Regional distribution centers - RDC
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5747",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanowires - New Insights",title:"Nanowires",subtitle:"New Insights",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"One-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowires, have drawn extensive research interests in the recent years. The smaller size brings unique properties to the nanowires due to the finite size effect (quantum confinement effects). The unique geometrical features of the nanowires bring their utilization in many practical applications in the recent advanced technology. This book provides an updated review on fabrication, properties, and applications of various nanowires. This book is aimed to provide solid foundation of nanowires to the students, scientists, and engineers working in the field of material science and condensed matter physics.",isbn:"978-953-51-3284-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3283-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4762-6",doi:"10.5772/65179",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nanowires-new-insights",numberOfPages:264,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"dde280ae9a6cf4036de089d63738a409",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",publishedDate:"July 5th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5747.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17752,numberOfWosCitations:31,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:42,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:99,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 13th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 4th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 31st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 31st 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 30th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107765/images/system/107765.png",biography:"Dr. Maaz Khan is working as Deputy Chief Scientist (Professor) at PINSTECH, Pakistan. He has done Ph.D. and post doctorate in the field of Material Science (Nanoscience). His research interests include fabrication of nanomaterials and their structural, optical, magnetic, and electrical characterizations. He has authored more than 100 research articles and published 10 books. Presently, he is the Editor-in-Chief of ‘Journal of Materials, Processing and Design\\' and \\'The Nucleus\\'. He is also the Executive Editor of \\'International Journal of Nano Studies and Technology\\'. Dr. Maaz also serves as the editorial board member of several journals of Material Science.",institutionString:"Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"54582",title:"Synthesis and Application of Copper Nanowires and Silver Nanosheet-Coated Copper Nanowires as Nanofillers in Several Polymers",doi:"10.5772/67782",slug:"synthesis-and-application-of-copper-nanowires-and-silver-nanosheet-coated-copper-nanowires-as-nanofi",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A large amount of copper (Cu) nanowires was synthesized through the reduction of Cu(OH)2 by hydrazine in an aqueous solution containing NaOH and ethylenediamine. Besides, Cu nanowires coated by silver nanosheet (denoted as Cu@Ag nanowires) were prepared with a facile transmetalation reaction method. In the meantime, the as‐prepared Cu and Cu@Ag nanowires were used as the nanofillers of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and epoxy resin (EP), and their effects on the thermal properties and mechanical properties as well as friction and wear behavior of the polymer‐matrix composites nanocomposites were examined. Results indicate that the as‐prepared Cu@Ag nanowires consist of Cu nanowires core and Ag nanosheet shell. The Ag nanosheet shell can well inhibit the oxidation of the Cu nanowires core, thereby providing the as‐prepared Cu@Ag nanowires with good thermal stability even at an elevated temperature of 230°C. As compared with Cu nanowires, Cu@Ag nanowires could effectively increase the thermal stability of the PVC matrix composites. Moreover, due to the special morphology and microstructure, the as‐prepared Cu@Ag nanowires can effectively improve the mechanical properties and wear resistance of PVC, UHMWPE, and EP.",signatures:"Ningning Zeng, Shuguang Fan, Jingyi Ma, Yujuan Zhang,\nShengmao Zhang, Pingyu Zhang and Zhijun Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54582",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54582",authors:[{id:"181746",title:"Prof.",name:"Shengmao",surname:"Zhang",slug:"shengmao-zhang",fullName:"Shengmao Zhang"},{id:"185695",title:"Dr.",name:"Yujuan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yujuan-zhang",fullName:"Yujuan Zhang"},{id:"185696",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingyu",surname:"Zhang",slug:"pingyu-zhang",fullName:"Pingyu Zhang"},{id:"204777",title:"Ms.",name:"Ningning",surname:"Zeng",slug:"ningning-zeng",fullName:"Ningning Zeng"},{id:"204778",title:"Ms.",name:"Shuguang",surname:"Fan",slug:"shuguang-fan",fullName:"Shuguang Fan"},{id:"204779",title:"Mr.",name:"Jingyi",surname:"Ma",slug:"jingyi-ma",fullName:"Jingyi Ma"},{id:"204780",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhijun",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhijun-zhang",fullName:"Zhijun Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54909",title:"Second Harmonic Generation in ZnO Nanowires",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68150",slug:"second-harmonic-generation-in-zno-nanowires",totalDownloads:1616,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Second harmonic generation (SHG) is one of the most researched nonlinear material properties and finds applications in many fields ranging from laser projection to cancer detection to future optical switches for molecular devices. Studying SHG in ZnO nanostructures started few years ago and there is a long way to go to compete with the existing nonlinear crystals. Information gathered over the past few years in research on SHG of ZnO nanowires (NWs) is summarized in this chapter. Recent advancement in the growth techniques for various types of ZnO NWs used for SHG studies is also discussed. We present an extensive analysis and discussion on some key parameters that directly modify the efficiency of SHG in ZnO NWs. The key parameters considered for discussion are aspect ratio of NWs, doping, and external strain. At the end, current standing on the reported values of nonlinear coefficients and future outlook are presented.",signatures:"Soumen Dhara and Stephen A. Lynch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54909",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54909",authors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],corrections:null},{id:"54046",title:"Electrical Manipulation of a Single Nanowire by Dielectrophoresis",doi:"10.5772/67386",slug:"electrical-manipulation-of-a-single-nanowire-by-dielectrophoresis",totalDownloads:1596,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanowires (NWs), due to their unique highly anisotropic characteristics, hold a great promise to be used in wide technological fields, such as building blocks for data storage and memory, advanced scanning probes, and biotechnological applications. In addition, given the high sensitivity to their environment, NWs can be used as sensor for a number of applications. The fabrication and electrical characterization of NW‐based devices can be achieved after proper placing of NWs between electrodes, which represents one of the major challenges in this field. The dielectrophoresis (DEP) method can be used to trap electrically neutral NWs by the application of an alternating electric field between a pair of electrodes. Here, we present a systematic study of DEP parameters as well as electrodes geometry for NW deposition. This method presents a suitable protocol for deposition in a useful and coherent fashion of post‐growth electrodeposited NWs and further electrical characterization. This can be used for investigation of the fundamental transport properties of individual NWs and fabrication of NW‐based devices, such as sensors and field‐effect transistors.",signatures:"Marcos Vinicius Puydinger dos Santos, Fanny Béron, Kleber Roberto\nPirota, José Alexandre Diniz and Stanislav Moshkalev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54046",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54046",authors:[{id:"180153",title:"Prof.",name:"Fanny",surname:"Béron",slug:"fanny-beron",fullName:"Fanny Béron"},{id:"180851",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",surname:"Puydinger Dos Santos",slug:"marcos-puydinger-dos-santos",fullName:"Marcos Puydinger Dos Santos"},{id:"203879",title:"Prof.",name:"Kleber",surname:"Roberto Pirota",slug:"kleber-roberto-pirota",fullName:"Kleber Roberto Pirota"},{id:"203880",title:"Prof.",name:"José",surname:"Alexandre Diniz",slug:"jose-alexandre-diniz",fullName:"José Alexandre Diniz"},{id:"203881",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",surname:"Moshkalev",slug:"stanislav-moshkalev",fullName:"Stanislav Moshkalev"}],corrections:null},{id:"54298",title:"ZnO Nanowires for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/67616",slug:"zno-nanowires-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1654,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a broad review of the latest research activities focused on the synthesis and application of ZnO nanowires (NWs) for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and composed of three main sections. The first section briefly introduces DSC‐working principles and ZnO NW application advantages and stability issues. The next section reviews ZnO NW synthesis methods, demonstrating approaches for controlled synthesis of different ZnO NW morphology and discussing how this effects the overall efficiency of the DSC. In the last section, the methods for ZnO NW interface modification with various materials are discussed, which include ZnO core‐shell structures with semiconductive or protective layers, ZnO NW hybrid structures with other materials, such as nanoparticles, quantum dots and carbon nanomaterials and their benefit for charge and light transport in DSCs. The review is concluded with some perspectives and outlook on the future developments in the ZnO nanowire application for DSCs.",signatures:"Simas Rackauskas, Nadia Barbero, Claudia Barolo and Guido\nViscardi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54298",authors:[{id:"195783",title:"Dr.",name:"Simas",surname:"Rackauskas",slug:"simas-rackauskas",fullName:"Simas Rackauskas"},{id:"196425",title:"Prof.",name:"Nadia",surname:"Barbero",slug:"nadia-barbero",fullName:"Nadia Barbero"},{id:"196426",title:"Prof.",name:"Guido",surname:"Viscardi",slug:"guido-viscardi",fullName:"Guido Viscardi"},{id:"196427",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Barolo",slug:"claudia-barolo",fullName:"Claudia Barolo"}],corrections:null},{id:"55286",title:"Solution-Processable Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68800",slug:"solution-processable-nanowire-field-effect-transistors",totalDownloads:1542,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Solution-processable single-crystalline inorganic semiconducting nanowires are excellent building blocks for printable electronics requiring high performance of semiconducting components. Excellent charge carrier mobilities of crystalline nanowires combined with solvent-based nanowire processing open up possibilities for low-cost nanowire electronics targeting a variety of applications ranging from flexible circuits to chemical and biological sensors. Nanowire field-effect transistors are key devices for most of such applications. Recent developments in controllable nanowire positioning and orientation on the substrates and electrical property selection provide the necessary technological breakthroughs enabling the fabrications of reproducible nanowire transistors. In this chapter, we discuss the nanowire assembly methods and high-spatial-resolution scanning probe microscopy techniques towards scalable fabrication of high-performance printable nanowire field-effect transistors.",signatures:"Maxim Shkunov, Grigorios Rigas and Marios Constantinou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55286",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55286",authors:[{id:"201493",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxim",surname:"Shkunov",slug:"maxim-shkunov",fullName:"Maxim Shkunov"},{id:"205561",title:"Mr.",name:"Grigorios",surname:"Rigas",slug:"grigorios-rigas",fullName:"Grigorios Rigas"},{id:"205562",title:"Mr.",name:"Marios",surname:"Constantinou",slug:"marios-constantinou",fullName:"Marios Constantinou"}],corrections:null},{id:"54187",title:"Semiconductor Nanowire MOSFETs and Applications",doi:"10.5772/67446",slug:"semiconductor-nanowire-mosfets-and-applications",totalDownloads:2286,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Semiconductor nanowires have aroused a lot of scientific interest and have been regarded as one of the most promising candidates that would make possible building blocks in future nanoscale devices and integrated circuits. Employing nanowire as metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) channel can enable a gate‐surrounding structure allowing an excellent electrostatic gate control over the channel for reducing the short‐channel effects. This chapter introduces the basic physics of semiconductor nanowires and addresses the problem of how to synthesize semiconductor nanowires with low‐cost, high‐efficiency and bottom‐up approaches. Effective integration of nanowires in modern complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology, specifically in MOSFET devices, and non‐volatile memory applications is also reviewed. By extending the nanowire MOSFET structure into a universal device architecture, various novel semiconductor materials can be investigated. Semiconductor nanowire MOSFETs have been proved to be a strong and useful platform to study the physical and electrical properties of the novel material. In this chapter, we will also review the investigations on topological insulator materials by employing the nanowire field‐effect transistor (FET) device structure.",signatures:"Hao Zhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54187",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54187",authors:[{id:"195870",title:"Prof.",name:"Hao",surname:"Zhu",slug:"hao-zhu",fullName:"Hao Zhu"}],corrections:null},{id:"55398",title:"Silicon Quasi‐One‐Dimensional Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Applications",doi:"10.5772/67749",slug:"silicon-quasi-one-dimensional-nanostructures-for-photovoltaic-applications",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thanks to the silicon abundance, stability, non-toxicity and well known electronic properties, Si based solar cells have represented the leading actors in the photovoltaic market and future projections confirm this predominance. However, half of the module cost is due to the material consumption and processing. In order to decrease the costs, a cut in the Si consumption must be operated, with consequent decrement in the optical absorption, generated current and device efficiency. To keep the performance level, a proper Si surface design with the objective to trap the light, has been developed. One of the most popular approaches is to use silicon nanowires embedded in the solar cell emitter where they play the role of optically and electrically active layer, thanks to their excellent optical absorption properties. However, also another material has been the terminus of the light-trapping materials, the silicon nanoholes. Their mechanical robustness is superior, making their integration inside the cell easier and cost-effective. The review will bring about all of the most common methods to fabricate these two types of nanostructures when used for solar cells applications, their optical properties and some critical aspects related to their high surface to volume ratio which modify the recombination processes.",signatures:"Rosaria Anna Puglisi, Valentina Lombardo and Sebastiano Caccamo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55398",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55398",authors:[{id:"197197",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Puglisi",slug:"rosaria-puglisi",fullName:"Rosaria Puglisi"}],corrections:null},{id:"55033",title:"Opportunities of Scanning Probe Microscopy for Electrical, Mechanical and Electromechanical Research of Semiconductor Nanowires",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68162",slug:"opportunities-of-scanning-probe-microscopy-for-electrical-mechanical-and-electromechanical-research-",totalDownloads:1373,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, three types of phenomena (electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical) that can be investigated in individual III–V semiconductor nanowires with scanning probe microscope are presented. Transport measurements in GaAs nanowires based on stable electric connection provided opportunity to study individual vertical freestanding nanowires under gentle precisely controlled force. Latter approach appears superior to studies of horizontally fixed nanowires because studying vertical as‐grown nanowires avoids charge leakage into the substrate and impact of defects caused by breakage of nanowires. Principles of thermionic emission theory are used to characterize electrical effects in individual as-grown nanowires. Effects of SiO2 protective layer, surface passivation layers, illumination, and influence of sweeping rate of current‐voltage recording are analyzed. Elastic studies are performed for individual InP nanowires affixed at one end. Bending of the tapered nanowires with diameters of a narrow free end either 10 or 20 nm was performed under different loading forces. It allowed calculation of flexibility coefficient profiles along the nanowires’ axes. Improved numerical model for tapered nanowires leads to the finding of Young’s modulus of wurtzite InP material in nanowires. Piezoelectric measurements permitting registration of reverse piezo effect with opportunities of direct piezo response recording for individual wurtzite GaAs nanowires are briefly described.",signatures:"Pavel Geydt, Mikhail S. Dunaevskiy and Erkki Lähderanta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55033",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55033",authors:[{id:"197072",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Pavel",surname:"Geydt",slug:"pavel-geydt",fullName:"Pavel Geydt"},{id:"205202",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Dunaevskiy",slug:"mikhail-dunaevskiy",fullName:"Mikhail Dunaevskiy"},{id:"205204",title:"Prof.",name:"Erkki",surname:"Lähderanta",slug:"erkki-lahderanta",fullName:"Erkki Lähderanta"}],corrections:null},{id:"55814",title:"Diluted Magnetic DNA Nanowires",doi:"10.5772/67921",slug:"diluted-magnetic-dna-nanowires",totalDownloads:1421,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"DNA, as a natural biological nanowire, could be modified by inorganic atoms, either conducting or semi‐conducting ones, to render feasible for technological applications and sequencing. Magnetic phase transition of modified DNA (M‐DNA) nanowire, similar to diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) materials, occurs by changing parameters such as temperature and doping ratio having critical values. Tuning such parameters provide a pleasant control about determination of the magnetic property of M‐DNA, particularly room‐temperature soft ferromagnetism. In this chapter, a fundamental theory for anti‐ferromagnetic Cr3+‐doped M‐DNA nanowire named as diluted magnetic organic structures (DMOS) is tried to figure out the interactions representing the exotic behaviour of these type of organometallics. However, authors detailed preparation of nanowire as a global input and overall procedure of simulation based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method.",signatures:"Caner Değer, Vahap Eldem and İzzet Paruğ Duru",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55814",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55814",authors:[{id:"196604",title:"Dr.",name:"Paruğ",surname:"Duru",slug:"parug-duru",fullName:"Paruğ Duru"},{id:"201305",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahap",surname:"Eldem",slug:"vahap-eldem",fullName:"Vahap Eldem"},{id:"204708",title:"Dr.",name:"Caner",surname:"Değer",slug:"caner-deger",fullName:"Caner Değer"}],corrections:null},{id:"54251",title:"Recent Trends in Plasmonic Nanowire Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/67617",slug:"recent-trends-in-plasmonic-nanowire-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1502,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Light trapping is crucial for low-cost and highly efficient nanowire (NW) solar cells (SCs). In order to increase the light absorption through the NWSCs, plasmonic materials can be incorporated inside or above the NW design. In this regard, two novel designs of plasmonic NWSCs are reported and analyzed using 3D finite difference time domain method. The geometrical parameters of the reported designs are studied to improve their electrical and optical efficiencies. The ultimate and power conversion efficiencies (PCE) are used to quantify the conversion efficiency of the light into electricity. The first design relies on funnel shaped SiNWs with plasmonic core while the cylindrical NWs of the second design are decorated by Ag diamond shaped. The calculated ultimate efficiency and PCE of the plasmonic funnel design are equal to 44% and 18.9%, respectively with an enhancement of 43.3 % over its cylindrical NWs counterpart. This enhancement can be explained by the coupling between the three optical modes, supported by the upper cylinder, lower cone and plasmonic material. Moreover, the cylindrical SiNWs decorated by Ag diamond offer an ultimate efficiency and short-circuit current density of 25.7%, and 21.03 mA∕cm2, respectively with an improvement of 63% over the conventional cylindrical SiNWs.",signatures:"Mohamed Hussein, Mohamed Farhat Othman Hameed and Salah S.\nA. Obayya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54251",authors:[{id:"195512",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Hameed",slug:"mohamed-hameed",fullName:"Mohamed Hameed"},{id:"195741",title:"Prof.",name:"Salah",surname:"Obayya",slug:"salah-obayya",fullName:"Salah Obayya"},{id:"195747",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Hussein",slug:"mohamed-hussein",fullName:"Mohamed Hussein"}],corrections:null},{id:"54371",title:"A Comparative Study of Nanowire Arrays for Maximum Power Transmission",doi:"10.5772/67447",slug:"a-comparative-study-of-nanowire-arrays-for-maximum-power-transmission",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present a comparative study of nanowire arrays for the purpose of transmitting electromagnetic energy to long distances with minimum loss. Silver nanowires at an infrared frequency are considered as a case study, using an accurate simulation environment based on the surface-integral equations and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). Reliable numerical results are obtained by considering arrays as three-dimensional structures with finite sizes in all dimensions. Nanowires with different cross sections are compared in alternative array configurations to assess and compare their transmission properties. While there are no significantly varying performances for the arrays of few elements, large discrepancies occur as the number of nanowires increases. We show that arrays involving nanowires with hexagonal cross sections in hexagonal arrangements can provide significantly better power transmissions in comparison to others. We also present the superiority of a particular case, where the nanowires and gaps between them, both with hexagonal cross sections, are equally distributed, leading to a honeycomb structure. This type of structures demonstrates high-quality transmissions that can be useful in diverse application areas, such as optical coupling, subwavelength imaging, and energy harvesting.",signatures:"Hasan Aykut Şatana, Barışcan Karaosmanoğlu and Özgür Ergül",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54371",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54371",authors:[{id:"195936",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ozgur",surname:"Ergul",slug:"ozgur-ergul",fullName:"Ozgur Ergul"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6552",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Fabrication, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa35924b88365602189440c335634a77",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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They involve a large number of interdependent decisions, such as the determination of the best location and capacity of a distribution center (DC), a production plant, a wholesaler etc., the allocation of customer demand to suppliers, e.g. regional DC (RDC), the adoption of a transportation mode, e.g. rail and truck, the vehicle routing adopting/not adopting a “groupage” strategy. This chapter presents an original and automatic supporting decisions platform for the integration of strategic (long-term), tactical (mid-term) and operational (short-term) decisions in the design, management and control of a logistic network including up to four operating levels: sources (production plants), central distribution centers (CDCs), RDCs, and customers (points of demand-Pods). A case study is illustrated and obtained results discussed in presence of different problem settings and operating hypotheses.
The main contribution of this chapter is the illustration of an automatic supporting decisions tool for the design, management, control and optimization of a logistic network.
The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a review of the literature studies on the design and management of a supply chain. Section 3 illustrates the proposed conceptual framework for planning a supply chain: this framework has been adopted by LD-LogOptimizer. Section 4 presents a case study and illustrates the obtained results. Finally Section 5 presents conclusions and further research.
A supply chain (SC) is a network of suppliers (sources), production plants, warehouses, and distribution channel organized to acquire raw materials, convert them to finished products, and distribute products to customers. The flow of goods between a supplier and customer passes through several levels and stages, and each level consists of many facilities (Bidhandi and Yusuff, 2011).
A generic SC network is depicted in Figure 1. It is made of 4 levels (sources, CDCs, RDCs, Customers) and 3 stages (Sources-CDCs, CDCs-RDCs, RDCs-Customers). The generic stage involves two different kinds of entities, e.g. CDCs and RDCs, linked with a direct flow of materials. In general by-pass flows are admissible, e.g. from the source level to customers, i.e. points of demand (Pods).
A generic supply chain network
Supply chain management (SCM) is the integration of key business processes among a network of interdependent suppliers, manufacturers, distribution centers, and retailers in order to improve the flow of goods, service, and information from original suppliers to final customers, with the objective of reducing system-wide costs while maintaining required service levels (Simchi-Levi et al. 2000).
Stadtler (2005) presents a framework for the classification of SCM and advanced planning issues and targets: there are several commercial software packages available for advanced planning, the so-called advanced planning systems (APS), incorporating models and solution algorithms and tools widely discussed by the literature. In particular, Su and Yang (2010) discuss the importance of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems for improving overall SC performance. ERP systems are essential enablers of SCM competences. Nevertheless there are not yet valuable integrated tools as supporting decisions makers for planning strategic, tactical and operational issues and activities of a wide and complex logistic network. In particular, ERP systems and APSs do not support decision making on the whole system (logistic network) optimization and design. The great complexity of such a problem forces the managers to accept
Planning a SC network involves making decisions to cope with long-term strategic planning, medium-term tactical planning and short-term operational planning as summarized in Figure 2.
Figure 3 reports main decisions for the strategic planning (e.g. supplier selection, production facilities location), the tactical planning (master production planning, DCs assignment, storage capacity determination) and the short time operational planning and scheduling (scheduling, multi-facility MRP, vehicle routing) classified in terms of decision typology:
Classification of planning decisions
Issues and decisions (
The strategic level deals with decisions that have a long-lasting effect on a company (Simchi-Levi et al. 2000) and supports the design and configuration of a logistic network. The terms “network design” and “SC network design” are usually synonymous of
As a consequence, the strategic planning usually deals with long-term decisions,
The tactical planning deals with medium-term and short-term decisions by a
As a result of the application of a multi-period tactical planning to a distribution network, the logistic manager needs to daily supply products to a large set of customers/consumers, the so-called points of demand (Pods), by the adoption of a set of different transportation modes. The operational planning of a SC network deals with the short-term scheduling of vehicle missions & trips necessary to supply products to the demand points, in presence (or in absence) of the groupage strategy. This strategy consists in defining groups of Pods that can be visited by a vehicle in a single trip. Consequently, adopting the groupage strategy the customers/Pods are grouped in disjunctive pools and a single vehicle serves the members of each group simultaneously in a multi-stop (multi-visit) trip (route/mission). This is the well-known vehicle routing problem (VRP), which is a non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) combinatorial optimization and nonlinear programming problem seeking to service a number of customers with a fleet of vehicles (Baldacci and Mingozzi 2009, Dantzig and Ramser 1959). In particular CVRP is the so-called capacitated VRP, where a fixed fleet of delivery vehicles of uniform capacity must serve known customer demands from a common depot, e.g. a distribution center CD, at minimum transit cost (Güneri 2007).
In SC planning, given a point in time
The daily SC planning is a very complex problem and consists in defining the best groups of customers and the best geographical routings minimizing the global logistic costs in accordance to different kinds of constraints, e.g. time windows, load capacities, pickup and delivery sequencing, set-up, etc. Literature presents several models and methods to help the manager to find good solutions; but they are generally very complex and not effective given a real instance/application of the transportation problem characterized by a realistic dimension, e.g. hundreds of Pods and many depots.
Figure 4 presents the conceptual framework of the proposed integrated planning process. The proposed automatic tool LD-LogOptimizer has adopted this framework. It is a multi-step supporting decisions framework for strategic, tactical and operational planning activities. This is the basis for the development of an automatic tool, named LD-LogOptimizer. LD-LogOptimizer is illustrated in this chapter and has been applied to a significant case study as discussed in last sections of this chapter. This tool deals with many input data and generates a lot of results and system performance as discussed below.
Framework for an integrated planning of a distribution network
Figure 5 presents the input data to be collected for the implementation of the approach briefly illustrated in Figure 4. For the generic Pod: geographical location and demand quantity for each product and each point in time
Input data for the implementation, logic scheme
Figure 6 illustrates the strategic planning as modelled and implemented by the proposed automatic tool LD-LogOptimizer. In particular, given previously illustrated input data, a 3-stage (4-levels) single-period multi-product mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for the location allocation problem (LAP) is defined. Euclidean distances are generally adopted to model the distances between two locations, e.g. a source and a RDC. A set of input data on variable and fixed costs and vehicles’ settings has to be introduced because different transportation modes are available.
The model can be solved as-is (see "strategic model 3S" in Figure 6) or reducing the number of levels from four to three (i.e. the number of stages to two) by the generation of two distinct sub-problems: the assignment of Pods demand to RDCs by the execution of a heuristic rule and the assignment of materials flows to the higher levels of the network (from RDCs to the sources passing from the CDCs). The in-depth illustration of the heuristics is not the aim of this chapter. The simplification introduced by the heuristic approach to problem solving significantly reduces the computational complexity of the decision problem: the as-is "strategic model 3S" is substituted by the so-called heuristic rule at the first stage combined with the "strategic model 2S" at the second and third stages. The as-is problem modelling is for the optimal solution of the LAP; the simplified reduces the computational time but accept feasible solution very closed to the unknown optimal one. The strategic planning as reported in Figure 6 generates a large number of output results.
The tactical planning implemented by LD-LogOptimizer is illustrated in Figure 7. The dynamic multi-period, multi-product, multi-transportation mode, 3-stage LAP can be solved as a result of the application of the so-called "pre-setting" process (see Figure 7), i.e. by the activation of facilities and/or flows and/or transportation modes adopted at the strategic decisional step, or as an optimization problem without assuming any hypothesis/decision generated at the previous step. In absence of pre-setting the model is called "tactical model 3S" (see Figure 7). Examples of output data, mainly time based, for the tactical planning are: inventory levels at production/distribution facilities, material flows, picking/delivery lists of products at the generic Pod for a point in time
Figure 8 illustrates the adopted operational planning for a 3-stage, multi-period, multi-product, multi- (transportation) -mode. It is a cluster-first and route-second procedure based
Strategic planning, LD-LogOptimizer
Tactical planning, LD-LogOptimizer
Operational Planning, LD-LogOptimizer
on the introduction of original similarity indices for clustering of demand points (e.g. Pods at the first stage RDCs-Pods or RDCs at the second stage CDCs-RDCs) and sequencing/routing of visits (e.g. Pods) within each cluster of demand points assigned to a supplier (e.g. an RDC). Examples of output data generated by the tool are: configuration of clusters, vehicle loading and saturation, vehicle routing, routes, costs, distances, etc.
Figure 9 shows the conceptual framework adopted by LD-LogOptimizer as the integration of strategic, tactical and operational planning activities.
LD-LogOptimizer tool for the integrated planning
This case study refers to a 3-stage US distribution system operating in USA and made of:
3 production plants located in Sacramento (California), Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) and Topeka (Kansans);
3 CDCs located in Baltimore (Maryland), Kansas City (Missouri) and Reno (Nevada);
12 RDCs whose location, capacities and costs are reported in Table 1;
120 Pods all located in USA;
the number of time units for the planning period is 20 corresponding to days (20 days are about one month);
3 transportation modes are available: truck, train and plane.
Regional distribution centers - RDC
Figure 10 shows the main form of the strategic planning in LD-LogOptimizer. It is made of different sections for input and output data. A quick report guides the user to the full comprehension of the tool activities. Figure 11 presents the input data including the geographical map. In particular, on the map yellow flags represent the production plants (sources), white flags the RDCs, light blue flagsthe CDCs, green flags the Pods.
Figure 12 shows the results of the application of the strategic planning: the activated nodes of the network and the activated material flows are visible. For example, RDC1 and RDC6 are closed at the third stage of the system; Pod98 is supplied by RDC3 that supplies also other points of demand, e.g. Pod99, Pod101, Pod106. The total logistic cost and different contributions are reported in the quick report.
6 of 12 available RDCs are closed; 1 of 3 available CDCs is activated (open); 1 of 3 available plants is open. Closed plants are represented in black colour, in blue closed CDCs and in red closed RDCs. Figure 12 show also the flows of material for a specific product at the first stage.
Figure 13 presents the results of the strategic planning showing also the flows at the third stage (RDCs-Pods). Similarly Figure 14 shows the flows activated by product P2.
Figure 15 reports the graph of the distribution of costs within the system as the result of the strategic planning in LD-LogOptimizer: about 21% of the total cost is due to transportation activities; about 34% to fixed costs (e.g. to open/activate facilities as CDCs and RDCs); about 45% of the total cost is variable (e.g. handling cost).
Table 2 presents the obtained results in terms of KPI.The activated facilities are: 6 of 12 RDCs, 1 of 3 CDCs, 1 of 3 production plants. The total cost refers to the whole planning period of one year. It is a very expensive cost because it includes all fixed cost contributions necessary to build the network, i.e. to open/active logistic facilities, and to move materials from suppliers to demand points.
Tactical planning is a time-dependent planning. Consequently, for each product and the generic point in time
Strategic planning, LD-LogOptimizer, main form
Input data for the strategic planning
Results, strategic planning
Product 1, strategic planning. Flows at the first stage.
Product 2, materials flows. Strategic planning.
Strategic planning, network cost.
Figure 16 presents the result of the execution of LD-LogOptimizer on the case study object of the analysis and for the tactical planning. In particular, results in figure refer to the product named P1. The list of deliveries for the active RDCs to the Pods in the point in time T1 is also reported: this is the input for the operational planning illustrated in next subsection. Flows of product P1 between active facilities in T1 are shown.
Figure 17 shows the material flows of another product, P2, for the period of time T1.
Strategic planning, KPI
Tactical planning, case study
Tactical planning (P2 in T1)
Table 3 presents the obtained results in terms of KPI for the tactical planning. In particular, the expected costs significantly differ from the strategic planning costs because they refer to the planning period made of 20 units of time. The activated facilities are: 6 of 12 RDCs, 1 of 3 CDCs, 1 of 3 production plants. An RDC serves about 10-11 Pods.
Tactical planning, KPI
The operational planning can be applied to plan and schedule the vehicle routing at the each stage of the network and in particular from RDCs to Pods and from CDCs to RDCs. The first of this stage usually involves trucks as transportation modes; while CDCs-RDCs shipments can be executed also adopting one of the other available modes (e.g plane and train).
Figure 18 presents a result obtained by the execution of the operational planning on the case study. A list of clusters is reported and for each cluster it is possible to generate the optimal route as the minimum Hamiltonian circuit visiting all the members grouped in a cluster.
The route ID 173 is shown. It is made of the following sequence of visits: RDC4, Pod106, Pod110, Pod111, Pod109, Pod108, Pod107, RDC4. Another detailed route is exemplified in Figure 19. The groupage strategy can reduces the cost of travelling of about 55% if compared with direct delivery, i.e. direct shipment from a generic supplier to a point of demand.
Figure 20 exemplifies another route (named ID 109) departing from Chicago and generated by the operational planning.
Operational planning, route ID 173
Operational planning, Route ID 1137
Operational planning, an example
This chapter illustrates an original framework for the design and planning a production-distribution logistic network by the integration of the strategic planning, the tactical planning and the operational planning. This framework has been implemented by a supporting decisions platform, a software tool, named LD-LogOptimizer. The discussed case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed models and automatic supporting decisions tool. The tool supports the manager in configuring the system by the determination of the number, location and capacity of the generic facility, e.g. a distribution center and a production plant. Further research is expected on the development of new models, new effective solving methods and procedures/algorithms, experimental multi-scenario what-if analyses conducted on significant case studies. New applications and benchmarking are also expected. Finally, the development of reverse logistic flows and issues and the integration in LD-LogOptimizer tool are expected. The new platform will support managers in the design, optimization and management of direct and return flows in a multi-level logistic network, minimizing the global logistic cost and/or maximising the customers’ service level by the joint optimization of strategic, tactical and operational issues, including vehicle loading and routing. Models and tools for electronic data interchange between the planner, as a controller (the server), and vehicles (the clients) executing the transportation missions are expected. The generic vehicle can also communicate its location during the routing and visit of a set of Pods adopting the groupage strategy: the server can update the planned routes and eventually modify them accordingly.
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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. 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