Classification of plants according to salinity tolerance.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2090",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Induction Motors - Modelling and Control",title:"Induction Motors",subtitle:"Modelling and Control",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Motivated by the need of energy-efficiency improvements, process optimization, soft-start capability and numerous other environmental benefits, it may be desirable to operate induction motors for many applications at continuously adjustable speeds. The induction motor drives can provide high productivity with energy efficiency in different industrial applications and are the basis for modern automation. This book provides an account of this developing subject through such topics as modelling, noise, control techniques used for high-performance applications and diagnostics. 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From 1987 to 1988, he was an Electrotechnical Engineer in Project Department, Adira Company, Porto, Portugal, and from 1988 to 1989, he was researcher with INESC, Porto, Portugal. Since 1989, he has been with the University of Porto, where he is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto. 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Additionally, the cloud infrastructure can also offer data platform services that span the different available databases. With all developments in cloud computing infrastructures and services, it becomes mandatory to use cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to address the needs of end-users of Cloud Computing. Utilizing AI software-based machine learning (ML) algorithms in cloud environments is widely used nowadays to deliver intuitive for users and customers. Alexa and Siri are good examples that use AI to search the cloud to get much information or to play songs to make a purchase. Cybersecurity in cloud computing environments is required for involving best practices in user access and privileges, hardware and software security, virtualization, firewalls, and other processes used to protect data and infrastructure.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will concentrate on all aspects of Cloud Computing. Principally, it will address topics that are core to Cloud Computing, focusing on the Cloud applications, the Cloud systems, utilizing both the AI and cybersecurity to advance Cloud systems for better use in the future.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-708-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-707-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-709-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d0810b3f0c23214bf7dddeaafcb6c3ef",bookSignature:"Dr. Yasser Ismail",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11925.jpg",keywords:"Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Private Cloud, Cognitive Cloud Computing, Cybersecurity, Cloud Security, Cloud Infrastructure, Cloud System, Cloud Applications, Cloud Deployment, Types of Cloud Computing, Cloud Computing Features",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 31st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 18th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 17th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Yasser Ismail has over twenty years of professional experience in teaching and research in national and international universities, such as Southern University, A&M College, Mansoura University, and the University of Bahrain. He has obtained a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. He is awarded the Partnering, Research, Innovation, Development, and Entrepreneurship award by Southern University and A&M College.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"255636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasser",middleName:null,surname:"Ismail",slug:"yasser-ismail",fullName:"Yasser Ismail",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255636/images/system/255636.png",biography:'Overview\nA highly motivated detail-oriented professional with excellent organizational and results-oriented abilities. My educational background and diverse experiences have provided me with wide knowledge and a strong set of skills that allow me to contribute to many fields of image processing – based Machine Learning (ML) and how it may be used to characterize various materials’ degradations, digital video, and VLSI design (algorithmic and architecture levels), smart traffic system design, cybersecurity based Additive Manufacturing, and Internet of Video Things (IoVT).\nResearch Interest:\n•\tImage Processing – Based Machine Learning (ML): Develop a system that can monitor and determine the effect that long-term exposure to some chemical materials that can be added to plants and soils. This work may be extended to characterize various materials’ degradations,\n•\tSmart traffic-Based Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): Develop smart systems-based Deep Learning algorithms that can automatically count different objects. Such systems and algorithms are very helpful in designing new smart cities.\n•\tInternet of Video Things (IoVT): Design video surveillance systems, for homeland security applications that match the allowed hardware complexity of the Internet of Video Things (IoVT) infrastructure.\n•\tDigital Video Processing Algorithms/Architectures levels: Develop video processing algorithms and architectures. My research involves Video Compression algorithms and architectures, specifically Motion Estimation and Compensation, DCT transform, and Vector Quantization.\n•\tVLSI and FPGA Design (Low-Power and High-Speed Performance Embedded Systems): Design video systems taking into consideration optimizing the encoding speed and study the effect on both the area and power consumption of the designed systems. Systems are tested and implemented in either FPGA or ASIC flow design.\n•\tWireless and Digital Communication Systems: Design several techniques and systems that help in compressing the transmitted bit-rate of a speech signal over wireless communication channels. \nEducation\t\n•\tPh.D. Computer Engineering. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA, 2010. Dissertation Title: “Efficient Smart Algorithms and Architectures for Real-time Video Transmission in Pixel and Frequency Domains”.\n•\tM.S. Computer Engineering. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA, 2007.\n•\tM.S. Electrical Communication Engineering. Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, 2002. \n•\tB.Sc. Electronics Engineering. Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, 1999.\nHonors and Awards\n•\tThe 2019 Partnering, Research, Innovation, Development, and Entrepreneurship award (P. R. I. D. E) by Southern University and A&M College – USA.\n•\tListed in Marquis Who’s Who in America 2009 and 2010.\n•\tThird place winner in “the student paper contest” at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 2009 and 2008.\n•\tHonored Student, The University of Louisiana at Lafayette Honors Convocation Committee (2006) and (2007).\n•\tFirst Rank Graduate in MS, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (2003).\n•\tSecond Rank Graduate in BS, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (1999).\nAppointments and Teaching Experience \n\n•\tMay 2022 to Present: Associate Professor, Southern University and A&M College, Department of Electrical Engineering, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.\n•\tAugust 2017 to May 2022: Assistant Professor, Southern University and A&M College, Department of Electrical Engineering, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.\n•\tJuly 2016 to July 2017: Assistant Professor, Mansoura University, Electronics and Communications Department, Egypt, \n•\tSeptember 2016 to June 2017: Adjunct Assistant Professor, Zewail City of Science and Technology - University of Science and Technology - Zewail City, Egypt.\n•\tSeptember 2012 to June 2016: Assistant Professor, University of Bahrain, Computer Engineering Department, Kingdom of Bahrain.\n•\tOctober 2010 to July 2012: Assistant Professor, Umm Al-Qura University, Computer Science Department, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.\n•\tJanuary 2005 to May 2010: Teaching Assistant, College of Engineering – Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette (ULL), Lafayette, LA, USA.\n•\tJanuary 2001 to January 2005.Teaching Assistant, Mansoura University, Electronics and Communications Department, Egypt.\nCourses taught\n•\tMicroprocessors, Computer Design and Implementation \n•\tDigital Logic Design Circuits\n•\tDesign and Analysis of Algorithms\n•\tElectromagnetic Waves\n•\tSignals and Systems\n•\tDigital communication system\n•\tElectrical Circuits I/II\t•\tVLSI design of embedded systems\n•\tComputer Architecture and Organization \n•\tElectronics I/II/III \n•\tDigital Signal Processing\n•\tProgramming Languages\n•\tImage Processing and Computer Vision\n•\tTroubleshooting\n•\tRobotic Design and Implementation\n•\tAn Introduction to Cybersecurity\nPending Grant\n\n•\tSouthern University Partnership for Research and Education in Materials Excellence (SUPREME), National Science Foundation (NSF) (2021 – 2027), (Role: Co-PI) ($3,992,932).\n•\tCAREER: Improving Student Learning in Machine Learning and Internet of Things Applications and Technologies Utilizing Modern Learning, National Science Foundation (NSF) (2022 – 2027), (Role: PI) (738,985).\n\nAwarded Grant\n\n•\tUsing Sensor Networks and Machine Learning to Characterize Agricultural Responses to Stimuli – Funded by US Federal Government (2021 – 2023), BAA ID#: CGR-2020-0001-P1. (Role: Co-PI) ($ 350,000) \n•\tHigh-Fidelity Fatigue, Drowsiness, and Drunk Drivers Detection (FD4) System, - Funded by Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) (2021 – 2022), (Role: PI) ($ 30,000)\n•\tSupervised Undergraduate Research Experiences (SURE) Competition, BOARD OF REGENTS, Baton Rouge 2020-2021. (Role: Supervise undergraduate student; LaBreya Brumfield). ($5,000) \n•\tSupervised Undergraduate Research Experiences (SURE) Competition, BOARD OF REGENTS, Baton Rouge 2020-2021. (Role: Supervise undergraduate student; Dailynn Thomas). ($5,000)\n•\tEnhancing Computer Engineering and Big Data Education (CEBDE) at Southern University and A&M College, Microsoft Impact2020 (2020 – 2021). (Role: Co-PI) ($ 200,000).\n•\tEnhancing Additive Manufacturing Education with Cybersecurity and Virtual Reality – Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (2019 – 2024), Award Id: 1915520. (Role: Senior Investigator) ($ 851,877) \n•\tTargeted Infusion Project: A Computer Engineering Research Lab (CERL) at Southern University and A&M College (SUBR) – Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (2019 – 2021), Award Id: 1912397. (Role: PI) ($ 396,190) \n•\tEvaluation of Counting Device for Pedestrians and Bicyclists - Funded by Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) (2018 – 2019), Award Id: LTRC 19-1SA. (Role: PI) ($ 85,792)\n•\tAutomatic Recognition of Arabic handwriting in Historical Manuscripts - Funded by the King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) (2014 - 2015). (Role: Co-PI) ($ 379,337)\n•\tFast and Smart Security Cameras for Video Surveillance systems in Hajj Rites – Funded by The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute of Hajj researches – KSA (2014-2015). (Role: PI) ($ 35,000)\n•\tASIC Design of a Low Complexity High-Speed H.265/HEVC for Wireless Transmission Video Surveillance System - Funded by University of Bahrain (2014 -2015). (Role: PI) ($ 13,297)\n•\tFast video surveillance system for Hajj rites security - Funded by the Transportation and Crowd Management Center of Research Excellence (2014 - 2015). (Role: PI) ($ 26,595)\n•\tUS-Bahrain Cooperative Research with Central Michigan University: Intelligent Video Surveillance Systems for Hajj — Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (2013 – 2014), Award Id: 1341126. (Role: Co-PI) ($ 36,649)\n•\tFast Video Surveillance system for the roadway security monitoring — Funded by University of Bahrain (2012 -2013). (Role: PI) ($ 13,297)\n•\tDesktop and Mobil-phone Secure Backup System hosted on a Storage Cloud — Funded by the Center of Research for Hajj and Omrah – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (2011 - 2012). (Role: Co-PI) ($ 132,978)\n\nMaster and Ph.D. Students Supervision\n•\tOpeyemi P. Ojajuni “Fostering 21st-Century Skills and Computational Skills in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Students Using the Internet of Things (IoT) Technology” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, Expecting graduation on (2023).\n•\tSunday Bezaleel Anwansedo “Using Mobile-Based Application for Healthcare Management In Sub-Sahara Africa: A Case Study of Covid-19 Vaccine Distribution” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2021).\n•\tSurya Veera Reddy Sirigireddy “Predicting Material Composition by Analyzing Color in Copper Silver Gold Alloys” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2021).\n•\tAkodu Moruf Olagunju “The application of Machine learning algorithms in healthcare classification: Prostate Cancer as a case study” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2021).\n•\tWillson Junior Meli Ngong “Video-Based Automated Pedestrians Counting Algorithms for Smart Cities” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2020).\n•\tAli H Al Majed “Smart Detection Algorithms Under Different Weather Conditions” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2020).\n•\tRaja Naga Rahul Paramkusam “Synthesis and Analytical Characterization of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Gas Sensing Applications” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2019).\n•\tDe’Shon Swafford “Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Varistor used in Gas Sensing Application” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2019).\n•\tYeshak A. Dabels “Miniaturization of Chemical Identification bY Magnetoelastic Sensing (ChIMES) Technology” Southern University and A&M College, Electrical Engineering Department, (2018).\n•\tMohamed Nabil Hammad “High-Speed On-Chip Motion Estimation Co-Processor for H.265/HEVC Standard,” University of Bahrain, Computer Engineering Department, (2016).\n\nPublications\nJournal Papers\n1.\tMahmoud Darwich, Yasser Ismail, Talal Darwich, and Magdy Bayoumi” Cost Minimization of Cloud Services for On-Demand Video Streaming” Accepted to be published in SN Computer Science Springer Journal, June 2021.\n2.\tYasser Ismail, Mohamed Hammad, Mahmoud Darwichand, and Wael Elmedany “Homeland Security Video Surveillance System Utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Cities” IET Computers & Digital Technique journal, Volume 15, Issue 4, Pages: 241-319, 04 April 2021.\n3.\tWillson Meli, Fred Lacy, and Yasser Ismail “Video-Based Automated Pedestrians Counting Algorithms for Smart Cities” International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), 2020.\n4.\tAli Al Majed, Fred Lacy, and Yasser Ismail “Smart Detection Under Different Weather Conditions” International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), 2020.\n5.\tYeshak Dabels, Yasser Ismail, and Fred Lacy “CHIMES: Chemical Identification by Magneto Elastic Sensing” International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), vol. 9, issue 4, July 2020.\n6.\tOpeyemi Ojajuni, Yasser Ismail and Albertha Lawson, “Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack Detection and Mitigation for Internet of Things (IoT)” International Journal of Technology Diffusion (IJTD), 2020.\n7.\tChase Richardson, Ali Ghawwas, Yasser Ismail, Raynaud Henton, and Jiecai luo, " Multiple Smart Phones Inductive Charging Station System " International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), vol. 7, issue. 6, November 2018.\n8.\tSamar Ali, Ashraf Badawi, and Yasser Ismail, “Adaptive Multi-connection Scalable Video Coding for Wireless Area Networks,” International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS), vol. 7, issue. 3, May 2018.\n9.\tYasser Ismail, “6-DOF Robotic Arm Using Haptic Feedback Wired and Wireless Platforms,” International Journal of Computing Network Technology (IJCNT), vol. 4, issue. 2, May 2016.\n10.\tYasser Ismail, “FPGA Implementation of Fast and Efficient CODEC for H.264/AVC Real-Time Video Applications,” International Journal of Technology Diffusion (IJTD) - USA, vol. 7, issue. 1, March 2016.\n11.\tYasser Ismail, “A cost-effective Programmable SoC for H.265/HEVC Full Search Motion Estimation using Xilinx ZYNQ-7 ZC706 FPGA,” International Journal of Computing Network Technology (IJCNT), vol. 4, issue. 1, January 2016.\n12.\tYasser Ismail, Ahmed Abdelgawad, Sherif El-etriby, “High-speed on-chip multiple cosine transform generator,” Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, Springer, ISSN: 1861-8200, DOI 10.1007/s11554-015-0528-0, (print version), and ISSN: 1861-8219 (electronic version), September 2nd, 2015.\n13.\tYasser Ismail, “A complete Verification of a Full Search Motion Estimation Engine,” International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 2015. Int. J. Dig. Sys. 4, No. 4, pp. 221-232, Oct. 2015. \n14.\tYasser Ismail, “High-Speed Transform Coding on Chip for Wireless Video Surveillance Systems,” International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 2015. Int. J. Dig. Sys. 4, No. 2, pp. 81-89, Apr. – 2015. \n15.\tYasser Ismail, Wael El-Medany, Hessa Al-Junaid, and Ahmed Abdelgawad, “High-Performance Architecture for Real-time HDTV Broadcasting”, Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, Springer, Volume 11, Issue 4, pp 633–644, ISSN: 1861-8200 (print version), and ISSN: 1861-8219 (electronic version), May 27, 2014.\n16.\tYasser Ismail, “A Fast Diamond Motion Estimation Search Algorithm for Real-Time Video Applications”, International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, Dig. Sys. 3, No. 2, pp. 101-110, May 1st, 2014.\n17.\tYasser Ismail, “A Novel Lattice Architecture for High-Speed Discrete MultiTone (DMT) Modulation”, International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, Dig. Sys. 2, No. 2, pp. 11-18, April 2013.\n18.\tYasser Ismail, Jason McNeely, Mohsen Shaaban, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, “Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm Using Dynamic Models for H.264 Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (TCSVT), Volume 22, Issue 1, pp. 28 – 42, January 2012.\n19.\tSumeer Goel, Yasser Ismail, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, " High-speed Motion Estimation Architecture for Real-time Video Transmission," Oxford Journals - The Computer Journal (2012) 55(1): 35-46 first published online April 29, 2011.\n20.\tYasser Ismail, Mohsen Shaaban, Jason McNeely, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, “An Efficient Adaptive High-Speed Manipulation Architecture for Fast Variable Padding Frequency Domain Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. Volume: PP, Issue: 99, pp. 1 – 10, 2010. \n21.\tYasser Ismail, Mohamed Elgamel, and Magdy Bayoumi, “Fast Variable Padding Motion Estimation Using Smart Zero Motion Prejudgment technique for Pixel and Frequency Domains,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (TCSVT), Volume 19, Issue 5, pp. 609 – 626, May 2009.\nProject Reports\nYasser Ismail “Evaluation of Counting Device for Pedestrians and Bicyclists”, Final report (2019-2020) published by – March 2021. https://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pubs_annual_reports.html#\n\nBooks\n1.\tYasser Ismail, et al., " Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications" IntechOpen, ISBN: 978-1-78984-096-4, Website: https://www.intechopen.com/books/internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications, 2019.\n2.\tYasser Ismail and M. Bayoumi, "Smart Algorithms and Architectures for Real-Time Video Transmission," VDM Verlag, Saarbrucken, ISBN-NR.: 978-3-639-34323-6, Germany, 2011.\nBook Chapter\n1.\tBook title: Smart Algorithms and Architectures for Real-Time Video Transmission\nChapter title: Introductory Chapter: Internet of Things (IoT) Importance and Its Applications\nAuthors: Yasser Ismail\n2.\tBook title: The Future of Television - Convergence of Content and Technology \nChapter title: High-Efficient Video Transmission for HDTV Broadcasting\nAuthors: Yasser Ismail\n3.\tBook title: Search Algorithms (ISBN 980-953-307-672-5)\nChapter title: Fast Motion Estimation System Using Dynamic Models for H.264/AVC Video Coding \nAuthors: Yasser Ismail\n4.\tBook title: Search Algorithms and Applications (ISBN 978-953-307-483-2)\nChapter title: Enhanced Efficient Diamond Search Algorithm for Fast Block Motion Estimation\nAuthors: Yasser Ismail and Magdy A. Bayoumi\nConference papers\n1.\tMahmoud Darwich, Yasser Ismail, Talal Darwich, and Magdy Bayoumi “Improving Hierarchy Storage for Video Streaming in Cloud” IEEE Virtual World Forum on Internet of Things, New Orleans, 2021.\n2.\tM. Hammad, W. Elmedany and Y. Ismail, "Design and Simulation of AES S-Box Towards Data Security in Video Surveillance Using IP Core Generator," 2021 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT), 2021, pp. 469-476, doi: 10.1109/3ICT53449.2021.9581825.\n3.\tM. Hammad, W. El-medany and Y. Ismail, "Intrusion Detection System using Feature Selection With Clustering and Classification Machine Learning Algorithms on the UNSW-NB15 dataset," the 2020 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing and Technologies (3ICT), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/3ICT51146.2020.9312002.\n4.\tMahmoud Darwich, Yasser Ismail, Talal Darwich, and Magdy Bayoumi “Cost-Efficient Storage for On-Demand Video Streaming on Cloud” IEEE Virtual World Forum on Internet of Things, New Orleans, 2020.\n5.\tOpeyemi Ojajuni, Yasser Ismail, and Albertha Lawson “Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack Detection and Mitigation for Internet of Things (IoT),” 76th Joint Meeting of BKX and NIS, Beta Kappa Chi and National Institute of Science, March 28-30, 2019 - Atlanta, GA. \n6.\tY. Ismail, M. Hammad, and W. El-Medany, "Homeland Security Video Surveillance System for Smart Cities," 2018 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT), 2018, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/3ICT.2018.8855732.\n7.\tMd Anam Mahmud, Ahmed Abdelgawad, Kumar Yelamarthi, and Yasser A. Ismail, " Signal Processing Techniques for IoT-based Structural Health Monitoring," 29th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), pp: 1-5, Beirut, Lebanon, 10-13 Dec. 2017. \n8.\tA. Abdelgawad, Y. Ismail, K. Yelamarthi, "Moving Target Tracking using a Mobile Robot," IEEE International Symposium on Monitoring & Surveillance Research, June 2015.\n9.\tYasser Ismail, Wael El-Medany, Hessa Al-Junaid, and Ahmed Abdelgawad “Fast Co-Processor for Real-Time Video Transmission,” Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, ICECS, Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 945 – 949, December 8-11, 2013.\n10.\tWael El-Medany and Yasser Ismail “Mobile Learning Laboratory for Hardware Courses,” IEEE International Conference on e-Learning "Best Practices in Management, Design and Development of e-Courses: Standards of Excellence and Creativity", pp.51,54, 7-9 May 2013\n11.\tYasser Ismail and Sherif El-etriby “Fast diamond search algorithm for real-time video coding," Proc. of the IEEE Workshop ICNC, Maui, Hawaii, USA, pp. 729 – 733, 30 January 2012.\n12.\tYasser Ismail, Sherif El-etriby, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, " Frequency Domain: Efficient and High-Speed Technology For Video Transmission," Proc. of the IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SIPS), Beirut, Lebanon, pp. 278 – 282, October 2011.\n13.\tYasser Ismail and Magdy A. Bayoumi, " Efficient high-speed lattice-CORDIC IFFT architecture for DMT transmitter," Proc. of the IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SIPS), San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 151 - 155, October 6-8, 2010.\n14.\tYasser Ismail, Jason McNeely, Mohsen Shaaban, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, “A Fast-Discrete Transform Architecture for Frequency Domain Motion Estimation,” IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), San Francisco Bay Area, California, U.S.A, pp. 1249 – 1252, September 26-29, 2010.\n15.\tYasser Ismail, Jason McNeely, Mohsen Shaaban, Mohamed Elgamel, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, " An efficient area manipulation architecture for frequency domain encoding process,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2010), Paris, France, pp. 2638 – 2641, 2010.\n16.\tYasser Ismail, Mohsen Shaaban, Jason McNeely, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, “An Efficient Manipulation architecture for Real-Time Video Coding in Frequency Domain,” IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Cairo, Egypt, PP. 3281 – 3284, November 7-11, 2009.\n17.\tYasser Ismail, Jason McNeely, Mohsen Shaaban, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, “Enhanced Efficient Diamond Search Algorithm for Fast Block Motion Estimation,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2009), Taipei International Convention Center, Taiwan, pp. 3198 – 3201, 24 - 27 May 2009.\n18.\tJason McNeely, Yasser Ismail, Magdy A. Bayoumi, and Peiyi Zhao, “Power Analysis of The Huffman Decoding Tree,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), San Diego, California, U.S.A, pp. 1416 – 1419, October 12–15, 2008.\n19.\tYasser Ismail, Jason McNeely, Mohsen Shaaban, Magdy Bayoumi, "A Generalized Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm using External and Internal Stop Search Techniques for H.264 Video Coding Standard," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2008), Seattle, Washington, pp. 3574 – 3577, May 18-21, 2008.\n20.\tYasser Ismail, Mohamed Elgamel, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, "An Adaptive Block Size Phase Correlation Motion Estimation Using Smart Multireference Frames Selection in Frequency Domain," Proc. of IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, California, pp. 239 – 242, November 4-7, 2007.\n21.\tYasser Ismail, Mohamed Elgamel, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, "adaptive techniques for a fast Frequency Domain Motion Estimation," Proc. of IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SIPS), Shanghai, China, pp. 331-336, October 17-19, 2007.\n22.\tYasser Ismail, Mohamed Elgamel, and Magdy A. Bayoumi, "A Fast Block-Based Motion Estimation Using Early Stop Search Techniques for H.264/AVC Standard," Proc. of the 48th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Montreal, Canada, pp. 397 – 400, Aug 5-8, 2007.\n23.\tYasser Ismail, M. Shaaban, and M. Bayoumi, "An Adaptive Block Size Phase Correlation Motion Estimation Using Adaptive Early Search Termination Technique," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), New Orleans, pp.3423–3426, May 2007.\n24.\tJ.Luis Tecpanecatl-Xihuitl, Ruth M. Aguilar-Ponce, Yasser Ismail, and Magdy A. Bayoumi “Efficient Mutliplierless Polyphase FIR Filter based on New Distributed Arithmetic Architecture,” Proc. of IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, California, pp. 958 – 962, November 4-7, 2007.\n25.\tS. Goel, Yasser Ismail, P. Devulapalli, J. McNeely, and M. Bayoumi, “An Efficient Data Reuse Motion Estimation Engine,” Proc. of IEEE Signal Processing Systems Design and Implementation, 2006, SIPS, Banff. Canada, pp.383-386, Oct. 2006.\n26.\tS. Goel, Yasser Ismail, and M. Bayoumi, "Adaptive search window size algorithm for fast motion estimation in H.264/AVC standard," Proc. of the 48th IEEE Intl. Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Ohio, pp. 1557-1560, Aug. 2005. \nCourses developed at Southern University and A&M College\n•\tELEN 435: Image processing and Computer Vision. (Credit, 3 hours) (Lecture, 3 hours). This course is intended to teach students the concepts of visual information, feature extraction, Image enhancement in the spatial domain, Image enhancement in the frequency domain, Image restoration, Color image processing, Image compression, Morphological image processing, Image segmentation, and image representation.\n•\tELEN 464: Mechatronics. (Credit, 3 hours) (Lecture, 3 Hours) – Covers computer control of electromechanical systems, automatic data acquisition. Computerized instrumentation and testing. The embedded computer might be a combination of microprocessors, microcontrollers, personal computers, and /or programmable controllers. Students are required to test to design, assemble, and test actual systems.\n•\tMEEN 4xx: Additive Manufacturing Security & Security Framework. This course is designed for the purpose of the NSF Award Id: 1912397. It will provide students with the knowledge of Additive Manufacturing applications and how to make them more secure. Virtual Reality simulations will be used to demonstrate possible risks from cyberattacks and their consequences. \nProfessional development\n•\tProposing a Computer Engineering (CE) minor program under the Electrical Engineering (EE) program at Southern University.\n•\tABET accreditation of the Electrical Engineering (EE) program at Southern University (Fall 2021): I participated in many activities and committees to successfully get the EE program accredited.\n•\tABET accreditation of the Computer Engineering (CE) program at University of Bahrain (2016): I participated in many activities and committees to successfully get the CE program accredited.\n•\tSummer Fellow in the ONR sponsored Summer Faculty Research Program at the Naval Surface Warfare Center – Carderock Division, West Bethesda, MD, USA, 20817, June 1 – August 8, 2021.\n•\tNSF Panel Reviewer: Serve as a reviewer for NSF Panels 2019 – present. \n•\tSuccessfully passed eleven (11) weeks Machine Learning online course on Coursera website. https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning/home/welcome, 2021.\n•\tSession chair at the IEEE 7th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT 2021), 26 – 31 July 2021, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. \n•\tExternal Assessment Moderator for the CE Department at University of Bahrain (UoB), December 2020.\n•\tSession chair at the IEEE 6th World Forum on Internet of Things, 5-9 April 2020, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. \n•\tSession chair at the 63rd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2018, 2019, and 2020. \n•\tMember in the Organizing Committee of the Gulf States Math Alliance Conference held at Southern University and A&M College, February 14-16, 2020.\n•\tTrack chair at the IEEE Green Technologies Conference, April 3-6, 2019, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA.\n•\tCertificate from Quality Matters (QM) of Independent Applying the QM Rubric (APPQMR), September 20, 2019. \n•\tSupervisor of the IEEE student chapter group at Southern University and A&M College 2018 – Current.\n•\tEditorial Board Member for Frontiers of Mechatronical Engineering FME, EnPress Publisher Editorial - USA, 2018 – current.\n•\tServe on the technical program committee for MobiApps 2016 (Mobile Applications, Vienna, Austria 2016).\n•\tInvited to serve as a lead guest editor for a special issue in mobile information systems – Hindawi publishing corporation September 2016.\n•\tMember of Bahrain Society of academics 2014 – 2016. \n•\tSession chair at ICECS 2013, Abu Dhabi – UAE.\n•\tAn active member in the IEEE student chapter at the University of Louisiana (2006-2009).\n•\tMember of the Organizing Committee of ISCAS 2007 symposium, New Orleans, LA.\nSynergistic Activities \n\n•\tSchool and College Service:\no\tServe as a commencement Assistant University Marshal for the College of Sciences and Engineering (CSE) 2018 - Current\no\tElectrical Engineering Department committee member (member)\no\tThe Electrical Engineering Department assessment committee (member) Spring-2018\no\tThe IEEE Student Advisory Committee (member) Spring-2018\no\tThe Electrical Engineering Department Recruiting/Outreach Committee (Chair) Spring-2018\no\tThe Engineers Week Committee (Chair) Spring-2018\no\tThe Electrical Engineering Department Arduino Club (Chair) Fall-2018 - Current\n•\tJournal Reviewer:\no\tJournal of Real-Time Image Processing (JRTIP), Springer\no\tIEEE Transaction on Circuit and System for Video Technology (TCSVT)\no\tIEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems \no\tIEEE Transactions on Image Processing\no\tInternational Journal of Computing and Digital Systems (IJCDS)\no\tInternational Journal of Technology Diffusion (IJTD)\n•\tTechnical Conference Reviewer:\no\tSCS: University of Bahrain "Smart Cities Symposium" 22-23 April 2018\no\tISCAS: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems\no\tICASSP: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing\no\tICIP: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing\no\tSIPS: IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems\no\tGCCCE: IEEE-GCC Conference and Exhibition\no\tICECS: IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems\no\tMWSCAS: IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems\n•\tConference Organizer\no\tThe IEEE 6th World Forum on the Internet of Things (IoT) - WF-IoT 2020, New Orleans, USA, June 2nd – June 16th, Chair of Edge and Fog Computing session.\no\tThe 63rd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, August 9 -12, 2020, , MA, USA \no\tThe Gulf States Math Alliance Conference held at Southern University and A&M College, February 14-16, 2020\no\t62nd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Dallas, TX, USA, Aug. 4-7, 2019, Chair of Control Systems, Mechatronics, and Robotics session. \no\tThe IEEE Green Technologies Conference, 3-6 April, Lafayette, LA, 2019\no\tThe 9th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT 2018), Porto, Portugal May 8-11, 2018\no\tM.Sc./Ph.D. students forum Chair: IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Windsor, ON, Canada August 5th-8th, 2018\no\tServe on the technical program committee for DPNoC\'17 (International Workshop on Design and Performance of Networks on Chip 2017). August 15-18, 2016, Montreal, Quebec, Canada\no\tOrganizing Committee for IEEE ICECS 2013, Abu Dhabi, UAE\no\t Organizing Committee for IEEE ISCAS 2007, New Orleans, LA, USA\n•\tCollaborators & Other Affiliations\no\tAshok Srivastava, Louisiana State University, USA\no\tJesmin Khan, Tuskegee University, USA\no\tMagdy Bayoum, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA\no\tAhmed Abdelgawad, Central Michigan University, USA\no\tJason McNeely, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA\no\tAhmed Khattab, Cairo University, Egypt\no\tWael El-Medany, Bahrain University, Bahrain\no\tMahmoud Darwich, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA',institutionString:"Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453624",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Scerbe",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453624/images/20399_n.jpg",email:"martina.s@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7602",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55ad7d0965cba5aebe448cb43766c45e",slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",bookSignature:"Yasser Ismail",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7602.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasser",surname:"Ismail",slug:"yasser-ismail",fullName:"Yasser Ismail"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"67884",title:"Adaptation of Halophytes to Different Habitats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87056",slug:"adaptation-of-halophytes-to-different-habitats",body:'\nSoil salinity, a major abiotic stress affecting growth and plant productivity worldwide, constitutes one of the main topics of study in the field of biochemistry, and plant physiology [1, 2]. Salinity exerts various negative effects on germination, as well as on plant growth and development, including water deficit accompanied by reductions in photosynthetic activity, nutritional imbalance, ion toxicity, induction and modulation of plant hormones, and many metabolic changes leading to molecular damage due the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [3, 4]. Halophytes are plants that have the availability of survive in saline environment. They account for 1–2% flora of the world, and included both dicots and monocots [5]. Depending of their tolerance and demand for salts, halophytes can be distinguished as obligate and facultative halophytes. Obligate halophytes need salt for growth and development, whereas facultative halophytes can thrive also under strict freshwater conditions and in non-saline habitats, meanwhile that glycophytes (salt-sensitive) include most agricultural crops (Table 1) [6]. According to the environmental conditions in which they grow, halophytes are further divided into hydro-halophytes and xerohalophytes. Hydro-halophytes need aquatic conditions, or wet soil (mangroves and salt-marsh species inland or along coastlines). Xerohalophytes survive in dry habitats with saline soils (i.e., arid, semi-arid inlands with unpredictable rainfall) and are considered extremophiles when halophytes germinate and reproduce under high-salinity conditions (≥500 mM NaCl) [7, 8]. On the other hand, it bears emphasizing the widespread use currently made of halophytes as alternatives to glycophytic crops, forages and animal feeds, oilseeds and protein crops, energy crops (biofuels and fuelwood), phytoremediation, medicinal plants and other commercial products [9].
\nClassification of plants according to salinity tolerance.
In the course of evolution, halophytes (ephemeral, shrubs, and trees) have developed different mechanisms for regulating growth, development, to ensure their survival in high-salt environments (inland or coastal areas, salt marshes, dunes, and deserts) [7, 10, 11]. Halophytes need anatomical and morphological adaptations such as salt glands, salt bladders (for selective exclusion or accumulation of ions), or development of succulence (dilution of ion concentration) in the plant tissue. Adaptations at the physiological level include: the control of ion uptake, especially Na+, Cl−, and K+ by roots and transport to leaves, this maintaining the osmotic balance; the compartmentalization of ions between vacuoles, cytosol, and apoplast through H+-pump (vacuolar, and plasma membrane); biosynthesis of compatible solutes, and osmoprotectors, (proline, glycine-betaine, sugar, and polyols); the control of stomatal opening and closing; efficiency of the photosynthetic pathway; the synthesis and activation of antioxidant enzymes; the generation of nitric oxide; and the induction and modulation of plant hormones [3, 5].
\nThe adaptations mentioned above, are completed with effective strategies that allow seed germination in different habitats. Most halophytic species belong to the families Amaranthaceae and Poaceae (Table 2). Strategies such as seed banks, heteromorphism (based on seed size, weight, and time of production), dormancy, rapid germination, and capacity of recovery of germination from exposure to saline shock, provide seeds multiple opportunities to ensure the continuity of a population, and a plasticity that also provides ecological diversity [7]. It is also important to highlights the role of the seed coat, and endogenous hormones in controlling dormancy and germination [12]. Specifically, salt tolerance is also influenced by genetics and the developmental stage. Germination and flowering are sensitive stages that may be altered by an osmotic effect and/or ion toxicity. Finally, the response of the plant also depends on the type of salt, found in the soil, where the seeds germinate (e.g., NaCl, NaHCO3, and Na2SO4, etc.) [13, 14]. In several species of Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae), some species show salt-tolerance, while others use a salt-avoidance strategy at germinative level. Typical salt-tolerance is reflected by high germination percentages and/or germination rates under high salinity (e.g.,
Families which present halophytic species.
More information on halophytic species, is available at eHALOPH (http://www.sussex.ac.uk/affiliates/halophytes/), a database of halophytes plants offering data on plant type, life form, ecotypes, maximum salinity tolerance, the presence or absence of salt glands, photosynthetic pathway, antioxidant, secondary metabolites, compatible solutes, habitat, and economic use. This database can serve in the selection of halophytes with applications in phytoremediation, ecological restoration, rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems, and biosaline agriculture [16].
\nLastly, as it is unfeasible here to survey the large number of articles on dormancy and germination in halophytes published to date, this chapter summarizes only recent key studies on the mechanisms that halophytes use to germinate in the different habitats around of the world. A section on molecular aspects of some halophyte seeds has also been included.
\nThe most detailed studies on heteromorphism, seed banks, and dormancy have been studied in halophytic species from Amaranthaceae family located between Mongolia and China. Most halophytes present dimorphic and heteromorphic species, many annuals and few perennials (Table 3), as an important strategy of adapting to habitat variability [17, 18]. One of the most widely studied halophyte species, for its multiple economic and ecological uses (food, forage, bioenergy, medicine, and restoration of salinized or contaminated land) is
Heteromorphic seeds species of halophytes under saline conditions.
A more in-depth study has been conducted in the Asian species
Physiological studies have shown that larger seed size, compared with small, improves the germination percentage under saline conditions [25], and that stress conditions may provide signals, to mother plants, to produce diverse phenotypic plasticity in different environments [12]. Also, brown seeds reportedly exhibit higher amounts of phytohormones: ABA (abscisic acid), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), and ZR (zeatin-riboside) that black seeds. ABA prompts the accumulation of numerous storage proteins, which contribute in increasing the embryo size and weight in brown seeds under salt stress [26]. On the other hand, the phosphatidylglycerol (PG), a glycerophospholipid, improves salt tolerance in seeds by boosting the production of unsatured fatty acids (allowing greater membrane fluidity). The overexpressed of the
Inorganic ions facilitate seed germination by improving imbibition (by decreasing seeds water potential), prior to radicle emergence. Xu et al. found that the content in Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca2+ were higher in brown seed compared to black, as well as a higher activity of relative transporters in brown seeds [e.g., vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX), potassium transporter (HAK), chloride channel protein (CLC), Ca2+/H+ antiporter, and tonoplast (CAX)], which could explain the better germination rate. These mechanisms are involved in maintaining ionic homeostasis and improve water uptake for seeds during germination under salt stress [30].
\nHalophytes produce or accumulate more organic osmolytes (proline, betaine, soluble sugar, and polyols) and protein in their large seeds as compared with small seeds to ensure optimum germination under salt stress [31]. These osmolytes can help in osmotic adjustment, can serve as membrane protectors, may aid in ROS detoxification or may act as signaling compounds that trigger other stress-alleviation mechanisms [32]. An osmolyte frequently found in halophytes is betaine. An expression analysis of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (
Dormant seeds have a hard layer that preserves dormancy until a part of the layer breaks and becomes permeable to water, beginning the process of imbibition. The permeability of the layer in the dimorphic seeds is related to the thickness of the seed layer, which is usually lower in non-latent (tolerant) seeds compared to latent (sensitive) ones. In seeds of
In many plants, seeds banks ensure the persistence of populations and contribute to future genetic variability of the species [36, 37]. The studies by Cao et al. in the halophyte
Changes of dormancy status of black and brown seeds of
Dormancy constitutes another defense strategy to govern germination pattern and timing in different habitats, enabling adaptation to environmental changes [40]. The production of dormant seeds (small) remains in soil until the salt concentration becomes conducive to germination. In this scenario, large seeds germinate faster and are more tolerant to salt [41]. In addition, the endogenous content of hormones, ABA (abscisic acid) and gibberellins (gibberellic acid) are keys in this process. These phytohormones regulate dormancy, due their antagonistic functions, GA stimulating and ABA inhibiting this state [42]. However, the endogenous nature of these hormones is not plant species specific [12]. Low germination may be related to higher ABA sensitivity rather than the difference in ABA content among dimorphic seeds in
Although it is easier to study annual species with a shorter life cycle, woody species have also been investigated. The first report of a seed-dormancy cycle in a cold-desert shrub is in the halophyte
Germination is a critical stage in a plant’s life cycle, and soil salinity may prevent or inhibit plant development due to osmotic stress and ionic toxicity [7]. As commented above strategies for acclimatization and survival of seeds to various environmental conditions include seed banks, dormancy, and heteromorphism. Nevertheless, germination is the key stage for plant establishment in different habitats [7, 15]. In this section, a number of papers are summarized with regard to the germination of halophytes in different habitats.
\nThe facultative halophyte
Studies on salinity in halophytes are usually carried out with one type of salt; Sosa et al. have investigated
In the case of dimorphic seeds, the obligate halophyte
Song et al. have studied the strategies of adaptation of
Different germination rates have been found in two halophytes, showing different salinity tolerance, collected from various salt marshes of southern Spain.
(A) Germination percentage of
To evaluate the salt tolerance mechanisms of Egyptian
New technologies in study of seeds have helped reveal mechanisms of salinity tolerance in halophytes. Seeds of many coastal plants can survive exposure to seawater and may be dispersed long distances by the ocean. Guja et al. studied natural plant populations in coastal Holocene sand-dune communities near Perth, Western Australia, and collected mature seeds of
Prior to germination, the accumulation of osmolytes in seeds grown under saline conditions lowers the water potential of seeds and facilitates imbibition (uptake water from soil) and rapid germination. These osmolytes include free sugars (mannitol, pinitol), proline, betaine, starch, and ions (Na+, Cl) [14, 55]. Chlorophyll accumulation in dry and imbibed seeds and oxygen production in the embryos of some halophytes may provide energy for the germination stage. In addition, nitrates provided to seeds by maternal plants, may act as signaling molecules to enhance the germination response [20, 56, 57]. Another vital element is calcium. The beneficial effect of Ca2+ treatment are attributed mainly to both reducing the rate of Na+ uptake by roots resulting from blockage of non-selective cation channels (NSCC) by millimolar Ca2+ concentrations, as well as to its ability to prevent NaCl− induced K+ leak via outward-rectifying channels [58]. Calcium also operates as a second messenger, in both SOS (salt overly sensitive), and ABA signal pathway. Salt-tolerant genotypes appear to have a larger population of Ca+2-sensitive NSCC channels [8, 59].
\nPhytohormones play a fundamental role in seed germination under saline conditions, with ABA and GA acting as key molecules in the dormancy/germination cycle. The kinetics of ABA and GA during germination in dimorphic seeds of
At the biochemical and molecular level, several genes are strongly induced by NaCl and are involved in the regulation of seed germination through ABA-GA crosstalk during salt stress [60]. A negative regulation of GA and positive biogenesis of ABA is induced by NaCl. Under saline conditions, the ABA level increases several fold due to a stronger expression of genes
Light and temperature, as well as water potential, are key environmental signals that can regulate the time of seed germination, which in turn controls seedling emergence and survival [63]. Agricultural crops tend to germinate in darkness, due to the domestication of species for crop production, whereas halophytic seeds growing in the wild are accustomed to germinating in the light. This is especially critical in the dimorphic seeds, where size may also be related to light. In
Temperature also interacts with salinity and affects seed germination. For example, in
Seed germination recovery ability is a vital adaptive trait for the successful establishment and dispersal of halophytic plants in their native ecosystem. In a Mediterranean climate (warm winters, sunny days year round, and a rainy autumn), seed germination in saline environments usually occurs during spring or a season with high precipitation, when soil-salinity levels are lowered. The capacity of seed dormancy when the soil-water potentials are low, together with the recovery of the germination when the stressful conditions are alleviated, indicate ecological features crucial for the survival of these plants [67]. Pujol et al. studied the recovery of germination in four halophytes of southeastern Spain (the perennials
A broader study has been conducted by Shen et al. on six forage species (
The annual halophyte
Proteomic, metabolomic, and ionomics studies have been made in many halophytes, in order to understand better the mechanisms of salinity tolerance, focusing the investigation specifically in whole-plants (leaves and roots) [5]. On the other hand, the majority of molecular studies have been made on the model plants
Fukuhara et al. have investigated the latency/germination cycle of seeds of
The extremophile
In plants, Halliwell-Asada cycle serve to avoid an excess of ROS, which could damage vital cell components (e.g., AND, membrane lipids, and proteins), and recycles antioxidant systems [78]. Key enzymatic systems include ascorbate peroxidase (APX) an enzyme that eliminates H2O2. The function, as well as molecular, and regulatory mechanisms of APX in
In the last years, transcriptomic profiles of some halophytic plants have been carried out by various research groups. The transcriptome dataset permits a better understand of functional genomics in halophytic seeds. Xu et al. realized transcriptomic profiling of genes in matured dimorphic seeds of euhalophyte
Transcriptomic profiling of some genes in maturated dimorphic seeds of
At molecular level, of halophyte
Finally, another widely studied halophyte is
This chapter has reviewed the current status of halophytes about the adaptive strategies used to survive in a large heterogeneity of habitats. Phenotypic plasticity, the presence of heteromorphic seeds, persistent and/or transient seed banks, and the cycle of dormancy/germination regulated by ABA and GAs allow ecological diversity, and the most germination appropriate time to achieve success in their survival. The rapid germination and recovery of germination, after drought and saline stress, ensure the propagation of their later generation in areas with varied climatic conditions. These strategies convert halophytes in a viable commercial alternative in countries where the severe climatic conditions do not allow a conventional agriculture, recover degraded lands thanks to phytoremediation action of these plants, and transfer of resistance genes to sensitive agricultural crops, for a better adaptation to abiotic stress. These achievements can help palliate worldwide problems concerning food, ecology, and health, in XXI century.
\nThe majority of raw materials used today derived from non-renewable sources such as coal and petroleum. This caused many drawbacks such as a severe depletion of non-renewable resources, continuous growth in petroleum prices, environmental impact with the rise in the emission of greenhouse gases, and accumulation of non-biodegradable waste on earth [1, 2, 3]. Currently, major global attention has shifted to other sources, for many reasons such as, need for enormous novel and sustainable material resources; supplement, reuse, and replace of petroleum-based polymeric materials; biodegradability of materials to prevent a buildup of waste; the toxicity associated with the preparation, usage, and environmental safety. Therefore, the utilization of natural resources as alternatives for petroleum-based products has been increased (Figure 1).
Worldwide use of renewable resources for materials in 2008.
Consequently, some new terms have been developed, such as green, environmentally benign, biodegradable … etc. Therefore, polymers are referred “green” if they exhibit one or more of the following properties: source renewability, biodegradability, composability after end of the life and environmentally friendly processing [3, 4].
Many materials can be categorized under this term such as:
Biopolymers: Biodegradable polymers (From biopolymers or petropolymers).
Recyclable polymers: (From biopolymers or petropolymers).
Polymers from renewable resources: The input materials for the production of these polymers may be either renewable (based on agricultural plant or animal products) or synthetic (derived from or based on petroleum crude oil).
Sustainable polymers from renewable resources can be prepared through chemical modification of natural polymers, such as cellulose, starch, chitin, etc. Bio-based polymers also synthesized through a two-step process from biomass (lignin, cellulose, starch, plant oils) [5, 6, 7]. Carbohydrates are the most prominent raw materials for industrial chemicals as they account for around 95% of annually produced biomass. The conversion methods including chemical and biological methods, direct extraction and selected technological advancements will be discussed. Furthermore, the application of green polymers in some petroleum processes also will be investigated.
Macromolecules which are produced by living organisms and given the term biopolymers have numerous functions. Some of them, as DNA molecule, have so specific functions in information storing and convey. Others are formed in considerable level (scale) and offer protection in the form of hard shells or structural integrity [8, 9, 10, 11]. These ‘structural’ biopolymers symbolize a various range of chemical functionality and compositions and can be largely categorized as polysaccharides, triglycerides, polypeptides (Figure 2). As general, all biopolymers are green but not all green polymers are derived from natural sources, there are green synthetic polymers such as polyesters and some green polymers are derived from crude oil such as polycaprolactam (PCL) (Figure 3).
Different types of biopolymers.
Classification of green polymers.
The green polymers show superior and unique properties incomparable to other materials, these properties are [12, 13, 14]:
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The green chemistry concept, which was initiated in the 1990, is linked to the term green economy. Both terms aim to minimize the claim for energy and resources, lessen wastes, avoid ecological pollution and hazards, reduce greenhouse gas release, optimize industrialization processes, and establish efficient recycling of wastes [15, 16, 17]. These elements are essential parts of sustainable chemistry.
Important green principles of polymer production handle the following issues [18, 19]:
High resource usefulness and elevated atom economy, capitalizing the content of raw materials in the manufactured goods.
Clean and lean production processes, preventing wastes and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
High safety criteria.
Secondary substances use like blocking groups, and organic solvents are not recommended.
No healthiness and ecological hazards by eliminating toxicity.
High-energy efficiency of materials’ manufacturing and applications.
Utilization of renewable resources and renewable energy.
Low carbon footprint.
Controlled product lifecycles with useful and effective waste recycling.
However, the properties of biopolymers are strongly influenced by their source. Visibly, the structure and characteristics of a polysaccharide are totally different from a polypeptide. Even so, there can still be spectacular variation in properties of a single biopolymer, depending on the species that produce it. A typical model of this natural variability is alginate, which is an extract from seaweed. Alginate is a linear copolymer of α-L-guluronate and β-D-mannuronate and the segments are not random copolymers but contain blocks of alternating or identical monomers. The strength of this biopolymer count on its composition, which varies significantly between different species and growth environment as well as within different parts of the original plant (Figure 4).
Alginate from different sources.
Gel or viscous solutions formation is one of the most attractive features about green polymers; a lot of them form viscous solutions or gel in water due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding formation (Figure 5). This specific property used widely in different industries to control rheological properties and stability [20].
Intermolecular hydrogen bondings.
Another important feature that most green polymers possess is their high functionality, which allows versatile modification routes in order to produce endless products [12]. Extensive works are carried out to design and invent green alternative routes for effective biomass transformation to chemicals.
These modification methodologies depend on the nature of the functional group(s), distribution of these functionalities within the polymer chain, the nature, and the usability of the product. The most common modification procedures involve esterification, ethoxylation, depolymerization, amination, etherification … etc. [21]. The next sections include thorough review for modification of green polymers for utilization in different petroleum sectors. They are categorized according to the stage they are applied in – as in Table 1.
The stage | The chemical applied |
---|---|
Production | Drilling fluids |
Transport | Demulsifiers – Corrosion inhibitors – Coating materials Oil sorbers – Oil spill dispersants |
Refinery | Corrosion inhibitors Coating materials |
Utilization of green polymers in the petroleum sector.
The expression drilling mud implies to fluids, which are used to save up well control and transport drill cuttings from the boreholes to the surface. In the drilling process, the fluid is pumped from the surface, down the drill string, through the bit, and back to the surface via the annulus. Drilling mud constitutes an essential part of the drilling process. The appropriate fluid selection is controlled by drilling performance, expected well condition, the safety of workers, cost, and mud cuttings discarding [22]. Drilling muds must be verbalized to eliminate problems associated with formation damage, well chemistry, and other well disturbances. Choosing suitable drilling fluids and control of their properties within desirable ranges are pivotal aspects of successful oil well drilling [23]. Drilling muds are mainly composed of liquid (i.e., water, oil, or brine) and solid materials (i.e., clay, polymer, barite, and additives). The main types of drilling muds are illustrated in Figure 6.
Different types of drilling muds.
There are many green polymers used as thickening agents in drilling mud formulation as either single materials or a blend of components. These include Polyethylene glycol [24], Carboxymethyl cellulose [25, 26], combination of cellulose and clay [27], amide modified polysaccharide [28], cellulose nanofibril [29], chitosan [30]. Based on their superior thickening properties, Green gums were used are excellent candidates in drilling fluid designs. In this regard, Guar gum was used during drilling operations as a first-rate additive for mud systems because of its unique properties. These properties include, but are not exclusive to, loss control agent, viscosifiers and polymer [31, 32].
Xanthan gum has used as a highly beneficial drilling mud additive that reduces related well instabilities [33, 34]. Xanthan gum also, can be used in other applications such as an emulsifier, stabilizer (in some cases), a thickener for mud systems and suspending agent [34, 35, 36, 37].
Moreover, other natural water-insoluble cellulosic materials; peanut hulls, bagasse, and sawdust were investigated as lost circulation control materials [38]. The chemical composition of these materials is given in Table 2; the data revealed that Peanut hulls have the best results relative to bagasse and sawdust as they have 60% crude fiber and the least content of cellulose.
The material | Chemical composition |
---|---|
Peanut hulls | Cellulose (25%), Crude fiber (60%), Water (8%), Protein (6%), Ash (2%), and Fat (1%) |
Bagasse | Cellulose (55%), Hemicellulose (25%), Lignin (24%), Ash (4%), and waxes (1%) |
Saw dust | Cellulose (58.2%), Lignin (28.4%), Moisture (4.8), and Ash (0.21%). |
Chemical composition of some cellulosic materials [38].
Furthermore, some mixed green formulations were applied as thickening agents such as Sulfonate-containing polymer/polyanionic cellulose [39], sulphone crosslinked galactomannans [40].
Olatunde et al. [41] introduced a blended water-based drilling fluid based on guar gum, bentonite, polyanionic cellulose (PAC) and arabic gum. The rheological behavior and the filtration loss property of each drilling fluid developed were measured using API standard procedures. Guar gum showed the highest gel strength and the best stable rheological properties. The rheological properties of borate-guar gum crosslinked fluids were studied by Oscar [42] and he found that anionic galactomannans, which are derived from guar gum suitable as thickeners. They are capable of enhancing viscosities when used either alone or in combination with a cationic polymer and distributed in a solvent.
The process of crude oil formation is usually associated by incorporation of salty water within the crude. This formation water constitutes very drastic water-in-oil emulsions, which affect the production process and causes corrosion to the production facilities and equipment. Therefore, crude oil free of water is a significant demand for oil and gas treatment. The demuslification process is a stepwise process starts removing the natural stabilizing agents that present in the crude oil (asphaltenes), then replacing them with demulsifiers which allow water droplets to approach each other and coalescence into bigger and bigger droplets which finally leads to separation of the emulsion into two phases (Figure 7).
Demulsification process.
Environmental restrictions limit the use of most traditional demulsifiers despite of its effectiveness in breaking (W/O) emulsions. Since most traditional demulsifiers are pollutive and have high environmental hazards, green demulsifiers have been applied to break down petroleum emulsions. In this regard, Abu-Bakar and Aliyu [43] investigated plant extracts of some vegetable oils such as the coconut, olive oils, and green tea as effective environmentally friendly W/O demulsifiers. The plant extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction method while the vegetable oil (triglycerides) was obtained from coconut oil (100%), the compositions, and the purity of the extracts and the vegetable oils were determined by gas chromatography (GC) while the non-toxic effect of the tested demulsifiers was proved by potential toxicity tests. The demulsification efficiency of the investigated green demulsifiers was confirmed via bottle tests, the data revealed that the green tea extract and olive oil separated lesser amount of water than the coconut oil for all W/O emulsion samples. Moreover, Abdulraheim [44] developed chitosan-based nonionic surfactants by modification of chitosan (chemically) via esterification then etherification to produce ether amides surfactants (Figure 8). The synthesized surfactants were characterized by IR spectroscopy and their thermal properties were investigated. Furthermore, the surface properties of these surfactants were calculated through surface tension measurements at different temperatures and the demulsification efficiency of the prepared surfactants was verified under different conditions. Viscosity of the crude oil before and after demulsification was used as a parameter for demulsification process. Moreover, the demulsification process was monitored by using the optical microscope. Cellulosic materials were extensively used as bases for green demulsifiers for crude oil emulsion. Regarding this, cellulose was separated from saw dust and depolymerized into pure glucose, which is modified into nonionic surfactants via esterification then etherification, Abdel-Raouf et al. [45]. The surface properties of the synthesized surfactants were verified under different conditions. The demulsification efficiency of the prepared demulsifiers was verified for breaking two types of crude oil (light and heavy crudes) at different conditions of aqueous phase [46]. The data revealed that the light crude was more easily demulsified than the heavy crude, besides that, changes in pH or salinity of the aqueous phase of the emulsion enhance its stability and decrease the demulsification efficiency of the applied demulsifiers.
Chemical modification of chitosan into nonionic surfactants.
Furthermore, a number of glucose fatty ester ethoxylates were prepared and tested as demulsifiers for oil sludge (Figure 9). Results showed that the prepared demulsifiers achieved about 90% water separation from the sludge after 6 h of injection. The hydrocarbon composition of oil phase recovered from the treated sludge was determined.
Synthesis of ethoxylated glucose fatty esters.
The oil phase was rich in low molecular weight hydrocarbons this is also an indication of their efficiency as demulsifiers for petroleum sludge [47]. Zhang and Merchant [48] prepared nonionic saccharide surfactants with an amide group linking hydrophilic saccharide segment to hydrophobic alkyl segment and investigated their surface-active properties (Figure 10). The surface properties of these surfactants were studied versus the length of hydrophobic and hydrophilic and the obtained data was interrelated to structural variation in the saccharide surfactants. Roostaie et al. [49] used some cellulose, ethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, at different viscosity grades, and the blend of ethylcellulose and ethoxylated coco amine to break the crude oil emulsion through bottle test. According to the obtained results, ethylcellulose was very efficient in breaking emulsion but with slow dehydration rate, which is the main weakness of that agent. Finally, the effect of temperature, agent composition, and demulsifier amount on the dehydration capacity and rate of selected agents were evaluated. Three unrefined fatty oils were used as sources for demulsifiers. The hydrolyzed form of each type of oil was adducted with maleic anhydride then modified by esterification with polyethylene glycols or ethyleneoxide-propyleneoxide block copolymers. The demulsification efficiency, coalescence rate, some surface active, thermodynamic properties, and partition coefficient of a selected demulsifier were investigated [50].
The chemical structures of three water-soluble chemically modified guar derivatives with different functional lateral groups.
Atta and Elsaeed [51] prepared some nonionic polymeric surfactants from rosin by esterification of it with different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol to produce rosin ester surfactants. The surfactants were tested as sludge dispersants via viscosity measurements of sludge crude oil mixtures at different times.
Demulsifiers from green non-bio polymers were also prepared. A series of propylene oxide (PO) ethylene oxide (EO) block copolymers with different EO/PO ratios and molecular weights have been synthesized and tested for their demulsification potency in breaking water-in-benzene emulsions stabilized by asphaltenes. The demulsification competence of the prepared surfactants was studied versus the change in molecular weight and HLB, the data revealed that the amounts of separated water are directly proportional to both of them., also the effects of temperature, NaCl concentration (salinity), pH value, and solvents on the demulsification effectiveness were thoroughly inspected [52, 53].
Dalmazzone and Noïk [54] performed large screening of different chemicals that could be used as demulsifiers for oil production by classical bottle tests. Silicone derivatives were proved as effective demulsifiers in breaking two types of emulsions come from an asphaltenic and a paraffinic crude oil. According to this first round study, silicone demulsifiers appeared as good candidates for the further development of new green formulations for oil production and demulsification. Alsabagh et al. [55] studied the demulsification process of Water-in-oil emulsion at petroleum field using some demulsifiers derived from propylene and polyethylene oxides. The data revealed that the chemical structures, which containing propylene oxide, might play a vital role to ease and enhance the demulsification competence and that rising of the surfactant dosage (100–600 ppm) decreases the time taken for complete water separation.
Corrosion is a severe engineering problem in this current era of industrial evolution, which causes economic losses and irreversible damage to metallic structures [56]. Figure 11 illustrates the electrochemical corrosion process. Several efforts have been made to control the destructive effects of corrosion using several preventive methodologies.
Representation of electrochemical corrosion.
Corrosion inhibitors are essential petroleum additives during transport and refinery stages. In general, corrosion inhibition technology uses more than one of the following techniques:
Adopting metals with materials that improve the surface corrosion-resistant during the corrosion course of action
Addition of corrosion inhibitors that shield the surface of the metal and prevent reaction with oxidizing agents
Deposition of reactive coatings
Many green inhibitors have been developed, which are safe, biodegradable, eco-friendly and have proven effectiveness in controlling the corrosion of different metallic equipments and facilities made from steel, mild steel, stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, steel in concrete structures, carbon steel, AA5083 Al-Mg alloy, nickel and zinc [57]. The use of inhibitors for the control of corrosion of metals and alloys, which are in contact with an aggressive environment, is highly recommended [58, 59]. The general requirements for selection of a proper inhibitor are illustrated in Figure 12.
General requirements for corrosion inhibitors selection.
The inhibitors are absorbed on the metal surface and suppress the corrosion. They are classified as cathodic, anodic and mixed type inhibitors, depending upon whether the inhibitor affects the anodic metal dissolution reaction or the cathodic oxygen reduction in near-neutral solutions or hydrogen discharge reaction in acid solutions [60]. Great numbers of organic compounds have been studied to investigate their corrosion inhibition potential [61, 62, 63, 64].
All these studies have revealed that organic compounds particularly those with N, S, and O show significant inhibition efficiency. Plant extracts and organic species have become important as an environmentally acceptable, readily obtainable and renewable source for wide range of inhibitors [65, 66, 67].
The most common green polymers that can be made into corrosion inhibitor formulations are cellulose and cellulose derivatives, chitosan, fatty acids and alcohols, guar gum and starch. They can be used either in their original forms or chemically modified or blended in different formulations or as nanocomposites. This variability leads to countless designs of green inhibitors. Therefore, the most effective designs are summarized in Table 3.
Inhibitor system | Type of substrate/Corrosive medium | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Saturated waxy fatty acids and waxy fatty alcohols. | carbon steel/1 M HCl-hydrogen sulfide brine | [68] |
Chitosan/Chitosan derivatives: | ||
Chitosan | Mild steel/0.1 M HCl | [69] |
Chitosan | Copper/0.5 M HCl | [70] |
Carboxymethyl chitosan Cu2+ | Mild steel/1 M HCl | [71] |
Acetyl–thiourea–chitosan conjugate polymer | Mild steel/0.5 M H2SO4 | [72] |
β-Cyclodextrin modified natural chitosan | Low carbon steel/0.5 M HCl | [73] |
Modified chitosan surfactants | API 65 pipeline steel/1 M HCl | [74] |
Mild steel/1 M HCl | [75] | |
Starch and its derivatives: | ||
Activated and carboxymethylated starch cassava starch | XC35 carbon steel/Alkaline 200 mg/l NaCl | [76] |
Tapioca starch | AA6061 alloy/seawater | [77] |
Acryl amide grafted cassava starch | Cold rolled steel/1 M H2SO4 | [78] |
Cassava starch | Mild steel in 1 M HCl | [76] |
Exudates gums: | ||
Gum Arabic | Aluminum/mild steel/0.1 M H2SO4 | [79] |
Guar gum | Carbon steel (L-52 grade) 1 M H2SO4 containing NaCl | [80] |
Cellulose and its derivatives: | ||
Ethoxylated oligoglucose surfactants | X-65 carbon steel in 1 M HCl | [81] |
Hydroxyethyl cellulose | Mild steel in 1 M HCl | [82] |
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose | Mild steel in 1 M HCl | [83] |
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in combination with potassium halides (KCl, KBr, KI) | Mild steel (AISI 1005 grade)/2 M H2SO | [84] |
The most effective inhibitor formulations based on biopolymers.
The bigger size and the greater number of characteristic anchoring groups of polymeric corrosion inhibitors afforded superior performance. These functional groups facilitate the adsorption on the surface of metal and coat greatly more surface than the matching repeating units.
Therefore, efficient protection operation is influenced by the corrosion alleviation properties of polymers such as molecular weight, molecular size, composition, and nature of the anchoring groups. However, corrosion inhibitors from green non-biopolymers are well known. Organic inhibitors have been the most extensively used in petroleum refining processes because of their ability to form a shielding layer on the metal surface in media with high hydrocarbons content. Currently there are many of organic inhibitors belonging to diverse chemical families i.e. fatty amides [85, 86], pyridines [64, 87], imidazolines [68, 88, 89, 90] and other 1, 3-azoles [91, 92, 93] and polymers [94] have showed outstanding performance as CIs (Table 4).
Structural groups of green non-biopolymer inhibitors.
Moreover, protonated polyanilines were identified as a pioneer corrosion inhibitor in acid for a number of metals of the last century. Also, polyanilines as anticorrosive coatings were reported by several authors [95].
Most aniline-based polymeric materials show efficient inhibition due to their good of adhesion on the surface of metals. The metal/polymer interactions are mostly of hydrogen-bridge type or secondary interaction due to dispersion, dipole interactions, or van der Waals forces. Polyethylene terephthalate waste was modified into powerful corrosion inhibitors for API XL65 carbon steel, in a solution of 2 M HCl [96].
Amines polymer are superb corrosion inhibitors for iron in acid solutions. Jeyaprabha et al. [97, 98] investigated the corrosion inhibition act of poly(diphenylamine) and poly(aminoquinone) on iron in 0.5 M H2SO4. Other imine- and amide-based polymers have been employed as potent corrosion inhibitors for different metallic systems [99, 100, 101].
A coating material is an anticorrosion agent applied in the form of a thin layer covering the metallic surface. The selected coating materials shall be appropriate for the intended use and shall be chosen after verifying the following properties:
Corrosion protective properties
Product impact on public health and the environment
Properties related to application conditions, equipment, and people.
Availability and economics
Based on the above-mentioned criteria, green polymers specially biopolymers are excellent candidates for coating formulations. In the last few years, cellulose-based materials (sp. Nano and micro cellulose) have recognized themselves among the most frequently used materials for superhydrophobic coatings.
In this regard, A number of polyurethane nanocrystalline cellulose composite (PNCCC) and polyurethane micro-powdered cellulose composite (PMPCC) coatings were prepared with various loading levels of NCC and MPC, these coatings were applied onto the pretreated mild steel substrate at room temperature. The results showed that the NCC and MPC affected positively on the properties of the polyurethane coating [102].
Cleide et al. [103] studied the effect of aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS), cellulose and polyaniline emeraldine-salt (PAni ES) as an additives to epoxy coating on the corrosion protection of mild steel. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) functionalized or not with PAni ES were used and compared. The coating properties were checked by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), salt spray test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface of the carbon steel, after 1000 h of exposure, did not present evidence of surface corrosion. Polymer coatings using CNW and PAni ES displayed amended corrosion protection properties even after 90 days of immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.
Another series of epoxy resin-based nanocomposites were prepared in the form of coatings with different amounts of NC loadings, and the coatings were applied onto mild steel at room temperature. The corrosion protection properties of the coated mild steel substrates immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution were studied relatively by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that all of the nanocomposite coatings with NC clearly influenced the epoxy-diamine liquid pre-polymer, both physically and chemically [104].
Lignin occupies the second rank in most widespread organic polymer. It contains benzyl alcohol, carboxyl, hydroxyl, methoxyl, phenolic and aldehydic characteristic groups. Extracted alkali lignin has shown corrosion inhibition behavior on various metal alloys in HCl solutions [105].
Chitin and chitosan are nitrogen derivative of cellulose. Chitosan is polyelectrolyte (cationic type), which can gel with polyanions and form complexes with metal ions. In our work [106], Chitosan was mixed as natural organic filler with epoxy coating in various loading levels from 2–20% to get chitosan − epoxy coating composite. The corrosion resistance and the antimicrobial activity of coatings formed by chitosan and epoxy were investigated. The corrosion resistance was evaluated via a salt spray test and the antimicrobial activity of the prepared composites was investigated against different pathogens. The obtained results demonstrated that the chitosan − epoxy coating composite showed uniform and lower corrosion rates than that of absolute epoxy coating. The DMA proved that chitosan improved the viscoelastic characteristics of epoxy coating; the mechanical and chemical resistance were also enhanced with increasing chitosan. Other chitosan derivates such as acetyl thiourea, carboxymethyl, and hydroxyapatite composites were used as efficient corrosion inhibitors [107].
Rosin is another natural polymer that can be adopted into highly durable coatings. In our work [108], Ketone type derivative of rosin was synthesized by dehydrocarboxylation of isomerized abietic acid. Acid-catalyzed Diel-Alder reaction was carried out for coupling of dipimaryl ketone with maleic anhydride. The corresponding tetra glycidyl ester was obtained by epoxidation of the dipimaryl ketone. The thermal properties of the cured resins using a rosin-based crosslinker and p-phenylene diamine (a viable crosslinker) were investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and some preliminary universal coating tests. Results showed that the fully rosin-based epoxy coatings gave better performance than bisphenol-A based one. These findings and results were attributed to a liquid crystal behavior of the rosin-based crosslinker. Furthermore, a tetrafunctional rosin-based epoxy was prepared and cured with either rosin-based hardener or common phenylene diamine to study the viability of creating high performance thermosetting polymer from a renewable resource. The analytical results indicate that fully bio-based epoxy system holds high glass transition temperature (Tg), high modulus (G`) and enhanced thermal stability [109].
Additional biopolymers such as vegetable oils [110] and Fatty acids [111] have been modified into successful coating formulations. However, other green polymers such as polyesters, polyester amides, polyether amides – (Figure 13) – have been used as coatings by many authors [112, 113, 114].
Some green polymers used in coating formulations.
Over the past few decades, there have been many oil spill accidents. These accidents occurred during the extraction, transportation, and storage of oil, The spilled oil significantly affects the marine ecological system and the surrounding environment [115, 116]. Oil spill accidents have commended scientists all over the world to advance instant cleaning technology to treat oil spill disasters. Therefore, the removal of spilled oil from water resources is a very worthy matter.
The increased environmental awareness pushed the efforts towards inexpensive, non-toxic and biologically degradable compounds along with diverse biomasses to make multi-sized materials, sponges/aerogel, membranes, etc. for the remediation of oil spill [117]. Generally, there are two methodologies for oil spill remediation; Dispersion and/or recovery of the spilled oil (Figure 14).
Oil spill treatment processes based on oil dispersion or oil recovery.
The selection of the suitable method for oil spill control is dependent on the nature of the spilled oil, its location and the surrounding conditions [118]. When oil sorbents were chosen as a treatment method, environmental designs are required. However, the growing global inhabitant’s rate has enlarged the rate of food consuming, producing immense amounts of biological waste. Therefore, the sensible solution is to consume such easily biodegradable waste or biomass to make cheap sorbent materials with higher oil uptake capability that is simple to scale up for the removal of an oil spill, rather than toxic chemicals. The most important natural polymer applied as oil sorbents or modified into gel structures are provided in Table 5.
Raw material | Oil sorption (g/g) | Recovery cycling | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Lignin | 2–4 | 5 (Gasoline) | [119] |
Cellulose foam | 9–24 | 15(paraffin and motor oil) | [120] |
Cotton | 25–50 | 10 (n-Hexane and chloroform) | [121] |
Chitosan | 14–30 | 15 (different organic solvents) | [122] |
Cellulose nanofibers | 80–190 | 10 (Constant absorbency) | [123] |
Cellulose acetate | 15–30 | 10 (Constant absorbency) | [124] |
Cellulose acrylate | 15–30 | Differ according to oil phases | [125] |
The most common natural polymers used as oil sorbers.
Beside our previous works concerning the utilization of natural polymers as oil sorbents, we paid some attention for modifying some plastic wastes into effective oil sorbents for oil spill remediation. In this context, polymeric sorbents based on polystyrene waste were prepared and evaluated as sorbents for different oil phases under different application conditions. These sorbents are synthesized through radical polymerization of p-CMS with styrene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator. The oil uptake of organogel was determined through oil absorption tests; the highest oil absorbencies were 82.6, 74.4, 46.7, and 38.1 g/g in N,N-dimethyl formamide, CHCl3, toluene, and diesel, respectively [126].
Addition of some chemical agents to breakdown the spilled oil into tiny particles to facilitate the process of biodegradation is another treatment mean for spilled oil. The proposed mechanism of dispersants action is illustrated in Figure 15.
Proposed mechanism of action of dispersants.
Therefore, utilization of natural polymers in dispersant formulation is highly required. Generally, all multifunctional biopolymers can be modified into dispersants due to their high functionality. Water-soluble surfactants based on rosin acids were prepared from condensed rosin acid-formaldehyde, which esterified with different poly (ethylene glycol) chains into rosin esters. The dispersion effectiveness of the prepared surfactants as oil spill dispersants was investigated and linked with the surface activity, concentrations of the surfactants and type of petroleum crude oil. Additionally, Xanthan gum formulation comprised of Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters (48%), bis (2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt (35%) and Xanthan Gum was applied as a dispersant for crude oil with dispersion efficiency more than 50% [127]. Some Octyl carboxymethyl chitosan as a green polymer was applied as a dispersant for waxy crude and fresh asphaltic crude with more than 90% dispersion efficacy [128]. Our environmental awareness has been extended to oil spill treatment. In this context, our attention was paid for chemical recycling of plastic wastes such as poly ethylene terephthalate into effective dispersants [129]. Moreover, green some poly oxyethylenated pentaerythritol (PE) ester surfactants have been synthesized and investigated as oil spill dispersants. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the investigated esters was studied at various conditions in order to explore their usability as oil spill dispersants. The data revealed that the investigated esters were very efficient as dispersing agents and they were completely biodegraded after 8 days [130].
The greatest challenge with the industrial development that is a rocket rising is to maintain the environment and develop environmentally benign multi-purpose materials especially hose designed for the petroleum sector. The sustainability of these materials is guaranteed as they are constructed from natural polymers. The future concern is concentrated on the following points:
Increasing the effectiveness of the present formulations
Modifying the functionality such that a single product can achieve several functions simultaneously with the same efficiency.
Massive production of the most successful formulation in order to minimize the production cost.
Establishing green synthetic routes that produce minimal or no wastes and consumes the least energy
Our future concern is to explore more products derived from natural polymers, mainly cellulose and cellulose derivatives, as it is the most abundant biopolymer to be used as multi-purpose products in the petroleum sector and to overcome the disadvantages of the currently applied formulations such as improper mechanical properties, decreased efficiency at higher temperature or at elevated salt concentration. Our current research is the synthesis of cellulose nanocomposites as demulsifiers for petroleum sludge at ambient temperature. The breaking down of sludge requires sophisticated methodology, and the introduction of efficient demulsifiers to recover the oil from the sludge without heating will greatly reduce the sludge treatment costs. So, our future work will be extended on developing new organic–inorganic nanocomposites to increase the effectiveness of the working agents so as to double its surface area and to include inorganic core material inside a polymer shell to build up nanoparticles of a proper size.
Petroleum is the first and most important energy source. Therefore, the petroleum industry is rapidly growing and necessitates great attention. At the same time, the green chemistry concept is linked to this industry such that most if not all the materials used in this sector become green material. The concept ‘green’ was demonstrated and the difference between biomaterial and green material is discussed. The advantages of the green materials were mentioned. Moreover, the materials utilized in the petroleum sector were categorized according to the stage of application. Some products such as corrosion inhibitors and coating materials can be used in more than one stage. Furthermore, corrosion inhibitors perform the same function but differ in application methodology. The difference between the oil sorbers and the oil spill dispersant was discussed and the need for each category was identified. The green polymers included in this work are tabulated in Table 6.
The additive | The biopolymers | The non-biopolymers | Blended formulation |
---|---|---|---|
Drilling fluids | Carboxymethyl cellulose, amide modified polysaccharide, cellulose nanofibril, chitosan, guar gum, xanthan gum, peanut hulls, bagasse, saw dust | Polyethylene glycol, | bentonite, guar gum, polyanionic cellulose PAC and gum arabic. borate-guar gum |
Demulsifiers | Green tea and some vegetable oils, ether amide chitosan surfactants, glucose esters, micro crystalline cellulose, ethyl cellulose, fatty oils, rosin | Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers Silicone derivatives | |
Corrosion inhibitors | Cellulose derivatives, chitosan, fatty acids, guar gum, starch, | Pyridine, imidazolines, 1,3 azoles, polyanilines, Poly ethylene terephthalate, | Poly(minoquinone) and poly(diphenyl amine) |
Coating materials | Nano and microcellulose, lignin, chitin and chitosan, rosin, vegetable oils, fatty acids | epoxy resin-based nanocomposite, polyesters, poly amides, polyether amides | Polyurethane nanocrystalline cellulose composite, aminopropyl triethoxy silane, polyaniline emeraldine salt, chitosan blended with epoxy coating |
Oil sorbers | Lignin, cellulose foam, cotton, chitosan, cellulose derivatives | poly styrene-co-p-chloromethyl styrene | |
Oil spill dispersants | Rosin esters, xanthan gum, octyl carboxymethyl chitosan | Polyethylene terephthalate, oxyethylenated pentaerthyritol quadric esters | Tween 80, bis (2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate sodium salt and Xanthan Gum |
The green polymer reviewed in this work.
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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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