\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5484",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biology of Myelomonocytic Cells",title:"Biology of Myelomonocytic Cells",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Myelomonocytes are the multipotent cells in the stage of blood cell differentiation, which mainly comprise blood monocytes, tissue macrophages and subset of dendritic cells. Actually, their position and ability of judgement of the health of tissue or organ environment are the key initiators of tissue-specific immune response in a local and global fashion. Interestingly, the morpho-functional aspects of this group of cells vary to a wide range with their positional diversity. Their ability to communicate or represent the tissue microenvironment to the peripheral immune system and efficiency to engage the system to effector activation hold the key for a successful immune endeavour. The present volume shows some glimpses of such an extensive area of current immunology research.",isbn:"978-953-51-3124-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3123-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4844-9",doi:"10.5772/63122",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"biology-of-myelomonocytic-cells",numberOfPages:172,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"861561e42fe02bd42af3082330cecf99",bookSignature:"Anirban Ghosh",publishedDate:"May 10th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5484.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14215,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:85,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 26th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 17th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"46516",title:"Dr.",name:"Anirban",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"anirban-ghosh",fullName:"Anirban Ghosh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/46516/images/1841_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anirban Ghosh completed his M.Sc in Zoology from University of Calcutta in 2000 and started his research in the Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER) on brain tumor and glioma immunology. He achieved Junior Research Fellowship from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India after qualifying the National Eligibility Test (NET) and completed his Ph.D as Senior Research Fellow in 2007 under the guidance of Prof. Swapna Chaudhuri now at School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India. From 2006 onwards, he is engaged in teaching in Zoology at Panihati Mahavidyalaya and acts as invited faculty in M.Sc and M.Phil courses on Immunology in Calcutta University and West Bengal State University. He is presently involved in research on neuroimmunology, particularly role of microglia in development and disease. He is acting as Principal Investigator of Research Projects from different funding Agencies of govt of India like UGC, CSIR, SERB and ICMR. He is also acting reviewers of different research journals, supervising Ph.D students and received several awards.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"899",title:"Cancer Immunology",slug:"pure-immunology-cancer-immunology"}],chapters:[{id:"53922",title:"Phenotypic Markers and Functional Regulators of Myelomonocytic Cells",doi:"10.5772/67324",slug:"phenotypic-markers-and-functional-regulators-of-myelomonocytic-cells",totalDownloads:2278,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, there is a description of hematopoietic stem cells, maturation curve and their differentiation into myeloid cells, including phenotypes and transcription factors involved in this process. Further, we discuss myeloid maturation curve from myeloid precursor, monoblast, premonocyte to monocytes, and also monocytes subsets regarding their CD14 and CD16 expressions and related functions in health and disease. In addition, we reason about the differentiation from monocytes either in dendritic cells or in macrophages in vitro using differential growth factors; these cells are differentiated from those found in vivo being named as monocyte-derived cells. Furthermore, we explore distinguished phenotype of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells monocyte-derived in vitro, using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, in order to display morphological and phenotypic differences among them.",signatures:"Luciana Cavalheiro Marti, Nydia Strachman Bacal, Laiz Camerão\nBento and Fernanda Agostini Rocha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53922",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53922",authors:[{id:"190705",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Marti",slug:"luciana-marti",fullName:"Luciana Marti"},{id:"196049",title:"Dr.",name:"Nydia",surname:"Bacal",slug:"nydia-bacal",fullName:"Nydia Bacal"},{id:"196050",title:"MSc.",name:"Laiz",surname:"Cameirão",slug:"laiz-cameirao",fullName:"Laiz Cameirão"},{id:"196051",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernanda",surname:"Rocha",slug:"fernanda-rocha",fullName:"Fernanda Rocha"}],corrections:null},{id:"54824",title:"Dendritic Cells: Location, Function, and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68352",slug:"dendritic-cells-location-function-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:4438,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells derived from bone marrow precursors and form a widely distributed cellular system throughout the body. DCs exert immune-surveillance for exogenous and endogenous antigens and the later activation of naive T lymphocytes giving rise to various immunological responses. Different growth factors and cytokines can modulate the differentiation and function of DCs, GM-CSF, M-CSF, Flt3, and TGF-β, resulting in a large variety of DCs with different functional abilities. Thus, DCs are classified as plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conventional DCs (cDCs), and DCs derived from monocytes (mDCs). Functionally, the cDCs may be divided into two states: immature and mature. Immature DCs are specialist in uptaking and processing antigens; in contrast, mature DCs are professional in antigen presentation. It has been observed that immature cDCs can induce immune tolerance while mature cDCs may induce Th2 or Th1 immune responses. It is worth noting that different subpopulations of DCs have the ability to secrete different cytokine patterns, resulting in the induction of different immunological responses. Furthermore DCs are involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases such as contact hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, or cancer, but they can also be used as therapeutic tools in these conditions.",signatures:"Andrés Castell-Rodríguez, Gabriela Piñón-Zárate, Miguel Herrera-\nEnríquez, Katia Jarquín-Yáñez and Iliana Medina-Solares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54824",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54824",authors:[{id:"190753",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés",surname:"Castell-Rodríguez",slug:"andres-castell-rodriguez",fullName:"Andrés Castell-Rodríguez"},{id:"191880",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Piñón-Zárate",slug:"gabriela-pinon-zarate",fullName:"Gabriela Piñón-Zárate"},{id:"191881",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Herrera-Enríquez",slug:"miguel-herrera-enriquez",fullName:"Miguel Herrera-Enríquez"},{id:"191882",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",surname:"Jarquín-Yáñez",slug:"katia-jarquin-yanez",fullName:"Katia Jarquín-Yáñez"},{id:"204502",title:"BSc.",name:"Iliana",surname:"Medina-Solares",slug:"iliana-medina-solares",fullName:"Iliana Medina-Solares"}],corrections:null},{id:"54387",title:"The Biological Function of Kupffer Cells in Liver Disease",doi:"10.5772/67673",slug:"the-biological-function-of-kupffer-cells-in-liver-disease",totalDownloads:2846,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Kupffer cells, which have a characteristic morphology and a kind of phenotype, are the resident macrophages in liver, serve as the largest population mononuclear phagocytes in the body, and are localized in the periportal zone. They have phagocytosis capacity and release all kinds of cytokines, chemokines, and soluble biological mediators. Owing to the different functions of Kupffer cells, they play an important role in liver diseases. In this chapter, we review the role of Kupffer cells in infectious disease, fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, liver transplantation immunology, as well as liver cancer and metastases.",signatures:"Yuan-yuan Ma, Mu-qing Yang, Zhi-gang He, Qing Wei and Ji-yu Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54387",authors:[{id:"191010",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiyu",surname:"Li",slug:"jiyu-li",fullName:"Jiyu Li"},{id:"191013",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanyuan",surname:"Ma",slug:"yuanyuan-ma",fullName:"Yuanyuan Ma"},{id:"191014",title:"Dr.",name:"Muqing",surname:"Yang",slug:"muqing-yang",fullName:"Muqing Yang"},{id:"191015",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhigang",surname:"He",slug:"zhigang-he",fullName:"Zhigang He"}],corrections:null},{id:"54695",title:"The Role of Monocytes/Macrophages in HBV and HCV Infection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68353",slug:"the-role-of-monocytes-macrophages-in-hbv-and-hcv-infection",totalDownloads:1520,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monocytes/macrophages constitute the first line of defence for external intrusion or infection. Circulatory monocytes represent about 10% of leukocytes in human blood and resident macrophages are distributed in a variety of tissues and organs to maintain body homeostasis. But relatively little is known about the consequences of chronic viral infections on monocytes. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are the most important causes of chronic liver diseases, which may develop to serious and fatal liver pathology, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Whether HBV and HCV infections are cleared or persist is determined by host immune responses. Viral replication takes place inside hepatocytes as soon as infection begins. The secretion of infectious virions or virus proteins can persist for decades at high rates. Chronic infections with HBV and HCV are the result of ineffective anti-viral immune response towards the virus. Interacting with virions or virus proteins, monocytes/macrophages play an important function in the disease process. The role of monocytes/macrophages in HBV and HCV infections or co-infections is discussed in this chapter.",signatures:"Haijun Li and Zhengkun Tu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54695",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54695",authors:[{id:"190769",title:"Dr.",name:"Haijun",surname:"Li",slug:"haijun-li",fullName:"Haijun Li"},{id:"195057",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengkun",surname:"Tu",slug:"zhengkun-tu",fullName:"Zhengkun Tu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54839",title:"Dendritic Cell Endocytosis Essential for Viruses and Vaccines",doi:"10.5772/67779",slug:"dendritic-cell-endocytosis-essential-for-viruses-and-vaccines",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Protective immune defences are dependent upon critical roles played by dendritic cells (DCs), rendering them important targets for both vaccine delivery and virus infection. Studies in these areas led to successful development of targeted vaccine delivery, including synthetic virus-like particle (SVLP) and nanoparticulate RNA vaccines. A major consideration is DC endocytosis, whereby the different endocytic routes influencing the outcome. Rapid clathrin-mediated endocytosis likely favours degradative pathways. Slower processes such as macropinocytosis, caveolar endocytosis and retrograde transport to endoplasmic reticulum relate more to the processing rates leading to antigen presentation by DCs. These pathways are also influential in promoting the initiation of virus replication following infection. DC endocytosis of RNA viruses and RNA vaccines must lead to cytosolic translocation of the RNA for translation, relating to the process of antigen cross-presentation. One can learn from observations on both virus infections and cross-presentation for delivering RNA vaccines. Accordingly, recent advances in nanoparticulate delivery have been applied with self-amplifying replicon RNA (RepRNA), providing efficient delivery to DCs and promoting replicon-encoded antigen translation. Through realising the important relationships between DC endocytic pathways and induction of immune responses, delivery of SVLP and RepRNA vaccines to DCs offers high value for the development of future synthetic vaccine platforms.",signatures:"Kenneth C. McCullough and Rajni Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54839",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54839",authors:[{id:"176431",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth",surname:"McCullough",slug:"kenneth-mccullough",fullName:"Kenneth McCullough"},{id:"200382",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajni",surname:"Sharma",slug:"rajni-sharma",fullName:"Rajni Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"54389",title:"Myelomonocytic Cell Lines in Modeling HIV-1 Infection of the Bone Marrow",doi:"10.5772/67596",slug:"myelomonocytic-cell-lines-in-modeling-hiv-1-infection-of-the-bone-marrow",totalDownloads:1505,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), primarily infects T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. This is due to the presence of the cell surface receptor CD4 and the coreceptors, CXCR4, and CCR5. While the T-cell has classically been the cell type associated with HIV-1 disease progression, cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage have also been shown to play a major role in this viral pathologic process. Classically, this has involved monocytic cells in the peripheral blood and tissue macrophages, however, over the course of HIV disease, the promyelomonocytic cells of the bone marrow (BM) have also been shown to play a role in pathogenesis retroviral disease in that they play an integral role in the reseeding of the periphery and end-organ tissues. This has involved an initial infection of the bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. Given this observation, over the years there have been a number of cell lines that have been developed and provided valuable insights into research questions surrounding HIV-1 infection of the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage. In this regard, we will examine the biological and immunological properties of these BM-derived cell lines with respect to their utility in exploring the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in humans.",signatures:"Michael R. Nonnemacher, Shane Quiterio, Alexander G. Allen,\nAnthony R. Mele, Vanessa Pirrone and Brian Wigdahl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54389",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54389",authors:[{id:"58695",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian",surname:"Wigdahl",slug:"brian-wigdahl",fullName:"Brian Wigdahl"},{id:"192504",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Nonnemacher",slug:"michael-nonnemacher",fullName:"Michael Nonnemacher"},{id:"192505",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanessa",surname:"Pirrone",slug:"vanessa-pirrone",fullName:"Vanessa Pirrone"},{id:"201213",title:"Dr.",name:"Shane",surname:"Quiterio",slug:"shane-quiterio",fullName:"Shane Quiterio"},{id:"201214",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Allen",slug:"alexander-allen",fullName:"Alexander Allen"},{id:"201215",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Mele",slug:"anthony-mele",fullName:"Anthony Mele"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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Microreactors consist of microchannels with dimensions of several hundreds of micrometers. The pressure gradient, temperature gradient, and concentration gradient augment rapidly with the decrease of the length scale in microreactors, leading to the increase of the driving forces in mass transfer and heat transfer. With the scale down to micrometers, the surface/volume ratio is enhanced usually to 10,000–50,000 m2/m3 (100–1000 m2/m3 in conventional equipment in chemical engineering processes), which is beneficial for the intensification of mass/heat transfer. The volume of the microreactors is significantly reduced also with the decrease of the length scale. Furthermore, the numbering-up strategy for the scale-up of microreactors is beneficial for the reactions with heat and explosion. The product properties can also be improved: strengthening of the transfer process can effectively improve the conversion, selectivity, and conversion rate of the product in the microreaction system. In addition, the microreactor is beneficial for the preparation of polymer particles, microcapsule and microemulsions due to the well-controlled property of the formation, structure, and composition of the polymer and the multiphase systems by using microreactors [1, 2]. The mass transfer process for CO2 capture in microreactors is associated with the interfacial surface area between the CO2 and the flowing liquid, contact method, reactor type and geometry, and flowing conditions as well as the liquid and gas properties [3]. Slug flow is found to be the most widely used flow pattern for CO2 in flowing liquids in microchannels among other flow patterns such as bubbly flow, annular flow, and parallel flow. This section will review the fluid dynamics for gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels and the mass transfer mechanism for CO2 capture in microreactors.
The characteristics for the pressure for gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels differ significantly from those in conventional large-scale pipes due to the predominated effects of surface tension forces and viscous forces at the microscale in microchannels. The prediction for the pressure drop for gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels includes physical model, Lockhart-Martinelli model, and homogeneous model.
The pressure drop in the liquid filled microchannels with slug bubbles
where
The frictional pressure between the liquid plug and the channel wall can be estimated by using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation at low Reynolds numbers, in which case the fluid flow in the liquid slug is deemed as laminar flow [8]:
where
Lockhart and Martinelli proposed the prediction for gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels related to the pressure for a single liquid-filled microchannel by using a friction multiplier of the liquid phase, which can be expressed by the gas and liquid viscosity and density, and the volumetric fraction of the gas phase. In the homogeneous model, the gas and liquid phases are deemed to be mixed uniformly in microchannels. This model is proposed to predict the pressure drop for gas-liquid two-phase flow in conventional channels, with the prerequisite that the gas and liquid phases are mixed uniformly, i.e., the gas phase is dispersed uniformly in the liquid in the form of very tiny bubbles. However, in microchannels, this regime can only be achieved at extreme conditions. That is to say, this model is not valid in most situations in microfluidics applications.
The mass transfer between gas and liquid phases in microchannels dominates the flow patterns, which usually contain bubbly flow, slug flow, churn flow, annular flow, and parallel flow.
In this flow pattern, the diameter of bubbles is less than the channel diameter, which usually occurs under low superficial velocity of the gas phase and high superficial velocity of the liquid phase. The diameter of bubbles is manipulated by the gas and liquid flow rates, physical property of the fluids, and how two phases contact. In general, the surface area between gas and liquid phases increases with the reduction of the bubble size, which is beneficial for the enhancement of the mass transfer process.
Churn flow happens at high superficial velocity of the gas phase, within which long gas slugs and short liquid plugs pass through the channel. It is found that the mass transfer coefficient is higher in the churn flow than that in the slug flow. Yue et al. [11] found that the mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the gas flow rates and liquid flow rates.
When the superficial velocity of the gas phase is relatively high and that of the liquid phase is quite low, annular flow and parallel flow occurs, depending on the geometry of the contactor for the two-phase flows. The former is likely to happen at flow-focusing junctions, while the latter for T- and Y-junctions usually. In both cases, the gas and liquid streams flow in parallel along the microchannel, and the mass transfer thereby occurs at the interface of the gas-liquid two-phase flow. The experimental results show that in falling film microreactors, the enhancement of the mass transfer rate in the CO2-monoethanolamine-H2O system can be obtained [12]. However, the Marangoni effect in the falling film microreactor seems to be weaker than that in macrosystems, signifying that the convection partially prevented by the limited size of the microchannel [12].
The mass transfer for slug flow in the gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels depends on the flow conditions, physical property of the fluids, the hydrodynamics of the fluids, and the geometry of microchannels. As this flow regime is always achieved at most of microfluidic applications, the following section will mainly focus on this flow regime.
The key issue for mass transfer mechanism for gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels is to reveal the mass transfer rule across the gas-liquid interface and the influence of the lengths of the gas slug and liquid plug on the mass transfer coefficient. Bercic et al. [13] investigated the absorption of CH4 by using water in capillaries with diameters ranging from 1.5 to 3.1 mm, and found that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient
where
When
where (
This equation is available for the situation when the mass transfer in the liquid film is predominated and unsaturated at
For practical application several predictions for the mass transfer coefficient were proposed by using either the nondimensional analysis or energy dissipative model. Yue et al. [11] correlated the mass transfer coefficient in the form of the Sherwood number
The energy dissipative model [18] correlates the mass transfer coefficient with the dissipative parameter
Several studies have been performed for the various effects on the mass transfer process in microchannels. Eskin et al. [19] did experiments to study the effects of the size and length of microchannels on the mass transfer process for gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels, and found that the mass transfer coefficient increases with the reduction of the cross-sectional radius of microchannels. They proposed a model to predict the mass transfer coefficient for the mass transfer process of slug bubbles with the liquid plugs in long microchannels by taking into account the dynamical flow hydrodynamics such as pressure drop, variation of bubble size, and the variation of the local velocities. Shao et al. [20] conducted experiments on mass transfer process of CO2/N2 in 0.2 M NaOH aqueous solutions and water, respectively, in 0.25–1 mm capillaries, and found that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient for the chemical absorption process is 3–12 times compared to the physical absorption process. They also studied the effects of the length of slug bubbles and liquid plugs, the velocity of bubbles, and the size of microchannels on the mass transfer process, and found that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient ranged between 0.3 and 0.5 s–1. Sobieszuk et al. [21] measured the interfacial area in the slug flow in a microchannel by using the Danckwerts’ method for the CO2 absorption from CO2/N2 mixture into KHCO3/K2CO3 buffer solutions, and provides, for the first time, the mass transfer coefficients separately for the liquid film and the liquid caps. Sobieszuk et al. [12] further found that the enhancement of the overall rate of the mass transfer depends on the gas concentrations. Ichiyanagi et al. [22] performed detailed three-dimensional measurements of the velocity and concentration distributions for CO2 dissolution process through the gas-liquid interface in microchannels by using the advanced technique confocal micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) combined with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The LIF measurement demonstrated that the dissolved gas in the spanwise direction decreases with the increase of the Reynolds number. The molar fluxes in the streamwise direction were at least 20 times compared to those in the spanwise and depthwise directions, signifying that the enhancement of the momentum transport in the spanwise and depthwise directions plays an important role in the enhancement of the mass transfer for gas-liquid slug flow in microchannels.
Several investigations have been carried out on the dynamical mass transfer process for slug bubbles for gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels by taking advantage of the real-time recording of the movement of bubbles in microchannels with the help of high-speed digital camera [23-28]. Tan et al. [23] found that bubbles formed during the mass transfer process of a CO2/N2 mixture with contact with the NaOH aqueous solution at the microfluidic T-junction are smaller than those formed without mass transfer process. The typical time for bubble formation ranges between 0.2 and 0.4s, during which the amount of mass transfer contributes to around 30–40% of the total transferred solute. The overall mass transfer coefficient during bubble formation stage is in the range of
In order to intensify the mass transfer of CO2 in fluids in microreactors, several methods have been employed, such as inducing turbulence by using the third inert gas and obstacles or particles in channels, specific geometry (curved) of the channel, and active forces. Su et al. [29] found that the mass transfer process can be intensified by adding solid particles in microchannels. Su et al. [30] introduced the third phase-inert gas into the liquid-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels to enhance the mass transfer coefficient. Tan et al. [24] performed experiments to study the effects of the curvature of the curved geometry for microchannels on the absorption of CO2 for a CO2/N2 mixture contacting with NaOH aqueous solution, and found that the mass transfer coefficient is greatly augmented with the decrease of the curvature radius. That is,
The mechanism for mass transfer during CO2 bubbles flowing in microchannels needs to be explored to be manipulated according to various applications, especially more attention should be paid to the dynamics of the gas-liquid interface during the mass transfer process and provide solid foundations for the coupling of transport and reaction, scale-up, and optimization of microreactors.
Recently, microfluidic technique is found to be a promising tool for the oil and gas analysis, for measurements of parameters such as Henry’s coefficient, solubility of gas in the liquid phase, and the gas-liquid reaction coefficient [31]. Sell et al. [32] provided a microfluidics technique to measure the diffusion coefficient for CO2 in water and brine, with the advantage of only microliters of sample and analysis within minutes (Figure 1). However, established macroscale pressure-volume-temperature cell methods require large sample volumes, which is completed within hours or days. They also found that pressure had no significant effect on diffusion rates, supporting an assumption applied by many sequestration models. Namely, time scales for dissolution are independent of reservoir depth or
Microfluidic system used to measure the CO2 diffusion coefficients in water. (a) Illustration of the experimental setup. (b) Schematic of the CO2 diffusivity test initialization procedure. “Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Sell, A., Fadaei, H., Kim, M., Sinton, D., 2013. Measurement of CO2 diffusivity for carbon sequestration: a microfluidic approach for reservoir-specific analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 47, 71–78. Copyright (2013) American Chemical Society.” (Sell et al. [
Lefortier et al. [34] presented a high-throughput method to rapidly measure the diffusion coefficients and solubility of CO2 in pure solvents and mixtures in realtime by taking advantage of the visualization of the variation of CO2 absorption fluids in microchannels. Sun and Cubaud [25] experimentally study the dissolution of CO2 into water, ethanol, and methanol by using the microfluidic technique (Figure 2), and found that the bubble dissolution rate depends on the inlet gas pressure and fluid pair composition. For short period of time after the contact of fluids, the bubble length decreases linearly with time, displaying a fast diffusive behavior owing to the CO2 concentration gradient localized in the thin gas-liquid interfacial region. The initial rate of the diminishing bubble size is proportional to the ratio of the diffusion coefficient to the Henry’s law constant. This study shows that the gas saturation and sequestration processes can be achieved rapidly across quite short distances in microfluidic devices.
Examples of diffusive multiphase flows. (a) Weakly diffusive bubbles for CO2 in water. The ratio of the liquid volumetric flow rates to the sum of the gas and liquid flow rates is 0.23, 0.47, and 0.80 from top to bottom. (b) Strong diffusive bubbles for CO2 in methanol. The ratio of the liquid volumetric flow rates to the sum of the gas and liquid flow rates is 0.24, 0.51, and 0.68 from top to bottom. Reproduced from Sun and Cubaud [
Abolhasani et al. [35] studied the automated microfluidic method for the rapid measurement of CO2 mass transfer and solubility in physical solvents. The variation of slug bubbles flowing along the microchannel was dynamically recorded and analyzed to obtain the solubility of CO2 in solvent. For CO2-dimethyl carbonate (DMC) system, the volumetric mass transfer coefficients ranged between 4 and 30 s–1, and Henry’s constants were within the range of 6–12 MPa. Li et al. [36] presented a microfluidic method to study rapid gas-liquid reactions for the rapid acquisition of the kinetic data for the reaction by also capturing the dynamical variation of slug bubbles flowing in microchannels (Figure 3). In this work, the application of microfluidic method was utilized for systems with relatively low concentrations of the reagents and products and for the low-viscosity media. This method is expected to apply for the CO2 sequestration in the oil industry. Tumarkin et al. [37] conducted similar experiments to manipulate the solubility of CO2 in water and a 0.7 M NaCl aqueous solution, by controlling the temperature of the fluids flowing in the microchannel. Bubbles experience shrinkage-expansion-shrinkage stage, termed as “bubble breathing,” when the cooling-heating-cooling system is applied to the bubble flowing system. Tumarkin et al. [38] controlled the size of CO2 bubbles by manipulating the temperature of the fluids, and functional particles were loaded at the gas-liquid interface to stabilize the bubble from coalescence. Park et al. [39] produced small CO2 bubbles with a diameter less than 8 μm in microfluidic devices by manipulating the pH value of the liquid phase, and found that the bubble size depends on the flow rates of the liquid phase and the acid-base equilibrium established in the microchannels.
Reversible CO2 binding to secondary amines performed in the microfluidic reactor. An ITO glass-based heater is placed underneath region 2, and an aluminum plate is placed underneath region 1 to maintain the temperature in this region at 23°C. (b) Reaction of CO2 with a secondary amine in reaction 1, and the volume of CO2 slugs decreases with CO2 reacts with R1NHR2. (c) Release of CO2 manipulated by the increase of the temperature in reaction 2. “Reprinted with permission from Li, W., Liu, K., Simms, R., Greener, J., Jagadeesan, D., Pinto, S., Gunther, A., Kumacheva, E., 2012. Microfluidic study of fast gas-liquid reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, 3127–3132. Copyright (2012) American Chemical Society.” (Li et al. [
In summary, the microfluidic technique is a promising tool toward the measurement of the physical property of fluids involved during the CO2 application, and gas and oil analysis, with the advantage of small sample size and short analysis time. However, the dynamics and mechanisms of the fluid flow and mass transfer in microchannels needs to be highlighted to meet these applications.
With the increasing concern on environmental protection, the integration of CO2 capture-sequestration-application for enhanced oil recovery technology will be the new trend in the future. Microfluidics technology, with the unique advantages in realtime visualization and quantification, can reveal the transport mechanism in the microscale for multiphase interfacial phenomena in microchannels within porous media during the CO2 capture-sequestration-application in line with the pressure, temperature, and material properties of the rock within the oil reservoir. These wells or salt sand underground aquifers comprise of porous media made of many tens of microchannels in a network structure, which are consistent with the conventional scale of microchannels used in the microfluidic technique [31].
When CO2is injected into underneath wells, it becomes a supercritical fluid at the underground temperature and pressure. It is lighter than oil or brine and denser than CO2 that is under normal conditions. Driven by the pressure, superficial CO2 flows through the liquid-filled microchannel networks in the rock layer of porous media, and its flow paths are influenced by the heterogeneous structure of the porous media [40]. In microchannels, the tongue of CO2 gaseous thread can breakup into bubbles driven by the capillary instability, and the generated bubbles can be captured or move through a straight microchannel or bifurcation junctions. Of course, these CO2 bubbles will be absorbed slowly by the liquid phase [41]. In a CO2 injection process, it usually takes three or four decades or even centuries of time for the complete absorption of CO2. Although the microfluidic technology has been applied to study the CO2 flooding in recent years, these studies on the dynamics and mechanics of multiphase flow in porous media consisting of microchannel networks have been carried out in the mid-20th century by the fluid mechanics community [42, 43]. For example, the famous viscous fingering phenomenon for miscible and immiscible two-phase flow in Hele-Shaw cells (rectilinear flow or radial source flow) has attracted attention for many years including the stability and nonstability mechanism of the interface, the bubble capture and release mechanism, the rupture of the interface, and the tip streaming of droplets and bubbles [44]. The interfacial phenomenon in the basic unit of the porous media network, or the loops of microchannels, has also been explored including the interfacial stability in symmetric and asymmetric loops and bubble capture in asymmetric loops [45-48]. For example, Oxaal et al.[45] studied the displacement of a high-viscosity fluid by a low-viscosity fluid that results in viscous fingering in homogeneous porous media. They found that the interfacial dynamics was dominated by the viscous forces at high flow rates and by capillary forces at low flow rates. Lenormand et al. [49] proposed a leaking mechanism to explain the dynamic phenomena in drainage for the displacement of one fluid by another in a network consisting of many ducts. They found that the wetting fluid motion at the edges was much slower than the nonwetting fluid, which was affected by the viscosity of the latter fluid. The local phenomenon was found to be linked with the drainage pressure and imbibition pressures at the microscale, and the macroscopic effect at the network scale was found to be related to the topology of the nonwetting fluid at the end of the drainage. The dynamics of trapped bubbles was influenced by their size and topology.
Recently, with the development of microfluidic techniques, detailed information on the two-phase interfacial phenomena in microfluidic loops has been explored. Al-Housseiny et al. [48] provided a microfluidic tool to control the interfacial instability by changing the geometry of the device, and found that a gradient in the passage can lead to different displacement behaviors. This finding can be used to manipulate instabilities in fluid-fluid systems in microfluidic devices. The interesting and complex problem is that the fluid can penetrate evenly or not the two identical daughter channels in a network composed of two identical channels that are linearly vary in radius [46, 47]. When the surface tension predominates at low capillary numbers, this geometry can lead to the fluid to enter only one of the two branches, signifying that the uniform fluid penetration into the network is not always stable. At high capillary number Ca, the interface advances together and the fluid penetration is stable as viscous forces are dominant. The system can also exhibit an interplay between viscous and surface tension effects. In addition, the preferential flow penetration increases with the decrease of the viscosity ratio. This study suggested that the sweep efficiency could be enhanced if the channels in the network became narrower in the flow direction for flushing wetting oils by a low viscosity solvent. They also showed that the presence of an elastic boundary could lead to the suppression of the instability of the dynamics of the propagating gas-liquid interface for the Hele-Shaw displacement of a viscous liquid by a gas underneath an elastic membrane, governed by the surface tension at the gas-liquid interface due to the tapered flow geometry underneath the deflected membrane [50]. Controlling instability of fingers for fluid-fluid interface is fundamental to a wide range of applications such as flows in porous media in enhanced oil recovery processes and carbon sequestration [47]. Other examples of two-phase flows in spatially varying geometries are flows of bubbles and drops through junctions, constricted capillaries, flexible tubes, and tapered channels [4, 41, 51-53]. Bubbles and droplets can pass through, be captured, stay or leave, and even break up into small ones in spatially varying geometries. For example, bubbles can be trapped or released from a linear pore, governed by a capillary number [41]. The critical capillary number characteristic of the transition between trapping and releasing depends nonmonotonically on the bubble size. To better explore the dynamics of the gas-liquid interface in microchannels, the detailed flow-field distribution can be provided by advanced measurement methods, such as micro-PIV (Figure 4) [4].
Velocity fields in the liquid phase around a breaking bubble at a T-junction with the help of micro-PIV. Reprinted from Fu et al. (2014). (Reproduced with permission. Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2014) (Fu et al. [
Haas et al. [54] presented a lab-on-a-chip method to inform oil recovery by injecting steam underground in a process known as steam-assisted gravity drainage to extract bitumen—a very viscous oil, taking advantage of the pore-scale quantification of fluid dynamics at relevant reservoir conditions and pore sizes. It is found that the characteristic size of oil-in-water emulsions generated is reduced from 150 to 6 μm and the corresponding recovery effectiveness is enhanced by 50% with the additive.
Four mechanisms have been proposed for CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers: structural and hydrodynamic capture due to the density difference between the liquid and CO2, residual capture during the formation of the porous spaces, the solubility capture owing to the dissolvedCO2 in the liquid phase, and mineral capture due to the stable carbonate formed by the reaction of CO2 and rock minerals [40]. In general, low-pressure foam micromodel studies physically show the effect of foam within the porous media. To highlight chemical interactions with the oil phase requires all phases to be at reservoir pressure. Ma et al. [55] used a micromodel to investigate the sweep efficiency of the surfactant CO2 foam in a heterogeneous network without oil at ambient conditions. Kumar Gunda et al. [56] designed a “reservoir-on-a-chip” to represent the pore structure of a naturally oil-bearing reservoir rock to perform conventional water-flooding experiments, and observed in real time the fluid-fluid interface structure at the junctions of the porous media (Figure 5). The fluid-fluid interface is found to be trapped at some junctions by capillary trapping. Datta et al. [57] constructed velocity distributions in a fluid flow in a three-dimensional porous media by using the confocal microscopy, and they found that the velocity magnitudes and the velocity components both along and transvers to the imposed flow direction were distributed exponentially. They also observed that the pore-scale correlations in the flow were predominated by the geometry of the media, which suggested that the fluid flow through the pore space was not completely random despite the considerable complexity of it. Wu et al. [58] studied the effect of the wettability of the channel and the morphology of the network on the fluid flow for the displacement of oil by water in porous media with a microfluidic model. The former affects the structure of the water phase, while the latter determines the residual oil saturation. The networks used in this study were composed of about 600 grains separated by a highly connected network of channels with an overall porosity of 0.11–0.20. The findings suggested that the morphology of the complex network resulted in a complex flow behavior that was difficult to predict by solely on porosity, and they provided a versatile tool on the study of visualized multiphase flow behavior and displacement mechanism in porous media at the microscale, nanoscale, and pore scale.
The conceptual map for “reservoir-on-a-chip.” Reproduced from Kumar Gunda et al. [
Several studies show that the dynamics of the fluid-fluid interface at the microscale is influenced by the morphology and wettability of the microchannels in porous space. Berejnov et al. [59] constructed a lab-on-a-chip to study the effect of the wettability of microchannels on the selectivity and percolation patterns of multiphase flow in networks with 5000 channels at pore scale. Murison et al. [60] found that additional dissipation at small extension can be caused by the contact line pinning of gas beads for a dense packing. More attention should be paid to the effects of morphology of porous media and wettability on multiphase flow in porous spaces.
To overcome the difference between the material used for typical microfluidic devices (glass, silicone, and PDMS) and the real rock for CO2 flooding and sequestration, Song et al. [61] presented a real-rock micromodel made in a naturally mineral substrate as shown in Figure 6, to directly study the multiphase flow behavior and multicomponent interactions in real time. They demonstrated the dissolution of carbonate rock with time resulted by hydrochloric acid flow relevant to acidizing processes for reservoir stimulations. Flow and crystal orientation-directed preferential dissolution was observed. This work paves the way for future applications of real-rock microfluidics, highlighting processes in the subsurface, to study the fundamental fluid-rock interactions and examine the effect of industrially relevant injection fluids on CO2 storage in saline aquifers.
Fabrication of the microfluidic devices made in natural calcite material. Reproduced from Song et al. [
In general, low-pressure foam micromodel studies demonstrate the effect of foam as a physical structure within the porous media. To include representative chemical interactions with the oil phase requires all phases to be at reservoir pressure. The microfluidic technique is also tested for high pressure CO2 injection, supercritical CO2 injection, CO2-surfactant injection, and low-pressure air-surfactant injection [31]. Nguyen et al. [62] provided a microcore method to study the porosity and permeability changes for pore-scale analysis of superficial CO2 reactive transport in saline aquifers at reservoir temperature and pressure conditions of 8.4 MPa and 40°C. Kim et al. [63] presented another lab-on-a-chip approach to understand the process of salt precipitation during CO2 sequestration at pore scale. The dynamics of flow, evaporation, and salt formation within porous media could be observed in the complex networks consisting of microchannels with pore size distributions relevant to native porous media. Salt precipitation happens streamwise with a speed equivalent to 2% of the CO2 velocity. The salt formation mechanism could also be identified at the pore scale using this method: large bulk crystals forming early in the trapped brine phases on the order of the pore size; and polycrystalline aggregated structures forming late in the evaporation process on a wide range of length scale. These findings can be used to explore the blockage phenomenon and well bore dry-out strategy. Nguyen et al. [64] evaluated nanoparticle CO2 foam stability and EOR efficiency by using a micromodel approach, providing a quantitative measurement of bubble size and coalescence dynamics. In comparison to other similar cases with CO2 gas, the nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 foam showed a three-fold increase in oil recovery attributed to the role of the physical pore-scale bubble structures, which are rendered very stable in the presence of nanoparticles.
In conclusion, microfluidic technique is a promising tool for CO2 capture, sequestration, and application. To further take advantage of this new technique, several challenges, needs, and future directions should be highlighted. The detailed fluid dynamics for multiphase flow in single microchannels, single-stage microfluidic divergences and doublet microchannels, and multistage microfluidic divergences and network microchannels need to be explored. The fascinating fluid dynamics at fluid-fluid interface involving surface tension at microscale is still challenging. The stability and non-stability of the fluid-fluid interface at microchannels and networks need to be emphasized to gain insights into the mechanism for fluid flow in porous media for the CO2 capture, sequestration, and applications. For example, the breakup and nonbreakup of the fluid-fluid interface and the trapping and releasing of bubbles in microchannels should be explored. Studies on the effects of the gas and liquid flow rate, pressure, temperature, the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid phase, the wettability of the channel wall, the geometry and size of microchannels, and the structural morphology of multistage microchannels on the dynamical evolution of the fluid-fluid interface should be explored.
It is urgent to conduct studies on CO2 utilization in line with the pressure, temperature, and materials for porous media in practical application at the microreactor scale and pore scale. The most challenging problem is how to evaluate and manipulate the fluid-fluid interface for both immiscible and miscible systems at the microreactor scale and pore scale. Many of pore-scale phenomena need to be explored, including the behavior of the wetting films, the movement of contact lines and dynamic contact angles, the stability of capillary bridges, the dynamic instability of nonwetting fluid, the propagation of fluid-fluid interface, even the phase transitions during multiphase flowing, the heat and mass transfer across interfaces, and many others.
The financial supports for this project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21106093), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20110032120010), and the Elite Scholar Program of Tianjin University are gratefully acknowledged.
The essay was written at a time of tremendous acceleration in history, where, after a syndemic pandemic,1 we experienced the impactful images of war.2 Placed at the center of a dramatic design of humanity and the Planet Earth, breathing the uncertainty of its survival, we join our voice to a multitude of voices that have swelled more and more, over the last decades, in a pathetic clamor dissolving between despair and hope.
It is a painful epochal change that is underway. It is a living process that has marked our history over the last few decades. Many thinkers and humanists followed one another in the search for the elucidation of the main causes and, also, the possible ways of overcoming them. At the same time, we also witness important advances in knowledge and design of paths to sustainability, amid the manifestations of chaos and strong signs of unsustainability, which multiply in a dizzying way.
Some voices fill us with faith in life and are of great encouragement. Among them, we highlight the voice and witness of the Holy Father Francis, who has vigorously resumed dialogue in the construction of a horizon of the future, supported by
Over the last few decades, the search for global ethical standards has also intensified, increasingly becoming a fundamental requirement. In this sense, the efforts made by the German theologian Hans Küng [2, 3] are well known. From the same perspective, the Brazilian theologian Leonardo Boff [4, 5, 6], in his very perceptive reading of the world, brings us some important clues to a necessary spirituality in today’s times.
The essay reports also, in summary, a collective effort, which I had the opportunity to coordinate in the Jesuit Province of Brazil, proposing an operational concept of promoting socio-environmental justice in coherence with the dreamed future horizon. The idea of
This is the path taken in the essay that unfolds in six moments or subtitles.
We live in times of civilizational degradation in human society. This reality is mirrored in different ways in most countries. The most correct, perhaps, is to say: We live in a planetary civilizational crisis! Assertions about this phenomenon, which marks our times with sick humanity on an equally sick planet, are nothing new. There are also many studies and manifestations of all kinds that focus on the theme of increasing and explicit symptoms of the seriousness of this global disease. Many elements come together for the analysis of this diagnosis.
The main symptoms are: Humanity has lost its “common human sense,” involved in superficialities, and with its fundamental values shaken. Among these values are life itself and dignity. The syndrome of arrogant and self-sufficient prepotency of some small groups is wide open to everyone’s eyes, hiding under false facades. There are clear signs of neglect which, in many political, economic, and social situations, is not only misguided but blatantly irresponsible, resulting in the ignominious accumulation of concentration of wealth and the exclusion and death of the most suffering people, who are poor, discarded from the world, and vulnerable in their dignity.4 In many places, too, manifestations of racism, xenophobia, and various discriminatory prejudices have become frightening. The accelerated process of environmental degradation and the increase in inequalities and situations of exclusion are clear signs that sustainability, despite all the technological advances we have experienced, is always more fragile and shaken.
Humanity suffers, above all, from a glaring disregard for the very future of life, in every sense, concerning “Mother Earth” and the “Common Home.” In the context of countries like Brazil, it is degradation, verging on depravity, that threatens the civilizational achievements of humanity, generally carried out with struggle and blood.5
The Brazilian Commission for Justice and Peace—CBJP, on February 21, 2022, in its periodic analysis of the conjuncture,6 when referring to the geopolitics of the moment, began with a reflection on Pope Francis’s expression, who spoke of the “world war in parts”:
It is an expression associated with the idea of “hybrid warfare.”8 It is a war where more than missiles, tanks, ships, or planes,9 most crimes happen through “cyber bombings,” with the practice of spreading cyber infections, stealing information, and fraud in operating systems. The truculent dissemination of partial versions full of falsehoods is associated with economic sanctions that suffocate national and international production and trade. “Hybrid warfare” is a resource that has strengthened and expanded with the advent of weapons of mass destruction.
If we move to another scenario, in which the same actors on the agenda are also present; in another focus of reality, we can echo a phrase that most must have heard, several times, in early November 2021: “The Earth is talking to us, and it’s saying we don’t have time anymore.” These are the words of the young indigenous Txai Suruí, a Brazilian representative, in the opening speeches of the Climate Summit (COP26) in Glasgow, Scotland (October 31—November 12, 2021). The Earth wants to talk to all the inhabitants who live on it.
The whole point is that our “Common Home” [9]10 is falling apart, too neglected and disordered to provide sustainability and good living conditions for the entire “big family” that lives in it. It becomes very serious because the main groups, or large oligarchies and corporations of power, become ever more insatiable and mysteriously untouchable within this “great family,” to the detriment of most of humanity and specifically of peoples who have already been accumulating historical suffering.
Often, when talking about socio-environmental problems, the bias immediately leads us to the issues of dispute for natural assets, far from the urban context. However, as serious (or more serious) than these conflicts are those generated in the daily life of the socio-environmental conflict lived in the urban context, more directly evidenced, or witnessed in the countless slums and the underworld of the discarded. For example, it rarely happens in academies to present the large concentration of black population in Brazilian
Pay attention! I am not trying to divert attention from the grave attacks on the environment that occur, for example, in the Amazon context or relation to biomes in general, resulting from criminal extractivism. I reinforce the awareness regarding the deleterious and devastating force for Planet Earth and humanity that is present in the growing and scandalous aggressions regarding the reserve of life on the planet that is the Amazon biome and other similar biomes in the world. I just want to draw attention to the extent of the socio-environmental injustice that surrounds us, and that is concentrated, above all, in large urban centers, which are, on the one hand, spaces for the consumption of goods in a disorderly and almost “savage” way, and, on the other hand, machines of concentrated pollution and agglomerations of very aggressive housing degradation.
I only want to draw attention to the extent of the socio-environmental injustice that surrounds us, and that is concentrated, above all, in large urban centers, which are at the same time machines of concentrated pollution and clusters of very aggressive housing degradation.
Perhaps it should be said that at the heart of this problem is humanity itself as such, which is muffled, repressed, and forgotten. In other words: The human being seems to have been, in different ways, deviated from its own humanity. I have heard the statement several times: Humanity has lost its soul! Perhaps, putting ourselves in Leonardo Boff’s perspective [6], we can say that human beings are neglecting their “dimension of depth.” ([5], p. 162–164)
Today, it is common to hear that the way in which the development processes are more usually conceived is in evident contradiction with the perception, which is always more universal and lucid regarding the indissoluble relationship between the so-called “environmental problem” and the “human and social problem.” A development based on the exploitation of nature and inconsequential consumption, for a long time, has been giving signs of risk and activated the red light of warning for humanity and the entire biosphere and its multiple ecosystems.
We also know that this alert relates to a broader issue involving the knowledge process per se. There are many voices that have already been raised, outside and inside the scientific environment, giving strength and vigor to the alert in question. It is an alert not only for specialists and scholars but, above all, for humanity itself, that is, for human wisdom and prudence.
One of the main causes of socio-environmental problems is the historical process that cuts and segments the sciences, producing knowledge in pieces and fragmented. Nature and society have been studied in parts according to the lens of different disciplines. With the division of disciplines, science has not been successful in understanding the whole, in its complexity. New knowledge has been sought capable of comprehending the problem in its complexity and its dynamic and relational unity. There is a need for a strategy so that long-term planning can be performed, integrating the various historical, economic, social, political, ecological, and cultural processes.
It is known that the chemical scientist Ilya Prigogine, already in the 1970s, was inviting us to the need and urgency of establishing a “new alliance.” Having received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977, this scientist, in one of his most influential works, co-authored with Isabelle Stengers, “The New Alliance” [11], appeals to the urgent need for a “re-enchantment of the world.” According to the authors: “
It is never enough to repeat, to us, that the advances in knowledge and the search for correct approaches to overcome the limitations of modern science itself have been great. There were multiple paths. At the level of Environmental Sciences, we highlight the view from the perspective of environmental racism and environmental justice or injustice, so widely worked today by several authors since the 1980s and 1990s (especially in the United States) to the present day, as we have already mentioned when mentioning Robert Bullard [10]. In Brazil we could mention for this essay, the work of Henri Acselrad, Cecília Mello and Gustavo Bezerra [12] and works such as those of Leonardo Boff [6], Elimar Nascimento [13], Daniela dos Santos Almeida, Thula Pires and Virgínia Totti [14], and Teresinha Gonçalves [15].
It is considered paradigmatic the great lucidity of the contributions of Enrique Leff [16], who brings a strong differential contribution to Environmental Sciences by underlining that, from the interests of each scientific discipline, also the knowledge of the peasant, the indigenous, and the Afro-descendant population must be considered. Also relevant are the contributions of Joan Alier [17], with the concept of the “ecologism of the poor.” In the same way, the contributions of the sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos [18, 19] should be highlighted, with the conception of the “ecology of knowledge” in overcoming the abyssal line between modern reason and traditional knowledge and others cultivated outside the reach of the academy. We should assuredly mention Edgar Morin [20, 21], with his rich elaborations on the horizon of complexity theory. In the same sense, dialogue with the thought of David Harvey [22], so lucidly explained in “Spaces of Hope” is indispensable.
An important production regarding the relationship between production, circulation, and consumption, focusing on the protection of the environment and the socio-environmental impact of human actions is organized by Silvia Aparecida G. Ortigoza and Ana Tereza C. Cortez [23]. This is certainly a fundamental path when we talk about sustainability. As already indicated above, urban spaces are characterized, in large part, by concentrated consumption and waste along with a large concentration of pollution, added to the juxtaposition between ostentatious luxury and housing degradation.
Another path of fundamental importance could be identified through reflections and deepening by the bias of “ecosophy” and/or “deep ecology” [4, 5, 6, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] with approaches broadly focused on a conception of sacred reverence for everything that surrounds us, and which is based on or refers with respect to ancient wisdom and religious traditions.11
According to Basarab Nicolescu [33], renowned physical scientist and theorist of the transdisciplinary proposal, it is knowledge produced with attention to the “included third.” This included the third party is extra-academic and does not use disciplinary language and scientific jargon. The contributions of this author, from the perspective of transdisciplinarity, must be considered in the analysis and the search for solutions to the dramas experienced by humanity.
After this small and representative authorial cast, we can infer that, with the appearance or evidence of the various levels of reality in the studies of natural systems, the complexity presents itself, provoking a new logic of seeing the environmental problem, not reduced to the environmental one, but socio-environmental, involving the different dimensions of human coexistence. Or, more radically, it is about meeting the true meaning of an ecosystem. For, strictly speaking, every ecosystem – a favela, a dam-building enterprise, an agropastoral production enterprise, an indigenous village, a university campus, etc. – is complexly constituted of all spheres of human and natural relationships. Strictly speaking, it is a question of guiding the idea of sustainable ecosystems.
I want to start this item by evoking this passage from the Christian Prayer with Creation, with which the Holy Father Francis closes the text of Laudato Si′ [9]. It is a controversial phrase that demonstrates a deep belief in the possibility of conversion. As we will see in the sequence of this reflection
In my perception and of many others, the person who is better able to mobilize world opinion concerning this whole issue at hand is, without a doubt, Pope Francis. I present here a key to reading, on which I rely, and is the same key to reading cultivated today in the Social Teaching of the Church12 itself. I do so, relying on the two most recent social encyclical letters: Laudato Si′ [9] and Fratelli Tutti [34].
In Laudato Si′, referring to an “
As I have already pointed out, Holy Father Francis obviously is not a pioneer in this assertion. However, the novelty is in the way he engages today in mobilizing human minds and hearts about this crisis of humanity, which is a unique crisis, underlying and permeating the social and environmental crisis. Its origin is the very way in which human beings have been led to use and abuse their fellow human beings and the gifts of creation, or the riches of the Earth.
In 2020, with the encyclical letter
According to Pope Francis,
Long before the Encyclical Fratelli Tutti was made public, the Brazilian theologian Elio Gasda [37], when reflecting on the social texts of the Pope, already advanced an in-depth and coherent reading of what would be expressed in the new Encyclical two years later. He then expressed:
Within this line of reasoning, the author makes relevant references to practices, which we can call testimonials within history, pointing out the path of “well-living” that characterizes the culture of many peoples, especially Latin Americans. He recalls a small excerpt from Pope Francis’s speech at the Meeting with the People of the Amazon in Puerto Maldonado, January 15–22, 2018:
Pope Francis highlights, above all, the importance of dialogue today. In Fratelli Tutti, he devotes an entire chapter (chap. VI) to the theme of “dialogue and social friendship.” This chapter begins with a list of some tremendously expressive verbs:
According to the pontiff, persevering and courageous dialogue will help the world to live better. When we talk about the need for
The German theologian Hans Küng [2, 3] cultivated, over the last thirty years of his life, these four principles as four “mantras” of his deepest convictions. According to this thinker, a Global Ethics Project requires the alliance of believers (followers of religions) and non-believers (followers of other orientations) for a new common
The author centrally commented on the great significance represented by the Declaration on the World Ethos, formulated by the Parliament of Cosmic Religions, in 1993, in Chicago. The declaration highlights some common ethical principles and essential guidelines, such as the obligation for a culture of non-violence and respect for life; the obligation of a culture of solidarity and a just economic order; the obligation for a culture of tolerance and a life of authenticity; and, finally, the obligation for a culture of equal rights and the partnership of men and women.
According to Hans Küng,
In this sense, it is very opportune, from a more spiritual perspective, to also make here, together with Hans Küng, a particular reference to the Brazilian theologian Leonardo Boff, who leads us freely along paths of thought where new ethical demands fertilize new proposals for spirituality.
Indeed, the new requirements call for a spirituality that radically changes us in our practices. May it make us return to the true path of justice. Leonardo Boff, in “Reflections of an old theologian and thinker” [4], points out that:
Spirituality generates inner change. The author reminds us of a radical thought of the great Eastern religious leader Dalai Lama:
This manifestation of the value of spirituality, as a regenerating force, is supported by the author’s own cry, which tells us: “
It is a little cry added to infinite other cries that rise in every corner of the Earth, chorusing the great and unfathomable mystery of love, expressed within the Christian tradition, in the “
There are, however, some proposals that offer a horizon of reference that facilitates dialogue with the present moment. Specifically within the traditions of spirituality, cultivated in Catholicism, I want to highlight a brief consideration made by the Brazilian Jesuit Lúcio Flávio Cirne [38] when he refers to two important paradigmatic paths in the Christian tradition: the spiritual heritage of Francis of Assisi, known above all for the famous “Canticle of Creatures,” which expresses praise to the Highest God, humanity that becomes the sister of creatures and the respect and admiration for the entire created world; and the legacy of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola, in which the Principle and Foundation itself presents a way of life in which God, human beings and the environment (the world) are intimately interrelated; finding God in all things and all things in God is the great horizon in the “prayer to reach love” of the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises (See [38], pp. 191–197).
Perhaps we can describe it as an imperative that, in terms of spirituality, what is expected of humanity, that is, of us, today, is the disposition of our hearts to seek the best paths for the construction of life-generating societies; to rebuild ourselves in our ability to recognize the other in their dignity; to be indignant in the face of scandalous and unacceptable inequalities, and the inhuman situation experienced by many brothers and sisters; to take care of life and the gifts of creation, impelled by the love for every life that will pulsate on this Planet Earth, in the future. It is the willingness to be, in everyday life, cultivators of socio-environmental justice. These are proposals that cut across all religious traditions, in one way or another, and overflow them in many ways. They are propositions that have secure anchors in Franciscan spirituality and Ignatian spirituality, seen in an integrated way. The testimony of Holy Father Francis demonstrates this.
Since 2015, the Social and Environmental Justice Network of the Jesuits of Brazil has been nurturing a concept of socio-environmental justice developed within the horizon of
To shed new light on the present essay that puts “
The concept of socio-environmental justice13 is related to the broad concept of
The three dimensions of socio-environmental justice, that is, emphases or thematic vectors, which help to delimit specific coordinates inherent to socio-environmental justice practices, are 1. Recognition of the dignity of all human beings within the different ethnic-racial roots, religious beliefs, different generations, gender, worldviews, and options, always looking for ways to establish the dialogue, the value of plurality, the reception of others, of the different—for example, migrants and refugees—and the care of the vulnerable in their dignity; 2. Solidarity with the world’s poor and discarded and overcoming social inequalities, promoting universal access to basic rights to work, social assistance, social security, health, housing, education, food, and national identity. Surveillance and advocacy for public policies, political life, and institutional transparency. 3. Caring for the gifts of creation: Conservation, preservation, and proper use of natural gifts, to care for healthy ecosystems and life for the future of Planet Earth and its inhabitants, and special attention to our way of being, living, and working, and the diversity of life in different environmental biomes.
The three levels of incidence, that is, the different strategic spaces in their exercise, considering the complex relationship between concrete and abstract, empiricism and theory, or the narrowest and the broadest, in each of the dimensions or thematic vectors of socio-environmental justice, are 1. The level of knowledge production, through the recognition of the different ways of knowing and perceiving life and things, far beyond the mere knowledge disciplined by the academic world, highlighting the search for overcoming the abyssal line that separates, on the one hand, academically valued knowledge, and, on the other hand, knowledge excluded from the rational-scientific world. We highlight, on one side, the appreciation of diversity in the perception of reality and, on the other side, the perverse process of negationism and superficialities of all kinds dominating today’s culture. 2. The level of decision-making in society, with an attitude of open and non-excluding cultivation of knowledge, respecting the place of speech of everyone, and imprinting increasingly democratic practices is, without a doubt, a fundamental contribution to higher success in management, accounting for an authentic and broad culture of participation and recognition of the dignity of the subjects involved in decisions, politics, economy, and social, cultural, and institutional organization. It is fundamental when disbelief in politics and institutions is growing. 3. The level of everyday practices is the real ground of care within personal and collective practices in everyday life. It is the field of daily life, of day-by-day simplicity, of care, and justice in life as it happens; the space and time of deep sedimentation of the care for our Common Home, in the living, witnessing the recognition of the other within their cultural, religious (and other) specificities, however different they may be if compared to ours. It is the level of wisdom nurturing and spiritual deepening.
In other words, in our search to promote socio-environmental justice (social and environmental justice) through the care of the radical recognition of human dignity, care for the commitment to combating social inequalities, and care for the gifts of creation, we seek to be attentive to the most appropriate spaces for the exercise of incidence or transformative practice, which may be the level or place of ideas and knowledge, the level of participation and direct influence with the different forces concerning society, and/or the particular level of personal witness and community within the simplicity of our daily lives. It is never enough to repeat: All of this will find more connectivity and more “links” as we evolve in our
Obstacles, however, are always alive and glaring. Perhaps one of the most serious obstacles is the tremendous mismatch (sometimes abysmal distance) between theory and practice in academia; between the promises of political discourse and the search for real solutions to problems; between the often calculating or alienated/alienating formulation of religions and religiosities and the effective spiritual experience in caring for life and dignity in everyday life; between immediate and superficial reactions and reactions thought out and discerned in knowledge. It is necessary that the curtains of hypocrisy, superficiality, reductive formatting, and corruption—in short, alienation—be broken in all spheres.
There is nothing better than
To start this final item, I seek support in a tremendously concise and consistent synthesis made by Leonardo Boff [5] when talking about the relationship between us, human beings, and sustainability. According to this theologian:
In addition to the bodily exteriority and psychic interiority, and everything that sustainability implies in these dimensions, the author also invites us to reflect on the sustainability of the man/spirit, that is, on the importance of cultivating the space of the profound in us. If he points to the importance of moments “
In humanity that is succumbing to the virus of selfishness, indifference, and the loss of the profound meaning of its own existence and the meaning of its being in the world, perhaps one of the most radical appeals or imperatives is to stimulate and provoke, in everything, the dimension of dialogue, in what is the deepest of existence, that is, the dimension of depth. Dialogue with God must be exercised in communication with others and with the goods of creation, and dialogue with others and with the goods of creation makes the dialogue with God gain in-depth and consistency. It will allow us to grow in our citizen commitment and in the exercise of promoting justice. Citizenship commitment will only be able to grow in someone, to the extent that one is effectively willing to break the shell of egocentrism, immediate interests, and personal accumulation. The greater the multiplication and diversification of dialogues, spanning different dimensions of human coexistence and different levels of incidence, the more chances will be to grow in citizen commitment and the feeling of co-responsibility for one’s own life, for others, for all humanity, and all the beings on the planet.
I have a great expectation that the pandemic, which in countries like Brazil manifested itself with true “syndemics” [1], has made us more vigilant and careful. I have great expectation that the horrors of the “world war in parts,” so publicized in the case of the Russian occupation of Ukraine but which have been torturing various territories and peoples without a reasonable explanation for humanity, will challenge us and bring renewed lessons. May we always be attentive to promoting spaces for
Both the reality of the pandemic (syndemics) and the reality of wars, in addition to putting us face to face with limitations, degeneration, and human coarsening, have also provided us with important testimonies of human greatness and overcoming, vividly demonstrated by the high spirit of solidarity manifested on all fronts along with a substantial human outcry of indignation and protest against inhumanities. Multiple cases of true heroism have been witnessed in defense of the profound meaning of humanity. Thus, recent history brings us a new imperative: It is necessary that all this good energy, full of hope, be widely nurtured, with great dedication and care, so that it can grow ever more vigorously and never diminish and succumb to the perversity of the reigning cultures that are reductive and generative of human emptiness.
I want to emphasize that spiritual dialogues occur whenever we allow ourselves to be questioned by the soul of humanity, whenever the academy allows itself to be questioned by the soul of humanity, whenever politics allows itself to be questioned by the soul of humanity, whenever religion allows itself to be questioned by the soul of humanity.
Whenever we know how to establish relationships mediated by the profound and spiritual dimension, we will take steps toward the radical regeneration of humanity from within itself, in the perspective of renewed sustainability. That is why I wanted “
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\n\nCORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\nSubject to the following Article, the Author grants to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright, and any extensions or renewals of that term, the following:
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The fundamentals of surface water hydrodynamics, including water properties, hydrodynamic processes, Cartesian coordinate-based governing equations, and boundary and initial conditions were reviewed. The fate and transport of contaminants in surface water were introduced. Based on aforementioned theory and principles, two hydrodynamic-water quality models were developed for studying a lake and a river, respectively. A stratified 3D model was used to investigate the circulation and E. coli transport in the nearshore region of Lake Michigan. The modeling results show that stratified phenomenon exists in the near region, and a 3D model is necessary even though a previous 2D model works well for the shallow water environment. A 2D depth-averaged water quality model was developed to estimate the fate and transport of four contaminants in the San Joaquin River of California. The modeling results indicate that it took 20 days for these contaminants to transport from the upstream to the downstream in the research domain. These models can be effectively used for inland surface water restoration and management.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Lubo Liu",authors:[{id:"169118",title:"Dr.",name:"Lubo",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"lubo-liu",fullName:"Lubo Liu"}]},{id:"59309",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73274",title:"Assessing the Hydrodynamic Pattern in Different Lakes of Malaysia",slug:"assessing-the-hydrodynamic-pattern-in-different-lakes-of-malaysia",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Hydrodynamic simulations using three-dimensional numerical model were carried out in three different shallow tropical lakes to understand the characteristics of water movement in the respective water bodies. The models were based on meteorological data from the nearest stations and calibrated with current measurement, temperature, or water-level data. The results show good agreement between measured and simulated velocities and/or temperature at certain depth. This study found that the major driving forces of the hydrodynamic pattern were different in the three lakes. Hydrodynamic simulations showed that Bukit Merah and Durian Tunggal reservoirs were more sensitive to wind-driven motion. Floodplain lakes, such as Bera Lake, are more sensitive to flood inflow by the main river during the monsoon season. Convective motion driven by water temperature gradient was important for Bukit Merah and Bera Lake.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Zati Sharip, Shahirwan Aman Shah, Aminuddin Jamin and Juhaimi\nJusoh",authors:[{id:"186369",title:"Dr.",name:"Zati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharip",slug:"zati-sharip",fullName:"Zati Sharip"},{id:"220302",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahirwan",middleName:null,surname:"Aman Shah",slug:"shahirwan-aman-shah",fullName:"Shahirwan Aman Shah"},{id:"220303",title:"Mr.",name:"Aminuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Jamin",slug:"aminuddin-jamin",fullName:"Aminuddin Jamin"},{id:"220304",title:"Mr.",name:"Juhaimi",middleName:null,surname:"Jusoh",slug:"juhaimi-jusoh",fullName:"Juhaimi Jusoh"}]},{id:"71359",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90652",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]},{id:"65487",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82825",title:"Sustainable and Resilient Water and Energy Futures: From New Ethics and Choices to Urban Nexus Strategies",slug:"sustainable-and-resilient-water-and-energy-futures-from-new-ethics-and-choices-to-urban-nexus-strate",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A safe, secure and affordable water future—for life, health, economy—are foundational outcomes from a new form of ethics for water stewardship and energy management. Current business as usual in water and energy systems have not led to sustainable, healthy nor resilient pathways for urban and rural communities alike. Today, an estimated 400 million people live in cities with significant water shortages. This is while 25% of water is currently lost before even used in urban areas (up to 60% in some cities) due to aging infrastructure. In addition, on average, only 10% of wastewater is treated before returning to water bodies in developing countries. By 2040, more than 66% of the world’s populations could suffer from severe water shortages; and by 2050, an 80% increase in urban water demand (over current levels) may result in one billion city dwellers and 36% (one in three) of cities expected to face water crises. A crisis is often a catalyst for innovation and this chapter is a call to cities to enable strategic responses—moving away from legacy ‘siloed’ infrastructures, over-allocated water resources and emerging ethical dilemmas to integrated water- and energy-related urban nexus strategies.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Josh Sperling and Will Sarni",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58856",title:"The Effects of Climate Change on Rural-Urban Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—The Cases of Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger",slug:"the-effects-of-climate-change-on-rural-urban-migration-in-sub-saharan-africa-ssa-the-cases-of-democr",totalDownloads:1867,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Water is essential for the existence of living organisms including humans. 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It is noted that the agricultural production in SSA have not improved over time and in fact, it has further decreased due to the move away from rural areas by many farmers.",book:{id:"6184",slug:"applications-in-water-systems-management-and-modeling",title:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling",fullTitle:"Applications in Water Systems Management and Modeling"},signatures:"Omar Moalin Hassan and Gurudeo Anand Tularam",authors:[{id:"148090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurudeo",middleName:null,surname:"Tularam",slug:"gurudeo-tularam",fullName:"Gurudeo Tularam"},{id:"208956",title:"Mr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Moalin Hassan",slug:"omar-moalin-hassan",fullName:"Omar Moalin Hassan"}]},{id:"73528",title:"Characteristics and Assessment of Groundwater",slug:"characteristics-and-assessment-of-groundwater",totalDownloads:785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Groundwater system is very vital to humanity and the ecosystem. Aquifers are determined based on the absence or presence of water table positioning, that is, confined, unconfined, leaky aquifers and fractured aquifers. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the characteristic and assessment of groundwater within the scope of vertical distribution of GW, types of the aquifer system, types of SW-GW interface, and SW-GW interaction at both local and regional scales. The properties of the aquifer depend on the physical characteristics of the materials (porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific storage, and hydraulic conductivities) which are determined by techniques like resistivity surveys and pumping tests followed by remote sensing and geographic information system for better information on the groundwater system. Furthermore, understanding the SW-GW interactions through available methods (seepage meter, heat tracer, and environmental tracer) is useful in watershed management, that is, risk management and assessment of the aquifer system.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Naseem Akhtar, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir, Mohd Talha Anees, Abdul Qadir and Mohamad Shaiful Yusuff",authors:[{id:"201647",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Talha",middleName:null,surname:"Anees",slug:"mohd-talha-anees",fullName:"Mohd Talha Anees"},{id:"203218",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Izzuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Syakir Ishak",slug:"muhammad-izzuddin-syakir-ishak",fullName:"Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir Ishak"},{id:"324417",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Naseem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"naseem-akhtar",fullName:"Naseem Akhtar"},{id:"328134",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Shaiful",middleName:null,surname:"Yusuff",slug:"mohammad-shaiful-yusuff",fullName:"Mohammad Shaiful Yusuff"},{id:"328135",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Qadir",slug:"abdul-qadir",fullName:"Abdul Qadir"}]},{id:"73757",title:"Groundwater Recharges Technology for Water Resource Management: A Case Study",slug:"groundwater-recharges-technology-for-water-resource-management-a-case-study",totalDownloads:574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The irregularity in monsoon has severely affected the water availability at surface and sub-surface systems. Diminishing surface and sub-surface availability has not only decreased the water availability, but it additionally affected the ecosystem and increased disastrous situations like floods and droughts, resulting problems of stress on groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is a technique by which infiltrated water passes through the unsaturated region of groundwater and joins the water table. It is based upon soil type, land use land cover, geomorphology, geophysical and climate (viz. rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.) characteristics of a region. Over the years, due to variations in weather pattern and overexploitation of aquifers groundwater recharge has decreased and groundwater level has reduced in the most parts of the country. This has led to severe water deficit problems in several parts of the country. This can be solved by different direct and indirect methods of groundwater recharge technology. This technology can reduce the wastage of water and enhance groundwater availability for uses in different sector like irrigation, domestic and industrial uses.",book:{id:"9981",slug:"groundwater-management-and-resources",title:"Groundwater Management and Resources",fullTitle:"Groundwater Management and Resources"},signatures:"Jatoth Veeranna and Pawan Jeet",authors:[{id:"325776",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawan",middleName:null,surname:"Jeet",slug:"pawan-jeet",fullName:"Pawan Jeet"},{id:"328200",title:"Mr.",name:"Jatoth",middleName:null,surname:"Veeranna",slug:"jatoth-veeranna",fullName:"Jatoth Veeranna"}]},{id:"62709",title:"Sustainability of Irrigation in Uzbekistan: Implications for Women Farmers",slug:"sustainability-of-irrigation-in-uzbekistan-implications-for-women-farmers",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter focuses on a discussion of how global efforts to align local irrigation management with the good governance principles affect the lives of the rural poor, specifically women. Drawing in empirical data collected in post-soviet Uzbekistan, I illuminate unexpected effects of an apparently well-intended irrigation project on those categories of farmers whose connections to state apparatus of agricultural commerce of cotton were weak. Using fieldwork data from a village largely affected by desiccation of Aral Sea, I describe the everyday struggles by these people, who are mostly women, engage to make their living and provide subsistence to their families in situation of economic trauma, environmental disaster, and massive outmigration of male population. This analysis puts forward the local voices of real people whose lives are being restructured by sustainability oriented actions. Such perspective is often missed in scholarly and professional literature. These findings are hoped to assist policy developers in formulating irrigation programs in ways that would embrace sustainability both in terms of environmental and social justice.",book:{id:"6886",slug:"water-and-sustainability",title:"Water and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Water and Sustainability"},signatures:"Elena Kim",authors:null},{id:"71359",title:"Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources, Indices, and Related Activities in Colombia",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-water-resources-indices-and-related-activities-in-colombia",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In Colombia, a country with great climatic diversity, the water balance is affected in one way or another by climate change depending on the region. Thus, there may be increases and decreases in precipitation and, in all cases, a huge increase in temperature. This document presents some studies carried out in different areas of the country regarding the effects of climate change on water resources, including its influence on hydroelectric power generation, some changes in the water balance in arid areas, and the opportunity to ensemble climate change scenarios. Likewise, it outlines a possible future water supply-demand relationship, where supply is associated with a change in the water balance and demand with some crops, activities, and sectors that need water to survive. This allows to estimate some future status indices to see the overall picture of climate change in connection with the country’s water resources.",book:{id:"8098",slug:"resources-of-water",title:"Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Resources of Water"},signatures:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa, Carlos Gay-García and Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña",authors:[{id:"311362",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina-Noreña",slug:"jesus-efren-ospina-norena",fullName:"Jesús Efren Ospina-Noreña"},{id:"311363",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gay-García",slug:"carlos-gay-garcia",fullName:"Carlos Gay-García"},{id:"311364",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Nathaly",middleName:null,surname:"Güiza-Villa",slug:"nathaly-guiza-villa",fullName:"Nathaly Güiza-Villa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"872",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Rodrigues",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRt8pQAC/Profile_Picture_1622531020756",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"176987",title:"Ph.D.",name:"María-José",middleName:"Carrascosa",surname:"Argente",slug:"maria-jose-argente",fullName:"María-José Argente",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9vOQAS/Profile_Picture_1630330499537",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",middleName:null,surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321396/images/system/321396.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"183723",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xiaojun-liu",fullName:"Xiaojun Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/183723/images/system/183723.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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