Use of NIRS to analyse proximate composition of fish.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-064-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-063-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-068-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"789e06b22e11ce2be68ba43311d46abd",bookSignature:"Dr. Petru Adrian Cotfas, Dr. Daniel Tudor Cotfas and Dr. Horia Hedesiu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11918.jpg",keywords:"Graphical Programming Concept, Programming Architectures, LabVIEW and SPICE Modeling, LabVIEW and System Control, LabVIEW Simulation Toolkit, Data Communications Protocols, SystemLink, Renewable Sources Characterization, Monitoring System, Artificial Intelligence, Python API, Matlab, C and C++",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Cotfas received three awards at the world contest NI GSDAA - Austin, USA in 2013 for his RELab board development and the associated study case and a gold medal at the international salon of inventions - EUROINVENT2015, Iasi, Romania. He published ten books or chapter books in national and international publishing houses and more than 140 papers in international and national journals and conferences proceedings.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Prof. Dr. Daniel Tudor Cotfas received several awards - Gold medal at invention salon Euroinvent 2015; National Instruments Graphical System Design Achievement Awards 2013, USA, Austin: Education Winner, NI Community's Choice; Editor's Choice Award; Romania National Instruments NIDays Contest 2012 Romania, Bucharest. Prof. Dr. Cotfas published more than 65 papers in ISI journals or ISI conferences and over 50 papers in proceedings of international and national conferences.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Hedesiu authored over 100 papers in international journals, books, or communications to conferences. Horia Hedesiu is a co-author of two US patents in the field of embedded data acquisition systems. He is a managing director with National Instruments in Romania since 2005.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"460635",title:"Dr.",name:"Petru Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Cotfas",slug:"petru-adrian-cotfas",fullName:"Petru Adrian Cotfas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/460635/images/system/460635.jpg",biography:"Petru A COTFAS received his BSc degrees in mathematics and physics and also in computer science in 1997 and 2001 respectively, and MSc degree in mathematics and computer science at Transilvania University of Brasov, in 1998. He obtained the PhD degree in material science engineering at Transilvania University of Brasov, in 2007.\nHe is an Prof. Dr. at the Electronics and Computers Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania. He has experience in several fields such as virtual instrumentation, PVs and hybrid systems characterization and testing, electronics circuit design, graphical programming and remote engineering. Dr. Cotfas published ten books or chapter books in national and international publishing houses and more than 140 papers in international and national journals and conferences proceedings (33 are in ISI journals and 30 are ISI conferences).\nORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-7841",institutionString:"Department of Electronics and Computer, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Brasov",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"465597",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Tudor",middleName:null,surname:"Cotfas",slug:"daniel-tudor-cotfas",fullName:"Daniel Tudor Cotfas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RJpNAQA1/Profile_Picture_2022-04-06T09:45:51",biography:"Prof. Dr. Daniel Tudor Cotfas is Professor in Electronics and Computers Department, at the Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania. His research interest is in the characterization of the hybrid PV components, virtual instrumentation, and remote systems control. During his career he received several awards - Gold medal at invention salon Euroinvent 2015; National Instruments Graphical System Design Achievement Awards 2013, USA, Austin: Education Winner, NI Community's Choice; Editor's Choice Award; Romania National Instruments NIDays Contest 2012 Romania, Bucharest. Prof. Dr. Cotfas published more than 65 papers in ISI journals or ISI conferences and over 50 papers in proceedings of international and national conferences and has reviewed more than 100 papers for ISI and BDI journals.",institutionString:"Transylvania University of Brașov",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Transylvania University of Brașov",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"465599",title:"Dr.",name:"Horia",middleName:null,surname:"Hedesiu",slug:"horia-hedesiu",fullName:"Horia Hedesiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RJpRxQAL/Profile_Picture_2022-04-06T09:45:18.596",biography:"Horia Hedesiu received his B.Sc. and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania (formerly Polytechnic Institute of Cluj) in 1991 and 1999 respectively. He is currently a Professor with the Electrical Machines and Drives Department at the TUCN. He has authored over 100 papers in international journals, books, or communications to conferences. Horia Hedesiu is a co-author for two US patents in the field of embedded data acquisition systems. His research interests are in the information systems area, real-time simulation systems, Hardware-in-the-Loop, and also dedicating resources to industrial application implementations that involve machinery, graphical programming technologies and computer-based measurement systems. Horia Hedesiu is a managing director with National Instruments in Romania since 2005.",institutionString:"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"455410",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Jusic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/455410/images/20500_n.jpeg",email:"dajana.j@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"46370",title:"Genetics of Alzheimer´S Disease",doi:"10.5772/58286",slug:"genetics-of-alzheimer-s-disease",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/46370.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46370",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46370",totalDownloads:2920,totalViews:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:6,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"September 19th 2013",dateReviewed:"February 7th 2014",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 23rd 2014",dateFinished:"March 17th 2014",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/46370",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/46370",book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry"},signatures:"Victoria Campos-Peña, Rocío Gómez and Marco Antonio Meraz\nRíos",authors:[{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",email:"mmeraz@cinvestav.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"169615",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Peña",fullName:"Victoria Campos-Peña",slug:"victoria-campos-pena",email:"neurovcp@ymail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"170264",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",fullName:"Rocío Gómez",slug:"rocio-gomez",email:"mrgomez@cinvestav.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3846",type:"book",title:"Neurochemistry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Neurochemistry",slug:"neurochemistry",publishedDate:"April 23rd 2014",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3846.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1237-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5390-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:79,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1174"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46312",type:"chapter",title:"The Blood Brain Barrier — Regulation of Fatty Acid and Drug Transport",slug:"the-blood-brain-barrier-regulation-of-fatty-acid-and-drug-transport",totalDownloads:4279,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Siddhartha Dalvi, Ngoc On, Hieu Nguyen, Michael Pogorzelec,\nDonald W. Miller and Grant M. Hatch",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"130802",title:"Dr.",name:"Grant",middleName:null,surname:"Hatch",fullName:"Grant Hatch",slug:"grant-hatch"},{id:"170126",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",fullName:"Donald Miller",slug:"donald-miller"},{id:"170127",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Pogorzelec",fullName:"Michael Pogorzelec",slug:"michael-pogorzelec"},{id:"170128",title:"Ms.",name:"Hieu",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Hieu Nguyen",slug:"hieu-nguyen"},{id:"170129",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngoc",middleName:null,surname:"On",fullName:"Ngoc On",slug:"ngoc-on"},{id:"170130",title:"Dr.",name:"Siddhartha",middleName:null,surname:"Dalvi",fullName:"Siddhartha Dalvi",slug:"siddhartha-dalvi"}]},{id:"46317",type:"chapter",title:"TRP Channels in Neuronal and Glial Signal Transduction",slug:"trp-channels-in-neuronal-and-glial-signal-transduction",totalDownloads:2921,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Christian Harteneck and Kristina Leuner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169619",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Harteneck",fullName:"Christian Harteneck",slug:"christian-harteneck"},{id:"169620",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",middleName:null,surname:"Leuner",fullName:"Kristina Leuner",slug:"kristina-leuner"}]},{id:"46380",type:"chapter",title:"Cytosolic Calcium Homeostasis in Neurons — Control Systems, Modulation by Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species, and Space and Time Fluctuations",slug:"cytosolic-calcium-homeostasis-in-neurons-control-systems-modulation-by-reactive-oxygen-and-nitrogen-",totalDownloads:2294,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Carlos Gutierrez-Merino, Dorinda Marques-da-Silva, Sofia\nFortalezas and Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169618",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez-Merino",fullName:"Carlos Gutierrez-Merino",slug:"carlos-gutierrez-merino"}]},{id:"46311",type:"chapter",title:"Peptide and Protein Neurotoxin Toolbox in Research on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors",slug:"peptide-and-protein-neurotoxin-toolbox-in-research-on-nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptors",totalDownloads:2627,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Victor Tsetlin and Igor Kasheverov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169617",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Tsetlin",fullName:"Victor Tsetlin",slug:"victor-tsetlin"},{id:"170304",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Kasheverov",fullName:"Igor Kasheverov",slug:"igor-kasheverov"}]},{id:"46290",type:"chapter",title:"Synaptic Soluble and Membrane-Bound Choline Acetyltransferase as a Marker of Cholinergic Function In Vitro and In Vivo",slug:"synaptic-soluble-and-membrane-bound-choline-acetyltransferase-as-a-marker-of-cholinergic-function-in",totalDownloads:2289,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"E.I. Zakharova and A.M. Dudchenko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169625",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Zakharova",fullName:"Elena Zakharova",slug:"elena-zakharova"},{id:"169867",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Dudchenko",fullName:"Alexander Dudchenko",slug:"alexander-dudchenko"}]},{id:"46345",type:"chapter",title:"Neurochemical Communication: The Case of Endocannabinoids",slug:"neurochemical-communication-the-case-of-endocannabinoids",totalDownloads:2330,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Thomas Heinbockel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel"}]},{id:"46379",type:"chapter",title:"High Temporal Resolution Brain Microdialysis as a Tool to Investigate the Dynamics of Interactions Between Olfactory Cortex and Amygdala in Odor Fear Conditioning",slug:"high-temporal-resolution-brain-microdialysis-as-a-tool-to-investigate-the-dynamics-of-interactions-b",totalDownloads:1997,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chloé Hegoburu, Luc Denoroy, Anne-Marie Mouly and Sandrine\nParrot",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169622",title:"Dr.",name:"Chloé",middleName:null,surname:"Hegoburu",fullName:"Chloé Hegoburu",slug:"chloe-hegoburu"},{id:"169855",title:"Dr.",name:"Luc",middleName:null,surname:"Denoroy",fullName:"Luc Denoroy",slug:"luc-denoroy"},{id:"169856",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Mouly",fullName:"Anne-Marie Mouly",slug:"anne-marie-mouly"},{id:"170753",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandrine",middleName:null,surname:"Parrot",fullName:"Sandrine Parrot",slug:"sandrine-parrot"}]},{id:"46438",type:"chapter",title:"Participation of Neurochemical Signaling in Adult Neurogenesis and Differentiation",slug:"participation-of-neurochemical-signaling-in-adult-neurogenesis-and-differentiation",totalDownloads:2501,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"E.V. Pushchina, A.A. Varaksin and D.K. Obukhov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169621",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeniya",middleName:null,surname:"Pushchina",fullName:"Evgeniya Pushchina",slug:"evgeniya-pushchina"},{id:"169853",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Varaksin",fullName:"Anatoly Varaksin",slug:"anatoly-varaksin"},{id:"169854",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:null,surname:"Obukhov",fullName:"Dmitry Obukhov",slug:"dmitry-obukhov"}]},{id:"46296",type:"chapter",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5957,totalCrossrefCites:19,signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia"}]},{id:"46347",type:"chapter",title:"Alzheimer Disease: The Role of Aβ in the Glutamatergic System",slug:"alzheimer-disease-the-role-of-a-in-the-glutamatergic-system",totalDownloads:3555,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Victoria Campos-Peña and Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios"},{id:"169615",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Peña",fullName:"Victoria Campos-Peña",slug:"victoria-campos-pena"}]},{id:"46370",type:"chapter",title:"Genetics of Alzheimer´S Disease",slug:"genetics-of-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:2920,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Victoria Campos-Peña, Rocío Gómez and Marco Antonio Meraz\nRíos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios"},{id:"169615",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Campos-Peña",fullName:"Victoria Campos-Peña",slug:"victoria-campos-pena"},{id:"170264",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",fullName:"Rocío Gómez",slug:"rocio-gomez"}]},{id:"46316",type:"chapter",title:"Accumulation of Abnormally Processed Tau Protein in Neuronal Cells as a Biomarker for Dementia",slug:"accumulation-of-abnormally-processed-tau-protein-in-neuronal-cells-as-a-biomarker-for-dementia",totalDownloads:2812,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J. Luna-Muñoz, A. Martínez-Maldonado, V. Ibarra-Bracamontes, M.\nA. Ontiveros-Torres, I. Ferrer, B. Floran-Garduño, M. del C. Cárdenas-\nAguayo, R. Mena and M.A. Meraz Ríos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo"},{id:"37331",title:"Prof.",name:"Isidre",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer",fullName:"Isidre Ferrer",slug:"isidre-ferrer"},{id:"42226",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Mena-López",fullName:"Raul Mena-López",slug:"raul-mena-lopez"},{id:"158882",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamín",middleName:null,surname:"Florán-Garduño",fullName:"Benjamín Florán-Garduño",slug:"benjamin-floran-garduno"},{id:"169865",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Maldonado",fullName:"Alejandra Martinez-Maldonado",slug:"alejandra-martinez-maldonado"},{id:"169866",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ontiveros-Torres",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ontiveros-Torres",slug:"miguel-angel-ontiveros-torres"}]},{id:"46381",type:"chapter",title:"Energy-Dependent Mechanisms of Cholinergic Neurodegeneration",slug:"energy-dependent-mechanisms-of-cholinergic-neurodegeneration",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Agnieszka Jankowska-Kulawy, Anna Ronowska and Andrzej\nSzutowicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"169624",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Jankowska-Kulawy",fullName:"Agnieszka Jankowska-Kulawy",slug:"agnieszka-jankowska-kulawy"},{id:"169868",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Ronowska",fullName:"Anna Ronowska",slug:"anna-ronowska"},{id:"169869",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Szutowicz",fullName:"Andrzej Szutowicz",slug:"andrzej-szutowicz"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7480",title:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"262be213941c1aaa0dd80896713f5e1f",slug:"neurochemical-basis-of-brain-function-and-dysfunction",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"68776",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Chemical Basis of Neural Function and Dysfunction",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-chemical-basis-of-neural-function-and-dysfunction",signatures:"Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel"},{id:"245650",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonei B.",middleName:null,surname:"Csoka",fullName:"Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"antonei-b.-csoka"}]},{id:"68712",title:"Synaptic Transmission and Amino Acid Neurotransmitters",slug:"synaptic-transmission-and-amino-acid-neurotransmitters",signatures:"Manorama Patri",authors:[{id:"196763",title:"Dr.",name:"Manorama",middleName:null,surname:"Patri",fullName:"Manorama Patri",slug:"manorama-patri"}]},{id:"64031",title:"Trends of Protein Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases",slug:"trends-of-protein-aggregation-in-neurodegenerative-diseases",signatures:"Abdulbaki Agbas",authors:[{id:"250609",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdulbaki",middleName:null,surname:"Agbas",fullName:"Abdulbaki Agbas",slug:"abdulbaki-agbas"}]},{id:"63793",title:"Targeting the NO/cGMP/CREB Phosphorylation Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease",slug:"targeting-the-no-cgmp-creb-phosphorylation-signaling-pathway-in-alzheimer-s-disease",signatures:"Jole Fiorito, Shi-Xian Deng, Donald W. Landry and Ottavio Arancio",authors:[{id:"251352",title:"Dr.",name:"Jole",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorito",fullName:"Jole Fiorito",slug:"jole-fiorito"},{id:"251705",title:"Prof.",name:"Ottavio",middleName:null,surname:"Arancio",fullName:"Ottavio Arancio",slug:"ottavio-arancio"},{id:"261323",title:"Dr.",name:"Shi-Xian",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",fullName:"Shi-Xian Deng",slug:"shi-xian-deng"},{id:"261324",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald W.",middleName:null,surname:"Landry",fullName:"Donald W. Landry",slug:"donald-w.-landry"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3846",title:"Neurochemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671f065e6c1035adb042edc442626b8a",slug:"neurochemistry",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5780",title:"Serotonin",subtitle:"A Chemical Messenger Between All Types of Living Cells",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fe2c461c95b4ee2d886e30b89d71723",slug:"serotonin-a-chemical-messenger-between-all-types-of-living-cells",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7040",title:"Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b85fe0e356faddc5ff53928dd5c3a142",slug:"recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research",bookSignature:"Willard J Costain and Robert B Laprairie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7040.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89884",title:"Dr.",name:"Willard James",surname:"Costain",slug:"willard-james-costain",fullName:"Willard James Costain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7480",title:"Neurochemical Basis of Brain Function and Dysfunction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"262be213941c1aaa0dd80896713f5e1f",slug:"neurochemical-basis-of-brain-function-and-dysfunction",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6237",title:"GABA And Glutamate",subtitle:"New Developments In Neurotransmission Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9883dc7bb642e8ae919261b2519547ba",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",bookSignature:"Janko Samardzic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6237.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188756",title:"Dr.",name:"Janko",surname:"Samardzic",slug:"janko-samardzic",fullName:"Janko Samardzic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3846",title:"Neurochemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671f065e6c1035adb042edc442626b8a",slug:"neurochemistry",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4543",title:"Alzheimer's Disease",subtitle:"Challenges for the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06a927cb5db884ece5679509729fd17a",slug:"alzheimer-s-disease-challenges-for-the-future",bookSignature:"Inga Zerr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26013",title:"Prof.",name:"Inga",surname:"Zerr",slug:"inga-zerr",fullName:"Inga Zerr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5313",title:"Update on Dementia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b264ef130a59fe71274c3811750e6c3",slug:"update-on-dementia",bookSignature:"Davide Vito Moretti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147154",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Moretti",slug:"davide-moretti",fullName:"Davide Moretti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1592",title:"Neuroscience",subtitle:"Dealing With Frontiers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"438fef28742bb47d3a4c39e053551c6c",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",bookSignature:"Carlos M. Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1592.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35182",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos M.",surname:"Contreras",slug:"carlos-m.-contreras",fullName:"Carlos M. Contreras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82706",title:"Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Fish Value Chain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105736",slug:"applications-of-near-infrared-spectroscopy-nirs-in-fish-value-chain",body:'Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a technique that measures the absorption of the electromagnetic region from 750 nm to 2500 nm (Figure 1a), between the visible and the mid-infrared (MIR) region. Like MIR spectroscopy and some part of the far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy, this technique detects molecular vibrations, which gives information about the different chemical bonds within the molecule and its environment [1, 2].
a) Electromagnetic spectrum of UV-vis-IR. b) Vibrational transitions involved.
However, there are some differences between these spectroscopic techniques, based on the nature of the vibrational transitions. While in the MIR/FIR region (2500 nm–50,000 nm), almost all fundamental transitions (v0 → v1) can be observed, resulting in sharp and intense spectra, in the near-infrared (NIR) region (750 nm–2500 nm) only the much less intense overtones (v0 → vn) of those transitions appear. NIR absorptions are based on overtones and combination bands and, due to their lower transition probabilities, intensities usually decrease by a factor of 10 or 100 from the fundamental overtone to the next one (Figure 1b) [1, 3].
It could be logical to think that it would be better to use MIR bands (fundamental transitions) instead of NIR. However, NIR instruments are simpler and more affordable. Furthermore, NIR has a deeper penetration in skin and organic tissues (optical window) than MIR, so that a larger area or volume can be measured [4].
While MIR chemical information can be directly obtained from peak intensities, shape and energy, NIR spectra need special treatment to extract useful information that involves multivariate analysis of data, usually called chemometrics [5]. Chemometrics is the science that applies mathematics and statistical methods to process chemical data, in order to obtain useful information about the sample [6, 7]. These two sciences are closely related: NIRS would not have evolved without chemometrics, and chemometric algorithms usually use NIRS examples to illustrate their power. This process needs computational resources that only since the last few decades have been available. In NIR applications, chemometrics covers a wide range of multivariate methods, which involve preprocessing techniques, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis [8].
NIRS data usually need to be preprocessed before the model construction, because the spectra usually contain plenty of noise and background information that must be filtered out to find the desired spectral signatures. Some of the most used preprocessing techniques are divided in: i) scatter correction methods and ii) spectral derivatives. The scatter correction methods include techniques such as multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), detrending, normalization, or standard normal variate (SNV). Regarding the spectral derivatives, the Savitzky-Golay (SG) derivative after smoothing is one of the most used [9]. Chemometric methods can be divided into
The rapid development of chemometric methods during the last decades has allowed the application of NIRS to different areas of food science [11], such as food fraud and authenticity [12, 13] and food quality [14, 15].
The demand for fish consumption has increased during the last years as a consequence of the better dietary habits of the population. Fish has become one of the most valuable foods, due to its higher protein content and the healthier fat profile that it has compared with meat [16]. However, fish and fish products present complex problematics in terms of food quality, authenticity and safety. In addition, a greater awareness of food quality and sustainability has led consumers to demand increasingly reliable information about the products purchased in the market, which has stimulated the food value chain to strengthen efforts in the quest for a better and more trusty traceability [17].
Fisheries and aquaculture production are very heterogeneous in terms of species and fish products and, due to its high economic value, are one of the most vulnerable targets to adulteration and fraud. These practices are favoured by the complex structure of the supply chain (Figure 2), the lack of transparency and the high percentage of the production destined to the elaboration of processed fish products (around the 50%) such as fillets, portions or elaborated products, in which the morphological characteristics are absent, making these frauds particularly elusive [18]. Furthermore, fish is a perishable product that may suffer a fast enzymatic decomposition and microbial spoilage compared with other foods [19]. This means that small changes in the preservation conditions along the value chain, such as temperature or salt level variations, can have a high impact on the fish quality and safety, resulting in a fast degradation, higher food waste and the risk of intoxications.
Flow chart of seafood value chain from catch to consumer, indicating the different points where the quality of the fish should be monitored.
On the market side, consumers are demanding more transparency in the labelling of seafood. To ensure the prevention and prompt detection of illegal activities and the access to all the information about the nature, origin and characteristics of the fish, monitoring of all the processes and quality analysis must be done thoroughly through the whole production chain and market, until it arrives to the consumers [20, 21]. The implementation of reliable methods to ensure a complete and correct traceability of the product and to avoid fraud is of primary interest for both industry and consumers.
Nowadays, the quality, authenticity and safety control procedures in fish industry are carried out using traditional laboratory techniques, making virtually impossible any real-time application. However, some rapid techniques, such as NIRS, have shown the capacity of obtaining valuable information in a rapid way, which is important for the fish chain analysis [22].
NIRS is a tool already well developed in agriculture [23] and other products [24, 25]. The capacity of this technique to detect vibrations of molecules with polar bonds, such as those with hydrogen as C-H (aliphatic compounds, fat, oils, proteins), N-H (proteins) or O-H (water, alcohols, acids), is especially useful to determine the composition of organic matter. This makes this technique suitable for the quantification of the chemical composition of samples with a high percentage of fat, protein or water content and allows the determination of other parameters that depend on many chemical and physical properties such as the species [26], freshness, storage conditions (unfrozen or frozen-thawed fish) [27] or even non-polar analytes in low concentrations through indirect ways.
For all the previously mentioned reasons, NIRS, coupled with chemometrics, is starting to be considered as essential as other analytical methods for fish analysis. Indeed, the number of Web of Science indexed articles in which NIRS techniques have been applied to determine fish quality, safety or authenticity have increased rapidly during the last 20 years. While this technique is mostly used for fish quality control and authenticity, applications such as fish safety have begun to be explored in the last 10 years (Figure 3).
Number of publications since 2001 regarding NIR and fish. Data extracted from Web of Science in April 2022. The keywords used in topic, common for all the sections, were ‘fish’ AND ‘NIR’ OR ‘near infrared spectroscopy’. For quality control, two independent searches were made: i) ‘composition’ OR ‘fat protein’ AND ‘quality’ ii) ‘freshness’ AND ‘storage’ NOT ‘safety’. For authenticity, four independent searches were made: i) ‘specie*’ AND ‘identification’ OR ‘substitution’ OR ‘authentication’ ii) ‘origin’ iii) ‘farm* wild’ OR ‘production method*’ iv) ‘fresh thawed’ OR ‘unfrozen thawed’ OR ‘fresh frozen’ OR ‘unfrozen frozen’. For safety, two independent searches were made: i) ‘spoilage’ OR ‘toxic’ OR ‘*amine*’ AND ‘safety’ ii) ‘micro*’ OR ‘bacteria’ AND ‘safety’.
While writing this chapter, the authors reviewed the use of NIRS in the fish chain regarding three different application fields: fish quality control, fish authenticity and fish safety (Figure 4). The supplementary material, which shows a summary of the works that will be reviewed in this chapter, is available in the
Classification of the problematics considered and reviewed under this chapter.
Assuring the quality of products is one of the objectives that any industry must consider, and it is of major importance in the fish chain, due to the problems that are usually associated with its evaluation at an industrial level [28]. Unlike other foodstuff, quality of fish and fish products is more difficult to control, due to several factors, such as the variations in species, sex, age or habitats [29]. In this sense, fish quality control refers specially to the determination of the proximate composition of the fish samples and the evaluation of the freshness of the products. From one side, the measurement of the proximate composition of fishery species is very important, since it varies from one species and one individual to another. Moreover, it also gives an idea of the sexual stage of the fish [30], and it changes depending on many factors (diet, origin, rearing systems). The proximate composition determines the organoleptic quality of a specific fish product [31]. At the same time, the determination of the freshness of samples is another indicator of the quality of the product. Freshness is an ambiguous term, which can be interpreted in different ways, and it should not be used unless it is properly defined. Through this chapter, the concept of freshness is going to be a quality descriptor of fish samples, and it will refer to the time past after the catch of the fish. If that time is short, the sample will be considered fresh, as it will retain its original characteristics. As time passes, samples will lose quality, due to the action of biochemical, chemical, physical and microbial processes, and therefore losing freshness [32]. Nowadays, NIRS is becoming an alternative as a quality control method, due to its advantages over traditional analysis [33].
Fish is mainly composed of water, protein, fat and other minoritarian compounds [28]. As fish proximate composition is a quantitative analysis, regression techniques (usually partial least square regression or PLSR) are used to determine the composition of fish by NIRS, as an alternative to laboratory determinations.
Many authors have determined the proximate composition of different fish species using NIRS. In one of the first studies, NIRS was used to determine moisture, fat and protein content in Atlantic salmon (
Fish species | Sample presentation | Measured parameters | Algorithm | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic salmon ( | Whole | Fat and moisture | PLSR | r2 = 0.87, 0.86; RMSECV = 1.12, 0.98%, respectively | [35] |
Sea bass ( | Fillet portions, whole fresh minced fillet, freeze-dried minced fillet | Water, ether extract and crude protein | PLSR | SECV <2.81% in all the cases | [36] |
Sea bass ( | Fresh and freeze-dried minced fillets | Water, ether extract and crude protein | PLSR | SECV ≤0.39% in all the cases | [37] |
Skipjack tuna ( | Fish flesh | Moisture, protein, free and total fat | PLS-2 | r2 > 0.90 in all, small deviations between reference and predicted values in the cross-validation | [38] |
Nile tilapia’s ( | Fillets | Fat content and FAs | PLSR | correlation coefficient = 0.70, 0.71; (RMSEP) = 2.39, 4.76 mg FA/g of total lipids, respectively | [39] |
Saithe ( | Thawed fish pieces | Total lipid content, phospholipids, (PUFAs)* and (MUFAs) | PLSR | r2 ≥ 0.73, 0.96. The highest RMSEP = 5.31, 4.10%, respectively. | [33] |
Cured salmon roe ( | Roe and salmon pieces | Moisture and sodium chloride | PCR, MLS, PLSR and different neural network algorithms | r2 ≥ 0.71 and standard error ≤ 1.87%, r2 ≥ 0.72 and standard error ≤ 2.04%, r2 ≥ 0.64 and standard error ≤ 4.10% in the cross-validation for both components, respectively | [40, 41, 42] |
Use of NIRS to analyse proximate composition of fish.
PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids, FAs: fatty acids; MLR multiple linear regression; RMSEP: root mean squared error of prediction.
In this chapter, freshness has been considered as a quality characteristic, and it will be defined as the time passed after the catch. It is also influenced by the temperature during the storage [32]. Freshness is usually evaluated using sensory analyses, which consider several parameters such as flesh elasticity, pupil colour and skin odour, among others [43].
Although principal component analysis (PCA) is not a classificatory nor a discriminant method (since it is a non-supervised technique, which only takes into account the spectral information), and it should not be used with that purpose, some authors have applied it in order to see the differences between fresh fish and fish samples that have been stored in the fridge for days. In this sense, some authors used short-wavelength near infrared spectroscopy (SW-NIRS) to differentiate fresh from non-fresh rainbow trout (
Different studies aim not only to separate fresh samples from non-fresh ones, but also to make models to correlate spectral data with the storage time. One of them explored the suitability of SW-NIRS to estimate the freshness of the fillets of two fish species: cod (
The globalization and expansion of the fish and aquaculture sector, in addition to the increasing public concern about food quality, have caused a growing interest in several issues related to fish authenticity. According to the European Regulation (EU) n. 1379/2013 [51], fishery and aquaculture products must be labelled with the commercial designation, proper scientific name of the species, production method (e.g. caught, farmed), fishing gear (e.g. hook, trap, trawl), catch or production area and storage method (unfrozen or frozen-thawed). Other claims, such as environmental and production techniques, can also be reported on the label, and all this information must be verified by effective methods. Special mention is the differentiation of farmed from wild-produced seafood, which is becoming a concern among consumers, since the quality and the price may be affected by the production method. The presence of errors in the label information about fish origin and production process is increasing, so that nowadays fish is the second most vulnerable category of food to fraud [52]. In order to protect consumers and with the aim to avoid it, the assessment of seafood origin is increasing as a security measure. Regulatory interventions are trying to stop the mislabelling or the substitution of wild with farmed fish, which is mitigating risks for the consumer’s confidence and health [53].
Both the geographical origin and the production method, among others, can strongly affect the characteristics of the two types of products, whose discriminating properties are usually difficult to determine. Several analytical techniques have been traditionally used to assess fish authenticity. However, even though they are well established, there is still a necessity for faster, easier and more affordable methods [52].
The substitution of valuable species with cheaper ones at any point of the supply chain is one of the most common frauds, sometimes in an unintentional way due to the similarities between species or the use of different names for the same species. However, the differences in the economic value, the exploitation of endangered species, the replacement with poisonous fish and their difficult identification, make the substitution of fish species an extended problem, especially severe after processing, at the retailers and supermarkets [54]. The mentioned frauds particularly affect fish fillets and ready-to-eat products, such as fish patties, which cannot be recognized through the traditional morphological analysis.
The use of NIRS with the objective of discriminating between species has been explored during the last years [52]. For instance, in a preliminary study under industrial conditions, some authors used NIRS coupled with partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on PCA scores to discriminate between fishmeal made with different fish species: salmon (
In other studies, authors measured the skin and meat of two different species of cod (winter cod and cod), mullet (red mullet and Atlantic mullet) and trout (samlet and salmon trout) with a handheld NIR spectrometer [56]. The data were analysed using PCA and soft independent model of class analogies (SIMCA), obtaining promising results with the last method. Other authors used Fourier transform NIR (FT-NIR) to distinguish fillets of red mullet (
The differentiation between different carp species: silver (
More recently, an attempt to distinguish Atlantic cod (
In the last years, there has been an increasing interest from farming industries, retailers and even from consumers in investigating the differences between cultured and wild fish [61]. Most of the studies which differentiate farm from wild fish are centred in fish species such as European sea bass (
NIRS has shown its potentiality in some studies as a rapid method to classify sea bass according to rearing systems [53]. Some authors used an NIR spectrometer to discriminate between four types of sea bass rearing systems: extensive, semi-intensive, intensive and sea-cage in fresh minced fish and freeze-dried minced samples [36]. They performed a four-cluster SIMCA analysis, which was evaluated using a full cross-validation. The best results were obtained with the freeze-dried minced fillets (83%, 80%, 74% and 83% of samples well classified for extensive, semi-intensive, intensive and sea-cage methods, respectively). Similar results were obtained by [37] in the discrimination of organic or semi-intensive sea bass. Some years later, NIRS was also used to discriminate between farm and wild seabass fillets, which were minced before the analysis [53]. They developed three different approaches: an authentication using measured chemical variables (PLS-DA_mc), an authentication using estimated chemical variables (PLS-DA_ec), an authentication with direct use of spectral data (PLS-DA_NIR) and the WPTER algorithm. The evaluation of the validation data set gave very similar results for all the techniques in the classification of declared wild samples. Regarding the declared farming samples, PLS-DA_mc classified correctly all the samples, while PLS-DA_ec misclassified 2, and PLS-DA_NIR and WPTER misclassified 3 (in all the cases out of 34). All the methods indicated that the most relevant spectral regions in the models were the ones related to the absorbance of the CH, CH2, CH3 and H2O groups, which corresponded to fat, fatty acids, and water content, highlighting that the difference between farm and wild sea bass is very related with the fat/water percentage and the lipid profile. Other authors also studied the differences between sea bass, according to the production method (wild or farmed) and the rearing system used (extensive, semi-intensive or intensive) [62]. In this study, an NIR spectrometer was used to analyse minced and homogenized fillets. In this case, cross-validation and an external validation were made. PCA was used as exploratory analysis and two different orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were performed. The evaluation of the external validation showed an overall classification rate of a 100% for the production method and 94.44% for the farming system. Looking at the categories, all the farm and wild samples were correctly classified, while regarding the farming system, wild samples presented a classification rate of 100%, extensive samples 66.67%, semi-intensive samples 80.00% and intensive samples 100%. Although most of the studies regarding discrimination between farm and wild fish are performed in sea bass, other species have also been analysed. Segregation between wild and farm sole (
NIRS is one of the most used techniques to determine the origin of a lot of types of foods (oil, coffee, wine, etc). However, especially in fish and fish products, its use for such purpose is a challenge due to the difficulty in proving the geographical origin of a particular fish. A very large number of samples must be measured for each location due to a high heterogeneity among them, depending on the season or different years, the available food, if the fish has been captured before or after the spawning season, etc. With the aim of determining the viability of NIRS regarding the geographical origin, it often requires multi-disciplinary methods that could consider all the environmental and genetic factors that determine fish characteristics. Even so, there are some studies that successfully applied NIRS to determine the geographical origin of fish products.
Some authors used NIRS to classify tilapia fillets in four different Chinese regions (Guangdong, Hainan, Guanxi and Fujian provinces) [31]. The classification models were carried out with SIMCA, achieving more than 80% correct classification for the Guangdong, Hainan and Fujian and 75% of the Guangxi samples by the cross-validation method. None of them were assigned to more than one category, less than 20% to none of the classes and only less than 2% were incorrectly classified. The differentiation between minced fish fillets made using European seabass (
Freezing, due to its advantages, is intensively used for preserving fish. It maintains the product safety, the sensory qualities and also the nutritional characteristics. However, freezing the products, as well as the storage and the thawing process, changes the physical and biochemical properties of the fish muscle [66]. Recent technological advances in freezing and the posterior storage have allowed to minimize the damage caused by the thawing process, while maintaining the product quality. The impact the freezing process does on the product depends on several factors inherent to fish characteristics (genetics, muscle type, husbandry) and the post-mortem treatments (freezing rate, storage time, storage pressure and temperature, thawing method) [67]. Slow freezing leads to the formation of large extracellular ice crystals which damage the cell membranes and muscle proteins [68, 69, 70]. Also, in general, freezing-thawing cycles are related to the degradation of textural properties due to physical damages and protein denaturation and oxidation [66].
As it has been reported before, most of the analytical techniques used for determining whether the fish has been frozen or not, despite their accuracy, are destructive, time-consuming and expensive, making them not suitable for commercial applications [71]. As an alternative, NIRS, in combination with qualitative chemometric methods, has been adopted as an efficient solution for this determination.
Several authors have used NIRS and chemometrics to discriminate between unfrozen and frozen-thawed fish. FT-NIRS has been used, coupled with two different classification algorithms (LDA and SIMCA), to discriminate between unfrozen and thawed Atlantic mullet (
Fish and fish products are very perishable, being subject to a fast deterioration process and becoming easily unsuitable for consumption and, therefore, a possible threat to public health. The biological composition and characteristics of fish, i.e. low percentage of connective tissue, autolytic enzymes, neutral pH, high water activity [27] and the growth of spoilage bacteria, contribute to the short shelf-life of these products [45]. It is estimated that 25% of the fish losses are initiated by microbial and chemical deterioration [77].
Even though most studies regarding NIRS in the fish industry have been conducted to determine their quality and authenticity, the use of this technique in food safety evaluation is still relatively new but constantly increasing [25]. During the last years, many studies have been conducted in the field of fish safety, in order to determine the presence of spoilage compounds and microorganism in fish products.
Some toxic compounds produced during fish spoilage can be measured by NIRS to evaluate fish safety. An important group is formed by biogenic amines, with histamine being one of the most critical, as it is related with the most common foodborne illness associated with fish consumption [78]. They are a group of nitrogenous compounds, usually measured to evaluate the safety of aquatic products. Among them, the most common are histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine. Biogenic amines are formed by the decarboxylation of amino acids or by the amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones. The consumption of fish products with excessive levels of biogenic amines may lead to food intoxication, so they have become an important index to evaluate fish safety [79].
NIRS has been used as a tool to determine the cadaverine content in homogenized and ultrafiltered solutions of Chub Mackerel (
Biogenic amines are not the only compounds associated with the spoilage of fish. Trimethylamine concentration can also be used as an indicator of fish spoilage, since it is related with the putrefaction process and the fishy odour. This compound has been estimated in fresh fish (
Fish is one of the most vulnerable aquatic products, as it serves as a growth medium for microorganisms, which can be either pathogenic or cause fish spoilage. In this sense, spectroscopic techniques have shown potential for spoilage monitoring to confirm if fish is safe for consumption or not, since conventional methods to determine microorganisms are really time-consuming and tedious [86]. However, although some works have been done regarding the detection of microorganisms by NIRS and the potentiality of the technique is big, this is an application that must be studied carefully, and it must be validated using techniques with limits of detection more sensitive than NIR.
Some studies tried to use SW-NIRS to quantify microbial loads (expressed as total viable count) in rainbow trout (
NIRS has been proved as an effective analysis tool for the fish value chain. Although the use of this technology in fish and fish products routine inspection has recently increased, more and more studies are available each year, some applications are more developed than others. The monitoring of the quality and authenticity of the fish chain by NIRS is well known, with applications that are nowadays implemented in the food industry. However, more efforts are still needed regarding the use of this technology for safety issues, where the limit of detection still represents a big challenge. Even if some studies have been carried out successfully during the last decade, these applications should be studied carefully, and more investigations must be done before trying to implement NIRS as an alternative to the already established destructive methods.
The authors greatly acknowledge the Basque Government—Department of Economic Development, Sustainability and Environment—Vice. Dept. of Agriculture, Fishing and Food Policy, Directorate of Quality and Food Industries for the funding of the project ELIKatea 4.0 and for the scholarship of Sonia Nieto-Ortega.
Application | Species (sample preparation) | Measured property | Instrument | Chemometric method | Statistical results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proximate composition (Quality) | Tilapia (fillets) | Moisture, protein and lipid | Reflectance NIR | PLSR | r2cv = 0.959, SECV = 0.872 g/100 g for moisture r2cv = 0.306, SECV = 0.550 g/100 g for protein r2cv = 0.971, SECV = 0.706 g/100 g for lipid | [31] |
Geographical origin (Authenticity) | Chinese region origin | SIMCA | > 75% Correct classification | |||
Freshness (Quality) | Cod | Storage time | Transflection Vis–NIR | PLSR | r2p = 0.97, RMSEP = 1.04 days for cod in visible region r2p = 0.98, RMSEP = 1.20 days for salmon in NIR region | [32] |
Proximate composition (Quality) | Saithe | Total lipid content, phospholipids, PUFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | Reflectance FT-NIR | PLSR | r2v ≥ 0.96 hoki and r2v ≥ 0.73 saithe for lipid composition RMSEP <4.10 hoki and RMSEP <5.31% saithe for lipid composition | [33] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Lipid oxidation components: free fatty acids (FFA), fluorescent interaction compounds (OFR) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) | PLSR | r2v ≥ 0.63 hoki and r2v ≥ 0.67 saithe for lipid oxidation RMSEP <5.23 hoki and RMSEP <3.43% saithe for lipid oxidation | |||
Proximate composition (Quality) | Atlantic salmon | Moisture, fat and protein | On-line NIR fibre-optic probe and off-line reflectance NIR | PCR | RMSECV = 6.6 g/Kg for fat in minced sample RMSECV = 3.8 g/Kg for moisture in minced sample RMSECV = 2.0 g/Kg for protein in minced sample RMSECV = 12.4 g/Kg for fat in whole fillet RMSECV = 11.3 g/Kg for moisture in whole fillet | [34] |
Proximate composition (Quality) | Atlantic salmon salmo salar (whole fish) | Fat and moisture content | Interactance NIR | PLSR | r2cv = 0.87, RMSECV = 1.12% for fat r2cv = 0.86, RMSECV = 0.98% for moisture | [35] |
Proximate composition (Quality) | European sea bass | Water, ether extract and crude protein | Absorbance NIR + monocromator | PLSR | r2cv > 0.47, SECV <2.76% for water in fillets r2cv = 0.95, SECV = 0.87% for water in minced r2cv = 0.97, SECV = 0.70% for water in freeze-dried r2cv > 0.48, SECV <2.81% for ether in fillets r2cv = 0.97, SECV = 0.70% for ether in minced r2cv = 0.97, SECV = 0.62% for ether in freeze-dried r2cv = 0.30, SECV = 0.55% for protein in minced r2cv = 0.68, SECV = 0.35% for protein in freeze-dried | [36] |
Rearing system (Authenticity) | Extensive, semi-extensive, intensive or sea-cages | SIMCA | > 37% correct classification for minced fillets > 74% correct classification for freeze-dried minced fillets | |||
Proximate composition (Quality) | European sea bass | Water, ether extract and crude protein | Absorbance NIR + monocromator | PLSR | r2cv = 0.935, SECV = 0.387% for water in minced r2cv = 0.953, SECV = 0.328% for water in freeze-dried r2cv = 0.984, SECV = 0.154% for ether in minced r2cv = 0.982, SECV = 0.175% for ether in freeze-dried r2cv = 0.587, SECV = 0.290% for protein in minced r2cv = 0.640, SECV = 0.274% for protein in freeze-dried | [37] |
Rearing system (Authenticity) | Organic or semi-intensive | SIMCA | > 20% correct classification for minced samples >65% correct classification for freeze-dried samples | |||
Proximate composition (Quality) | Skipjack tuna | Moisture, protein, free and total fat | NIR + fibre optic probe | PLS-2 | r2p = 0.98 for moisture r2p = 0.99 for protein r2p = 0.95 for total fat r2p = 0.96 for free fat | [38] |
Proximate composition (Quality) | Tilapia | Omega-3 and omega-6 | Reflectance NIR | PLSR | r2p = 0.70, RMSEP = 2.39 mg FA/g for omega-3 r2p = 0.71, RMSEP = 4.76 mg FA/g for omega-6 | [39] |
Proximate composition (Quality) | Salmon roe | Salt and moisture | SW-NIR + fibre optic probe | PLSR | r2p > 0.711, SEP < 1.13% for salt r2p > 0.609, SEP < 1.87% for moisture | [40] |
Proximate composition (Quality) | Atlantic salmon | Salt, water and water phase salt (WPS) | SW-NIR + fibre optic probe | PCR, MLR, PLSR, BPNN | r2cv > 0.639, RMSCV <0.77 for salt r2cv > 0.854, RMSCV <4.10 for water r2cv > 0.717, RMSCV <1.55 for WPS | [41] |
Proximate composition (Quality) | Atlantic salmon | Salt and moisture | SW-NIR + fibre optic probe | PLSR, BPNN | r2cv > 0.701, RMSCV <1.43 for salt r2cv > 0.784, RMSCV <2.08 for moisture | [42] |
Freshness (Quality) | Rainbow trout | Storage time (2 temperatures) | SW-NIRS | PCA | Segregation between fresh and non-fresh fish | [44] |
Microorganisms (Safety) | Microbial loads | PLSR | r2p = 0.97, SEP = 0.38 log CFU/g in flesh side of fillet r2p = 0.94, SEP = 0.53 log CFU/g in skin side of fillet r2p = 0.82, SEP = 0.82 log CFU/g in minced samples | |||
Freshness (Quality) | Atlantic salmon | Storage time | FT-NIR | PCA | Clear separation between fresh and non-fresh fillets | [45] |
Microorganisms (Safety) | Numbers of bacteria | PLSR | r2cv = 0.64, RMSECV = 0.32 log cfu/g of bacteria | |||
Freshness (Quality) | Golden pompano | Storage time | Vis–NIR | PCA | Samples stored for 0, 2 and 3 days could not be well discriminated | [46] |
Freshness (Quality) | Rohu | Storage time | Absorption NIR | PCA | Samples were well grouped by their freshness | [47] |
Freshness (Quality) | Atlantic cod | Storage time | Interactance Vis–NIR | PLSR | r2cv = 0.93, RMSECV = 1.66 days | [48] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Unfrozen vs. Thawed | KNN | > 96% correct classification | |||
Freshness (Quality) | Atlantic salmon | Storage time | Interactance Vis–NIR | PLSR | r2cv = 0.95, RMSECV = 1.91 days | [49] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Unfrozen vs. Thawed | KNN | 100% correct classification | |||
Freshness (Quality) | Cod | Quality index method (QIM) | Transflection Vis–NIR | PLSR | r2p > 0.93, RMSEP <3.1 pints | [50] |
Wild vs. Farmed (Authenticity) | Seabass | Wild vs. Farmed | Reflectance NIR | PLS-DA with measured chemistry, PLS-DA with estimated chemistry, PLS-DA and WPTER | 100% correct classification with PLS-DA_mc 94% correct classification with PLS-DA_ec 91% correct classification with PLS-DA_NIR 91% correct classification with WPTER | [53] |
Species identification (Authenticity) | Salmon | Species identification | Reflectance NIR | DPLS and LDA | >80% correct classification with DPLS > 70% correct classification with LDA | [55] |
Species identification (Authenticity) | Winter cod and cod, red mullet and Atlantic mullet, and samlet and salmon trout (skin and meat of fillets) | Species identification | Handheld reflectance NIR | SIMCA | 100% correct classification of cod and winter cod 100% correct classification of red mullet and Atlantic mullet 100% correct classification of salmon trout and samlet | [56] |
Species identification (Authenticity) | Red mullet | Higher from lower economical value species | FT-NIR | LDA and SIMCA | 100% correct classification of red mullet and Atlantic mullet >67% correct classification of plaice and flounder | [57] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Unfrozen vs. Thawed Atlantic mullet | FT-NIR | LDA and SIMCA | > 82% correct classification of unfrozen and thawed Atlantic mullet | ||
Species identification (Authenticity) | Silver carp | Species identification | Reflectance NIR | PCA-LDA, PLS-LDA, CARS-LDA and FFT - LDA | > 96% correct classification for PCA-LDA > 89% correct classification for PLS-LDA > 88% correct classification for CARS-LDA > 96% correct classification for FFT - LDA | [58] |
Species identification (Authenticity) | White croaker | Species identification | Reflectance NIR | PC-DA | 100% correct classification for the validation set | [59] |
Species identification (Authenticity) | Atlantic cod | Species identification | Reflectance handheld NIR and FT-NIR | LDA and SIMCA | > 76% correct classification for portable NIR and LDA 100% correct classification for FT-NIR and LDA > 60% correct classification for portable NIR and SIMCA > 91% correct classification for FT-NIR and SIMCA | [60] |
Wild vs. Farmed (Authenticity) | Sea bass | Wild or farmed and rearing system | Reflectance NIR | OPLS-DA | 100% correct classification for production method > 67% correct classification for farming system | [62] |
Geographical origin (Authenticity) | Areas of the Mediterranean Sea | OPLS-DA | > 85% correct classification | |||
Proximate composition (Quality) | Alaskan pollock | Protein, lipids, and moisture | Reflectance NIR | PLSR | r2p = 0.80, RMSEP = 0.15 g/100 g for lipids r2p = 0.80, RMSEP = 0.95% for protein r2p = 0.79, RMSEP = 1.01% for moisture | [64] |
Wild vs. Farmed (Authenticity) | Wild vs. farmed | LR and SVM | 90% correct classification for sole with LR 99% correct classification for turbot with SVM | |||
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Unfrozen vs. Thawed | XGB, LDA and RF | 88% correct classification for cod with XGB 100% correct classification for plaice with LDA 90% correct classification for sole with RF | |||
Geographical origin (Authenticity) | Anchovies | Mediterranean country | Reflectance FT-NIR | OPLS-DA | > 95% correct classification | [65] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Red sea bream | Unfrozen vs. Thawed | Interactance NIR | LDA and SIMCA | > 63% correct classification for SIMCA > 79% correct classification for LDA | [72] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Swordfish | Unfrozen vs. Thawed | Vis–NIR and NIR + monocromator | PLS-DA | > 96.7% correct classification for VIS/NIR > 90.0% correct classification for NIR | [73] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Tuna | Unfrozen vs. Thawed | Reflectance Vis–NIR | PLS-DA | 92% correct classification for unfrozen 82% correct classification for frozen–thawed | [74] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Tilapia ( | Freeze-thawing cycles | FT-NIR | Mahalanobis distance-DA | > 60.0% correct classification for once frozen–thawed fillets > 60.0% correct classification for samples subjected to several freezing cycles | [75] |
Unfrozen vs. Thawed (Authenticity) | Bigeye tuna | Unfrozen vs. Thawed | Reflectance handheld NIR | PLS-DA | 91% of correct classification | [76] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Silver carp | Trimethylamine content | FT-NIR | PLS, Si-PLS and GA-PLS | r2p = 0.94, RMSEP = 5.75 mg N/100 g with PLS r2p = 0.95, RMSEP = 5.45 mg N/100 g with Si-PLS r2p = 0.98, RMSEP = 5.10 mg N/100 g with GA-PLS | [77] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Tuna | Histamine content | Reflectance FT-NIR | OPLSR | r2 p > 0.97, RMSEP <10 mg kg−1 | [78] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Chub Mackerel | Cadaverine content | NIR | PLSR | r2p > 0.98 | [80] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Skipjack tuna | Histamine content | Reflectance FT-NIR | PLSR | r2c > 0.76, SEP < 3.47 ppm | [81] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Silver carp | K-value | Reflectance FT-NIR | PLS, i-PLS, Si-PLS, SVMR and Si-SVMR | Rp = 93.7%, RMSEP = 0.036 for Si-SVMR | [82] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Mackerel oil (extracted from minced samples) | Free fatty acids | Transmittance NIR | MLR and PLS | Rp > 0.862%, SEP < 0.154% for MLR Rp > 0.441, 0.862%, SEP < 0.23, 0.131% for PLS | [83] |
Spoilage compounds (Safety) | Bighead carp | pH, TBARS, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and K-value | Reflectance NIR | CARS-PLSR | Rp = 0.945, RMSEP = 0.081 for pH Rp = 0.932, RMSEP = 2.099 for TVB-N Rp = 0.954, RMSEP = 0.107 for TBARS Rp = 0.807, RMSEP = 6.509 for K-value | [85] |
Microorganisms (Safety) | Flounder (fillets) | Total bacteria content | Portable NIR | PLSR and genetic algorithm with BP-ANN | r2p = 0.916, RMSEP = 0.40 with PLS r2p = 0.966, RMSEP = 0.083 with BP-ANN | [87] |
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11662},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22333},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33644}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135704},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"9,11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11915",title:"Ontology in Information Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b52397215f6b5e05a22368f629695704",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11915.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11942",title:"Updates on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4ac095defb765e0e9bfebc06dac719e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11942.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12065",title:"Computer Memory and Data Storage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7df13263a2801b346f2dea5ff127f81f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12065.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12053",title:"Coal Energy in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c68d59ef3f1106d1321570678b3a5c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12053.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12024",title:"UWB Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6158349f714de7cee2337adf57b2617d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12024.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12069",title:"Chatbots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"10aee769abbda9ed8af2042d6b6bedda",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12069.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12025",title:"Cognitive Radio Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75b14778d5efbcfe9c1f51d2e31f6aeb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12025.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12070",title:"Knowledge Graphs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96ef2d3d8ee32501d05e295c61640048",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12070.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12027",title:"Optical Fiber",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"479f515bddf75aa9857e4f0ccf3e7c74",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12062",title:"Public Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c045089da37d46be1ee7e5e74f93cc93",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12062.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12040",title:"Advances in Lean Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"280b436c389c11cac34db042d0ea4f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12040.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12041",title:"Digital Twin Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"29f905ada571d401131a0d3b0311329d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12041.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:80},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1060",title:"Physiopathology",slug:"physiopathology",parent:{id:"187",title:"Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:21,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1060",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"774",title:"Perinatal Depression",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"412484bd347149e42a5a379523c534db",slug:"perinatal-depression",bookSignature:"María Graciela Rojas Castillo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93924",title:"Dr.",name:"María Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Castillo",slug:"maria-graciela-rojas-castillo",fullName:"María Graciela Rojas Castillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"26569",doi:"10.5772/31664",title:"Screening and Prevention of Postnatal Depression",slug:"screening-and-prevention-of-postnatal-depression",totalDownloads:3879,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Kari Glavin",authors:[{id:"88173",title:"Dr.",name:"Kari",middleName:null,surname:"Glavin",slug:"kari-glavin",fullName:"Kari Glavin"}]},{id:"26577",doi:"10.5772/30854",title:"Postpartum Depression in Men",slug:"postpartum-depression-in-men-",totalDownloads:4724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Sarah J. Breese McCoy",authors:[{id:"84527",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Breese McCoy",slug:"sarah-breese-mccoy",fullName:"Sarah Breese McCoy"}]},{id:"26571",doi:"10.5772/32351",title:"Perinatal Anxiety and Depression: Associations with Oxytocin and Mother-Infant Interactions",slug:"perinatal-anxiety-and-depression-associations-with-oxytocin-and-mother-infant-interactions-",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Rebecca McErlean and Valsamma Eapen",authors:[{id:"62816",title:"Dr.",name:"Valsamma",middleName:null,surname:"Eapen",slug:"valsamma-eapen",fullName:"Valsamma Eapen"},{id:"125965",title:"Ms.",name:"Rebecca",middleName:null,surname:"McErlean",slug:"rebecca-mcerlean",fullName:"Rebecca McErlean"}]},{id:"26572",doi:"10.5772/33013",title:"Postnatal Depression: When Reality Does Not Match Expectations",slug:"postnatal-depression-when-reality-does-not-match-expectations",totalDownloads:3910,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Carol Kauppi, Phyllis Montgomery, Arshi Shaikh and Tamara White",authors:[{id:"93628",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Kauppi",slug:"carol-kauppi",fullName:"Carol Kauppi"},{id:"127630",title:"Dr.",name:"Phyllis",middleName:null,surname:"Montgomery",slug:"phyllis-montgomery",fullName:"Phyllis Montgomery"},{id:"127631",title:"Ms.",name:"Arshi",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"arshi-shaikh",fullName:"Arshi Shaikh"},{id:"127632",title:"Ms.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"White",slug:"tamara-white",fullName:"Tamara White"}]},{id:"26575",doi:"10.5772/30915",title:"Postpartum Depression and Maternity Blues in Immigrants",slug:"postpartum-depression-and-maternity-blues-in-immigrants",totalDownloads:3876,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Fragiskos Gonidakis",authors:[{id:"84754",title:"Dr.",name:"Fragiskos",middleName:null,surname:"Gonidakis",slug:"fragiskos-gonidakis",fullName:"Fragiskos Gonidakis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"26569",title:"Screening and Prevention of Postnatal Depression",slug:"screening-and-prevention-of-postnatal-depression",totalDownloads:3877,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Kari Glavin",authors:[{id:"88173",title:"Dr.",name:"Kari",middleName:null,surname:"Glavin",slug:"kari-glavin",fullName:"Kari Glavin"}]},{id:"26577",title:"Postpartum Depression in Men",slug:"postpartum-depression-in-men-",totalDownloads:4722,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Sarah J. Breese McCoy",authors:[{id:"84527",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Breese McCoy",slug:"sarah-breese-mccoy",fullName:"Sarah Breese McCoy"}]},{id:"26576",title:"Perinatal Depression in Minority and Underserved Rural Women",slug:"perinatal-depression-in-minority-and-underserved-rural-women",totalDownloads:4057,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Guo Wei, Frankie D. Powell, Veronica K. Freeman and Leonard D. Holmes",authors:[{id:"92913",title:"Prof.",name:"Guo",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",slug:"guo-wei",fullName:"Guo Wei"},{id:"106609",title:"Dr.",name:"Frankie",middleName:null,surname:"Powell",slug:"frankie-powell",fullName:"Frankie Powell"},{id:"126129",title:"Mrs.",name:"Veronica",middleName:"Kay",surname:"Freeman",slug:"veronica-freeman",fullName:"Veronica Freeman"},{id:"136213",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonard",middleName:"Darrow",surname:"Holmes",slug:"leonard-holmes",fullName:"Leonard Holmes"}]},{id:"26575",title:"Postpartum Depression and Maternity Blues in Immigrants",slug:"postpartum-depression-and-maternity-blues-in-immigrants",totalDownloads:3876,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Fragiskos Gonidakis",authors:[{id:"84754",title:"Dr.",name:"Fragiskos",middleName:null,surname:"Gonidakis",slug:"fragiskos-gonidakis",fullName:"Fragiskos Gonidakis"}]},{id:"26570",title:"Prelude to Parenthood: The Impact of Anxiety and Depression During Pregnancy",slug:"prelude-to-parenthood-the-impact-of-anxiety-and-depression-during-pregnancy",totalDownloads:2658,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"774",slug:"perinatal-depression",title:"Perinatal Depression",fullTitle:"Perinatal Depression"},signatures:"Carol Cornsweet Barber",authors:[{id:"90052",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol Cornsweet",middleName:null,surname:"Barber",slug:"carol-cornsweet-barber",fullName:"Carol Cornsweet Barber"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1060",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"