozzolan, the optimal relationship between all the components, Portland clinker, AC, other SCMs and gypsum, will depend on multiple factors. Therefore, each dosage must be studied and analyzed separately and exclusively, depending on the following premises or conditions: the mineralogical composition of Portland clinker, the reactivity of the AC produced (its contents of Al2O3r– (%) and SiO2r– (%)) and the optimum content of SO3, among others.
As an example, Figure 6 shows the mechanical performances [23] obtained with two different types of PCs, with the same dosage of clinker, AC and limestone filler, and with the same grinding fineness, respectively. In this trial, two AC with different content of Al2O3r– (%) and different proportion of gypsum added as setting regulator were used.
Performance obtained in the dosage of different cements according to the European normativity [
Finally, it is also important to consider the very low granulometry of AC and its rheological behavior when it is so dry, in the transport systems, hoppers and dispensers because avalanches may occur in the hoppers and the control in the dosage may become somewhat difficult.
Without a doubt the best grinding option to manufacture cements with several SCMs is separate grinding. From the point of view of particle grinding, the ideal is to grind materials of similar hardness because this ensures a more controlled and efficient grinding. In a inter grinding, the grinding is conducted by the harder material and this will define the retained in the sieve No. 325 and the Blaine fineness, therefore, the softer materials will be “over grinded” and these will affect the final particle size distribution of the product. Logically, the viability of this system will depend on the availability of equipment: two mills and their production capacities.
Separate grinding offers significant savings by eliminating the time required to prepare different products when changing from one product to another. These preparation times represent economical losses and inefficiencies when having to wait for the quality conditions of the new product in the mill to be able to make the changeover to the corresponding silo. An example of this is when changing from a product with a low clinker/cement factor to one with a higher clinker/cement factor. This cement with a higher production cost is “lost” when having to go to the silo with a lower specification.
On the other hand, separate grinding allows to gain in flexibility and grinding efficiencies by specializing the mills in a base product and not a type of cement. The different types of cement will be produced in the Blending Stations. The Control Room operator will be able to specialize his mill in a single “base product” and achieve better efficiencies, stability, and productivity in the grinding process by not having to make product changes and only adjusting improve production and quality.
Another great advantage in specializing the mills is that the room operators will not have to change mill settings and their operation will be easier to perform and carry out.
Separate grinding allows you to have two “intermediate products”: the first one, a “base cement” and the second one, a “mix” containing the easiest materials to be ground. The base cement can be formed by the Portland clinker and setting regulator only and/or by some additional SCM, depending on the types of cement to be produced. The mix will be formed, instead, by the AC, the rest of the SCMs and the adequate amount of setting regulator according to its composition. The mixing percentages of each of the intermediate products will depend on the quality of their components and the qualities or types of cement to be produced.
The separate grinding of the mix allows a better control in terms of the Blaine fineness and the desired retained, being in this case of the AC, materials easier to grind than Portland clinker. Depending on the materials to be ground in this mix, a “coarser” grinding can be sought in terms of the retained in sieve No. 325, which could well be in a range between 10 to 15% and the Blaine fineness would be a resultant. This physical aspect will have great importance in the final fineness and in the conformation of the pore system in the final structure of the produced cement paste which will be, with all certainty, more compact than the one reached in the inter grinding. This will undoubtedly also result in greater mechanical resistance and durability of the cements to be produced in separate grinding with blending stations.
Finally, and as we have seen, separate grinding requires the assembly of blending stations, which are simple in their operation and design but at the same time, very demanding in terms of the Dosing systems to be used, therefore that is where the success of the latter lies. A blending station is equivalent to having a new high capacity and very high efficiency mill. Moreover, it does not need preparation times and only needs to introduce the corresponding mixture of the two intermediate products mentioned: the “base cement” and the “mix”. The gain in terms of operation flexibility, dispatch logistics and customer service are unquestionable. For this technology it is essential to have a high-quality dosing and mixing equipment. Its capacity design will be determined by the dispatch and storage conditions.
Certainly, AC is just beginning to establish itself as the SCM of greater potential than fly ash and any other natural or artificial pozzolans. They are siliceous and aluminous artificial pozzolans in nature, according to the ASTM C618–19 standard [1], and
The clays that can be activated are not only kaolinitic but also illitic and montmorillonite (smectitic) clays. But, in any case, their viability of use depends fundamentally, as it has just been said, on the content of SiO2r– (%) and Al2O3r– (%) above all and very specially, that we are able to generate during the process of their thermal activation on an industrial scale.
The process control of its thermal activation, in terms of maintaining the optimum temperature of calcination in the kiln, is fundamental, since it will guarantee the highest pozzolanic activity of the AC. Therefore, it is of vital importance to permanently control the process variables and the quality parameters of the recently manufactured AC in order to correlate them with the chemical and mechanical parameters of verification of best quality and with the performance variables.
The separate grinding and blending station are the best option for grinding in terms of quality, particle size distribution, milling efficiency and economic cost.
The use of activates clays such as SCM to reduce the clinker content in cements is one of the most innovative initiatives that is currently being implemented in the cement sector to achieve the objectives of the European Green Deal to make Europe the first continent climate neutral in 2050. This is a very ambitious goal, but reachable. Through this technology, important emission reductions that will allow the cement and concrete value chain be climate neutral by 2050. This will allow our society to have a sustainable building material.
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However, it can only be activated under ultraviolet light irradiation due to its wide bandgap, high recombination, and weak separation efficiency of carriers. Doping is an effective method to extend the light absorption to the visible light region. In this chapter, we will address the importance of doping, different doping modes, preparation method, and photocatalytic mechanism in TiO2 photocatalysts. Thereafter, we will concentrate on Ti3+ self‐doping, nonmetal doping, metal doping, and codoping. Examples of progress can be given for each one of these four doping modes. The influencing factors of preparation method and doping modes on photocatalytic performance (spectrum response, carrier transport, interfacial electron transfer reaction, surface active sites, etc.) are summed up. The main objective is to study the photocatalytic processes, to elucidate the mechanistic models for a better understanding the photocatalytic reactions, and to find a method of enhancing photocatalytic activities.",book:{id:"5139",slug:"semiconductor-photocatalysis-materials-mechanisms-and-applications",title:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Materials, Mechanisms and Applications"},signatures:"Fei Huang, Aihua Yan and Hui Zhao",authors:[{id:"178389",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"fei-huang",fullName:"Fei Huang"},{id:"185126",title:"Dr.",name:"Aihua",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"aihua-yan",fullName:"Aihua Yan"},{id:"185127",title:"Ms.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"hui-zhao",fullName:"Hui Zhao"}]},{id:"17184",doi:"10.5772/17039",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-from-synthesis-to-applications",totalDownloads:17288,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:68,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"S. Anandhan and S. Bandyopadhyay",authors:[{id:"27050",title:"Prof.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",slug:"sri-bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Sri Bandyopadhyay"},{id:"44992",title:"Prof.",name:"Anandhan",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"anandhan-srinivasan",fullName:"Anandhan Srinivasan"}]},{id:"9725",doi:"10.5772/8508",title:"Biosynthesis and Application of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles",slug:"biosynthesis-and-application-of-silver-and-gold-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:27927,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:null,book:{id:"3621",slug:"silver-nanoparticles",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles"},signatures:"Zygmunt Sadowski",authors:null},{id:"17194",doi:"10.5772/21694",title:"Properties of Nanofillers in Polymer",slug:"properties-of-nanofillers-in-polymer",totalDownloads:20385,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"Damien M. Marquis, Éric Guillaume and Carine Chivas-Joly",authors:[{id:"44307",title:"Dr",name:"Damien",middleName:"Michel",surname:"Marquis",slug:"damien-marquis",fullName:"Damien Marquis"},{id:"44317",title:"Prof.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Chivas-Joly",slug:"carine-chivas-joly",fullName:"Carine Chivas-Joly"}]},{id:"52860",doi:"10.5772/65937",title:"Cerium Oxide Nanostructures and their Applications",slug:"cerium-oxide-nanostructures-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:5365,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:"Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. This chapter aimed at providing some basic and fundamental properties of ceria, the importance of oxygen vacancies in this material, nano‐size effects and various synthesis strategies to form diverse structural morphologies. Finally, some key applications of ceria‐based nanostructures are reviewed. We conclude this chapter by expressing personal perspective on the probable challenges and developments of the controllable synthesis of CeO2 nanomaterials for various applications.",book:{id:"5510",slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu and Sean Li",authors:[{id:"191574",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"adnan-younis",fullName:"Adnan Younis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38951",title:"Carbon Nanotube Transparent Electrode",slug:"carbon-nanotube-transparent-electrode",totalDownloads:3985,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3077",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",fullTitle:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites"},signatures:"Jing Sun and Ranran Wang",authors:[{id:"153508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"jing-sun",fullName:"Jing Sun"},{id:"153596",title:"Ms.",name:"Ranran",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ranran-wang",fullName:"Ranran Wang"}]},{id:"49413",title:"Electrodeposition of Nanostructure Materials",slug:"electrodeposition-of-nanostructure-materials",totalDownloads:3733,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"We are conducting a multi-disciplinary research work that involves development of nanostructured thin films of semiconductors for different applications. Nanotechnology is widely considered to constitute the basis of the next technological revolution, following on from the first Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750 with the introduction of the steam engine and steelmaking. Nanotechnology is defined as the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nanoscale. The nanoscale itself is at present considered to cover the range from 1 to 100 nm. All samples prepared in thin film forms and the characterization revealed their nanostructure. The major exploitation of thin films has been in microelectronics, there are numerous and growing applications in communications, optical electronics, coatings of all kinds, and in energy generation. A great many sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques, largely developed to characterize thin films, have already become indispensable in virtually every scientific endeavor irrespective of discipline. Among all these techniques, electrodeposition is the most suitable technique for nanostructured thin films from aqueous solution served as samples under investigation. The electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution is based on the discharge of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface (the substrate or component.) The metal ions accept an electron from the electrically conducting material at the solid- electrolyte interface and then deposit as metal atoms onto the surface. The electrons necessary for this to occur are either supplied from an externally applied potential source or are surrendered by a reducing agent present in solution (electroless reduction). The metal ions themselves derive either from metal salts added to solution, or by the anodic dissolution of the so-called sacrificial anodes, made of the same metal that is to be deposited at the cathode.",book:{id:"4718",slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",fullTitle:"Electroplating of Nanostructures"},signatures:"Souad A. M. Al-Bat’hi",authors:[{id:"174793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Souad",slug:"mohamad-souad",fullName:"Mohamad Souad"}]},{id:"54226",title:"Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Optical Fiber-Sensing Applications",slug:"localized-surface-plasmon-resonance-for-optical-fiber-sensing-applications",totalDownloads:2265,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"It is well known that optical fiber sensors have attracted the attention of scientific community due to its intrinsic advantages, such as lightweight, small size, portability, remote sensing, immunity to electromagnetic interferences and the possibility of multiplexing several signals. This field has shown a dramatic growth thanks to the creation of sensitive thin films onto diverse optical fiber configurations. In this sense, a wide range of optical fiber devices have been successfully fabricated for monitoring biological, chemical, medical or physical parameters. In addition, the use of nanoparticles into the sensitive thin films has resulted in an enhancement in the response time, robustness or sensitivity in the optical devices, which is associated to the inherent properties of nanoparticles (high surface area ratio or porosity). Among all of them, the metallic nanoparticles are of great interest for sensing applications due to the presence of strong absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared regions, due to their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR). These optical resonances are due to the coupling of certain modes of the incident light to the collective oscillation of the conduction electrons of the metallic nanoparticles. The LSPR extinction bands are very useful for sensing applications as far as they can be affected by refractive index variations of the surrounding medium of the nanoparticles, and therefore, it is possible to create optical sensors with outstanding properties such as high sensitivity and optical self-reference. In this chapter, the attractive optical properties of metal nanostructures and their implementation into different optical fiber configuration for sensing or biosensing applications will be studied.",book:{id:"5721",slug:"nanoplasmonics-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Nanoplasmonics",fullTitle:"Nanoplasmonics - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Pedro J. Rivero, Javier Goicoechea and Francisco J. Arregui",authors:[{id:"69816",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Goicoechea",slug:"javier-goicoechea",fullName:"Javier Goicoechea"},{id:"188796",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rivero",slug:"pedro-j.-rivero",fullName:"Pedro J. Rivero"},{id:"197277",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Arregui",slug:"francisco-arregui",fullName:"Francisco Arregui"}]},{id:"25297",title:"Nanofabrication of Metal Oxide Patterns Using Self-Assembled Monolayers",slug:"nanofabrication-of-metal-oxide-patterns-using-self-assembled-monolayers",totalDownloads:3443,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"860",slug:"nanofabrication",title:"Nanofabrication",fullTitle:"Nanofabrication"},signatures:"Yoshitake Masuda",authors:[{id:"12385",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitake",middleName:null,surname:"Masuda",slug:"yoshitake-masuda",fullName:"Yoshitake Masuda"}]},{id:"77225",title:"Piezoelectricity and Its Applications",slug:"piezoelectricity-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:510,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The piezoelectric effect is extensively encountered in nature and many synthetic materials. Piezoelectric materials are capable of transforming mechanical strain and vibration energy into electrical energy. This property allows opportunities for implementing renewable and sustainable energy through power harvesting and self-sustained smart sensing in buildings. As the most common construction material, plain cement paste lacks satisfactory piezoelectricity and is not efficient at harvesting the electrical energy from the ambient vibrations of a building system. In recent years, many techniques have been proposed and applied to improve the piezoelectric capacity of cement-based composite, namely admixture incorporation and physical. The successful application of piezoelectric materials for sustainable building development not only relies on understanding the mechanism of the piezoelectric properties of various building components, but also the latest developments and implementations in the building industry. Therefore, this review systematically illustrates research efforts to develop new construction materials with high piezoelectricity and energy storage capacity. In addition, this article discusses the latest techniques for utilizing the piezoelectric materials in energy harvesters, sensors and actuators for various building systems. With advanced methods for improving the cementations piezoelectricity and applying the material piezoelectricity for different building functions, more renewable and sustainable building systems are anticipated.",book:{id:"10511",slug:"multifunctional-ferroelectric-materials",title:"Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials",fullTitle:"Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials"},signatures:"B. Chandra Sekhar, B. Dhanalakshmi, B. Srinivasa Rao, S. Ramesh, K. Venkata Prasad, P.S.V. Subba Rao and B. Parvatheeswara Rao",authors:[{id:"335022",title:"Dr.",name:"B. Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sekhar",slug:"b.-chandra-sekhar",fullName:"B. Chandra Sekhar"},{id:"422021",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanalakshmi",slug:"b.-dhanalakshmi",fullName:"B. Dhanalakshmi"},{id:"422022",title:"Dr.",name:"B.Srinivasa",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"b.srinivasa-rao",fullName:"B.Srinivasa Rao"},{id:"422023",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramesh",slug:"s.-ramesh",fullName:"S. Ramesh"},{id:"422024",title:"Dr.",name:"K.Venkata",middleName:null,surname:"Prasad",slug:"k.venkata-prasad",fullName:"K.Venkata Prasad"},{id:"422025",title:"Dr.",name:"P.S.V",middleName:null,surname:"Subba Rao",slug:"p.s.v-subba-rao",fullName:"P.S.V Subba Rao"},{id:"422026",title:"Dr.",name:"B.Parvatheeswara",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"b.parvatheeswara-rao",fullName:"B.Parvatheeswara Rao"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1169",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81438",title:"Research Progress of Ionic Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting",slug:"research-progress-of-ionic-thermoelectric-materials-for-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101771",abstract:"Thermoelectric material is a kind of functional material that can mutually convert heat energy and electric energy. It can convert low-grade heat energy (less than 130°C) into electric energy. Compared with traditional electronic thermoelectric materials, ionic thermoelectric materials have higher performance. The Seebeck coefficient can generate 2–3 orders of magnitude higher ionic thermoelectric potential than electronic thermoelectric materials, so it has good application prospects in small thermoelectric generators and solar power generation. According to the thermoelectric conversion mechanism, ionic thermoelectric materials can be divided into ionic thermoelectric materials based on the Soret effect and thermocouple effect. They are widely used in pyrogen batteries and ionic thermoelectric capacitors. The latest two types of ionic thermoelectric materials are in this article. The research progress is explained, and the problems and challenges of ionic thermoelectric materials and the future development direction are also put forward.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jianwei Zhang, Ying Xiao, Bowei Lei, Gengyuan Liang and Wenshu Zhao"},{id:"77670",title:"Thermoelectric Elements with Negative Temperature Factor of Resistance",slug:"thermoelectric-elements-with-negative-temperature-factor-of-resistance",totalDownloads:71,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98860",abstract:"The method of manufacturing of ceramic materials on the basis of ferrites of nickel and cobalt by synthesis and sintering in controllable regenerative atmosphere is presented. As the generator of regenerative atmosphere the method of conversion of carbonic gas is offered. Calculation of regenerative atmosphere for simultaneous sintering of ceramic ferrites of nickel and cobalt is carried out. It is offered, methods of the dilated nonequilibrium thermodynamics to view process of distribution of a charge and heat along a thermoelement branch. The model of a thermoelement taking into account various relaxation times of a charge and warmth is constructed.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Yuri Bokhan"},{id:"79236",title:"Processing Techniques with Heating Conditions for Multiferroic Systems of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3, CaTiO3 Thin Films",slug:"processing-techniques-with-heating-conditions-for-multiferroic-systems-of-bifeo3-batio3-pbtio3-catio",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101122",abstract:"In this chapter, we have report a list of synthesis methods (including both synthesis steps & heating conditions) used for thin film fabrication of perovskite ABO3 (BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3) based multiferroics (in both single-phase and composite materials). The processing of high quality multiferroic thin film have some features like epitaxial strain, physical phenomenon at atomic-level, interfacial coupling parameters to enhance device performance. Since these multiferroic thin films have ME properties such as electrical (dielectric, magnetoelectric coefficient & MC) and magnetic (ferromagnetic, magnetic susceptibility etc.) are heat sensitive, i.e. ME response at low as well as higher temperature might to enhance the device performance respect with long range ordering. The magnetoelectric coupling between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in multiferroic becomes suitable in the application of spintronics, memory and logic devices, and microelectronic memory or piezoelectric devices. In comparison with bulk multiferroic, the fabrication of multiferroic thin film with different structural geometries on substrate has reducible clamping effect. A brief procedure for multiferroic thin film fabrication in terms of their thermal conditions (temperature for film processing and annealing for crystallization) are described. Each synthesis methods have its own characteristic phenomenon in terms of film thickness, defects formation, crack free film, density, chip size, easier steps and availability etc. been described. A brief study towards phase structure and ME coupling for each multiferroic system of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3 is shown.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Kuldeep Chand Verma and Manpreet Singh"},{id:"78034",title:"Quantum Physical Interpretation of Thermoelectric Properties of Ruthenate Pyrochlores",slug:"quantum-physical-interpretation-of-thermoelectric-properties-of-ruthenate-pyrochlores",totalDownloads:74,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99260",abstract:"Lead- and lead-yttrium ruthenate pyrochlores were synthesized and investigated for Seebeck coefficients, electrical- and thermal conductivity. Compounds A2B2O6.5+z with 0 ≤ z < 0.5 were defect pyrochlores and p-type conductors. The thermoelectric data were analyzed using quantum physical models to identify scattering mechanisms underlying electrical (σ) and thermal conductivity (κ) and to understand the temperature dependence of the Seebeck effect (S). In the metal-like lead ruthenates with different Pb:Ru ratios, σ (T) and the electronic thermal conductivity κe (T) were governed by ‘electron impurity scattering’, the lattice thermal conductivity κL (T) by the 3-phonon resistive process (Umklapp scattering). In the lead-yttrium ruthenate solid solutions (Pb(2-x)YxRu2O(6.5±z)), a metal–insulator transition occurred at 0.2 moles of yttrium. On the metallic side (<0.2 moles Y) ‘electron impurity scattering’ prevailed. On the semiconductor/insulator side between x = 0.2 and x = 1.0 several mechanisms were equally likely. At x > 1.5 the Mott Variable Range Hopping mechanism was active. S (T) was discussed for Pb-Y-Ru pyrochlores in terms of the effect of minority carrier excitation at lower- and a broadening of the Fermi distribution at higher temperatures. The figures of merit of all of these pyrochlores were still small (≤7.3 × 10−3).",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Sepideh Akhbarifar"},{id:"77635",title:"Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties Based on Rashba Spin Splitting",slug:"optimization-of-thermoelectric-properties-based-on-rashba-spin-splitting",totalDownloads:124,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98788",abstract:"In recent years, the application of thermoelectricity has become more and more widespread. Thermoelectric materials provide a simple and environmentally friendly solution for the direct conversion of heat to electricity. The development of higher performance thermoelectric materials and their performance optimization have become more important. Generally, to improve the ZT value, electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity must be globally optimized as a whole object. However, due to the strong coupling among ZT parameters in many cases, it is very challenging to break the bottleneck of ZT optimization currently. Beyond the traditional optimization methods (such as inducing defects, varying temperature), the Rashba effect is expected to effectively increase the S2σ and decrease the κ, thus enhancing thermoelectric performance, which provides a new strategy to develop new-generation thermoelectric materials. Although the Rashba effect has great potential in enhancing thermoelectric performance, the underlying mechanism of Rashba-type thermoelectric materials needs further research. In addition, how to introduce Rashba spin splitting into current thermoelectric materials is also of great significance to the optimization of thermoelectricity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Zhenzhen Qin"},{id:"75364",title:"Challenges in Improving Performance of Oxide Thermoelectrics Using Defect Engineering",slug:"challenges-in-improving-performance-of-oxide-thermoelectrics-using-defect-engineering",totalDownloads:214,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96278",abstract:"Oxide thermoelectric materials are considered promising for high-temperature thermoelectric applications in terms of low cost, temperature stability, reversible reaction, and so on. Oxide materials have been intensively studied to suppress the defects and electronic charge carriers for many electronic device applications, but the studies with a high concentration of defects are limited. It desires to improve thermoelectric performance by enhancing its charge transport and lowering its lattice thermal conductivity. For this purpose, here, we modified the stoichiometry of cation and anion vacancies in two different systems to regulate the carrier concentration and explored their thermoelectric properties. Both cation and anion vacancies act as a donor of charge carriers and act as phonon scattering centers, decoupling the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jamil Ur Rahman, Gul Rahman and Soonil Lee"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",slug:"marco-chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11667",title:"Marine Pollution - Recent Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11667.jpg",hash:"e524cd97843b075a724e151256773631",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 20th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"318562",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",surname:"Mancuso",slug:"monique-mancuso",fullName:"Monique Mancuso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11665",title:"Recent Advances in Wildlife Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11665.jpg",hash:"73da0df494a1a56ab9c4faf2ee811899",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 25th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 17th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:617,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. His research interests include biochemistry, oxidative stress, reactive species, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, reproductive hormones, phenolic compounds, female infertility.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. 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