Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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1. Introduction
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Mid-face fractures are common in different populations [1, 2]. Facial fractures are detected in almost 5–10% of trauma patients [3]. Motor vehicle accidents seem to be the first cause of mid-face fractures all around the word [4]. The other causes of facial fractures including mid-face trauma indicated in the literature are assaults, falls, sport injuries, and anima attacks [5, 6].
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The importance of mid-face is clear in function and esthetics. The mid-face skeleton is important in providing a functional unit for respiratory, olfactory, vision, and digestive systems. The mid-face consists of vertical, horizontal, and sagittal pillars. Understanding the principles of mid-facial repair is the key to optimize the outcome.
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Diagnosing mid-face fractures is sometimes very difficult in emergency cases. Diagnosis of the types of mid-face fractures is the first and basic step in management of mid-face trauma. The treatment of mid-face fractures is complex due to the physiology and anatomy of mid-facial subunits. Quality of life of the patients is influenced following unsuccessful management of mid-face fractures which lead to permanent functional problems. Esthetic disfiguring trauma changes the whole mid-facial compartments.
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This chapter aims to present a comprehensive review of mid-face fractures types’ diagnosis and management.
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\n
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2. Examination of trauma patients
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Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) is the first step that should be applied in emergency cases. Airway obstruction should be evaluated as soon as possible since the mid-face is the beginning of the respiratory pathway. Hemorrhage and secretions may obstruct the oropharynx and nasopharynx. Removal of fractured teeth, clots, and loose dental crowns or dentures is important to open the oral airway. Packing should be used to control acute bleeding. Intubation to secure the airway in instable mid-face fractures is the next step that should be considered in emergency patients [7, 8]. It is important to keep the airway open in mid-face fractures because there is always the potential of airway obstruction due to displacement of bones or severe bleeding in such cases.
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Cervical spine injuries are common in facial fractures. The incidence rate of cervical spine trauma in pediatric facial fracture cases is almost 3.5% [9] whilst this number is much higher in adult trauma patients [10]. According to the possibility of spinal injuries in facial trauma patients stabilizing the cervical spine by a rigid collar is necessary until the spinal injury is ruled out.
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After providing a secure airway, ATLS protocol can continued. When the patient is stable, facial examination to detect the mid-face fractures is executed as follow.
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3. Maxillofacial fractures
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3.1. Le Fort fractures
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3.1.1. Classification
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Le Fort fractures are classified as three types. Le Fort I injury is defined as separation of maxilla from the mid-face (Figure 1A). Nasal septum, lateral nasal walls, lateral maxillary sinus wall, and pterygoid plates are involved in these kinds of fractures (Figure 2). Le Fort II fracture is also called the pyramidal fracture pattern which is identified by the separation of nasomaxillary complex (Figure 1B). Nasal and lacrimal bones, nasofrontal suture, infraorbital rims, and pterygoid plates are involved in this fracture pattern. Le Fort III also known as craniofacial dissociation is detected by the separation of the whole mid-face from the skull (Figure 1C). This fracture occurs in nasofrontal and zygomaticomaxillary sutures, zygomatic arch, and pterygoid plates.
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Figure 1.
Le Fort I (A), II (B), III (C) fracture patterns on a three-dimensional model.
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Figure 2.
A, a three-dimensional view of Le Fort I fracture and B, pterygoid plate involvement in Le Fort I fracture (arrow head).
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3.1.2. Signs and symptoms
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As an initial examination mobility of maxilla is evaluated. The maxillary arch is grasped by thumb and pointing fingers of one hand and the mobility is checked by the other hand on pyriform aperture, nasofrontal suture, and zygomaticofrontal suture. In Le Fort fractures, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles pull the fracture segment posteriorly and inferiorly lead to an anterior open bite deformity. So malocclusion is an important sign in diagnosing the Le Fort fractures. Epistaxis is a common sign in all three patterns of Le Fort fractures. Hypoesthesia of the infraorbital nerve is seen in types I and II of Le Fort fractures. Bilateral periorbital ecchymosis which is called raccoon eyes is a classic sign of Le Fort II and III fractures (Figure 3). The clinician should be aware of the possibility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in Le Fort II and III fractures.
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Figure 3.
A classic raccoon eye is a sign of Le Fort II fracture.
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3.1.3. Management
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The decision to choose whether the open or closed technique in Le Fort fractures is dependent on the mobility of the maxilla and severity of maxillary displacement results in malocclusion. Minor maxillary displacement and malocclusion and low mobility of fractured segment are the indications of closed treatment. Closed technique could be performed by either maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) or skeletal suspension (Figure 4). The method of choice in the treatment of mobile maxilla with severe malocclusion is open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). In the Le Fort I pattern lateral nasal walls and zygomatic buttresses are used to provide stability by four plates. Displaced Le Fort II fracture is treated by ORIF of bilateral infraorbital rims and zygomatic buttresses simultaneously using a miniplate to fix the nasofrontal suture. Mobile mid-face and esthetic problems following Le Fort III fracture (dish-face deformity) are the main indications of ORIF treatment. The number of fixations is dependent on the extent of comminution and dislocation. Bilateral zygomatic arches and zygomaticofrontal sutures and nasofrontal sutures should be fixed in severely displaced cases.
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Figure 4.
Suspension and closed treatment of comminuted Le Fort fractures.
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3.2. Palatal fractures
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3.2.1. Classification
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Hendrickson et al. [11] classified the palatal fracture into six patterns anatomically (Figure 5). Computed tomographies (CTs) in coronal and axial views are helpful in detecting the palatal fractures. Alveolar fracture is classified as type I palatal fracture in which it is categorized into two subcategories of anterior and posterolateral fractures. Anterior type I palatal fracture involves the incisor teeth and involving the posterior teeth it is defined as type 1b palatal fracture. Type II palatal fracture is defined as sagittal fracture which is less common in adults. Type III and IV fractures are the most common palatal fractures in adults [11]. Type III is also called para-sagittal fracture which occurs in the thin part of the palate lateral to the attachment of vomer bone to the maxilla. The anterior limit of the fracture is between canine teeth which extend to the pyriform aperture. Type III fracture pattern extends posteriorly to the tuberosity or track approximate to the midline. Type IV fracture also known as para-alveolar fracture is a variant of the type III pattern. The fracture line in this pattern tracks medial to the alveolar bone of maxilla. The type V pattern is a complex fracture with comminution fragments. The transverse palatal fracture is classified as the type VI pattern which is the least common palatal fracture type.
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Figure 5.
Classification of palatal fractures.
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\n
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3.2.2. Signs and symptoms
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Mobility of alveolar segments should be checked for the entire maxillary arch. Displacement of fractured segments results in malocclusion which is an important sign to the clinician in diagnosing the palatal fracture. Ecchymosis of the palate may also indicate the line of fracture.
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3.2.3. Management
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When the occlusion is good enough and the fractured segment is either minimally displaced or not displaced at all the surgeon may decide to follow the patient and choose no intervention. MMF is the treatment of choice in minimally displaced palatal fractures unless there is a contraindication for MMF. Gunning and palatal splints are other amenable methods for closed treatment of palatal fracture (Figure 6). ORIF of palatal fracture is indicated in severely mobile and displaced patterns to prevent splaying of the fragments.
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Figure 6.
(A) Gunning for closed treatment of simultaneous mandibular and palatal fractures in an edentulous patient and (B) Maxillomandibular fixation for closed treatment of the patient.
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3.3. Orbital fractures
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3.3.1. Classification
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According to the involved orbital walls there are five fracture patterns. The most common fracture of the orbit is the orbital floor fracture mostly detected as a blow-out fracture [6] (Figure 7). Orbital roof fracture is the most common fracture in pediatric population [12]. Other less common orbital fractures involve medial or lateral wall. Combined orbital fracture especially involving all four orbital walls are the least common orbital fracture [6] patterns whilst the leading functional and esthetic problems of this pattern are much more serious than former fracture types.
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Figure 7.
Coronal CT view indicating orbital floor (blow out) fracture.
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3.3.2. Signs and symptoms
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Entrapment of extraocular muscles should be assessed when there is suspected orbital wall fracture (Figure 8). Forced duction test is helpful in distancing between muscle entrapment and neurologic disturbance although this test is sometimes falsely negative due to post-injury edema. Diplopia is a common sign of orbital fracture, especially medial fracture pattern due to rectus muscle entrapment [13]. Infraorbital nerve hypoesthesia is a symptom of orbital fracture especially when the infraorbital rim is involved [14]. Subconjunctival hemorrhage and periorbital ecchymosis are useful signs of an underlying orbital fracture [15] (Figure 9). Enophthalmus is an important sign of orbital fracture and also a significant indication of orbital reconstruction [16]. Enophthalmus usually occurs as a result of increased orbital volume or loss of orbital content especially orbital fat.
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Figure 8.
The patient is not able to look upward concurrently by both eyes due to left orbital floor fracture lead to inferior rectus muscle entrapment.
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Figure 9.
Periorbital ecchymosis and subconjuctival hemorrhage following orbital fracture.
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3.3.3. Management
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Orbital fracture cases are non- or minimally displaced should just observe. No intervention is needed when Orbital fractures do not result in any ocular problems including diplopia or enophthalmus. Orbital fracture treatment is a controversial issue among maxillofacial and oculoplastic surgeons. Fracture size, timing of the reconstruction, and biomaterials for reconstructions are all important issues which should be considered in orbital fracture repair. The debate still is present in deciding on whether to treat an orbital fracture or not. The investigations are insufficient with high heterogeneity in this field. As a general rule it is almost acceptable that defects more than 50% of the orbital wall or 2 cm length should be treated [17]. Enophthalmus and positive-forced duction tests are two indications for management of orbital wall fractures.
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Timing of orbital reconstruction is categorized into three groups of immediate categories: within 24 h, early (between first and day 14), and delayed (after 2 weeks) [18]. When the reason of diplopia is muscle entrapment immediate reconstruction of the orbit is advocated by the investigators. Blow-out fracture in young patients is the other indication for immediate repair. Early orbital reconstruction is advocated by some surgeons in cases of early enophthalmus and symptomatic diplopia with positive forced duction test. Early reconstruction should also be considered in cases with large orbital wall defects (more than 50% defects). Symptomatic diplopia with negative force duction test and late-onset enophthalmus are indications for delayed orbital reconstructions [18].
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Decision-making on the ideal material for orbital reconstruction is based on the surgeon’s experience, cost, defect size, and medical history (Figure 10) [19]. The available material and their pros and cons are categorized in Table 1.
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Figure 10.
Titanium meshwork plate is used to reconstruct the orbital floor defect.
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Materials
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Examples
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Advantages
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Disadvantages
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Indications
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Autogenous bone grafts
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Iliac bone graft, caldaria grafts
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Biocompatibility, cost effective, variability in thickness, radio opacity
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Donor site morbidity, difficult to shape, high resorption rate
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Large defects, immature orbits, secondary defect reconstruction
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Resorbable materials
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poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA),
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Replacement with bone formation
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High cost, radiolucency, low stability
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Small defects
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Non-resorbable materials
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Titanium mesh, Porous polyethylene sheets
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High stability, easy fixation, availability, no donor site defect
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High cost, increased infection rate
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Medium size defects with medium complexity
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\n\n
Table 1.
Materials available for orbital reconstruction.
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\n
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3.4. Naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures
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3.4.1. Classification
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According to Markowitz’s classification naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fracture is defined as three patterns [20] (Figure 11). Type I NOE fracture is defined as single-segment central fragment. This pattern could be in a uni- or bilateral form. The medial tendon is attached to the fractures segment in this pattern. Type II NOE fracture consists of comminuted central fragments external to the medial canthal tendon insertion. In type III fracture the fracture line extends into the medial canthal insertion segment. The medial canthal tendon either remains attached to the central segment or does not.
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Figure 11.
Naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture types. A, type I Naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture. B, type II naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture. C, type III naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture.
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\n
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3.4.2. Signs and symptoms
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Epistaxis is a common sign of NOE fracture. Involving the NOE complex in trauma patients results in splayed nasal complex and widened the nasal bridge. In the case of medial canthal tendon detachment or disruption of traumatic telecanthus and medial canthus rounding occurs (Figure 12). The intercanthal distance is usually half of the interpupillary distance (average of 28–35 mm in white adults). So when this measure is more than 40 mm or half of the interpupillary distance, the traumatic telecanthus is defined [21]. Bimanual test is a useful method in detecting the instability of NOE fracture [22].
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Figure 12.
Signs in a patient with naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture. Rounding of the left medial canthus (arrow) and traumatic telecanthus is obvious in this patient.
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3.4.3. Management
\n
Stabilization of the fractures segment is the only intervention advocated in NOE type I fracture (Figure 13A). Stabilizing the central fragment in which the medial canthal tendon is inserted is the treatment of choice in type II fracture (Figure 13B). Transnasal wiring simultaneously with orbital medial wall reconstruction is considered in type III pattern.
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Figure 13.
A, fixation of the type I naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture. B, reconstruction of left type II naso-orbital-ethmoid fracture.
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\n
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4. Surgical approaches in treatment of mid-face fractures
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4.1. Intraoral approaches
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Intraoral approach and vestibular incision is the most common technique used in treatment of Le Fort fractures (Figure 14). Circum-vestibular incision mesial to the second premolar is used to reach the nasal lateral walls and zygomatic buttresses. As mentioned earlier these buttresses are stable enough to maintain the maxilla at the right position following rigid fixation. Cinch suture and V-Y plasty is necessary when the incision involves the nasalis muscles.
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Figure 14.
Intraoral approach to expose the Le Fort I fracture line.
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\n
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4.2. Extraoral approaches
\n
After decision-making of rigid fixation of the Le Fort III fracture, extraoral approaches to the zygomaticofrontal and nasofrontal sutures are applied (Figure 15). Bicoronal flap is the common approach to achieve all three sutures by one sing incision. Also this is a good approach in repairing the NOE fracture. The incision is made several centimeters behind the hair line between the upper origins of the temporal muscles from one superior temporal line to the other. Dissection of the flap is performed in the subgaleal plane up to 2 cm above the superior orbital rims. The periosteum is incised at this level and subperiosteal dissection is continued to expose the zygomaticofrontal and nasofrontal sutures. Using a suction drain is optional during closure.
\n
Figure 15.
Coronal approach for management of Le Fort III fracture (courtesy of Dr. Fereydoun Pourdanesh).
\n
When there is no displacement of nasofrontal suture, fixation of zygomaticofrontal sutures is applicable by lateral brow approach. The incision is made almost 2 cm parallel to the hair follicles of the lateral eyebrow (Figure 16). The advantages of this technique are least noticeable scar and no adjacent anatomical structure.
\n
Figure 16.
Lateral brow approach.
\n
Glabellar and ethmoidal (known as Lynch approach) approaches are used in solitary NOE fracture. The latter technique is not recommended by AOCMF due to visible scar band (web) [23]. Glabellar incision is made in old patients in the glabellar furrows through the skin, subcutaneous layer, and the periosteum.
\n
\n
\n
4.3. Periorbital approaches
\n
Four kinds of periorbital approaches are represented in the literature for reconstruction of orbital fractures and Le Fort II fracture. The incisions on the lower lid are classified into three types based on the distance from the gray line (Figure 17). The periorbital approach is called subciliary incision when this distance is about 2–3 mm. When this distance is almost 3–4 mm to the gray line the incision is known as mid-lower lid or subtarsal approach. The dissection of these two techniques is in three fashions. The best dissection technique is to start a few millimeters subcutaneously followed by orbicularis oculi muscle dissection. Skin only or pre-orbicularis oculi muscle incision is not advocated by authors due to high possibility of ectropion rate. The third incision is called skin-muscle flap which involves both skin and orbicularis oculi muscle.
\n
Figure 17.
Periorbital incisions. Subciliary (A), subtarsal (B), and infraorbital (C) approaches are shown in this picture.
\n
Another popular periorbital approach because of its invisible scar is the transconjunctival technique (Figure 18). The incision is made parallel to the gray line through the conjunctive. This approach is divided into preseptal and retroseptal techniques based on the dissection plane. Lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis are used in some cases when the surgeon needs more access to the orbit.
\n
Figure 18.
Transconjunctival approach is used to expose the orbital floor fracture.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusions
\n
The mid-face is esthetically and functionally very important which makes repairing the deformities of this facial part very difficult. Diagnosing the exact injuries on the facial bones is the key step of deciding the treatment plan. The surgeon should have enough knowledge of facial anatomy and physiology to be able to reconstruct the fractured segments. Deformity following facial trauma is hard to repair on the second surgery. So the importance of managing almost all problems of mid-face fractures in the first surgery is pretty clear to all traumatologists.
\n
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The photos not referenced in the text belong to the author.
\n',keywords:"Le Fort fractures, orbital wall fracture, NOE complex",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/60520.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/60520.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60520",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60520",totalDownloads:2804,totalViews:458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:60,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"March 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"April 5th 2018",datePublished:"September 19th 2018",dateFinished:"April 5th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Oral and maxillofacial fractures are common injuries among multiple trauma patients. Mid-face fractures are considered serious medical problems rather than all other maxillofacial injuries due to their complexity of management. An appropriate treatment plan is essential to reconstruct the mid-face aperture esthetically and functionally. Favorable results are provided by interdisciplinary approaches and appropriate surgical treatments. The authors believe in that a complete and universal book about trauma surgery should contain a chapter about this issue which includes all aspects of mid-face fractures. So we aim to provide a comprehensive chapter about diagnosis and treatment of mid-face fractures which may be a complete and useful guideline for trauma surgeons.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/60520",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/60520",book:{id:"6662",slug:"trauma-surgery"},signatures:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad",authors:[{id:"172188",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaeelinejad",fullName:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad",slug:"mohammad-esmaeelinejad",email:"esmaeelnejad@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172188/images/4478_n.jpg",institution:{name:"Semnan University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Examination of trauma patients",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Maxillofacial fractures",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Le Fort fractures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"3.1.1. Classification",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"3.1.2. Signs and symptoms",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"3.1.3. Management",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2. Palatal fractures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.2.1. Classification",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.2.2. Signs and symptoms",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.2.3. Management",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.3. Orbital fractures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.3.1. Classification",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"3.3.2. Signs and symptoms",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"3.4. Naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"3.4.1. Classification",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"3.4.2. Signs and symptoms",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"3.4.3. Management",level:"3"},{id:"sec_20",title:"4. Surgical approaches in treatment of mid-face fractures",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"4.1. Intraoral approaches",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"4.2. Extraoral approaches",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"4.3. Periorbital approaches",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_28",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Obimakinde OS, Ogundipe KO, Rabiu TB, Okoje VN. Maxillofacial fractures in a budding teaching hospital: A study of pattern of presentation and care. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2017;26:218\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Samieirad S, Aboutorabzade MR, Tohidi E, Shaban B, Khalife H, Hashemipour MA, et al. Maxillofacial fracture epidemiology and treatment plans in the northeast of Iran: A retrospective study. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2017;22:e616-ee24\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Herford AS, Tandon R, Pivetti L, Cicciu M. Treatment of severe frontobasilar fractures in growing patients: A case series evaluation. Chinese Journal of Traumatology. 2013;16:199-203\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Erol B, Tanrikulu R, Gorgun B. Maxillofacial fractures. Analysis of demographic distribution and treatment in 2901 patients (25-year experience). Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2004;32:308-313\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Guven O. A comparative study on maxillofacial fractures in central and eastern Anatolia. A retrospective study. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 1988;16:126-129\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Manolidis S, Weeks BH, Kirby M, Scarlett M, Hollier L. Classification and surgical management of orbital fractures: Experience with 111 orbital reconstructions. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2002;13:726-737; discussion 38\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Ng M, Saadat D, Sinha UK. Managing the emergency airway in Le Fort fractures. The Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Trauma. 1998;4:38-43\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Lee SS, Huang SH, Wu SH, Sun IF, Chu KS, Lai CS, et al. A review of intraoperative airway management for midface facial bone fracture patients. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2009;63:162-166\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Hoppe IC, Kordahi AM, Paik AM, Lee ES, Granick MS. Examination of life-threatening injuries in 431 pediatric facial fractures at a level 1 trauma center. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2014;25:1825-1828\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Mithani SK, St-Hilaire H, Brooke BS, Smith IM, Bluebond-Langner R, Rodriguez ED. Predictable patterns of intracranial and cervical spine injury in craniomaxillofacial trauma: Analysis of 4786 patients. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2009;123:1293-1301\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Hendrickson M, Clark N, Manson PN, Yaremchuk M, Robertson B, Slezak S, et al. Palatal fractures: Classification, patterns, and treatment with rigid internal fixation. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998;101:319-332\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Koltai PJ, Amjad I, Meyer D, Feustel PJ. Orbital fractures in children. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery. 1995;121:1375-1379\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Felix PN, Robert HM. Medial Orbital Wall fractures: Classification and clinical profile. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 1995;112:549-556\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Takahashi Y, Sabundayo MS, Miyazaki H, Mito H, Kakizaki H. Orbital trapdoor fractures: Different clinical profiles between adult and paediatric patients. The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2017. pii: bjophthalmol-2017-310890. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310890. [Epub ahead of print]\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Buttner M, Schlittler FL, Michel C, Exadaktylos AK, Iizuka T. Is a black eye a useful sign of facial fractures in patients with minor head injuries? A retrospective analysis in a level I trauma Centre over 10 years. The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014;52:518-522\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Runci M, De Ponte FS, Falzea R, Bramanti E, Lauritano F, Cervino G, et al. Facial and orbital fractures: A fifteen years retrospective evaluation of north east Sicily treated patients. The Open Dentistry Journal. 2017;11:546-556\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Dubois L, Steenen SA, Gooris PJJ, Mourits MP, Becking AG. Controversies in orbital reconstruction—I. Defect-driven orbital reconstruction: A systematic review. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015;44:308-315\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Dubois L, Steenen SA, Gooris PJJ, Mourits MP, Becking AG. Controversies in orbital reconstruction—II. Timing of post-traumatic orbital reconstruction: A systematic review. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2015;44:433-440\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Dubois L, Steenen SA, Gooris PJJ, Bos RRM, Becking AG. Controversies in orbital reconstruction—III. Biomaterials for orbital reconstruction: A review with clinical recommendations. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2016;45:41-50\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Markowitz BL, Manson PN, Sargent L, Vander Kolk CA, Yaremchuk M, Glassman D, et al. Management of the medial canthal tendon in nasoethmoid orbital fractures: The importance of the central fragment in classification and treatment. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991;87:843-853\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Paskert JP, Manson PN, Iliff NT. Nasoethmoidal and orbital fractures. Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 1988;15:209-223\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Paskert JP, Manson PN. The bimanual examination for assessing instability in naso-orbitoethmoidal injuries. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989;83:165-167\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Kunz C, Cornelius CP, Prein J. The comprehensive AOCMF classification system: Midface fractures—Level 2 tutorial. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstruction. 2014;7:S59-S67\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad",address:"esmaeelnejad@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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1. Introduction
An important and growing part of the textile industry is the medical and related healthcare and hygiene sectors. The extent of growth is due to constant improvement and innovations in both textile technology and medical procedures. A critical and developing part of the fabric Industry is the clinical and associated healthcare and hygiene sectors. Textile has usually been part of healthcare [1]. The variety of merchandise to be had is sizeable however normally they are used inside the running room theatre or at the health centre ward for the hygiene, care and protection of personnel and patients. The range of programmes variety from the easy cleansing wipe to the superior barrier fabric used for running rooms. Medical textiles constitute systems designed and executed for scientific software [2]. The range of programs is diverse, starting from an unmarried thread suture to the complicated composite systems for bone alternative and from the easy cleansing wipe to superior barrier fabric utilized in running rooms. Textile substances and products, which have been engineered to fulfil precise needs, are appropriate for any scientific and surgical software wherein a mixture of strength, flexibility and from time to time moisture and air permeability is required.
Textile materials and products that have been engineered to meet particular needs are suitable for any medical and surgical applications, where a combination of strength, flexibility and sometimes moisture and air permeability are required [3, 4].
2. Constituent element of medical textile products
3. Healthcare and hygiene products
Textile has usually been a part of healthcare. The variety of merchandise to be had is sizeable; however, normally they may be used inside the working room theatre or at the health facility ward for the hygiene, care and protection of workforce and patients. The quantity of packages variety from the easy cleansing wipes to the superior barrier fabric used for working rooms [5].
The medical textile fabric merchandise may be prepared into three simple categories
Patient specific: sponges, sheets, burn sheets etc.
General patient management: Under-pads, adult diapers and wipes
Procedure specific: sterilization wrap, surgical gowns, drapes, table covers, face masks, head and shoe covers.
4. Characteristics of materials for medical use
Nontoxicity
Non-allergenic response
The ability to be sterilized
Elasticity, durability
Biocompatibility
Fast and highly absorbent
Static dissipation
Antimicrobial
Wide range of staple fibres are used for the hygiene sector and technical application (Table 1)
Bi-component fibres for thermal bonding, used in hygiene articles such as sanitary napkins, baby diapers, etc.
Special types for hydro-entangled nonwovens are not only employed in the manufacturer of wet and cosmetic wipes but also increasingly in technical applications.
Fibres made from biopolymers (PLA/Ingeo) include fibres made from renewable plant compounds
Fill fibres for beds.
Used medical application
Type of fibre used
Cloth type
Cover cloths and Surgical drapes
Polyester and polyethylene
Nonwoven or woven
Absorbent layer Outer layer, Incontinence and diaper Cover stock
Polyester, polypropylene Wood fluff and Super-absorbents Polyethylene fibres
Nonwoven
Protective clothing and Clothing uniforms
Cotton, polyester and polypropylene
Woven and Nonwoven
Surgical hosiery garments products
Polyamide, polyester, cotton and elastomeric yarn
Nonwoven and Knitted
Wipes and garments
Viscose rayon
Nonwoven
Masks and caps etc.
Viscose rayon, polyester, viscose and glass
Nonwoven
Pillow covers, sheets and Bedding, Blanket
Cotton, polyester and cotton
Woven and knitted
Surgical gowns garments
Cotton, polyester, viscose rayon and polypropylene
Non-woven possesses the following properties due to which they became famous in medical field:
Various parameters can be controlled easily like porosity, weight of fabric, thickness.
Nonwovens are easy to sterilise
Various manufacturing technique options according to applications.
Economical manufacturing process.
5. Textile materials used in operating theatre and emergency rooms
These encompass surgeon`s gowns, caps and masks, affected person drapes and cowl cloths of all sizes. The reason for defensive healthcare clothes is to defend healthcare experts from infection from blood and different infectious fluids [6, 7]. Biological defensive clothes are described through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as follows: `Personal defensive garb may be taken into consideration suitable most effective if it does now no longer allow blood and different infectious substances to by skip thru to attain an employee`s paintings clothes, road clothes, undergarment, pores and skin, eyes, mouth or different mucous membranes below the ordinary situations of use and at some point of time the protection system may be used` According to this definition, there are fundamental necessities for a defensive fabric garment: it ought to save you infectious substances from passing thru the pores and skin and it ought to closing lengthy enough. Protective clothing inside the clinical subject ought to be affordable, breathable, comfortable, dependable, and effective [8].
6. Design issue
Main issue in design and use of operating room fabric used to be is the protection of the patient from contamination by the environment and by healthcare workers. The principle design features for medical non-woven fabric are barrier properties, strength, sterilization stability, breathability and comfort for garment application.
6.1 Barrier performance
Barrier performance can be partial (resistant) or total (proof) ranging from particulates and bacteria to fluids and viruses. The principal necessities for barrier fabric are that they withstand the penetration of liquids, especially blood and on the equal time be sterile, breathable, bendy and cheaper. Because of those necessities, maximum of the barrier clothes are crafted from non-woven fabric, which can be exceedingly cheaper and may be thrown away after every use, hence lowering the want for re-sterilization. In a few cases, unique breathable movies are being brought to fibres and fabric. In different cases, components are being brought without delay into polymers getting used to making the fibres. Theatre drapes are meant to shape a barrier in opposition to contamination each to and more good from the patient. Strength requirements vary with end-use application. For surgical drapes, stiffness is very critical because barrier performance may be affected by comorbidity to patient or equipment. Good abrasion resistance is necessary for the safety of barrier administration. The consumer product safety commissions (CPSC) require 3.5sec burn time on CS-191-53 for gowns, head covering and surgical mask [9, 10, 11].
6.2 Sterilization stability
Many hospitals have delivered peroxide plasma systems, inclusive of STERRAD, to their steam autoclaves and ethylene oxide chambers inside the Central Supply Room. In designing fabric for sterilization, it is far critical to apprehend the effect of sterilization tactics on material overall performance features. Steam autoclaves typically function at 132°C. Fabrics containing cellulose are not typically advocated for the plasma gadgets as those fabrics hold residual peroxide.
6.3 Comfort and breathability
The consolation and breathability components are commonly taken into consideration as opposing the barrier performance. For sterilization wrap, the difficulty is that the barrier should save you dirt and micro-organisms from penetrating a sterilized bundle in the course of garage and transportation. At an equal time, it should be porous sufficient for the sterilant to penetrate the wrapped bundle and absolutely sterilize the content material of the surgical set.
6.4 Linting
For gowns, linting is not wanted because particles from gowns or drapes may complicate the wound healing process. In general, it is accepted that particles above 50μm are readily visible to the unaided eye.
6.5 Antimicrobial textiles
Treated fabric articles can encompass clinical textiles consisting of pads, face masks, surgical gowns, ambulance blankets, stretchers, and clear out substances and diapers [12].
6.6 Antimicrobial fibres
High overall performance fibres had been evolved which save you risky microorganism from buildup and could discover programs with inside the fields of private hygiene wherein buildup of risky microorganism may be risky to health: the fibre essentially includes a mixture of antimicrobial compounds, primarily based totally on steel salts which in the end controls microorganism and fungi. The compounds are embedded inside the matrix of fibres which renders it impervious to washing and wear [13].
7. Product application
7.1 Surgical gowns
Surgical gowns are worn during medical procedures, to prevent contamination by splattering of body fluids such as blood, respiratory secretions, vomit or feces during medical procedures.
Surgical gowns are made of fluid-resistant materials to reduce the transfer of body fluids (Figure 1). Isolation gowns are usually intended to protect the wearer from the transfer of micro-organisms and only small amount of body fluids [14].
Figure 1.
Surgical gowns, healthcare and hygiene products [9, 10, 11].
7.2 Surgical masks
They should have high level of air permeability, high filter capacity, and should be light weight and non-allergic .
Materials: consist of a very fine middle layer of extra fine glass fibres or synthetic micro fibres covered on both sides by either an acrylic bonded parallel-laid or wet-laid non-woven (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Surgical masks products [14, 15].
7.3 Surgical drapes and cover cloths
These are used to cover patients or working areas around patients.
Material: loop raised warp-knitted polyester fabric laminated with PTFE films for air permeability, comfort and resistance to microbiological contaminants [15].
7.4 Surgical hosiery
Surgical hosiery with graduated compression traits is used for wide variety of purposes, starting from a mild help for the limb to the remedy of venous disorders. Knee and elbow caps, which might be commonly fashioned throughout knitting on round machines and might additionally comprise elastomeric threads are worn for help and compression throughout bodily energetic sports activities or for protection.
7.5 Hospital ward textiles
Such as bedding garb, bed covers, incontinence merchandise are used for care and hygiene of patients. The conventional Woollen blankets had been changed with cotton leno woven blankets to lessen the threat of pass contamination and are crafted from smooth spun two-fold yarns which own suited thermal qualities. In isolation wards and in-depth care units, disposable defensive garb is worn to reduce pass contamination and are made from composite of tissue strengthened with a PET or polypropylene spunlaid web [16].
7.6 Cleaning products
These include gauze for floors, dry dusting systems; hard surface disinfectant wipes high absorbency cloth, window cloth, electrostatic disposable dusters, cleaning mop, etc.
8. Absorbent hygiene products
8.1 Modern breathable disposable feminine products
Inner pinnacle layer: fabricated from a mix of hydrophobic low-density fibre and is liquid and water permeable.
Core layer: full of wooden pulp and different absorbent fabric is especially absorbent.
Third layer encompasses multi-layer barrier, this is water vapour permeable, however persistent to liquid water.
Figure 3.
Modern breathable disposable feminine products [16, 17].
8.2 Modern incontinence product
Modern incontinence product also consists of three layers.
Cover stock that is permeable and diffuses liquid laterally. Highly absorbent core and barrier polyethylene or PVC films that help patient cloths or bedding to keep dry.
9. Testing of healthcare garments
Laboratory exams consist of water repellency, launder ability, burst electricity and tear electricity. The layout of barrier fabric is pushed with the aid of using the priority over HIV. Therefore, for those fabric check techniques that might help with inside the Characterisation of merchandise as blood-resistant, blood-evidence or viral evidence. These techniques were installed as ASTM 1670-95 and 1671-97.
The call for wettability approach of measuring the absorbency traits of fabric was defined with the aid of using Lichstein. This method measures each capability and absorption price concurrently at zero hydrostatic head. It is relevant to distinctive absorbents, wicking fluids and more than one ply system with the absorbent at any attitude to the fluid and below distinctive pressure [17].
10. Advanced medical textiles
Bio-purposeful substances are starting up new opportunities for the medical fabric sector. Here energetic materials are included in the fibre with the aid of using chemical change or implemented onto the fibre floor at some point of the spinning process. These components are transferred to the pores and skin with the aid of using frame moisture and frame warmth with stepped forward bioclimatic and hygienic homes such as.
Protection to the pores and skin from liquids, debris and bacteria.
Providing a powerful barrier towards germs, fungi and danger of infection.
Thermo regularity characteristic.
Ease of laundering, sterilization and anti-static behaviour
Low stage of fabric chemical compounds and dyes with excessive mechanical stability.
New fabric is evolved to face up to bacteria, mildew, stain and odour for healthcare applications. For example, anti-allergen completing retailers are used on material to offer themselves remedy to sufferers from bronchial allergies and allergic reactions as a result of dirt mites.
Active substances can also be made available to the skin as an aqueous solution by micro-encapsulation or by their insertion into water-absorbing network polymers, which are affixed to the fibre. Advanced processes also offer the potential for the development of bioactive, drug-delivering textiles and the controlled treatment of diseases.
11. The functional requirement of bedding material for elderly patients
Ideal bedding materials attribute the following
Convenient during changing and to wash
Breathable
Absorbent
Durable
Odour free
Now allergic
Hygienic
Easy to care for and store
Prevent liquid and soil spread around
Colour and pattern of the fabric (not significant for elderly)
Provide comfort support
Keep patient clean after being soiled
Smooth to the touch
Keep patient warm after being wetted
Soft to touch dry after being wetted
12. Conclusions
The application of textile in high performance and specialized fields are increasing day by day. There will be an increasing role for medical textiles in future.
Textile substances hold to serve a critical characteristic with inside the improvement of number clinical and surgical products.
The advent of recent substances, the development in manufacturing strategies and fibre properties, and the usage of greater correct and complete trying out have all had a giant impact on advancing fibres and fabric for clinical applications.
Advances in nonwovens have ended in a brand new breed of clinical textiles. Advanced composite material containing a combination of fibres and fabrics has been developed for applications where biocompatibility and strength are required.
As medical procedures continue to develop, the demand for textile material is bound to grow.
\n',keywords:"healthcare and hygiene products, design materials, product application and testing",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81032.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81032.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81032",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81032",totalDownloads:35,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"February 1st 2022",dateReviewed:"February 11th 2022",datePrePublished:"March 31st 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"March 30th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Healthcare and hygiene products are usually available over the counter and normally used for hygienic purposes to prevent infection and transmission of diseases, provide hygiene, and enhance care in the hospital ward and operating room. Nowadays it is a scientific research approach to big growing part in medical textiles, in healthcare and hygiene products. The day by day increase in demand of medical textile in different sectors like wipe to operating rooms are more advanced fabrics used with anti-fungal and anti-microbial applications. In this sector, new concepts of low-cost effective techniques are developing day by dayfor both patient and hospital staff to protect them from the effect of virus infection and other bacteria. This paper basically discusses the main role of hygiene and health care sectors application in medical textile.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81032",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81032",signatures:"Ramratan Guru, Anupam Kumar and Rohit Kumar",book:{id:"11124",type:"book",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Next-Generation Textiles",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-883-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-882-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-884-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"336997",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramratan",middleName:null,surname:"Guru",fullName:"Ramratan Guru",slug:"ramratan-guru",email:"ramratan333@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"337607",title:"Prof.",name:"Anupam",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Anupam Kumar",slug:"anupam-kumar",email:"anup28298@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"337608",title:"Mr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Rohit Kumar",slug:"rohit-kumar",email:"rohitkuma6858@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Constituent element of medical textile products",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Healthcare and hygiene products",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Characteristics of materials for medical use",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Textile materials used in operating theatre and emergency rooms",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Design issue",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"6.1 Barrier performance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"6.2 Sterilization stability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.3 Comfort and breathability",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"6.4 Linting",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"6.5 Antimicrobial textiles",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"6.6 Antimicrobial fibres",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"7. Product application",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"7.1 Surgical gowns",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"7.2 Surgical masks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"7.3 Surgical drapes and cover cloths",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"7.4 Surgical hosiery",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"7.5 Hospital ward textiles",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"7.6 Cleaning products",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"8. Absorbent hygiene products",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"8.1 Modern breathable disposable feminine products",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"8.2 Modern incontinence product",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23",title:"9. Testing of healthcare garments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"10. Advanced medical textiles",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"11. The functional requirement of bedding material for elderly patients",level:"1"},{id:"sec_26",title:"12. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Scarlet R, Deliu R, RozemarieManea L. Implantable medical textiles: characterization and applications. In: 7th International Conference-TEXSCI. Liberec, Czech Republic; 2010'},{id:"B2",body:'Kwatra GPS. Textile for medical applications. The Indian Textile Journal. 1992:18-23'},{id:"B3",body:'Samash K. Medical textiles: A healthy prognosis. Textile Month. 1989:15-17'},{id:"B4",body:'Fisher G. Developments trends in medical textiles. Journal for Asia on Textile and Apparel. 2006;12(4):51-69'},{id:"B5",body:'Walker IV. Proceedings of Medical Textile Conference. Cambridge: Bolton Institute, U.K. Publishing Co.; 1999. pp. 12-19'},{id:"B6",body:'Gupta S. Innovations Fuel the Use of Nonwoven-Based Medical Textiles. Journal for Asia on Textile and Apparel; 2011;2(4):42-48'},{id:"B7",body:'Gupta BS. Medical textile structures: An overview. Medical Plastics and Biomaterials Magazine. 1998;2(1):36-48'},{id:"B8",body:'Anand SC. University of Bolton, UK. Healthcare and Hygiene Products. Medical Textile and Biomaterial for Healthcare. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd; 2005. pp. 77-79'},{id:"B9",body:'Rigby AJ. Textile materials in medicine and surgery. Textile Horizons. 1994:42-46'},{id:"B10",body:'Adanur S. Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles. USA: Technomic Publishing Company, Inc, Auburn University; pp. 348-352'},{id:"B11",body:'Prescott BA. Proceedings, Fibres to Finished fabrics. The Textile Institute. London: Northwestern Oklahoma State University; 1998. pp. 213-216'},{id:"B12",body:'Desai AA. Special textiles used for manufacturing healthcare and hygiene products. Textile Magazine. 2003;73-76'},{id:"B13",body:'Walker IV. Textiles and sterilization assurance. Proceedings, Medical Textiles International Conference, Stuggart; 1989. pp. 14-22'},{id:"B14",body:'Fisher G. Medical and hygiene textiles continuing in good health. Technical Textiles International. 2002;2(4):10-15'},{id:"B15",body:'Anon. Silver oxide antimicrobial textiles. Medical Textiles, International Newsletters. 2003;2-6'},{id:"B16",body:'Holla U. Medical textile industry poised for a healthy growth. Express Textile. 2000;2(6):42-52'},{id:"B17",body:'Smith BM. Steadfast. A leader in Canadian medical textiles. Canadian Textile Journal. 1999;14-15'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ramratan Guru",address:"ramratan333@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Handloom and Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, India
Department of Textile Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, India
Department of Textile Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, India
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IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
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Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"63639",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81086",title:"Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active Learning",slug:"cooperative-learning-the-foundation-for-active-learning",totalDownloads:3491,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"The role of instructors is evolving from the presenter of information to the designer of active learning processes, environments, and experiences that maximize student engagement. The more active a lesson, the more students tend to engage intellectually and emotionally in the learning activities. Cooperative learning is the foundation on which many of the active learning procedures are based. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning. Most of the active learning procedures, such as problem-based learning, team-learning, collaborative learning, and PALS, require that students work cooperatively in small groups to achieve joint learning goals. Cooperative learning is based on two theories: Structure-Process-Outcome theory and Social Interdependence theory. Four types of cooperative learning have been derived: formal cooperative learning, informal cooperative learning, cooperative base groups, and constructive controversy. There is considerable research confirming the effectiveness of cooperative learning. To be cooperative, however, five basic elements must be structured into the situation: positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group processing.",book:{id:"6929",slug:"active-learning-beyond-the-future",title:"Active Learning",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Beyond the Future"},signatures:"David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson",authors:[{id:"259976",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"},{id:"263004",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"roger-johnson",fullName:"Roger Johnson"}]},{id:"58060",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72341",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8833,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"59468",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74344",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality: New Frontiers for Clinical Psychology",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-new-frontiers-for-clinical-psychology",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the last decades, the applied approach for the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) on clinical and health psychology has grown exponentially. These technologies have been used to treat several mental disorders, for example, phobias, stress-related disorders, depression, eating disorders, and chronic pain. The importance of VR/AR for the mental health field comes from three main concepts: (1) VR/AR as an imaginal technology, people can feel “as if they are” in a reality that does not exist in external world; (2) VR/AR as an embodied technology, the experience to feel user’s body inside the virtual environment; and (3) VR/AR as connectivity technology, the “end of geography’. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities provided by VR/AR as technologies to improve people’s quality of life and to discuss new frontiers for their application in mental health and psychological well-being promotion.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Sara Ventura, Rosa M. Baños and Cristina Botella",authors:[{id:"106036",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Baños",slug:"rosa-maria-banos",fullName:"Rosa Maria Baños"},{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"},{id:"229056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"cristina-botella",fullName:"Cristina Botella"}]},{id:"64583",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81714",title:"Evaluating a Course for Teaching Advanced Programming Concepts with Scratch to Preservice Kindergarten Teachers: A Case Study in Greece",slug:"evaluating-a-course-for-teaching-advanced-programming-concepts-with-scratch-to-preservice-kindergart",totalDownloads:1422,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Coding is a new literacy for the twenty-first century, and as a literacy, coding enables new ways of thinking and new ways of communicating and expressing ideas, as well as new ways of civic participation. A growing number of countries, in Europe and beyond, have established clear policies and frameworks for introducing computational thinking (CT) and computer programming to young children. In this chapter, we discuss a game-based approach to coding education for preservice kindergarten teachers using Scratch. The aim of using Scratch was to excite students’ interest and familiarize them with the basics of programming in an open-ended, project-based, and personally meaningful environment for a semester course in the Department of Preschool Education in the University of Crete. For 13 weeks, students were introduced to the main Scratch concepts and, afterward, were asked to prepare their projects. For the projects, they were required to design their own interactive stories to teach certain concepts about mathematics or physical science to preschool-age students. The results we obtained were more satisfactory than expected and, in some regards, encouraging if one considers the fact that the research participants had no prior experiences with computational thinking.",book:{id:"6936",slug:"early-childhood-education",title:"Early Childhood Education",fullTitle:"Early Childhood Education"},signatures:"Stamatios Papadakis and Michail Kalogiannakis",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8832,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3384,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",book:{id:"6674",slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development"},signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}]},{id:"75908",title:"From the Classroom into Virtual Learning Environments: Essential Knowledge, Competences, Skills and Pedagogical Strategies for the 21st Century Teacher Education in Kenya",slug:"from-the-classroom-into-virtual-learning-environments-essential-knowledge-competences-skills-and-ped",totalDownloads:519,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"As teachers in Kenya begin to migrate from the classroom to virtual learning spaces following COVID 19 pandemic, there is pressing need to realign Teacher Education to requisite Knowledge, competences, skills, and attitudes that will support online teaching. This chapter explores these needs using a combination of lived experiences and literature review that captured a meta-analysis of research trends on e-learning. While trends in Teacher Education indicate progression towards adoption of technology, there are disparities between the theory and practice. Evidence from recent research and reports; and the recollected experiences confirmed knowledge, competence, skills and pedagogical gaps in the implementation of online learning, that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. The researcher recommends that teacher education should sensitize and train teacher trainees on how to access, analyze and use new knowledge emerging with technology; they also should be coached on how learners learn with technology and on fundamentals of the communication process. Particularly the course on educational technology, should focus on how to create and manage online courses. 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This chapter will help clarify how teacher educators experience the changing educational contexts due to the digital revolution, how their meaning-making shifts, and how outside forces influence those processes. The results are based on comparative international studies. Central for this study is practitioners’ professional digital competence, their attitudes towards digital technology and the use of digital technology in education. We found that the influence and contribution of digital practice is carried out quite differently across the globe. Our research questions were: How do practitioners experience teaching in a rapidly changing context? 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In addition, the article will shed light on some methodological aspects related to self-study. Self-study refers to teacher educators who in an intentionally and systematically way examine their practice to improve it, based on a deeper understanding of practice, as well as the context practice takes place. In the article, I argue that engaging in self-study is a learning and development process and an approach to developing personal professionalism, collective professionalism and improvements in practice.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Kåre Hauge",authors:[{id:"332053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kåre",middleName:null,surname:"Hauge",slug:"kare-hauge",fullName:"Kåre Hauge"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"265",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life 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