\r\n\t1. To draw spotlight on recent studies and research concerned with the regeneration process in animal kingdom and models with emphasis on the cellular origins of regeneration. \r\n\t2. Then, we will be dealing with the reasons for the differences in the regenerative capacity of animals on many levels, including the molecular mechanism, gene expression, epigenetic regulation, common elements affecting regeneration and comparing their contributions to regeneration. \r\n\t3. To provide new insights into how to promote regeneration in mammals.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"689b9f46c48cd54a2874b8da7386549d",bookSignature:"Dr. Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8575.jpg",keywords:"Regeneration, Cellular Basis, Molecular Basis, Differentiation, Epigenetic Regulators, Regeneration Associated Genes, Autotomy, Epimorphosis, Morphallaxis, Polyphyodonty, Vertebrates, Invertebrates",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 4th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 3rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in molecular biology, epidemiology, aquaculture toxicology, full professor of animal health and environmental pollution senior member, and holder of two registered patents and three scientific records. Veterinary fellowships in animal care and surgeons and wildlife management & conservation.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",middleName:null,surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265070/images/system/265070.png",biography:"Dr. Hussein Kaoud was the Chairman of the Department of Preventive Medicine at Cairo University. He has given lectures in Molecular Epidemiology and Biotechnology at different universities and has been a member of many International Publishing Houses, Reviewer, and Editor for indexed journals. Currently, he works as Full Professor of Preventive Medicine at Cairo University, Egypt. His research interest is focused on Molecular Biology and Advanced Technology of Basic Life Sciences after he had his Ph.D. and D.Sc. He has published more than 300 publications. Dr. Hussein Kaoud has several international books, one international award (USA), 10 Cairo university International Publication awards and the Appreciation Award in Advanced Technological Sciences, from Cairo University. He supervised, examined and discussed many medical dissertations.",institutionString:"Cairo University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6475",title:"Tissue Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5ed06a80f0205146aa90d158facefd1",slug:"tissue-regeneration",bookSignature:"Hussein Abdel hay El-Sayed Kaoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5469",title:"Canine Medicine",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Advanced 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by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61692",title:"Power System Harmonics Estimation Using Adaptive Filters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74581",slug:"power-system-harmonics-estimation-using-adaptive-filters",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Customers across the globe use large number of power electronic devices that are quite sensitive to power quality (PQ) disturbances in the power network. From the world-wide customer survey, it is found that PQ related issues like voltage dips, voltage swell, transient, harmonics, flicker [1, 2] are increasing every year and these events must be tracked accurately to protect the power networks. Among various PQ problems, harmonics in the network can interact adversely with the utility supply system. Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are integer multiples of the supply frequency. Any periodic distorted waveform can be expressed as a sum of pure sine waves in which the frequency of each sinusoid is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of the distorted wave. Harmonic distortion is mostly caused by nonlinear characteristics of devices and loads used in a power transmission and distribution network. Adaptive filters are efficient parametric techniques to estimate the harmonic and other PQ parameters accurately. The estimated harmonic parameters can be used to design harmonic elimination filters. Popular harmonic estimation models are based on LMS, NLMS, and RLS family of adaptive filters and the parameters of model are updated in a recursive manner.
\n
\n
\n
2. Effects of harmonic distortion
\n
Due to the operation of power electronic devices, harmonic current is produced which give rise to additional harmonic power flow with decreased power factor of the network. Large harmonic current may cause overloading and extra power losses in the network elements. In extreme cases, it can lead to high thermal stresses and early aging of the network devices. Power system equipments such as transformers, cables, motors, capacitors [3] are network components that are mainly affected by harmonic distortion and described in the following sections.
\n
\n
2.1. Impact on transformer
\n
Transformer losses are broadly classified into two types as no load losses (Hysteresis and Eddy current loss) and load losses. Among no load losses Eddy current loss varies with square of the frequency and load losses varies with square of the load current. With the presence of harmonic current containing higher frequencies, Eddy current flows in the windings, core and in other conducting bodies causes additional heating. Also because of presence of harmonics, RMS value of current increases such that load losses increases.
\n
\n
\n
2.2. Impact on cables
\n
Resistance of a cable depends on skin effect and proximity effect. Due to the presence of harmonics eddy current increases which leads to increase in the effective resistance as well as eddy current losses. Both the effects are dependent on power system frequencies, conductor size, the resistivity and permeability of the material. Due to the presence of harmonics in the cables, the conductor resistance increases and its operating temperature increases further which leads to early aging of the cables.
\n
\n
\n
2.3. Impact on capacitor
\n
In the presence of harmonics in the power system, impedance of capacitor decreases with increase in frequency. Due to voltage harmonic present in the power system dielectric losses in the capacitor increases at high operating temperature and reduces the reliability. In extreme situation operational life of capacitor reduces.
\n
\n
\n
2.4. Impact on motors
\n
Harmonic voltage distortion present at the motor terminals produces harmonic fluxes within the motor such that motor rotates at a frequency different than the rotor synchronous frequency. Presence of harmonic causes additional losses, decreased efficiency, additional heating, vibration and high pitched noise.
\n
Besides the above equipments, presence of harmonics causes interference in communication circuits, overheating of magnetic portions of electrical systems, voltage distortion during resonance. To reduce the effects of harmonics disturbances, harmonic filters must be designed. Before designing the filter, harmonic parameter should be estimated accurately using suitable signal processing method which provides a viable solution to power quality issues.
\n
\n
\n
2.5. Causes and effects of decaying DC offset
\n
Electrical signal may contain decaying dc offsets during transient state, performance of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) filter or analog to digital converter (ADC) is improves if DC offset is removed. When short circuit occur, dc offset may appear and normally are of exponential type. The time constant of the component depends on the X/R ratio of the circuit involved in the fault. Hence along with harmonics, decaying dc components has to be estimated and eliminated [3].
\n
\n
\n
\n
3. IEEE harmonic standards
\n
The primary objective of standard is to provide regulation for all involved parties to work together to ensure compatibility between customer and service provider. For harmonic limits, standards are governed by IEEE and IEC as described below [1].
\n
\n
3.1. IEEE 519
\n
IEEE 519-2009, Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, established limits on harmonic currents and voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC) or point of metering.
\n
The limits of IEEE 519 are intended to:
Assure that the electric utility can deliver relatively clean power to all of its customers
Assure that the electric utility can protect its electrical equipments from overheating, loss of life from excessive harmonic currents, and excessive voltage stress due to excessive harmonic voltage. Each point from IEEE 519 lists the limits for harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC) or metering point with the utility. The voltage distortion limits are 3% for individual harmonics and 5% THD.
\n
All of the harmonic limits in IEEE 519 are based on customer load and location on the power system. The limits are not applied to particular equipment, although, with a high amount of nonlinear loads, it is likely that some harmonic suppression may be necessary.
\n
\n
\n
3.2. IEEE 519 standard for current harmonics and voltage harmonics
\n
Both end users and utility are responsible for harmonic distortion. According to this standard end users are responsible for limiting the harmonic current distortion and utility will be responsible for limiting harmonic voltage distortion. Distortion standards are based on short circuit capacity (ISC/IL)i.e. ratio of maximum short circuit current at PCC to maximum demand load current at PCC. Both current and voltage distortion limits for each customers are given in Tables 1–3.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
ISC/IL
\n
h < 11
\n
11 ≤ h < 17
\n
17 ≤ h < 23
\n
23 ≤ h < 25
\n
h ≥ 35
\n
TDD (%)
\n
\n\n\n
\n
<50
\n
2.0
\n
1.0
\n
0.75
\n
0.3
\n
0.15
\n
2.5
\n
\n
\n
≥50
\n
3.0
\n
1.5
\n
1.15
\n
0.45
\n
0.22
\n
3.75
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Current distortion limits for harmonics.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
ISC/IL
\n
h < 11
\n
11 ≤ h < 17
\n
17 ≤ h < 23
\n
23 ≤ h < 25
\n
TDD (%)
\n
\n\n\n
\n
<20
\n
4.0
\n
2.0
\n
1.5
\n
0.6
\n
5
\n
\n
\n
20–50
\n
7.0
\n
3.5
\n
2.5
\n
1.0
\n
8
\n
\n
\n
50–100
\n
10
\n
4.5
\n
4.0
\n
1.5
\n
12
\n
\n
\n
100–1000
\n
12
\n
5.5
\n
5.0
\n
2.0
\n
15
\n
\n
\n
>1000
\n
15
\n
7.0
\n
6.0
\n
2.5
\n
20
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Current distortion limits for harmonics.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Bus voltage
\n
Individual Vb (%)
\n
THDV (%)
\n
\n\n\n
\n
V < 69 kV
\n
3.0
\n
5.0
\n
\n
\n
69 ≤ V < 161 kV
\n
1.5
\n
2.5
\n
\n
\n
V ≥ 161 kV
\n
1.0
\n
1.5
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Voltage distortion limits for harmonics.
\n
\n
\n
3.3. IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-4 (formerly 1000–3-2 and 1000–3-4)
\n
\n
3.3.1. IEC 61000–3-2 (1995–2003)
\n
It specifies limits for harmonic current emissions applicable to electrical and electronic equipment having an input current up to and including 16 A per phase, and intended to be connected to public low-voltage distribution systems.
\n
\n
\n
3.3.2. IEC/TS 61000: 3-4 (1998: 2010)
\n
It specifies to electrical and electronic equipment with a rated input current exceeding 16 A and up to 75A per phase and intended to be connected to public low-voltage ac distribution systems of the following types:
Nominal voltage up to 240 V, single-phase, two or three wires
Nominal voltage up to 600 V, three-phase, three or four wires
Nominal frequency 50 or 60 Hz
\n
Harmonic current limits based on this standard are shown in Table 4.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Harmonic order
\n
Maximum permissible harmonic current
\n
Harmonic order
\n
Maximum permissible harmonic current
\n
\n\n\n
\n
3
\n
21.6
\n
19
\n
1.1
\n
\n
\n
5
\n
10.7
\n
21
\n
0.6
\n
\n
\n
7
\n
7.2
\n
23
\n
0.9
\n
\n
\n
9
\n
3.8
\n
25
\n
0.8
\n
\n
\n
11
\n
3.1
\n
27
\n
0.6
\n
\n
\n
13
\n
2
\n
29
\n
0.7
\n
\n
\n
15
\n
0.7
\n
31
\n
0.7
\n
\n
\n
17
\n
1.2
\n
33
\n
0.6
\n
\n\n
Table 4.
Harmonic current limits according to IEC 61000–3-4.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Brief literature for adaptive harmonic estimation
\n
Design of robust and efficient harmonic estimation models for accurate estimation of signal parameters in presence of harmonics [4, 5] is a real challenge to power system engineers. Non parametric and parametric estimation models are frequently used to track the harmonic parameters. Non parametric methods are mostly transform based approaches like discrete Fourier transform (DFT) [6], short time Fourier transform (STFT). But these methods suffer from inaccuracies due to system noise and leakage effects. MSDFT proposed by Carugati et al. [7] eliminates the error due to spectral leakage and but still there is limitation during highly non stationary events. Alternately parametric approaches which assumes the signal satisfies a mathematical model with known functional can be used as robust techniques for harmonic estimation. Various parametric methods which include least mean square (LMS) [8], least square (LS) [9, 10], Kalman filters, (KF) [11] are frequently used in power quality monitoring. Among various adaptive filters, LMS has simple structure and offers good convergence behavior in case of stationary signal. But it provides poor estimation performance owing to its poor convergence rate when the signal statistics are time varying. In case of RLS and KF, initial choice of covariance matrix is difficult for faster and stable convergence of the algorithm. To improve the error convergence property, Volterra expansion [12, 13] of the input samples is incorporated to develop robust adaptive filter in this chapter. LMS/F [14] filter is developed as a compromise between LMS and LMF [15] which is further extended by the use of Volterra series expansion to develop Volterra LMS/F filter. RLS filter also can be combined with Volterra series to develop Volterra RLS filter with faster convergence. The efficiency of all these filters can be tested for harmonic estimation using performance measures like estimation error, mean square error (MSE) etc.
\n
\n
\n
5. Adaptive algorithms for harmonic estimation
\n
Different adaptive algorithms for harmonic estimations are described in the following sections.
\n
\n
5.1. LMS algorithm for harmonic estimation
\n
Least mean square (LMS) algorithm was originated by Window and Hoff (1960). LMS filter is simple to implement which involves processes like
A filtering process which involves computation of the output of a linear filter in response to an input signal and generates an estimation error by comparing this output with a desired response.
An adaptive process which involves the automatic adjustment of the parameters of the filter in accordance with the estimation error.
\n
\n
\n
Steps to implement LMS algorithm:
\n
\n
Initialize weight vector \n\nw\n\n
Generate power signal
Discretize the power signal with the desired sampling frequency meeting Nyquist criteria and estimate the signal using initial state vector
Estimate amplitudes and phases of fundamental and harmonics using Eq. (24-27).
The step size parameter \n\nμ\n\n convergence in mean square given by
\n
\n\n0\n<\nμ\n<\n\n1\n\nMS\nmax\n\n\n\nE2
\n
where M is the length of the filter in terms of tap weights and Smax is the maximum value of the power spectral density of the tap inputs. This algorithm requires only 2 M + 1 complex multiplications and 2 M + 1 complex addition per iteration.
\n
\n
\n
5.2. Recursive least square (RLS) for harmonic estimation
\n
Recursive least square (RLS) is the recursive implementation of least square in which computation is started with prescribed initial conditions and use the information contained in new data samples to update the old estimates. The cost function to be minimized is given by:
The use of weighting factor is intended to ensure that data in the distance past are forgotten in order to afford the possibility of following statistical variation of the observable data when the filter operates in a non stationary environment. A special form of weighting is commonly used known as forgetting factor and is defined by:
Amplitude and phases of fundamental and harmonic parameters as well as decaying dc components are estimated using Eq. (24)
\n
\n
\n
\n
6. Volterra series
\n
Volterra series is an expansion applied to input vector for analysis of non-linear behavior of the system and the expanded patterns are the inputs to the adaptive estimation model as shown in Figure 1.
\n
Figure 1.
Structure of Volterra filter.
\n
A continuous time-invariant system with x(t) as input and X(t) as output can be expanded through Volterra series as
Volterra structure can be combined with LMS, LMF, RLS to construct new kind of adaptive filters such as Volterra LMS, Volterra LMF and Volterra RLS etc.
\n
\n
6.1. Volterra LMS/F algorithm for harmonic estimation
\n
LMS Algorithm is the simplest algorithm which is easy to implement. Since the convergence property degrades in case of non stationary signal, Walach & Widrow [15] applied the fourth order power optimization area. However the computational complexity of LMF is very high. A combined approach known as LMS/F algorithm proposed by Harris [17] considering the trade-off between convergence speed and steady state performance. Further reduction of convergence speed is achieved by using Volterra series expansion of input samples to develop a robust adaptive filter known as Volterra LMS/F filter [16].
\n
\n
\n
Steps to implement VLMS/F algorithm:
\n
\n
Initialize weight vector
Generate expanded input vector using Volterra expansion
Generate error signal vector using difference of desired and output signal vector
where \n\nμ\n\n is the step size and \n\nα\n\n is the threshold parameter. They are used to trade off between convergence and steady state performance.
\n
\n
\n
6.2. Volterra RLS algorithm for harmonic estimation
\n
To enhance the convergence speed of RLS filter, input signal vector is expanded to higher dimensions using Volterra series expansion. As a result a new filter came up known as Volterra RLS filter.
\n
Steps to implement Volterra RLS Algorithm:
Initialize weight vector and inverse correlation matrix
Generate expanded input vector using Volterra expansion
Assuming voltage or current waveforms of power signals with higher order harmonics corrupted by noise, the general form of the waveforms can be expressed as [16].
where \n\n\nω\nn\n\n=\nn\n2\nπ\n\nf\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nf\n0\n\n\n is the fundamental frequency, N is the number of harmonics, \n\nv\n\nt\n\n\n is the additive white Gaussian noise, \n\n\na\ndc\n\n\ne\n\n−\n\nα\ndc\n\nt\n\n\n\n is the decaying dc component.
\n
The discrete version of Eq. (15) can be represented as:
To test the performance of the proposed algorithm, comparison plots are presented from Figures 2–7. These figures include amplitude and phase estimation results of fundamental, third and fifth harmonic components. The results clearly indicate that VLMS/F filter has a faster tracking capability as compared to other algorithms. The decaying DC component is also included along with harmonics up to 5th order. Decaying DC amplitude estimation comparison plot is presented in Figure 8. It is observed that VLMS/F algorithm tracks the decaying DC component accurately than other algorithms. Absolute estimation comparison results are shown in Table 5. It is observed that performance of VLMS/F is better as compared to other algorithms.
\n
Figure 2.
Comparison results of fundamental amplitude.
\n
Figure 3.
Comparison results of third harmonic amplitude.
\n
Figure 4.
Comparison results of fifth harmonic amplitude.
\n
Figure 5.
Comparison results of fundamental phase.
\n
Figure 6.
Comparison results of third harmonic phase.
\n
Figure 7.
Comparison results of fifth harmonic phase.
\n
Figure 8.
Comparison results of decaying DC amplitude.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Algorithms
\n
Absolute estimation error
\n
\n
\n
Fundamental amplitude
\n
Third harmonic amplitude
\n
Fifth harmonic amplitude
\n
Fundamental phase
\n
Third harmonic phase
\n
Fifth harmonic phase
\n
Decaying DC
\n
\n\n\n
\n
LMS
\n
0.0004383
\n
0.002437
\n
0.002505
\n
0.001066
\n
0.001251
\n
0.00561
\n
0.1218
\n
\n
\n
Volterra LMS
\n
0.0005238
\n
0.002398
\n
0.002328
\n
0.001007
\n
0.001181
\n
0.005481
\n
0.05339
\n
\n
\n
LMS/F
\n
0.16
\n
0.004827
\n
0.003253
\n
0.0007725
\n
0.0003231
\n
0.006877
\n
0.007843
\n
\n
\n
VLMS/F
\n
0.1599
\n
0.004803
\n
0.003209
\n
0.0008388
\n
0.0002715
\n
0.006571
\n
.07727
\n
\n\n
Table 5.
Estimation error comparison results.
\n
\n
\n
8.2. Case-2
\n
For estimation of harmonics using VRLS algorithm, balanced voltage signals across any one phase can be expressed is as
All the simulations are performed using MATLAB Simulink environment. For LMS and VLMS, step size is chosen as 0.001. For FFRLS and VRLS, 0.9995 is chosen as forgetting factor for simulation. Additive white Gaussian noise with 30 dB SNR and sampling frequency of 2 KHz are considered during estimation of harmonics. Estimated amplitude and phase comparison plots of fundamental, third and fifth harmonics are presented from Figures 9–14. From the harmonic estimation plots it is clear that LMS and VLMS have slower convergence as compared to FFRLS and VRLS.
\n
Figure 9.
Comparison results of fundamental amplitude.
\n
Figure 10.
Comparison results of third harmonic amplitude.
\n
Figure 11.
Comparison results of fifth harmonic amplitude.
\n
Figure 12.
Comparison results of fundamental phase.
\n
Figure 13.
Comparison results of third harmonic phase.
\n
Figure 14.
Comparison results of fifth harmonic phase.
\n
\n
\n
8.3. Case-3
\n
By using PQD signals from IEEE-1159-PQE databases distorted signal is generated for testing of VRLS algorithms and reconstructed signals are compared with the original signals. It is observed that VRLS tracks the distorted signal accurately as given in Figure 15.
\n
Figure 15.
Estimated signal.
\n
\n
\n
8.4. Case-4
\n
To validate the performance of VLMS/F algorithm, harmonic signal is generated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment considering three phase rectifier as a load as shown in Figure 16. Signal generated in each phase is compared with the estimated signal from the proposed algorithm. It is observed from Figures 17–19 that VLMS/F tracks the distorted signal accurately.
\n
Figure 16.
Three phase nonlinear load model.
\n
Figure 17.
Estimated signal in phase a.
\n
Figure 18.
Estimated signal in phase b.
\n
Figure 19.
Estimated signal in phase c.
\n
\n
\n
\n
9. Conclusion
\n
The chapter analyses different adaptive filtering models used to estimate harmonic amplitudes and phases in distorted power signals. Performances of Volterra series based adaptive filters are established through comparison results obtained through MATLAB simulations. It is quite apparent that VLMS/F filter gives better harmonic estimation accuracy as compared to LMS, VLMS and LMS/F. With a proper compromise between LMS and LMF, VLMS/F provides stable convergence of estimation error. Similarly Volterra RLS based harmonic estimation model provides faster and stable convergence with minimum estimation error.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"LMS, RLS, Volterra series, decaying DC, power quality",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/61692.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/61692.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61692",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61692",totalDownloads:556,totalViews:443,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 18th 2017",dateReviewed:"January 29th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 5th 2018",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Accurate estimation and tracking of power quality disturbances requires efficient adaptive model based techniques which should have elegant structures to be implemented in practical systems. Adaptive filters have been used as a popular estimator to track the time-varying power quality events, but the performance is limited due to higher order nonlinearity exists in system dynamics. Harmonics generated in the generation and distribution system are one of the critical power quality issues to be addressed properly. Least mean square (LMS) and recursive least square (RLS) based adaptive estimation models can be used to track the harmonic amplitudes and phases in practical power system applications. Due to time varying nature of harmonic parameters, modifications have to be incorporated in adaptive filters based modeling during estimation of the harmonic parameters and decaying DC components present in the distorted power signals. Volterra expansions can be combined with the adaptive filtering to improve the estimation accuracy and enhance the convergence rate of the estimation model.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/61692",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/61692",book:{slug:"compendium-of-new-techniques-in-harmonic-analysis"},signatures:"Harish Kumar Sahoo and Umamani Subudhi",authors:[{id:"27316",title:"Dr.",name:"Harish",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Sahoo",fullName:"Harish Sahoo",slug:"harish-sahoo",email:"harish_sahoo@yahoo.co.in",position:null,institution:{name:"Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"215670",title:"Mrs.",name:"Umamani",middleName:null,surname:"Subudhi",fullName:"Umamani Subudhi",slug:"umamani-subudhi",email:"umamani@iiit-bh.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Effects of harmonic distortion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Impact on transformer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Impact on cables",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3. Impact on capacitor",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4. Impact on motors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5. Causes and effects of decaying DC offset",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. IEEE harmonic standards",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.1. IEEE 519",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2. IEEE 519 standard for current harmonics and voltage harmonics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.3. IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-4 (formerly 1000–3-2 and 1000–3-4)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.3.1. IEC 61000–3-2 (1995–2003)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"Table 4.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14",title:"4. Brief literature for adaptive harmonic estimation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"5. Adaptive algorithms for harmonic estimation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.1. LMS algorithm for harmonic estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"Steps to implement LMS algorithm:",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"5.2. Recursive least square (RLS) for harmonic estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"Steps to implement RLS algorithm:",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"6. Volterra series",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"6.1. Volterra LMS/F algorithm for harmonic estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"Steps to implement VLMS/F algorithm:",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"6.2. Volterra RLS algorithm for harmonic estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24",title:"7. Harmonic estimation model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"8. Simulation results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"8.1. Case-1",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26_2",title:"8.2. Case-2",level:"2"},{id:"sec_27_2",title:"8.3. Case-3",level:"2"},{id:"sec_28_2",title:"8.4. Case-4",level:"2"},{id:"sec_30",title:"9. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Smith JC, Hensley G, Ray L. IEEE recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality. IEEE Studies. 1995:1159-1995\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Reid WE. Power quality issues-standards and guidelines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1996;32(3):625-632. DOI: 10.1109/28.502175\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Electrical Power Systems Quality. 3rd ed. India: McGraw-Hill Education; 2012. p. 558. DOI: 9780071761550\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Bollen MH, Gu I. Signal Processing of Power Quality Disturbances. 30th ed. New York: John Wiley-IEEE; 2006\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Haykin SS. Adaptive Filter Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall; 1986\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Begovic MM, Djuric PM, Dunlap S, Phadke AG. Frequency tracking in power networks in the presence of harmonics. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1993;8(2):480-486. DOI: 0885-8977/93\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Carugati I, Orallo CM, Donato PG, Maestri S, Strack JL, Carrica D. Three-phase harmonic and sequence components measurement method based on mSDFT and variable sampling period technique. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2016;65(8):1761-1772. DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2016.2552679\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Pradhan AK, Routray A, Basak A. Power system frequency estimation using least mean square technique. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2005;20(3):1812-1816. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.843453\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Joorabian M, Mortazavi SS, Khayyami AA. Harmonic estimation in a power system using a novel hybrid least squares-Adaline algorithm. Electric Power Systems Research. 2009;79(1). DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2008.05.021\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Chudamani R, Vasudevan K, Ramalingam CS. Non-linear least-squares-based harmonic estimation algorithm for a shunt active power filter. IET Power Electronics. 2009;2(2):134-146. DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel:20080006\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Kennedy K, Lightbody G, Yacamini R. IEEE. In: Power System Harmonic Analysis Using the Kalman Filter. 2nd ed. 2003. pp. 752-757. DOI: 10.1109/PES.2003.1270401\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Clarkson PM, Dokic MV. Stability and convergence behaviour of second-order LMS Volterra filter. Electronics Letters. 1991;27(5):441-443. DOI: 10.1109/e1:19910279\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Singh TSD, Chatterjee A. A comparative study of adaptation algorithms for nonlinear system identification based on second order Volterra and bilinear polynomial filters. Measurement. 2011;44(10):1915-1923. DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.08.028\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Gui G, Peng W, Adachi F. Adaptive system identification using robust LMS/F algorithm. International Journal of Communication Systems,Wiley Online Library. 2014;27(11):2956-2963. DOI: 10.1002/dac.2517\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Walach E, Widrow B. The least mean fourth (LMF) adaptive algorithm and its family. IEEE transactions on Information Theory. 1984;30(2):275-283. DOI: 10.1109/TIT.1984.1056886\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Lim SJ, Haris JG. Combined LMS/F algorithm. Electronics Letters. 1997;33(6):467-468\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Subudhi, Umamani and Sahoo, Harish Kumar. Harmonics and decaying DC estimation using Volterra LMS/F algorithm. In: Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES), IEEE International Conference on; 4–6 July 2016; DTU. Delhi,India: IEEE; 2016. p. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/ICPEICES.2016.7853663\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Harish Kumar Sahoo",address:"harish_sahoo@yahoo.co.in",affiliation:'
Department of Electronics and Tele Communication Engineering VSSUT, India
Department of Electrical and Electronics, IIIT Bhubaneswar, India
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Gulez",authors:[{id:"10359",title:"Prof.",name:"Kayhan",middleName:null,surname:"Gulez",fullName:"Kayhan Gulez",slug:"kayhan-gulez"},{id:"49824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Ali Ahmed Adam",slug:"ali-ahmed-adam"}]},{id:"13717",title:"Switched Reluctance Motor",slug:"switched-reluctance-motor",signatures:"JIn-Woo Ahn",authors:[null]},{id:"13718",title:"Controller Design for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drive Systems with Direct Torque Control",slug:"controller-design-for-synchronous-reluctance-motor-drive-systems-with-direct-torque-control",signatures:"Tian-Hua Liu",authors:[{id:"19717",title:"Dr.",name:"Tian-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Tian-Hua Liu",slug:"tian-hua-liu"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"57913",title:"Our Experience in Self-Management Support following Colorectal Cancer Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72194",slug:"our-experience-in-self-management-support-following-colorectal-cancer-treatment",body:'
1. Introduction
The current diverse picture of colorectal cancer epidemiology outlines prevailing data showing systematic recent increase of the global colorectal cancer incidence rate with certain emphasis reflecting already some reduction of the prevalence characteristic only for some well-developed countries [2, 3]. In this aspect the evidence revealing synchronous growth of age and concomitant chronic disease provokes great interest. For them the predictions of the Institute for the Future, Health and Health Care are that the population aged 65+ will increase from 35 million in 2000 to 53 million in 2020 [4]. The outlined data substantiate the necessity to enhance the variety of approaches to both the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer and particularly on the involvement of self-management. The complexity of care, intrinsic for colorectal cancer, with its personal, clinical, and social aspects outlines the necessity of self-management support. To respond to this necessity, we focused on involvement of self-management in the struggle against colorectal cancer and provision of the necessary support to achieve an effective disease outcome.
The aim of this paper was to provide information and data from our surveys on the analysis and assessment of the necessity of self-management support and improving the awareness of Bulgarian patients with colorectal cancer.
The survey covered a total of 350 patients with stoma consulted at specialized offices in eight Bulgarian towns: Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Ruse, Pleven, Haskovo, and Stara Zagora. An anonymous questionnaire study was conducted with a total of 315 respondents delivering correctly completed questionnaire, and 35 questionnaires were discarded because of incorrectly supplied information. Questionnaire studies are among the most informative approaches particularly to problems depending on numerous factors such as colorectal cancer.
The questionnaire contained 31 questions, some of them with sub-questions. The questions were distributed in three main directions: sociodemographic characteristics, treatment quality and patients’ satisfaction, and institutions’ arrangements, public attitudes, patient’s own activity, and supporting environment. The results were processed with descriptive statistical approach presented in one of our previous studies [5]. In this paper we present results from nonparametric analysis of some of the more important questions, searching for statistically significant relationship with other compatible questionnaire questions. Those achieved results were listed in relevant tables.
2. Analysis and assessment of the necessity of self-management support
The role and importance of self-management among the current diversity of measures and approaches for effective CRC treatment is more and more often emphasized. Many studies have shown that patients with colorectal cancer have to be educated to self-manage their condition and improve the quality of their physical, mental, and social life after cancer [5, 6, 7].
Self-management is identified as an approach with many benefits in the aspect of patient and economic outcomes and is set as a key element in the current health-care reforms. This approach is often defined as activities performed by the individuals and care providers for themselves, their children, their families, and other individuals in order to be in good shape and maintain good physical and mental health, to respond to social and psychological demands, to prevent disease or accidents, to take care of minor health issues and chronic health states and to maintain health and well-being. In view of patients with colorectal cancer, self-management is an important problem because of the introduction of complex therapeutic regimes often including numerous combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs, and our previous evidence has shown poor patients’ awareness concerning the role and effect of administered therapeutic and preventive approaches [5, 8].
Having in mind that during the last years there is greater interest to the use of chemotherapeutics administered orally and the patients’ potential to implement chemotherapy at home, there will be a necessity to further activating of self-management. Those perspectives have certain claims to self-management as they require greater responsibility of the patients and their families in the administration of chemotherapy and associated risks. The complexity of the regimes also supposes that the patients will experience potentially toxic side effects requiring quick and effective self-control in order to prevent the unfavorable effects on the treatment and life quality.
Some of our previous studies have shown the necessity to trigger the activities associated with self-management of Bulgarian patients with colorectal cancer, because inadequate awareness about the disease, the risk, and preventive factors as well as the results revealed low level of trust in the administered therapeutic and health care [5, 8]. The realization of those activities requires numerous additional studies.
Patients’ mental state, their living environment, and their activity in the treatment process are the most important conditions for successful course and maximal increase of the postoperative period and for good life quality. In this respect we selected three of the questions that to the greatest extent could provide an adequate response concerning the need of patient’s active involvement in the processes of treatment and prevention of the concomitant aggravations: “Are you concerned about functions and abilities?” “Is the word ‘cancer’ a taboo for you and your family?” “Do the people with whom you have shared your diagnosis support you?” The replies to those questions were first assessed by descriptive statistics in percent, showing the trends, without statistical significance [5], providing an assessment of the momentary opinion of the respondents. This assessment, of course, is very important, but it is equally important to reveal what has affected those opinions, in order to undertake respective corrective activities.
The tools of the nonparametric statistical analysis (Fisher’s exact test) were used to investigate the effect of most questions, compatible with each of the above-listed questions. The results obtained for each of the three questions are presented in tables covering only the questions with statistically significant effect on the formation of the responses to those three questions.
Table 1 presents the relationships with the question “Are you concerned about your functions and abilities?”
Independent variable
p <
How would you evaluate as a whole your satisfaction with the medical services you experienced by now?
0.005
Doctors’ professionalism/competence in diagnostics and treatment
0.02
Doctors’ attitude to the patients
0.05
Observing the confidentiality, discreetness, and keeping the disease secret
0.003
Information about the disease course and treatment results
0.003
Provision of psychological consultations
0.02
What do you think about the current scheme of prescribing the necessary drugs?
0.0001
Do you meet difficulties in finding the necessary medical specialist?
0.0001
To what extent are you informed about the character of your disease, and do you think you have chances to overcome the disease?
0.001
Do you know the effect of the prescribed treatment and what could be expected from it?
0.0001
Do you think that the state policy is sufficiently beneficial for cancer patients?
0.0001
Do you think that cancer patients should work in alleviated working conditions?
0.02
How do you envisage the future?
0.001
Table 1.
Are you concerned about your functions and abilities? (Dependent variable).
Analyzing the data in the table, the effect of patient‘s satisfaction with medical care as a significant factor is clearly highlighted (p<0.005). The assessment of the professionalism of the medical doctors engaged in the treatment process is also a factor for overcoming the patients’ concern (p < 0.02) as their trust in the positive health outcome is to a great extent based on the doctor’s knowledge and skills. The good attitude together with understanding of the patient’s state contributes to overcome the concern (p < 0.05) and increases the extent of trust in the treatment process and associated health care. Observing confidentiality and discreetness and keeping the disease secrets by the medical specialists are also important factors (p < 0.003) to cope with patients’ concern. In fact this result could be regarded as patient’s confidence in the positive outcome of the disease in the future when the present disease will possibly not be commented. A very important requirement for self-management is the patients’ awareness of the disease course and treatment results (p < 0.003). The clarification of the disease course and the role of implemented treatment approaches causes marked decrease of patients’ concern. The poorly informed patients will have, respectively, the greatest extent of concern. The difficulties in finding the necessary medical specialist affect significantly (p < 0.0001) the patients’ concern about their functions and abilities. In this aspect it is necessary to clarify the possible ways to realize specific medical consultations complying with the cultural competence of the individual patient that is an accent on self-management support.
The closer and better psychological consultations are an important factor for overcoming the patients’ anxiety and raising their trust in the further disease development and outcome (p < 0.001). The knowledge on the effect of the administered treatment and the expected results helps significantly (p < 0,001) to relieve patients’ anxiety.
One of the main components of the psychological status of the colon cancer victim is confidentiality, focusing on one side on the consciousness about the vicious character of the disease and, on the other side, giving hope, though small, for a positive outcome.
Table 2 presents the relationships between patients’ answers referring to their requirement for confidentiality (“Is the word ‘cancer’ taboo for you and your family?”). This table also clearly outlines the significant relationships between the answer to the question and the patients’ assessment of doctor’s competence and professionalism (p < 0.02), substantiating their trust and possibility to overcome the “disease taboo.” From emotional point of view, the personal attitude of the doctor to the patient as to an ill person but also as to a personality is of particular importance (p < 0.05). The patient’s demand to accomplish the doctors’ professionalism with sympathy and personal approach to the victim is clearly manifested. This table, like the previous one, shows the necessity of psychological consultations which is a focus for self-management support for the studied patients.
Independent variable
p <
How did you choose the respective hospital establishment?
0.001
How would you evaluate as a whole your satisfaction with the medical services you experienced by now?
0.005
Provision of psychological consultations
0.02
What do you think about the current scheme of prescribing the necessary drugs?
0.0001
To what extent are you informed about the character of your disease and do you think you have chances to overcome the disease?
0.001
What do you think about your obligation to visit the hospital once per month for treatment?
0.002
Table 2.
Is the word “cancer” a taboo for you and your family? (Dependent variable).
In many cases of grave diseases, the patients do not want the people around them to be informed about their status, a standpoint particularly characteristic for cancer patients. This discreetness means that they do not want to be considered doomed, as their hope for getting well is stronger than the feeling of hopelessness.
The defeatist thinking is characteristic for most ill people, but it is most clearly expressed in cancer patients. The causes are as follows: the disease is incurable in an advanced stage, and even in an initial stage, there is no guarantee that the remission will not be followed by disease recurrence. That is why the doomed thinking and the constant stay at hospitals, resection of some parts of the body, lead to disturbed normal life rhythm and make patients dependent on drugs and time without a clear view whether they could plan—even for a short period of time—their life activities. All that leads to a second-rate life when the patients look mainly for information that makes things more optimistic for them. That is why, besides their own awareness, they need the information and discussion with the monitoring physician that should be provided by the self-management support.
The data from the analysis of the answers to the question whether patients get support are presented in Table 3.
Independent variable
p <
Doctors’ professionalism/competence in diagnostics and treatment
0.02
How would you evaluate as a whole your satisfaction with the medical services you experienced by now?
0.005
If you do not succeed to visit the doctor for treatment every month, what are the reasons for that?
0.02
Please, share with us whether you have problems during the visit to the outpatients’ and what they are
0.0001
Provision of psychological consultations
0.02
Doctors’ attitude to the patients
0.05
Table 3.
Are you supported by the people with whom you have shared about your diagnosis? (dependent variable).
Social support is very important in the case of chronic diseases—it is a tool to collect information associated with the disease and sufferings, to reduce uncertainty—with chronic diseases there is always uncertainty about who will administer the treatment and how and what the patient’s future will be, to establish a sense of certainty. Social support is effective when the chronically ill individual assesses it as adequate and is satisfied with it.
The psychological ban to use the word “cancer” is usually imposed by the victim or the people he/she lives with. The most frequent case is that his close relatives do not want to suggest him/her that he/she is ill and that the probability for a lethal exit is quite high. At the same time, the patient himself does not want to feel inferior, and in this aspect, he/she rejects talking about his disease, accepting his/her state as natural.
The patient prefers to talk about this topic only with people with the same diagnosis. They want to hear how other people who have been in the same situation have overcome the situation successfully. Only a person who has had cancer can understand the experience carried by the diagnosis, illness, and treatment. The strongest support is usually provided by their closest relatives, but in this case, there are many embarrassing facts depending on the victim’s state that could impede his sincerity to his relatives.
3. Self-management support through establishing consultation rooms
Considering the difficulties experienced by each patient with colorectal cancer, we primarily started organizing consultations on the use of anus praeter pouches after surgical intervention. During those consultations it was established that the patients needed not only practical training but also support in various aspects: information about the disease itself, about the treatment course and disease development, the effect of administered drugs and therapeutic approaches, the importance of self-management, and role of psychological control. Our consultation activities started with the first office in Sofia, followed in the subsequent years by similar consultation rooms in the towns: Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Pleven, Ruse, Stara Zagora, and Haskovo. The consultations are held by a doctor, a pharmacist, or a nurse—specially trained to work with patients with stoma. The Sofia office has employed the largest staff of consulting specialists followed by Varna and Plovdiv offices employing two different specialists. The offices at the other towns have only one consultant. The total number of patients who have visited the consultation rooms exceeds 5000, unevenly distributed in the years with a marked trend to increase during the recent years. Thus, at this stage the number of patients who have visited the consultation offices exceeds 1500 per year. The expectations envisage significant increase in compliance with the current data from epidemiological studies on colorectal cancer incidence rate. The preoperative consultations cover informing the patient about the necessity of specific tests aiming at precise diagnosis, eventually surgical intervention, revealing the particular options to delay the disease development process or the disease outcome. The patient is introduced to the possibilities of the postoperative therapeutic approaches focusing on handling the stoma bag. The matter is visualized by specially prepared brochures, photos, films, stoma model, and products for servicing the stoma, though without detailed training. The postoperative consultations mainly refer to handling the stoma through the use of various products, cosmetics, and accessories facilitating the patient’s work. The patients participate in training courses, and in the majority of cases, their relatives are also trained because after the surgery, most of the patients cannot perceive correctly the recommendations due to the stress they are experiencing. This state is about new products and accessories. The patients are also advised about the procedures to reimburse the products. The role of the consultant who must help the patient in the postoperative recovery period is particularly important. That type of patients, especially the younger ones, is to be resocialized as quickly as possible, to go back to work, to have the same engagements as before the intervention. They must be sure that there is no difference between them and the other people and to have normal lifestyle. This is particularly valid for their sexual life due to the embarrassing presence of the stoma. The so-called “emotional self-care” incorporates approaches associated with clarification and enrichment of the information about the therapeutic interventions in order to comprehend their effect on the patient’s physical and mental well-being and to help him to rationalize the effect of the comprehensive treatment process. The consultations affected the normalization of the patients’ lifestyle and strengthened their sense of identity. In all above aspects, the patients get the necessary advice and current scientific information. Thus their awareness, respectively, the effectiveness of the self-management, is enhanced, achieving successful risk management. In addition to the basic consultation activity of the offices established in the towns, medical nurses were employed by contracts for home visits. Those visits are postoperative, and each patient is entitled to two free visits, paid by us. The office staff also organizes lectures engaging leading specialists in nutrition because of the particular patients’ interest associated with possibilities and changes in their dietary regime, suggested by the disease. The series of activities provided by the specialists at the consultation offices substantiates the effectiveness of risk management at colorectal carcinoma. Although the importance of self-management is widely acknowledged and the patients are actively encouraged to take greater responsibility for their self-care, the scientific publications show that there is little empirical evidence and self-care is not in the patients’ center of attention [9].We would like to underline, listing the results of this survey, that the understanding of the meaning, content, and importance of self-management and self-management support, concerning particularly Bulgarian patients treated for colorectal cancer, is still insufficient. We would accentuate on the recommendations for broader scope of self-management upgrading it with the psychological and emotional aspects of health care and health management, facilitating it with appropriate effective self-management support.
4. Self-management support through promoting the awareness of colorectal cancer patients
The quick development of science provides many interesting data and facts that have to be clear not only to the therapist, manager, and health-care specialists but also to the patients and individuals at risk. In this aspect we attempted to introduce to our patients certain topics that we shall present briefly in this paper. The topics that were discussed with the patients and health-care specialists were intake of vitamins, antioxidants, and fibers as they are implemented broadly even without being prescribed by a doctor in the diet of cancer patients. The most frequent questions during the consultations were focused on those topics. Patients’ awareness in this respect is recommendable not only for the self-management of the individual patient but also for the effective health management and health care.
4.1. Thiamine (vitamin B1): colorectal cancer
The reason to focus on this problem is the patients’ question “Why must we not intake vitamins of the group B?” as well as the growing amount of data showing a relationship between thiamine deficiency and the low extent of cancer incidence. Very often the recent recommendations for the nutrition of cancer patients include the recommendation to avoid the intake of vitamins of the group B and particularly vitamin B1 [10, 11, 12]. It is necessary to make it clear to patients that one and the same compound could be essential for the normal functioning of the organism and a risk factor at the same time. Are those facts due to the chemical nature of the vitamin itself or to the processes it is involved in? In this aspect many researchers are striving to find the exact answer, but there are still disputable items.
Thiamine is an essential, water-soluble vitamin, necessary for supporting the carbohydrate metabolism. It is essential for the activity of four key enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the pathway of the tricarbonic acids, transketolase in the pentose-phosphate pathway, and branched chain alpha-keto acids—dehydrogenase complex, engaged in the amino acid catabolism.
The importance of thiamine for cancer cell proliferation has been proven with the use of the thiaminase enzyme. It has been confirmed that adding thiamine to a cell culture containing thiamine has a significant suppressing effect on the growth of cancer cells. Thiaminase causes reduction of ATP in the cancer cells underlining the key role of thiamine in maintaining the bioenergetic status of cancer cells. The role of thiamine was most clearly studied through using its analogue—oxythiamine. It can suppress tumor growth both in vivo and in vitro. Transketolase inhibition by oxythiamine causes reduction of DNA and RNA synthesis through reduction of riboso-5-phosphate. This pentose is involved in the synthesis of all nucleotides. It has also been proven that oxythiamine is involved in apoptosis initiation in an experimental study on rats [13, 14, 15].
Together with those announcements come very interesting data from epidemiological studies showing a mono-directional relationship between low thiamine intake and very low level of cancer disease incidence rate [3, 12, 16]. It is accepted that the low dietary intake of vitamin B1 can be due both to its low content in the dietary foods and the high content of the thiaminase enzyme, decomposing thiamine. In the Asian and African countries, many food products characteristic for the local population diet contain thiaminase in higher amounts (fish, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and insects) that is the reason for the low dietary import of the vitamin. In this respect the clearest data are obtained by epidemiological studies, conducted in Gambia and Nigeria where the seasonal thiamine deficiency is a well-known health problem [10]. According to the reports of the National Cancer Register in America, providing data at global level as well, the lowest extent of prevalence of colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer is just in those countries (Gambia and Nigeria). Compared to them the prevalence of those cancer diseases in the Western countries is 50–100 times greater [3, 14, 15]. The exact mechanism of thiamine involvement in carcinogenesis processes is still disputable, but the epidemiological data are sufficient to make us cautious when administering vitamins of group B to population groups at risk for colorectal cancer.
It should be outlined that the scientific publications have reported data that did not reveal such relationship between thiamine deficiency and carcinogenesis [17, 18]. The relationship between changes in the thiamine status and the enhanced proliferation of the cancer tissue directs the scientific research efforts to a more detailed investigation of the role of thiamine and its involvement in the biochemical mechanisms of carcinogenesis [14, 16, 19]. The analysis of recent scientific publications proves that, in spite of the relatively small number of studies on the dependence between thiamine diet supplementation and the occurrence of cancer diseases, the majority of them confirm that thiamine deficiency in the organism could be accepted as a preventive factor against the development of various cancer diseases. The metabolic investigations reveal the dependence of cancer cells on the availability of thiamine-dependent enzymes for the processes of anabolism and proliferation and for their existence as a whole.
4.2. Antioxidants: colorectal cancer
The second aspect of the application of scientific achievements refers to the role of antioxidants. Antioxidants are a subject of comprehensive research of cancer diseases as the oxidative stress is the first step involved in the mutagenesis and carcinogenesis processes, confirmed by numerous studies [20, 21, 22]. A detailed analysis and evaluation of the recent scientific evidence concerning antioxidant effect in the case of colorectal cancer are presented in our previous works [23].
According to the “antioxidant hypothesis,” the reduction agents protect the organism against oxidative damage, and their higher level is a warranty to reduce the risk for development of many diseases. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer diseases as it is a disbalance between the effect of active oxygen radicals and that of the antioxidant’s defense system. Because of the substantial increase of colorectal cancer incidence rate and the associated elevated mortality rate in the last decades, a number of studies have been dedicated to the role of antioxidants in the diet of patients with colorectal cancer [20, 24, 25]. The spectrum of those compounds contains a broad variety of vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and bioactive compounds—flavonoids, carotenoids, glucosinolates, etc.
The general antitumor therapies such as surgical intervention and chemo- and radiation therapy have been and still are subjected to improvements, but it is still necessary to develop innovative approaches for the effective cancer therapy as well as for provision of healthy life style. One of the promising more recent approaches is associated with the administration of antioxidants; thus, during the last years, their chemopreventive potential was analyzed in-depth and implemented successfully in a number of cases [26, 27]. New, particular information is needed, characterizing the rich variety of antioxidant-active compounds as well as information about the approaches and specificity of their administration. It is a mass practice nowadays that patients, upon their desire, without doctor’s advice or prescription use various antioxidants that challenges the medical science to clarify those issues. Because of the existing numerous, different standpoints concerning antioxidant implementation in primary and secondary prevention of cancer diseases, it is necessary that the patients receive particular information from their doctor and dietician complying with their health status.
Numerous research studies have confirmed that the high consumption of fruits and vegetable has a certain preventive role against the development of cancer diseases that is associated with their rich content of various antioxidants [28, 29]. Having in mind that the main route of intake of exogenous antioxidants is with food which undergoes different metabolic processes in the digestive system, it is logical to assume their direct effect on the particular organs building that system. The diet for cancer diseases depends to a large extent on the involved organ determining its specificity. The most frequently applied diets are those rich in vitamins and minerals, and recently, their spectrum was enhanced with some bioactive compounds contained in the foods and food supplements [2, 25].
After the culmination of data and information about the positive effect of antioxidant implementation against the development of various cancer diseases, other evidence, not confirming similar effects, were communicated [24, 26]. Differences were outlined in the positive results from experimental studies and those from and clinical studies revealing negative effects.
Antioxidant intake is not recommended during chemo- and radiation therapy courses in order to prevent reduction of their power. In the case of diagnosed colorectal cancer after surgery and chemo- and radiation therapy, very high doses of individual antioxidants or combinations of synergically acting bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity must be administered depending on the patient’s status. In risk groups, with family history it is recommendable to include high antioxidant doses in the primary prevention programs. The successful health management requires the administration of high doses of antioxidants also in the secondary prevention of colorectal cancer in the form of a cocktail of several antioxidants with upgrading activity.
4.3. Fibers: colorectal cancer
The third aspect of scientific evidence covers the clarification of the role of dietary fibers as the knowledge in this respect undergoes serious changes proven by scientific research [30, 31].
The necessity to know the evolution of knowledge on risk factors on one side and their contradistinction with relevant preventive factors on the other are important elements of health management in the case of colorectal cancer. Logically, serious attention is given to food which, following its metabolic pathways, has direct effect on the gastrointestinal system as well as systemic effect through the nutrients and bioactive compounds contained in it. Many scientific investigations associated with the analysis and assessment of risk and preventive factors are focused on fibers. In one of our publications, we have presented very detailed information and analysis of existing scientific views on the “fibers and colorectal cancer” issue [32]. We have presented the assessment of the scientific information in two major aspects: mechanisms of fibers activity and studies on patients with colorectal cancer.
The general classic explanations of the biological activity of fibers are establishment of a larger area for development of intestinal microflora, activation of the peristaltic, and creation of a sensation of satiety. In relation to oncogenesis and colorectal cancer in particular, those explanations have their specificity determined by the anatomy and physiology of the colon. Of particular importance are the fibers’ composition, their solubility, and ability to ferment, to modify the acid-alkaline balance, and to participate indirectly in the transformation of bile acids. An important factor is also the direct physical effect on the inner lining of the colon, a fact that must not be neglected especially after surgical intervention.
Almost all studies reveal the lack of consensus on the issue and need of further studies in order to provide a particular explanation of the mechanisms involved by fibers to realize their preventive effect against colorectal cancer. The recommendations for consumption of dietary fibers after surgery should be particularly careful because of their direct effect on the colon. The lack of unified test models, the significant methodological errors in the assessment of the diet of the investigated patients, as well as the differences between the experimental and clinical trials seriously challenge the science to plan further comprehensive studies covering all dimensions of the problem dietary fibers—carcinogenesis.
5. Conclusion
This survey on the necessity of activating the self-management of patients with colorectal cancer shows a definite need to promote patients’ awareness on the etiopathogenesis of the disease, individual disease course, the role and importance of the administered drug treatment, and implementation of various therapeutic approaches and health care.
The repeating of the relationships between the discussed questions is identified as a primary task in the orientation of the patients to doctors and health-care specialists with proven professionalism with cultural competence allowing particular personal attitude to each patient.
The presented data reveal the need to conduct studies at individual level as each patient is characterized by the specificity of the disease course, awareness, psychological status, and cultural competence. Those diverse characteristics require also different self-management support in order to encourage the patients with colorectal cancer to improve and maintain a healthy lifestyle.
\n',keywords:"colorectal cancer, self-management support, consultation rooms, patients’ awareness, dietary factors",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57913.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/57913.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57913",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57913",totalDownloads:412,totalViews:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 20th 2017",dateReviewed:"November 3rd 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"May 16th 2018",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to present information and data from our studies on the analysis and assessment of the necessity of self-management support and promoting the awareness of Bulgarian patients with colorectal cancer. This survey covered a total of 315 patients with stoma, making use from consultations at specialized offices in 8 Bulgarian towns. An anonymous questionnaire was conducted, covering a total of 31 questions. The chapter presents results from nonparametric analysis for the more important questions searching for statistically significant relationship with other comparable questions listed in the questionnaire. The necessity of self-management support is assessed on the basis of the received answers. The activity of the established consultation room’s network is described, and information is provided concerning the realized self-management support through enhancing the patients’ and health-care specialists’ awareness on recent scientific achievements referring to dietary preventive and risk factors. Additional studies are needed in order to involve effectively each patient’s potential in the struggle for successful disease outcome and to select the best and most effective approaches for self-management support in compliance with the individual demands of patients with colorectal cancer.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57913",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57913",signatures:"Racho Ribarov",book:{id:"6177",title:"Colorectal Cancer",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Screening and Management",fullTitle:"Colorectal Cancer - Diagnosis, Screening and Management",slug:"colorectal-cancer-diagnosis-screening-and-management",publishedDate:"May 16th 2018",bookSignature:"Jindong Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6177.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158564",title:"Prof.",name:"Jindong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jindong-chen",fullName:"Jindong Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"222417",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Racho",middleName:null,surname:"Ribarov",fullName:"Racho Ribarov",slug:"racho-ribarov",email:"r.ribarov@rsr-bg.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Analysis and assessment of the necessity of self-management support",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Self-management support through establishing consultation rooms",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Self-management support through promoting the awareness of colorectal cancer patients",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1. Thiamine (vitamin B1): colorectal cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2. Antioxidants: colorectal cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3. Fibers: colorectal cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Grazin N. Long-term conditions: Help patients to help themselves. The Health Service Journal. 2007;117:28-29'},{id:"B2",body:'Tarraga P, Solera J, Rodriguez-Montes J. Primary and secondary prevention of colorectal cancer. Clinical Medicine Insights: Gastroenterology. 2014;7:33-46'},{id:"B3",body:'Ribarov R. 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Cell Metabolism. 2008;7:11-20'},{id:"B14",body:'Yang CM, Liu YZ, Liao JW, ML H. The in vitro and in vivo anti-metastatic efficacy of oxythiamine and the possible mechanisms of action. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 2010;27:341-349'},{id:"B15",body:'Daily A, Liu S, Bhatnagar S, Karabakhtsian RG, Moscow JA. Low-thiamine diet increases mammary tumor latency in FVB/N-Tg(MMTVneu) mice. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2012;82:298-302'},{id:"B16",body:'Zastre J, Sweet L, Hanberry B, Ye S. Linking vitamin B1 with cancer cell metabolism. Cancer Metabolism. 2013;1:1-16'},{id:"B17",body:'Kabat G, Miller A, Rohan T. Dietary intake of selected B vitamins in relation to risk of major cancers in women. British Journal of Cancer. 2008;99:816-821'},{id:"B18",body:'Liu S, Monks NR, Hanes JW, Begley TP, Yu H, Moscow JA. Sensitivity of breast cancer cell lines to recombinant thiaminase I. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2010;66:171-179'},{id:"B19",body:'Willett WC. Diet and cancer: An evolving picture. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005;293:233-237'},{id:"B20",body:'Papaioannou D, Cooper K, Carroll C. Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Disease. 2011;13(10):1085-1099'},{id:"B21",body:'WCRF: World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. Colorectal Cancer Report. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. 2010. http://www.wcrf.org'},{id:"B22",body:'Zhang R, Kang K, Kim K. Oxidative stress causes epigenetic alteration of CDX1 expression in colorectal cancer cells. Gene. 2013;524(2):214-219'},{id:"B23",body:'Ribarov R. Antioxidants and colorectal cancer. Journal of Contemporary Medical Problems. 2015;3:5-11'},{id:"B24",body:'Pais R, Dumitrascu D. Do antioxidants prevent colorectal cancer ? A meta-analysis. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2013;51(3-4):152-163'},{id:"B25",body:'Saud S, Young M, Jones-Hall Y. Chemopreventive activity of plant flavonoid isorhamnetin in colorectal cancer is mediated by oncogenic Src and beta-catenin. Cancer Research. 2013;73(17):5473-5484'},{id:"B26",body:'Bjelakovic G, Nagorny A, Nikolowa D. Meta-analysis: Antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention of colorectal adenoma. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006;15(24):281-291'},{id:"B27",body:'Wang Z, Ohnaka K, Morita M. Dietary polyphenols and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka colorectal cancer study. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(17):2683-2690'},{id:"B28",body:'Hou N, Huo D, Dignam J. Prevention of colorectal cancer and dietary management. Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2013;2:13-26'},{id:"B29",body:'Royston K, Tollefsbol T. The epigenetic impact of cruciferous vegetables on cancer prevention. Current Pharmacology Reports. 2015;1(1):46-51'},{id:"B30",body:'Peters U, Sinha R, Chatterjee N. Dietary fibre and colorectal adenoma in a colorectal cancer early detection programme. Lancet. 2003;361:1491-1495'},{id:"B31",body:'Schatzkin A, Mouw T, Park Y. Dietary fiber and whole–grain consumption in relation to colorectal cancer in NIH-AARP diet and health study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;85:1353-1360'},{id:"B32",body:'Ribarov R, Tz V, Ivanov A. Dietary fibers and colorectal cancer. Archives of the Balkan Medical Union. 2015;50(3):410-413'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Racho Ribarov",address:"r.ribarov@rsr-bg.com",affiliation:'
Faculty of Public Health, Medical University – Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. 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