Guidelines for resistance training programme design based on CVD risk/presence of CVD (adapted from Shaw, Brown & Shaw, 2021 [17]).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9753",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Terpenes belong to the diverse class of chemical constituents isolated from materials found in nature. They play a very important role in human health and have significant biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This book provides an overview and highlights recent research in the phytochemical and biological understanding of terpenes and terpenoids, examining the most essential functions of these kinds of secondary metabolites.",isbn:"978-1-83881-917-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-916-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-918-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87558",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",numberOfPages:142,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3313,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:22,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 1st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 14th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 1st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 2nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"408197",title:"Prof.",name:"Areej",middleName:"Mohammad",surname:"Al-Taweel",slug:"areej-al-taweel",fullName:"Areej Al-Taweel",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Prof. Areej Al-Taweel obtained her Ph.D. in Pharmacognosy from King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Her research focuses on different Saudi Arabian medicinal plants and she has isolated many bioactive natural products. Dr. Al-Taweel has published more than fifty-five papers in ISI-ranking journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"494",title:"Bioorganic Chemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry-bioorganic-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"77011",title:"Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98261",slug:"introductory-chapter-terpenes-and-terpenoids-1",totalDownloads:268,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shagufta Perveen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77011",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77011",authors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"}],corrections:null},{id:"73536",title:"Terpenes in Essential Oils: Bioactivity and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93792",slug:"terpenes-in-essential-oils-bioactivity-and-applications",totalDownloads:702,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Secondary metabolites from plant organisms have always been excellent options for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Essential oils are a type of metabolites found in vegetables, and their chemical composition is diverse; however, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are inside the most abundant molecules. These terpenes have a diverse chemical composition that range from a simple molecule with carbon and hydrogen to more complex molecules with oxygenated organic groups, such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and ethers. Many of these molecules with 10 and 15 carbon atoms have an especially important biological activity, being important the antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insecticide, analgesic, anticancer, cytotoxic, among others. Some of these substances are potentially toxic, and hence, they should be handled with caution, especially when they are pure. They are easily obtained by different methods, and their industrial value grows every year, with a market of several million dollars. This chapter seeks to provide a better understanding of this type of bioactive molecules, with an emphasis in those whose information is remarkable in the scientific literature and whose value for health and human well-being makes them extremely important.",signatures:"Paco Noriega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73536",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73536",authors:[{id:"323588",title:"Dr.",name:"Paco",surname:"Noriega",slug:"paco-noriega",fullName:"Paco Noriega"}],corrections:null},{id:"75305",title:"Terpene Compounds of New Tunisian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil: Effect of Ripening Stage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96254",slug:"terpene-compounds-of-new-tunisian-extra-virgin-olive-oil-effect-of-ripening-stage",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The volatile profiles of Tunisian virgin olive oils were established by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC), using flame ionisation and mass spectrometer detectors. Terpenes compounds were identified and characterized. Limonene, the main terpene compound extracted by SPME, characterized the studied olive oil. Significant differences in the proportions of terpenes constituents from oils of different maturity index were detected. The results demonstrated that the accumulation of the terpenes compounds in the studied oils obtained from different ripeness stage was strictly connected with the ripeness stage.",signatures:"Bechir Baccouri and Imene Rajhi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75305",authors:[{id:"326893",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Bechir",surname:"Baccouri",slug:"bechir-baccouri",fullName:"Bechir Baccouri"},{id:"335283",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajhi",surname:"Imen",slug:"rajhi-imen",fullName:"Rajhi Imen"}],corrections:null},{id:"75634",title:"Sacha Inchi Seed (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Oil: Terpenoids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96690",slug:"sacha-inchi-seed-em-plukenetia-volubilis-em-l-oil-terpenoids",totalDownloads:452,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sacha inchi oil is a product obtained from oilseed (Plukenetia volubilis L.) and is an excellent source of bioactive compounds, especially in polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and sterols. These compounds are causally related to their positive impact on human health. In this study summarizes some monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes reported in Sacha inchi oil seeds and reviews their sensory properties. The terpenoids that characterize Sacha inchi seed oil are: α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, aristolene, cycloartenol, 24-methylene cycloartenol, lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and phytol. The sensory properties of this oil are due to a set of volatile compounds including terpenoids, the odor descriptors of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes are: flower, pine, turpentine, pepper, wood, lemon, orange, and sweet. These compounds were characterized by gas chromatography with different detectors.",signatures:"Alexandra Valencia, Frank L. Romero-Orejon, Adriana Viñas-Ospino, Dayana Barriga-Rodriguez, Ana María Muñoz and Fernando Ramos-Escudero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75634",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75634",authors:[{id:"324039",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Ramos",slug:"fernando-ramos",fullName:"Fernando Ramos"},{id:"348838",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"Valencia",slug:"alexandra-valencia",fullName:"Alexandra Valencia"},{id:"348840",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank",surname:"Romero-Orejon",slug:"frank-romero-orejon",fullName:"Frank Romero-Orejon"},{id:"348841",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Viñas-Ospino",slug:"adriana-vinas-ospino",fullName:"Adriana Viñas-Ospino"},{id:"348842",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayana",surname:"Barriga-Rodriguez",slug:"dayana-barriga-rodriguez",fullName:"Dayana Barriga-Rodriguez"},{id:"348843",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Muñoz",slug:"ana-maria-munoz",fullName:"Ana Maria Muñoz"}],corrections:null},{id:"75827",title:"Potential Antioxidant Activity of Terpenes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96638",slug:"potential-antioxidant-activity-of-terpenes",totalDownloads:236,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Terpenes play a key part in the metabolic processes of a wide variety of animals, plants and microorganisms in which they are produced. In nature, terpenoids serve a variety of purposes including defense, signaling and as key agents in metabolic processes. Terpenes have been used in perfumery, cosmetics and medicine for thousands of years and are still extracted from natural sources for these uses. Terpenes antioxidant activities may sometimes explain their capacity to adjust inflammation, immunological effects and neural signal transmission. They offer pertinent protection under oxidative stress situations including renal, liver, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative and diabetes as well as in ageing mechanisms.",signatures:"Bechir Baccouri and Imen Rajhi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75827",authors:[{id:"326893",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Bechir",surname:"Baccouri",slug:"bechir-baccouri",fullName:"Bechir Baccouri"},{id:"332936",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajhi",surname:"Imen",slug:"rajhi-imen",fullName:"Rajhi Imen"}],corrections:null},{id:"74101",title:"Algal Terpenoids: A Potential Source of Antioxidants for Cancer Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94122",slug:"algal-terpenoids-a-potential-source-of-antioxidants-for-cancer-therapy",totalDownloads:484,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In cancer treatment, increase in drug resistance and decrease in new chemotherapeutic drugs have become a pressing problem. Hence, searching for novel anticancer agents with less toxicity and high sensitivity is expanding gradually. Many preclinical and clinical studies indicate that natural antioxidants can help combating carcinogenicity and reduce the adverse effects on cancer therapy, when used alone or as adjuvant in chemotherapy. Consequently, marine algae pave the way for exploring more potential antioxidant compounds which have pharmaceutical importance. Algal terpenoids comprise a large group of bioactive compounds that have excellent antioxidative property and can be used as source of antioxidant in cancer therapy. This chapter summarizes the potential role of terpenoids from algal sources in inhibiting cancer cells, blocking cell cycle, hindering angiogenesis and metastasis as well as in inducing apoptosis.",signatures:"Umme Tamanna Ferdous and Zetty Norhana Balia Yusof",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74101",authors:[{id:"240031",title:"Dr.",name:"Zetty-Norhana Balia",surname:"Yusof",slug:"zetty-norhana-balia-yusof",fullName:"Zetty-Norhana Balia Yusof"},{id:"329649",title:"MSc.",name:"Umme Tamanna",surname:"Ferdous",slug:"umme-tamanna-ferdous",fullName:"Umme Tamanna Ferdous"}],corrections:null},{id:"73578",title:"Sesquiterpene from Myanmar Medicinal Plant (Curcuma comosa)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93794",slug:"sesquiterpene-from-myanmar-medicinal-plant-em-curcuma-comosa-em-",totalDownloads:380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Curcuma comosa (Zingiberaceae) is widely grown in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, like Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. In Myanmar, the rhizome of Curcuma comosa is called Sa-nwin-ga, and local people had used it as a traditional medicine for stomach ache, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. This species produces secondary metabolites of phenolic and nonphenolic groups. Phenolic groups like diarylheptanoids and flavonoids. While nonphenolics are terpenoids, especially sesqui- and monoterpenes. In this chapter, the group of sesquiterpene compounds from Curcuma comosa starts from the isolation technique, followed by the elucidation of the molecular structure, and their activity tests have been discussed.",signatures:"Khun Nay Win Tun, Nanik Siti Aminah, Alfinda Novi Kristanti, Hnin Thanda Aung and Yoshiaki Takaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73578",authors:[{id:"323446",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanik Siti Aminah",surname:"Aminah",slug:"nanik-siti-aminah-aminah",fullName:"Nanik Siti Aminah Aminah"}],corrections:null},{id:"74134",title:"Effects of Terpenes and Terpenoids of Natural Occurrence in Essential Oils on Vascular Smooth Muscle and on Systemic Blood Pressure: Pharmacological Studies and Perspective of Therapeutic Use",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94194",slug:"effects-of-terpenes-and-terpenoids-of-natural-occurrence-in-essential-oils-on-vascular-smooth-muscle",totalDownloads:310,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Terpenes are a class of chemical compounds with carbon and hydrogen atoms in their structure. They can be classified into several classes according to the quantity of isoprene units present in its structure. Terpenes can have their structure modified by the addition of various chemical radicals. When these molecules are modified by the addition of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, they become terpenoids. Terpenes and terpenoids come from the secondary metabolism of several plants. They can be found in the leaves, fruits, stem, flowers, and roots. The concentration of terpenes and terpenoids in these organs can vary according to several factors such as the season, collection method, and time of the day. Several biological activities and physiological actions are attributed to terpenes and terpenoids. Studies in the literature demonstrate that these molecules have antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antispasmodic, and antidiabetogenic activities. Additionally, repellent and gastroprotective activity is reported. Among the most prominent activities of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids are those on the cardiovascular system. Reports on literature reveal the potential effect of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids on systemic blood pressure. Studies show that these substances have a hypotensive and bradycardic effect. In addition, the inotropic activity, both positive and negative, of these compounds has been reported. Studies also have shown that some monoterpenes and monoterpenoids also have a vasorelaxing activity on several vascular beds. These effects are attributed, in many cases to the blocking of ion channels, such as voltage-gated calcium channels. It can also be observed that monoterpenes and monoterpenoids can have their effects modulated by the action of the vascular endothelium. In addition, it has been shown that the molecular structure and the presence of chemical groups influence the potency and efficacy of these compounds on vascular beds. Here, the effect of several monoterpenes and monoterpenoids on systemic blood pressure and vascular smooth muscle will be reported.",signatures:"Ana Carolina Cardoso-Teixeira, Klausen Oliveira-Abreu, Levy Gabriel de Freitas Brito, Andrelina Noronha Coelho-de-Souza and José Henrique Leal-Cardoso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74134",authors:[{id:"284195",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Jose Henrique",surname:"Leal Cardoso",slug:"jose-henrique-leal-cardoso",fullName:"Jose Henrique Leal Cardoso"},{id:"331789",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Carolina",surname:"Cardoso-Teixeira",slug:"ana-carolina-cardoso-teixeira",fullName:"Ana Carolina Cardoso-Teixeira"},{id:"331836",title:"Dr.",name:"Klausen",surname:"Oliveira-Abreu",slug:"klausen-oliveira-abreu",fullName:"Klausen Oliveira-Abreu"},{id:"331837",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrelina Noronha",surname:"Coelho-De-Souza",slug:"andrelina-noronha-coelho-de-souza",fullName:"Andrelina Noronha Coelho-De-Souza"},{id:"331838",title:"Mr.",name:"Levy Gabriel De Freitas",surname:"Brito",slug:"levy-gabriel-de-freitas-brito",fullName:"Levy Gabriel De Freitas Brito"}],corrections:null},{id:"76165",title:"Terpenoids: Lycopene in Tomatoes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97126",slug:"terpenoids-lycopene-in-tomatoes",totalDownloads:313,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Terpenoids are compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen, or carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are aromatic, some terpenoids contain carbon atoms whose number is a multiple of five called isoprene units. There are many terpenoids in tomatoes, one of which is a tretrapenoid. A type of tetrapenoid, the carotenoids. Lycopene is a terpenoid found in tomatoes. Lycopene is the most carotenoid group in tomatoes. Lycopene plays a very important role in maintaining human health, including its role in the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and others. The lycopene content in tomatoes depends on genetic factors, in this case the tomato variety, the environment where the tomatoes grow and the fruit storage environment, and the age of the tomatoes. The genetic factor of tomato fruit that greatly affects lycopene content in tomatoes is the color of the fruit. Color is generally an accurate indicator of lycopene content, with yellow cultivars containing less lycopene than red cultivars, and two out of three red cultivars contain more than orange cultivars. Shade tomato plants can increase the lycopene content in tomatoes. 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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the number one cause of death worldwide [1] and accounts for approximately 50% percent of all deaths in high-income countries (HICs) and approximately 28% of deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with figures increasing exponentially [2]. Problematically, the emergence of COVID-19, officially known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), presents an unparalleled challenge for people with CVD. This is because individuals with pre-existing CVD are more likely to develop COVID-19 are more likely to present with more severe symptoms and have worse clinical outcomes [3, 4]. Recent findings are also demonstrating that COVID-19 is responsible for both the development of new and exacerbation of pre-existing CVD due to a variety of factors, such as resultant myocardial injury and the development of new-onset cardiac dysfunction from the infection [3] and long-term consequences arising from infection, such as possible continued abnormalities of lipid metabolism [5].
Although more than 200 risk factors have now been identified that can give rise to CVD, the major risk factors of smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and physical inactivity have been recognised for over 50 years [6, 7]. Problematically, the 200 or so risk factors often perform complex interactions and may act synergistically acting to amplify the damage caused by any one risk factor alone [8]. Despite the existence of proven strategies for the prevention and management of CVD risk, millions of individuals worldwide continue to develop and display behaviours and characteristics that increase the risk for developing CVD.
In this regard, physical inactivity, while listed as the fourth leading cause of death worldwide [6], is modifiable with an overwhelming body of evidence demonstrating the benefits of physical activity for cardiovascular health. Physical activity can both modify individual risk factors, but it also reduces overall risk of CVD [9]. As such, evidence supports the inclusion of exercise training in a) the primary prevention (preventing the onset of CVD) [10], b) secondary prevention (reducing the impact of CVD prior to any critical or permanent damage to health) [11] and c) tertiary prevention of CVD (slowing, arresting, or reversing CVD to prevent further deterioration, and reduce the risk of subsequent events) [12]. In addition, physical exercise can be employed in low, middle or high income countries [13].
Many health organisations, such as the American Heart Association (AHA), provide exercise guidelines and recommendations for CVD, which tend to focus on aerobic exercise prescription [14]. While the health benefits of aerobic exercise are well established there is sufficient evidence from experimental studies, reviews and meta-analyses to justify the inclusion of RT, either alone, or at least in equal combination to aerobic training, not only in apparently healthy populations [15] but also for the attenuating of several risk factors of CVD [16] and in comprehensive cardiovascular therapy programmes [17]. Recently, in fact, a low volume, single-set RT exercise programme has proven sufficient to reduce CVD risk in untrained older women [18].
Further, evidence is mounting that RT plays a significant role in morbidity. This is because muscular fitness (a general term that describes the general health, endurance, power and strength of muscles) is increasingly being correlated to many types of mortality, including cardiovascular mortality [19]. As with cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness may also be directly related to the integrated function of numerous physiological systems, including the cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal systems, and could be utilised to provide a reflection of whole-body health and function. Research on the relationship between morbidity and muscular strength, and specifically handgrip strength [20, 21], quadriceps testing [21, 22] and bench press testing [22] suggest that muscular strength should be viewed as an independent CVD risk factor [23]. This is because these proxies of overall strength have been proven to have significant inverse relationships with all-cause mortality, even after controlling for other risk factors, including level of cardiorespiratory fitness [19, 24]. With regards to muscular endurance, research has shown an inverse association between the number of sit-ups in one minute and mortality [25]. Research has also demonstrated that death rates of 30 per 10,000 in individuals with low muscular fitness, compared with just 12 per 10,000 in individuals with high muscular fitness [26]. As with cardiorespiratory fitness, there may be many health benefits directly and indirectly associated with muscular fitness, for example, high levels of muscular fitness may indirectly improve cardiovascular health profiles, through its beneficial effects on hypertension [27], dyslipemia [8], body composition [28, 29], diet [30], aerobic performance [31] and functional capacity [19]. Given the prognostic power of muscular fitness (and specifically muscular endurance and muscular strength) as a predictor of all-cause mortality, muscular fitness assessments should be highly considered to improve the efficacy of individualised CVD patient risk assessment and resultant clinical decisions.
Many governments adopted hardened nationwide quarantine or implemented forms of lockdowns in attempts to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Lockdowns present a major problem in terms of physical activity. Lockdowns promote inactivity through direct personal restrictions, shutting down gymnasiums and fitness centers, and through suspension or cessation of many outdoor activities [32, 33]. These COVID-19 restriction attempts rapidly accelerated the uptake of home-based exercise training [34], a trend which has been building, albeit slowly, for decades [35]. As gymnasiums and fitness centers closed due to COVID-19 restrictions, individuals and health professionals were forced to exercise differently using limited equipment in limited space. While COVID-19 restrictions are being lifted worldwide, and even as gymnasiums and fitness centers begin to open, home-based exercise training may become a new mainstay, whether due to their ease of use, or even due to economic downturns. Already, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) ranks home exercise gymnasiums, strength training with free weights and body weight training at 2, 4 and 8, respectively in their Worldwide Survey of Fitness Trends for 2022 [34]. Notwithstanding the COVID-19 crisis, many individuals chose to and will continue to choose home-based exercise training as it is more convenient and flexible. Importantly, home-based exercise training can be as effective as facility-based exercise training, in clinically stable low- to moderate-risk patients with CVD [36].
While the focus of much CVD studies is on adults, it is important to recognise that CVD risk factors may develop and even begin to detrimentally affect health during in childhood and adolescence [37]. The arteriosclerotic process can begin and rapidly accelerate at an early age [38]. As with adults, CVD risk factors, and especially composite CVD scores, are strongly associated with physical fitness in children [39, 40]. This has led to several recent changes having occurred in international recommendations for children’s participation in physical activity for health [39]. Research, evidence and subsequent guidelines predominantly promote the benefits of aerobic activity for children and adolescents. Again, RT has proven to be a safe exercise modality able to promote improved cardiovascular health in children. Despite some research indicating that the beneficial effects from RT interventions are sometime modest [39], RT can supply additional, unique benefits to the health and functional capacity of children in particular. These benefits can be realised over and above those from aerobic exercise [40]. In this regard, low muscle strength has been independently associated with a poorer metabolic profile during adolescence [41]. In addition, increasing evidence is arising indicating that concurrent training programmes utilising both aerobic and RT components display additive or crossover effects of both modes of training when compared to a single mode of exercise alone, even in children [40]. It is for this reason that the promotion of physical activity, including RT, should be a critical element in public health policy to prevent the onset of CVD later in life [39, 42]. This is because childhood provides an excellent window of opportunity to educate children about healthy lifestyle habits and cardiovascular health, rather than to attempt to re-programme well-established unhealthy behaviours in adults.
Despite some developed countries, such as the United Sates of America, seeing an overall reduction in CVD mortality, CVD mortality is on the rise in younger women [43]. This is because in addition to an increasing prevalence of CVD risk factors, women display several clinical conditions or sex-specific CVD risk factors, such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, early menopause and autoimmune diseases that have been shown to increase the development of CVD [43, 44]. Although great strides have been made regarding CVD mortality in women, not all women are benefitting equally from CVD-related mortality reduction. In this regard, women could gain significant cardioprotective benefits from engaging in RT. This is because RT has been proven safe for use in women and has a unique ability to maintain or increase muscle mass [45, 46] and may offset their lower muscle mass and higher fat mass when compared to men [47]. Individuals with high muscle mass, especially when combined with low fat mass display the lowest mortality risk compared with other body composition subtypes [48, 49]. Women’s lower muscle mass when combined with their average 40% less upper-body strength and 33% less lower-body muscle strength and their effect on mortality [50], calls for the specific inclusion of RT as part of any guideline-directed, evidence-based, and sex-specific management and treatment recommendations aimed at improving CVD outcomes in women.
Age also plays a critical role in the deterioration of cardiovascular function, and it is for this reason that risk and prevalence of CVD both increase with age [51, 52]. Increases in CVD in older adults can be linked to functional changes in the ageing heart (i.e. diastolic and systolic dysfunction) and/or electrical dysfunction (i.e. arrhythmias) and other CVD risk factors, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and degeneration [52, 53]. This degeneration is as a result of a significant loss of muscle mass or sarcopenia that is one of the hallmarks of ageing. Without intervention, sarcopenia may eventually lead to physical disability and loss of independence [54]. Thankfully, older adults can gain the health benefits of physical activity, regardless of age, provided that the threshold for irreversible frailty has not been reached [54, 55]. While the optimal health benefits of exercise are best realised from a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training, most older adults do not meet minimum guidelines for exercise or when they do, they do not engage in RT [56]. This is problematic in that RT remains the most consistent and effective method of promoting global muscular adaptations [56] and for promoting increases in muscle mass [46]. It is for this reason that RT, especially in the form of strengthening- and hypertrophic-exercise is even more critical for older adults and should be emphasised in future guidelines, as it may be the most effective standalone exercise strategy for improving health of older adults [57, 58]. Failing this, RT should be highlighted as an essential component in multimodal exercise training programmes in older adults, and especially frail adults [59, 60]. Problematically, even when RT training is recommended as equally important to aerobic exercise as in the UK PA Guidelines, guidelines regarding RT appear to be interpreted as secondary to the primary message of achieving 150 minutes of aerobic training, and there is some evidence that the strength guideline is both less well known and less often achieved. Given the importance of maintaining or increasing muscle strength, particularly for adults at the upper end of the 19–64 age range, this guideline should be given equal emphasis.
RT, sometimes referred to as weight training or erroneously as strength training, involves the performance of physical exercise against resistance or weight. While RT is commonly associated with lifting of dumbbells and barbells in a gymnasium setting, it can also incorporate a variety of training techniques, such as callisthenics, Pilates, yoga, free weights, weight machines, resistance bands, isometrics, high-intensity interval training (HITT) and plyometrics [17]. It is this plethora of RT exercise types and programme design iterations (i.e. frequency, intensity, muscle groups, single−/multi-joint exercise, sets, repetition, rest intervals, etc.) that provides much consternation for many health organisations and health professionals, leading to guidelines or position statements for each CVD [17]. While it is these same design considerations that can be fine-tuned, by advanced exercise scientists in cardiovascular therapy, to exact a similar plethora of physiological changes and adaptions that are well suited to CVD prevention and management, practical and easy-to-follow RT regimes do exist for prevention and management of CVD (Table 1) [17].
Frequency | Intensity | Repetitions | Sets | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
RT Programme Design for Apparently Healthy Individuals/Low to Moderate CVD Risk | ||||
2 or more sessions per week | Moderate to high 50–70% 1-RM | 8–12 reps | 3–4 sets per exercise; with short rest intervals (30–60 s) | 8–10 different RT exercises using multi-joint or compound movements involving >1 muscle group |
RT Programme Design for Individuals with High CVD Risk and existing CVD | ||||
3 days per week | Low intensity >30% 1-RM | 10–12 reps | 1–3 sets per exercise; medium to long rest intervals (60–90 s) | 8–10 different exercises including multi-joint or compound movements involving >1 muscle group |
Guidelines for resistance training programme design based on CVD risk/presence of CVD (adapted from Shaw, Brown & Shaw, 2021 [17]).
The available evidence continues to support the recommendation that all adults should undertake activities which increase or maintain muscle strength at least twice a week. A credible amount of research exists demonstrating that RT, even when performed in isolation, does contribute to prevention [59], management and rehabilitation of CVD. Further, the historical idea that the benefits of RT and aerobic exercise training are independent of one another, with minimal crossover, is no longer supported by the evidence. This is because, at present, sufficient evidence exists to challenge existing exercise guidelines and recommendations that call for aerobic exercise training to be considered as the gold standard in CVD prevention and management, with RT, at best, being assigned a minor role in a comprehensive exercise therapy programme. In this regard, the available data clearly indicates that when RT is combined aerobic training, the impact in terms of reduction in CVD risk from this combination is greater than the sum of its parts. This is likely caused by the synergistic benefits realised through positive transference by modality - or crossover effect.
The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions made by the Non-Communicable Disease Intervention Research Unit (NCDIRU).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. 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Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. 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He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). 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He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. 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