Impact of CVRDs on the total deaths in different countries based on the income group in 2012. Thousands, unless otherwise noted.
\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",keywords:"Sex, Sexual Response Cycle, Erection, Premature Ejaculation, Libido, Orgasm, Painful Intercourse, Psychological, Female, Lack of Desire, Erectile Disorders, Pain Disorders",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff is a life member of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Early Human Development, Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, member of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and resource person for UNESCO for Medical and Bioethics. 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Cardiovascular, respiratory as well as associated disorders (CVRDs) are predominant subgroup of NCDs and are major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries. In 2012, it was estimated that 55.9 million people died around the world and NCDs accounted for 37.9 million of those deaths. Specifically, CVRDs led to 23.9 million deaths [2]. Table 1 shows the impact of CVRDs on the total deaths in different countries based on the income group. Cardiovascular diseases killed 17.5 million; respiratory diseases led to 4.0 million deaths; diabetes mellitus to 1.5 million and diseases related to kidney accounted for 864 000 deaths, respectively [4]. In addition, NCDs account for about 35% (around 2.6 million) of all deaths in sub-Saharan Africa and this makes NCDs the second most common cause of death after a combination of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional related diseases [5]. Researchers estimate that more than three-quarters of deaths will be due to NCDs by the end of 2030 and more deaths in developing countries will be attributed to CVDs alone than contagious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS [6].
Indicator | Low income | Lower middle income | Upper middle income | High income | Total (world) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 850000 | 2510000 | 2430000 | 1290000 | 7060000 |
Total deaths | 7450 | 19900 | 16900 | 11700 | 55900 |
CVRD deaths | 1540 | 7780 | 9080 | 5530 | 23900 |
CVRD deaths | 21% | 39% | 54% | 47% | 43% |
CVRD death by cause | |||||
CVDs | 999 | 5220 | 6860 | 4440 | 17500 |
DM | 135 | 549 | 559 | 254 | 1497 |
RD | 309 | 1630 | 1460 | 645 | 4040 |
Kidney diseases | 99 | 378 | 197 | 190 | 864 |
Cardiovascular diseases are complex and composite diseases that are characterised by high serum lipids and triglycerides, cholesterol, elevated plasma fibrinogen and agglomeration factors with increased production of platelet as well as disturbance in metabolism of glucose [7, 8]. They are a broad category of diseases involving the heart and blood vessels causing coronary artery diseases such as angina which can lead to heart attack, heart failure, hypertensive heart diseases, stroke, and many other problems. [9]. Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of mortality globally leading to 12.3 million and 17.6 million deaths in 1990 and 2016, respectively [10, 11, 12]. Stroke and coronary artery disease result in of 80% and 75% CVD deaths in male and females, respectively [12].
Various epidemiological studies have demonstrated that diet habits and healthy life style might prevent chronic diseases such as CVDs but poor habits aggravate these diseases [8, 13]. Individuals that consume large amount of fruits, vegetables and sea food are less vulnerable to CVDs incidence [14]. The role of dietary factors such as sodium and saturated fats known to increase the risk of CVDs has been substantially explored [15]. The perception that food does not only furnish fundamental nutrition but can also play a role in preventing diseases and assure good health and life is now gaining attention. High intake of food that is calorie dense, poor nutrition, highly processed and easy to absorb food can contribute to inflammation of system, low insulin vulnerability as well as a group of metabolic diseases which include obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus [16]. Food that furnish a health benefits apart from basic nutrition such as reducing high blood total cholesterol as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are called functional foods.
The traditional risk factors for CVDs (Table 2) have been extensively researched and the dietary factor is important since it leads to high risk factors for CVDs such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. However, the dietary factor phenomenon has not been fully investigated [3]. A 2011 global report indicated that hypertension contributed to 13% of CVDs deaths, tobacco 9%, physical inactivity 6%, diabetes mellitus 6% and obesity 5% of global deaths [19, 20].
Non-modifiable | Metabolic | Lifestyle | Novel |
---|---|---|---|
Family history | Diabetes mellitus | Diet | Oxidative stress |
Advancing age | Obesity | Smoking | High homeostatic factors |
Family history | Hypertension | Physical activity | Small dense low density lipoprotein-C |
Hyperlipidemia | High lipoprotein level | ||
Metabolic syndrome | High homocysteine level | ||
High inflammatory marker |
Hypertension is systolic blood pressure values ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure values ≥90 mmHg. The relationship between hypertension and CVDs has been investigated in different studies [21, 22]. Hypertension exhibits an independent interminable relationship with the incidence of various CVDs such as stroke, heart failure and peripheral arterial [23, 24]. Hypertension is commonly without symptoms which silently damage the arteries that furnish the heart, brain, kidneys and other vital organs with blood and produce various structural changes. Various epidemiological, animal and genetic studies have confirmed that excessive intake of sodium increases blood pressure. For example, excessive consumption of sodium (>5 g sodium per day as defined by World Health Organisation) [25] produces a significant rise in hypertension and is associated with the onset of hypertension and its cardiovascular complications [26, 27]. By contrast, low intake of sodium reduces hypertension prevalence and is associated with low cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rate [28]. As a result, a common nutritional plan to minimise the incidence of hypertension includes achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight; consumption of a diet rich in minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium as well as moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages and sodium [29].
There are more than one billion smokers around the world and in 2013, tobacco usage accounted for more than 6.1 million deaths [18]. This estimation covers vulnerability to passive smoking (second hand smoke) which increases CVDs risk by 25 to 30% and public smoking bans substantially decrease the rate of heart attacks [30]. The most smoked form of tobacco is cigarette. More than 80% of tobacco users live in lower middle income countries and this number is expected to increase in the next decade [31]. Most smokers in lower middle income countries are male but this is not the case in high income countries. Early cessation of smoking contributes to substantial lower incidence of reinfarction within 1 year in patients who have had a heart attack and decreases the possibility of instant cardiac death in patients with CVDs [32]. There are two CVDs challenges associated with the use of tobacco products. Firstly, the rate of smoking is higher in the poorest populations of the world [33] and the second problem is smoking among girls [34]. The risk of IHD to tobacco smokers is 2–3 times higher than non-smokers, stroke is 1.5 times higher and lung cancer is 12 times higher. These risks are related to age gradient, with younger age group having higher relative risk (5–6 times) and these are similar for men and women [35].
The World Health Oranisation highlighted the fact that one in four adults is not physical active enough across the globe and the challenge of reduced physical activity increases as the income of a country increases [36]. Low physical activity eventually leads to obesity which has gradually increased throughout the past decades both in developing and developed countries. Low rate of atherosclerotic process, including improvement of endothelial dysfunction, low systematic inflammation and stroke that go along with physical activity, could explain the protective role of physical activity on CVDs risk [37]. Numerous epidemiologic studies conducted with non-identical and big populations have demonstrated that physical activity has protective effect on coronary arteries disease. For example, physical activity reduces blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension by reducing vascular resistance and terminating the action of the sympathetic nervous and the renninangiotensin systems. Figure 1 shows the possible channels of physical activity that assist in decreasing the likelihood of CVDs. In 41837 women of age group between 55 and 69 years, Folsom et al. [38] study found that hypertension incidence decreased by 10% and 30% in participants with moderate and higher levels of physical activity than those with low levels of physical activity. The biological pathways support the usefulness of physical activity in decreasing the likelihood of stroke including ischemic and hemorrhagic. The possible ramifications on the likelihood of ischemic might be due to the mechanisms that reduce the development of atherosclerotic; while the possible ramifications on the likelihood of hemorrhagic stroke disease might be attributed to low blood pressure as well as additional associated risk factors. Nonetheless, there are conflicting findings from different studies about the relationship of physical activity and the incidence of stroke, with few studies showing relationships or no relationships [39, 40]. These disagreements are likely the result of the type of the study design, population, definition and evaluation of physical activity of the different studies.
Possible mechanisms of physical activity that help in decreasing CVDs risk [
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas or resistance by end-organ tissues and presents as a high blood glucose. There are three types of DM, namely, type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 DM is an autoimmune disorder and usually takes place in early childhood and adolescents, gestational DM occurs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, increases the future risk of those patients to type 2 DM [41, 42, 43]. Type 2 DM, the most common form accounts for 90–95% of diagnosed DM and continues to be rapidly growing worldwide and in the USA [44]. Globally, the prevalence of DM is escalating and its incidence in 1985 was 20 million compared to 382 million in 2014 [45]. The current estimation by the International Diabetes Federation expects that 592 million people will have DM by 2035 [46]. China and India have highest number of people with diabetes estimated at 69 million and 109 million, respectively and these numbers are expected to rise to 123 million and 150 million by 2040 [47]. A close association exists between DM and CVDs. The most familiar cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients is CVDs since DM results in complications of both microvascular and macrovascular. Complications such as IHD, ischemic stroke, and amputations because of foot infections are examples of macrovascular. The comparative risk for CVDs morbidity and mortality in adults with DM varies from 1 to 3 in men and from 2 to 5 in women to those with no DM [48]. Many diabetic patients die due to IHD or stroke and both are often registered as the cause of death, not DM [2]. A number of evidences exist that demonstrate that the relationship of type 2 DM and associated cardiovascular risk promote the progressive nature of the vascular damage, leading to atherosclerosis [49]. Cardiovascular deaths account for 44% of death in those with type 1 DM and 52% of deaths in type 2 DM [50]. Debate still remains if the relationship between DM and CVD is associated with diabetes status itself or the risk factors diabetic patients are prone to.
According to the World Health Organisation data, 39% of the global population above 18 years of age is overweight and of these, 13% are obese. Obesity is an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue to the degree that health might be compromised [51]. Obesity increases the risk for CVDs since it increases the load of the atherosclerotic plaques, characterised by significant infiltration of macrophage and plaque fluctuation [52]. People who accumulate abnormal body fat, particularly at the waist, are at higher risk to have stroke and heart disease even if they do not have other risk factors. The incidence of overweight and obesity among adults in low-income countries varies from 4.7–21.0% and from 13.0–42.7% in upper-middle-income countries [53]. Different studies have demonstrated association between obesity and CVDs such as heart failure and cardiac death. Accumulation of abnormal body fat leads to various metabolic changes that increase the common risk factors of CVDs and affects systems modulating inflammation [54]. Recent studies have demonstrated that weight loss in individuals who are overweight and obese reduces the incidence of diabetes and CVDs. The benefit of weight reduction in overweight and obese individuals with or without hypertension is low blood pressure and serum triglycerides, and increased high-density lipoprotein [55, 56].
Nutraceutical foods, a borderline between food and drugs, are conventional or processed foods that have or added a useful food component which has a health beneficial effect [57, 58]. Nutraceuticals foods provide medicinal and health benefits and these include prevention, management and/or treatment of a disease. Examples of nutraceutical foods are isolated nutrients, dietary supplements, functional foods, medicinal products and processed foods such as cereals, beverages and soups [59, 60]. The interest of nutraceuticals in prevention of CVDs was invigorated after the examinations of a proximate relationship between their consumption, as shown by higher levels of plasma and low CVDs incidence [61, 62]. Japan is the first country that introduced functional foods in the 1980s and is the only country that has distinct regulatory system that approves functional foods [58]. Functional foods contain dietary fibres, polyphenolic compounds, herbs and botanicals and oligosaccharides with their correlating health benefits [63]. It is believed that functional foods use their cardio-protective effects mostly via antioxidant actions which lower blood lipid levels.
The following factors differentiate functional foods from dietary supplements: (1) Functional foods are expected not to only supplement the diet but should also play a role to prevent and/or treat disease(s) and (2) Functional foods are utilised as traditional foods or as exclusive items of a meal or diet [64]. Dietary components play useful roles apart from basic nutrition and this led to the development of nutraceuticals and functional food concept [65]. Functional foods have different mechanism of actions, such as decreasing low density lipoprotein and elevated blood total cholesterols [66].
Different functional foods are beneficial in preventing and treating CVDs (Table 3). Dietary fibres of fruit (with pectin) and vegetable, fish oil and oily seeds such as walnut, almond and many others lower the lipid levels in humans and this is attributed to both prevention of fat absorption and termination of synthesis of hepatic cholesterol [81]. A higher consumption of whole grains, bioactive compounds, antioxidants vitamins and folic acid appears to reverse the harmful vascular effects of homocysteine in the heart [82, 83]. A substantial cardiovascular benefit of polyphenolic compounds, vitamins (ascorbic acid, vitamin E), and minerals such as selenium and magnesium in food is thought to be the ability of these components to scavenge free radicals generated during atherogenesis [84, 85].
Functional food | Active component | Mechanism of action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Fruit and vegetable | Antioxidant vitamins, dietary fibre, carotenoid, polyphenolic compounds | Lower concentrations of the inflammatory mediator C-reactive protein Decrease low density lipoprotein Reduce markers of oxidative stress | [67, 68] |
Whole grains | Dietary fibre, minerals, B vitamins and polyphenols | Normal blood pressure and plasma lipids Decrease inflammation | [69, 70] |
Legumes and nuts | Mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, arginine, soluble fibre, polyphenols, folic acid and B vitamins | Lower blood cholesterol Reduce post-prandial vascular reactivity Improved endothelial function Reduce concentrations of blood homocysteine Lower myocardial infarction Positive effect on blood pressure | [71, 72, 73] |
Fish | Omega 3 fatty acids | Improve endothelial function Lower blood pressure and heart rate Reduce aggregability of platelet Reduce fatal cardiac arrhythmias Anti-inflammatory | [74] |
Soy protein | Isoflavonoids, dietary fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, | Reduce total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-C levels Prevent the oxidation of low density lipoprotein Lower total serum | [75, 76, 77] |
Coffee and tea | Diterpenes (kahweol and cafestol) | Myocardial infarction | [78] |
Chocolate | Flavonoids | Improve NO-dependent Vasorelaxation Improve flow-mediated dilation in the brachial arteries Reduce ambulatory serum low lipoprotein-C levels and blood pressure Decrease blood cholesterol levels Increase high density lipoprotein-C Decrease oxidised low density lipoprotein | [79, 80] |
Different functional foods beneficial in preventing and treating CVDs.
There is significant amount that low intake of fruit and vegetable is related to higher risk of CVDs while higher intake is related to low risk of CVDs [86, 87]. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of polyphenolic compounds such as phenolic acid and flavonoids. Different studies associate the intake of polyphenols foods such as fruit and vegetable with low risk of CVDs [88, 89]. In addition, various studies have shown that the properties of flavonoids such as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory might also improve functions of vascular system [90, 91]. Fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of CVDs by decreasing vulnerability of low density lipoprotein particles to oxidation [92]. Different types of bioactive compounds found in fruits and vegetables such as dietary fibre, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and minerals such as magnesium and potassium act collaboratively to nurture a comprehensive beneficial effect.
Whole grains are more important in terms of nutrition since they have phytochemicals that could work synergistically to decrease the risk of CVDs [93]. Moreover, whole grains are also a rich source of dietary fibre, vitamin B complex and minerals. The preventative effect of whole grains on the risk of CVDs is attributed to their influence on insulin vulnerability, blood pressure and inflammation which is associated with the excessive consumption of antioxidant nutrients available in the germ of whole grains [83, 94, 95]. Legumes are rich source of protein, soluble fibre, micronutrients such as folate and polyphenols [96]. Different bioactive components such as protein, dietary fibre and phytosterols are attributed to the cholesterol-lowering effect of legumes [97]. Nuts are rich sources of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, arginine, soluble fibre and various antioxidant polyphenols and these active components contribute to cholesterol lowering effects [71].
High consumption of fish and fish oil supplements contribute to low incidence of CVDs [98]. Fish is a rich source of omega 3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3). They are available in oily fish such as salmon, tuna, herring and fish oil. Consumption of fish is associated with low risk for myocardial infarction, which is associated with useful influence of DHA and EPA on plaque fluctuation and modulation of endothelial function [99]. Fish oil supplements have beneficial influence on blood pressure and lipid profile [100, 101]. Moreover, DHA and EPA reduce low density lipoprotein oxidative sensitivity in postmenopause women which might assist in reducing the risk of CVDs [102].
Soy products are a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fibre, micronutrients, low saturated fat content and isoflavones [103]. In addition, the protein content of soybean ranges from 35%–40% having all essential amino acids making soy protein comparable to protein of animal source and it is also cholesterol free [104]. Isoflavones prevent the oxidation of low density lipoprotein and reduces the risk of atherosclerosis [76]. Studies done in China among women and Japan demonstrated that a daily consumption of more than 6 g of soy reduces low density lipoprotein-C, total cholesterol, ischaemic and cerebrovascular incidence than consumption of less than 0.5 g [105, 106].
Coffee and tea, the most popularly consumed beverages after water, are the chief source of caffeine. Diterpenes such as kahweol and cafestol are suspected to be behind the cardio-protective effect of coffee. Consumption of coffee might potentially decrease the incidence of myocardial infarction, but evidence in this regard is not conclusive [107, 108]. Although results are not consistent, consumption of green tea seems to protect against CVDs [109]. High intake of tea and flavonoids contribute to the primary prevention of IHD and reduced risk of CVDs mortality [109, 110]. Cocoa is the main ingredient in chocolate manufacturing; it is a rich source of flavonoid and it has been lately evaluated for its plausible role in preventing CVDs [111]. The protective effect of chocolate is attributed to the decrease of blood cholesterols levels, substantial increase of high density lipoprotein including marked decrease of oxidised low density lipoprotein [112].
Meat and dairy products are major source of fat in the diet, particularly saturated fatty acids (SFA) which is the leading cause of total cholesterol and CVDs. Meat contains a lot of fat with more than 40% in saturated form, therefore, its quantity and quality has been changed to create new meat products of functional properties. Three meat reformulation methods were proposed in order to develop the functional meat products, namely, low total fat, low total cholesterol intake and modification of fatty acid profile [113]. Dairy products are related to numerous negative health effects because of earlier observations associated SFA content, which might result into increased low-density lipoprotein levels, which in turn increases the risk of CVDs [114]. Dairy products have high SFA and their consumption has long been implicated in contributing to the development of CVDs [115]. Therefore, the consumption of low-fat or non-fat dairy products has been recommended to reduce the risk of CVDs development. Nevertheless, studies tend to show that intake of whole-fat dairy has a favourable effect on health of cardiovascular system and might be more beneficial than intake of low-fat dairy, especially in connection with inflammatory markers. Recent several meta-analyses have demonstrated that low-fat dairy products and whole milk are associated with lower risk of hypertension [116, 117, 118]. The presence of calcium, vitamin D as well as other bioactive components such as peptides in dairy products is related to lower blood pressure irrespective of the fat content [119, 120]. High intake of fermented dairy products is associated with low density lipoprotein, low risk of hypertension and CVDs [121, 122]. Consumption of cheese is associated with a low risk of stroke and CVDs [123]. Moreover, consumption of yoghurt is also related to lower risk of CVDs [124]. The presence of bioactive lipids and peptides that have anti-inflammatory characteristics might have contributed to these effects as well as calcium in cheese which might reduce the intake of SFA, thereby decreasing the risk of high cholesterols levels [114]. Moulded cheeses such as Camembert and Roquefort have cardioprotective effects because of the presence of bioactive molecules such as andrastins A–D and roquefortine [125]. Additionally, the cardioprotective effects of fermented dairy products may also be induced by the intake of bacterial metabolites and probiotics. Probiotics reach the gastrointestinal tract while still alive and they can apply their effects directly. Intake of probiotic by supplementation or consumption of fermented dairy products is related to possible health benefits of cardiovascular which include positive effects on blood pressure and hyperlipidaemia [126].
Various studies have associated the dietary components such as dietary fibre, saturated and trans fats at nutrient level; fruits, vegetables and high fat processed meat at food level [127, 128, 129] with changes in prevalence of CVDs. Some diet plans have shown the potential of reducing the incidence of CVDs (Table 4). In recent years, various dietary patterns have been recommended for modification in numerous health outcomes apart from the normal dietary guidelines. For example, the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH),
Dietary pattern | High intake | Moderate intake | Low or no intake | Protective effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediterranean | Fruits, vegetables, cereals, beans, nuts, seeds, and olive oil | Wine, poultry and fish | Red meat and dairy products | Decrease inflammatory markers | [130, 131, 132] |
DASH | Fish, fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts | N/A | Dairy products, red meat, sweets, and sugar-containing beverages. | Low blood pressure, anti-inflammatory | [133, 134, 135] |
Sweet potatoes, and green leafy vegetables | Fish and alcohol | Meat and dairy products | Reduce oxidative stress | [81, 136] | |
Vegetarian | Fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts, | N/A | Fish, meat, eggs and dairy products | Anti-inflammatory Low blood pressure and blood cholesterol | [81] |
Protective effect of different dietary patterns on cardiovascular diseases.
Overall, this book chapter highlighted the risk factors of CVDs, functional food with health properties and the influence of dietary in the treatment and prevention of CVDs. Generally there is an increasing trend of using functional food in treating and preventing CVDs. Therefore, there is no doubt that functional food can exert a significant effect on maintenance of human health. Continual consumption of different types of functional foods such as fruit and vegetable, whole grains, nuts, legumes, tea, coffee, chocolate, fish, functional meat and fermented dairy products may help consumers and patients to lower the risk of CVDs. Consumption of full-fat dairy products contributes to higher intakes of important nutrients such as vitamin D and vitamin K. However, fermented dairy products are preferential for ideal intake of nutrients and possible CVDs health benefits. Dietary patterns such as Mediterranean, DASH,
Climate change in the 21st century influences the water resources and food which pattern disease and impact greatly the mankind livelihood. Thus, an efficient mechanism is mandatory to control the emission of hazardous gases. The reduction in carbon emission will also help greatly for the environment, most of the nations are seriously working to mitigate this problem. The utilization of available low Carbon energy resources such as solar and wind will be a milestone to cater to the energy necessities of the globe without harming the environment. After the oil crisis in the year 1973, the alternative sources for energy harvesting are derived by many scientists and still, research is going on [1]. The rising population and higher living standards are influencing climate change significantly. Industrialization, the technologically driven changing landscape of cities have increased the energy demand hugely. The resources of energy are commercial and non-commercial where the commercial resources mainly include fossil fuels like coal or natural gas whereas the non-commercial resources include wood and animal and agriculture wastes as well. Fossil fuel resources are non-renewable, limited in stocks, and creates pollution in the environment, as well as these, are fastly depleting. Therefore, research on the development of new energy resources is extremely needed to cater to the energy demand of the revolutionized world. Renewable energy resources are eco-friendly, abundant, and practically inexhaustible. Sun is one of the renewable resources for green and free energy which provides a tremendous amount of energy without any expenditure. The sun irradiates more energy per hour vis-à-vis the total energy consumed globally during one year. Solar energy is non-depletable, pollution-free, and available in abundance on the surface of Earth planet throughout the year. The Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) research organization made research on the current scenario of energy consumption and production and concluded that 50 percent of the world’s energy would come from solar cells and wind by the end of 2050 [2]. Therefore, the use of solar energy could increase the economic growth of any country without affecting the environment.
The solar cell is a device that transforms solar or light into electrical energy, it is just a p-n junction or a diode. The Silicon-based solar cells were firstly used to convert sunlight into electricity, therefore, these solar cells are also recognized as traditional or conventional solar cells. The solar cells are classified into three generations. The first generation or crystalline Silicon solar cells are widely used as these have been shown higher power conversion efficiency (ɳ) about 26% [3, 4] and dominated the solar cell market ever since its invention, but fabrication of crystalline Silicon solar cells suffers from high module cost and a significant amount of by-products. The second generation comprises thin-film-based solar cells which reduced materials consumption and consequently cost of the device. This generation includes amorphous silicon solar cells, cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar cells, and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cells [5, 6, 7]. The materials to the second generation solar cells are rare elements (e.g. Tellurium) and hazardous (e.g. Cadmium). Due to the high cost of first-generation solar cells, and toxicity, and limited availability of materials for second-generation solar cells, a new generation of solar cells emerges as third generation [8]. The third-generation solar cells comprise a variety of new materials besides the evergreen and champion Silicon which include nanomaterials and Silicon wires. The third-generation solar cells are designed to trim down the cost and are based on the simple, cheap, and easy fabrication process. This generation includes dye-sensitized, polymer, quantum dot, perovskite solar cells. Given cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and easy fabrication process, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) could be one of the best promising alternatives to the Silicon solar cells [9].
The configuration of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) comprises a glass substrate (conductive substrate), nanostructure semiconductor (photo-anode), sensitizer (dye), electrolyte, and catalyst counter electrode [10]. Nowadays, the DSSC devices are developed to have such a photo-anode that could efficiently harvest the energy, increase the dye pickup, light scattering ability, reduce recombination reaction and improve charge transferability [11]. The prototype DSSC was reported by Michael Gratzel in 1991. The DSSCs are one of the most efficient photo-to-electron conversion devices under indoor and low-level outdoor lighting for integrating green buildings. For a DSSC device, the highest achieved efficiency is 14.30% (practically) to the date where the Co (II/III) based electrolyte was used with the co-sensitization of organic dyes [12]. The theoretically predicted maximum efficiency for DSSC is 32% which is estimated and limited by the Shockley-Queisser limit based upon the principle of detailed balance [13]. In the architecture of dye-sensitized solar cells, usually, TiO2 (titanium dioxide) is preferred because of its photoactive, low cost, and abundant availability [14]. The most used dye for DSSC is N719 (Cis-Di-(thiocyanato) bis (2,2′-bipyridyl)-4,4′-dicarboxylate) ruthenium (II)) owing to its good light absorber and charge transfer properties vis-à-vis to any other dyes [15]. A volatile electrolyte such as iodide/triiodide is commonly used which has a highly corrosive nature and good reaction with Platinum (Pt) based counter electrode [16, 17]. The photo-anode of DSSC is usually coated employing chemical route-based techniques like doctor blade and spin coating followed by high-temperature heat treatment [18, 19, 20].
DSSC can be useful for portable electronic devices, iPods, and solar lamps that work on the outdoor light source. The outdoor performance of the DSSC device was observed by many scientists in terms of the commercialization of DSSC. But the main factor that affects solar efficiency is a temperature that decreases the long-term stability of the device. To increases the stability of DSSC it was covered by plastic but appropriate results are not obtained. DSSC can easily work in a low-light condition or cloudy condition so these cells are a good option for building integrated photovoltaic cells (BIPV). However, DSSC also exhibits photoresponse/EQE concerning dye and electrolyte. Higher the EQE/IPCE means the photon absorbed by dye molecule is high therefore regeneration of electrolyte takes place and high efficiency of the respected device is observed. This chapter comprises a basic introduction to solar cells viz. principle of solar cells, and description of dye-sensitized solar cells as well the outdoor performance and stability along with photoresponse external quantum efficiency of the solar cell (EQE).
A solar cell directly converts solar energy into electrical energy by a physical process termed as “photovoltaic effect”. The conversion of energy occurs without any intermediate process in certain semiconductor materials. In the photovoltaic effect, a semiconducting material generates charge carriers (electrons in conduction band and corresponding holes in valence band) when it is exposed by light where the light or solar energy and optical energy band gap of the exposed material are the important parameters. In the photoelectric effect, charge carriers are electrons while in the photovoltaic effect, charge carriers are both the electrons and holes. The photovoltaic effect was firstly discovered in 1839 by French Physicist Edmond Becquerel. During experimentation with wet cells, Becquerel noted that the voltage of the cell increased when its silver plates were exposed to the sunlight [21]. The solar cells are composed of different types of semiconductors where p-type and n-type layers are joined together to form a p-n junction (Figure 1). The junction between two types of semiconductors promotes an electrical field which is formed in the region of the junction as electrons move towards the positive p-side and holes towards the negative n-side. This generated field causes negatively charged carriers to move in one direction and positively charged carriers in opposite direction. On connecting it with the load, an electric current is produced in the circuit.
A systematic presentation of the photovoltaic effect [
The sunlight is composed of photons which are the smallest energy bundles of electromagnetic radiation or energy. These photons can be absorbed by the absorber layer of the photovoltaic cell if the photons have energy (hυ) equal or greater than Eg and less than 2 Eg where Eg is the band gap of the layer concerned. When the light of a suitable wavelength is incident on these cells, energy from the photon is transferred to an atom of the semiconducting material in the p-n junction. Specifically, energy is transferred to the electrons in the material. This causes the electrons to jump to a higher energy level which is known as the conduction band. This leaves behind a “hole” in the valance band from which an electron is jumped up. This movement of the electron as a result of added energy creates two charge carriers viz. electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band. The asymmetric junction of different natures of semiconducting materials in the solar cell leads to the separation of these charge carriers (electron and holes) and establishes the built-in potential which impels these charge carriers towards the respective electrodes to contribute to electric current in the circuit.
As stated in the introduction part that the energy demand has increased the depletion of fossil fuels, therefore, the development of new skills which are based on renewable energy resources are spurred by world-leading scientists so that the upcoming new generation does not face any crisis related to the energy. Photovoltaic technology is eco-friendly and attractive among all renewable energy technologies. It directly converts sunlight into electrical energy, thus, it is broadly used for harvesting solar energy. The conventional Silicon-based solar cells are quite restricted because of their high cost, hence inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and simple fabrication process-based solar cells such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are used [23]. The dye-sensitized solar cells are comprised of a semiconducting material photo-anode, a counter electrode, an electrolyte, and a sensitizer (dye). DSSC can work in dark and cloudy conditions so it is an excellent candidate for indoor applications. O’Regan and Gratzel developed the first dye-sensitized solar in 1991 by colloidal nanoparticles of TiO2 thin films which had an efficiency of 7.1%. The main aim of the present chapter is to introduce DSSC therefore, it is discussed in detail.
A typical dye-sensitized solar cell is assembled in a sandwich-type structure. Generally, transparent conductive glass is used as a substrate for the deposition of nanocrystalline thin films of metal oxide. The metal oxide films are sensitized by absorbing dye molecules where dye is covalently attached to the surface of the photo-anode for generating the photoelectrons. An organic electrolyte solution that contains redox couple is used for collecting electrons at the surface of the counter electrode and regenerating dye molecules. A catalyst deposited on a conductive substrate is used as a counter electrode for the development of dye-sensitized solar cells [24]. The schematic representation of the device structure to a typical DSSC is shown in Figure 2.
Schematic device structure of a typical dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC).
The absorption of irradiance and charge separation is quite different in the dye-sensitized solar cell as compared to the classical p-n junction solar cell [25]. An electron transfer process of sandwich-type dye-sensitized solar cells is systematically represented in Figure 3. The whole working process of the dye-sensitized solar cell is explained in three steps (1) Photo-excitation, (2) Transportation, and (3) Regeneration.
A pictorial view of the operational principle of a typical dye-sensitized solar cell [
When the sunlight falls on a dye-sensitized solar cell device, then the present dye molecules on the surface of the TiO2 layer (behaves like electron transport layer) absorb the incident photons and consequently excite the electrons. The excited electrons of dye which present above the conduction band of TiO2 are immediately injected into the conduction band of TiO2 and dye molecules get oxidized. At this stage, an electrochemical potential difference is generated between semiconductor oxide and electrolyte, and the electron density of TiO2 also is increased due to charge carrier transfer from dye molecules to metal oxide.
Now, these electrons transfer from metal oxide to counter electrode through the external load where these electrons further transfer to the electrolyte. Herein, reduction of the electrolyte takes place by converting tri-iodide (I3−) into iodide (I−). Regeneration of dye molecules is occurred by receiving electrons from iodide and simultaneous oxidation of iodide to tri-iodide happens. Regeneration of I− is taken place by counter electrode so the whole cycle is regenerated. The flow of electrons through the external circuit generates electrical energy [27, 28, 29].
The chemical reactions that took place in the mechanism are given as below [30, 31, 32, 33]:
In outdoor conditions the main factor that affects efficiency is temperature. In this section different solar radiation illumination was discussed. The stability of dye-sensitized solar cell is mainly influenced by electrolyte, liquid electrolyte exhibit higher efficiency but the volatile nature of liquid electrolyte degrades solar cell and therefore stability of the cell reduces.
Yuan et al. [66] tested outdoor application of DSSC for Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) application where a time duration of four years was taken into consideration. Here dye Z991 and Z907 were used for cell fabrication where the first one harnesses 15% more electricity over the later one for two years. Given the stability of the device, the efficiency of dye Z991 based solar cell decreases to 17% for the initial two years thereafter efficiency remains stable for the remaining two years. Moreover, the Z907 based DSSC device is out of the use or degrade after four years in outdoor application. The stability of Z991 over Z907 is due to the presence of thiophene moieties in Z991 i.e. responsible for better energy harvesting and thermal stability. When the solar irradiance increase there is no linearly incremented in electricity generation for irradiance of lower than 20 Wh.
Kato et al. [67] synthesized dye-sensitized solar cells with N719 dye, TiO2, and carbon counter electrode and tested durability test in the outdoor working condition for a time duration of 2.5 years. The DSSC modules were developed monolithically series interconnected on the TCO substrate and covered by a waterproof cover. Before the exposure to sunlight, the device reveals 0.32 and 0.71 suns from the current–voltage curve and power-voltage curve. During the stability test voltage was approximately kept around 1.6 V. The solar parameters such as JSC fall for 5 months thereafter it remains constant for left years and efficiency decreases/degrades subsequently decrement in VOC and FF. Additionally, EIS reveals exposure of cell in outdoor increases the Nernst impedance of triiodide and Raman spectra also reveals increment in luminescent ingredients of electrolyte, therefore, VOC and FF decreases in outdoor condition. Berginc et al. [68] outdoor exposed ionic liquid-based dye-sensitized solar cell for 7 months in solar radiation of 906kWh/m2. In the summers maximum VOC is obtained in the early morning and on an autumn day when days are shorter and temperature is lower that time JSC of cell increases. Park et al. [69] observed the change in film thickness effects J-V curve (Figure 4) of TiO2 based solar cell under 1 sunlight intensity. On increasing the thickness, the JSC of the cell increases from 6.6 to 10.7 mA/cm2 i.e. about 62% whereas the fall down in VOC is 759 to 727 mV due to increases in surface area that accounts for more dye molecule absorbing.
The effect of film thickness on the J-V curve of DSSC. Reprinted with permission from ref. [
Asghar et al. [70] developed dye-sensitized solar cell and tested in outdoor condition as well comparison with silicon cell was carried out. Here the lower irradiance and higher temperature are suitable for DSSC, at these parameter DSSC harvest more energy instead of silicon solar cell. The efficiency of DSSC decreases as time duration increases. Moreover, the device that was fabricated by employing MPN as an electrolyte degrades fast whereas ionic liquid-based devices are more stable and constant efficiency was observed for two months then degradation initiates. The thermal influence of dye-sensitized solar cells was studied by Matsui et al. [71] where the current collecting study was done. When the temperature was maintained at around 85° C leakage of ionic liquid does not occur but the long-term stability of the device is strongly affected by moisture. Therefore double-sealed package for the device was invented and a test on substrate size of 50 mm × 50 mm was used where 85° C temperature was maintained for 1000 hours and stability was observed. Bella et al. [72] designed fluoropolymer and rare elements-free light shifting coating systems for dye-sensitized solar cell devices. The introduction of fluorescent species in DSSC downshifts UV photons into visible light that significantly improves PV efficiency by 60%. The improvement in efficiency is accountable for improvement in photon flux i.e. caused by the introduction of luminescent agent that results from nanometric light shifting in organic dyes. Now the outdoor long-term stability was measured for 3 months where the introduction of a light shifting agent preserves the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
Freitag et al. [74] demonstrated dye-sensitized solar cells with dye D35 and XY1 were copper-based redox electrolyte is used. At the AM of 1.5 G, the observed PCE is 11.3% and under 1000 lux indoor condition it achieves 28.9%. The obtained results point out DSSC are suitable for ambient light condition. Mehmood et al. [75] constructed DSSC with an organic photosensitizer. The PCE of the cell was 2.58% at 25°C in air mass of 1.5 G and illumination of 100 mW/cm2. The increment in temperature falls down the efficiency of this solar cell it is stable up to 35°C. Wu et al. [73] demonstrated dye-sensitized solar cells with an area of 100 cm2 and lightweight based on Ti substrates. Here PEDOT counter electrode is used which is having good transparency and electrocatalytic activity. The J-V curve (Figure 5) reveals the current density (ISC) of PEDOT-Pt/Ti is higher. The photoconversion efficiency was achieved about 6.69% and in an outdoor condition of solar radiation of 55 mW cm−2 0.368 W power output was observed.
The J-V curve for DSSC with the different counter electrodes. Reprinted with permission from ref. [
Generally, dye-sensitized solar cell photoresponse for a given incident wavelength of light and the result is depicted in form of varying wavelength and percentage of IPCE. When the current is generated through the response of photon that time characteristics peak appears at a particular wavelength. It is the ratio of generated electrons to the incident photons. Moreover, IPCE depends upon the yield of electron transfer and light-harvesting efficiency that causes quantum charge injection and electron quantum efficiency in the present external circuit of the device. In the case of DSSC, the measurement of IPCE clears that dye is well linked to photoanode and electrolyte. When incident photons are exposed on DSSC that time dye uptake electrons from photoanode and create electron–hole pair and holes are transmitted to the electrolyte.
The generation of photocurrent i.e. dependent on wavelength is known as external quantum efficiency (EQE) where AC and DC mode is used for the generation of the beam. In the case of DC mode irradiation of monochromatic beam on a sample is continuously carried out for 3 sec so electrons reach to steady-state. In AC mode monochromatic light is chopped by shutter and illumination of bias light on a sample is carried out. Jeong et al. [76] measured EQE of DSSC and tandem cell (DSSC/CIGS) in DC mode. The EQE spectra reveal in the wavelength range of 300–800 nm EQE of DSSC was observed and for tandem cells, EQE spectra are almost similar to DSSC. When Berginc et al. [68] DSSC was exposed to outdoor conditions for seven months, the EQE of the solar cell was measured. The peak at 360 nm is accountable for absorption in the TiO2 layer, 380 nm for change in I3- and at 450 nm for dye molecules degradation.
Kubo et al. [77] developed a tandem structure-based solar cell that improves the photocurrent of dye-sensitized solar cells. The IPCE of tandem solar cells is relatively outstanding to single cells. Tandem solar cell has elevated solar response (good external quantum efficiency), photocurrent and conversion efficiency from single-cell as well lower VOC and higher FF was also observed. Park et al. [69] prepared homogeneous, crack-free, and rod-shaped rutile TiO2 thin films with having a thickness of 12 μm. The measurement of IPCE (incident photon-to-current efficiency) till 600 nm wavelength indicated that a significant amount of light was absorbed very fast in few microns but at higher wavelength, the increment in IPCE was directly proportional to the film thickness see Figure 6. Rutile and anatase films were compared having similar thickness where photocurrent of rutile based solar cell was 30% lower vis-a-vis to the anatase phase owing to the less amount of absorbed dye, small surface area, and transportation of electrons was also slow for rutile thin film-based solar cells. Lepikko et al. [78] tested outdoor performance of DSSC for 1000 h in 1 sun. The efficiency and fill factor of cell rise in outdoor condition i.e. just double of indoor condition well-remaining of solar irradiance. The IPCE decreases about 30% during testing of the cell this is due to photodegradation of electrolyte see Figure 7.
The effect of a film thickness of TiO2 on IPCE value of a solar cell. Reprinted with permission from ref. [
The IPCE curve of DSSC in harsh northern outdoor conditions. Reprinted with permission from ref. [
Roy et al. [79] studied the annealing of TiO2 nanotubes at 450°C for 30 minutes where the amorphous phase was converted into anatase. Post annealing and the TiCl4 treatments were carried in a closed vessel at 70°C for 30 min. SEM image of TiO2 nanotubes treated with TiCl4 confirmed uniform decoration with TiO2 nanoparticles and IPCE of the decorated samples was found 66% with a conversion efficiency of 3.8%. The ultrathin nanosheets of SnO2 were introduced as photo-anode in dye-sensitized solar cells for improvement in photoconversion efficiency by Xing et al. [80] The nanosheets were developed by hydrothermal method and screen printed over FTO substrates, then a coating of TiO2 on SnO2 was performed to solve the problem of lower open-circuit voltage. The diffraction peak in XRD patterns revealed to the tetragonal rutile like SnO2 and FESEM images displayed a 3D flowerlike structure. HRTEM images of nanosheets showed lattice fringes over the entire surface. The efficiency of the devices using SnO2 NSs-TiO2 was 1.79% and IPCE was 35% which was much higher vis-a-vis the devices made up of SnO2 nanoparticles i.e. revealed by Figure 8.
IPCE curve of DSSC with different photoelectrode. Reprinted with permission from ref. [
Kumara et al. [81] employed natural dyes obtained from Ixora sp. (IX) and Canarium odontophyllum (CMB) which mainly contained anthocyanin that was used to improve the performance of DSSCs. The layered co-sensitization of dyes was carried out by firstly immersing TiO2 electrode in CMB extract followed by de-adsorption and then again immersed in second sensitizer IX for adsorption. The absorption spectrum of the co-sensitized electrode was increased as compared to the individual and mixture sensitized and similar results were obtained in IPCE measurement. The photovoltaic properties of the co-sensitized electrode were obtained under irradiance of 1000 W/m2 with a short circuit current density of 9.80 mA/cm2, VOC of 343 mV, fill factor of 0.46, and photoconversion efficiency of 1.55%. Gupta et al. [82] developed Cu/S co-doped TiO2 as a photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Here undoped TiO2 exhibits about 70.02% of IPCE whereas it increases further on codoping with Cu/S. 0.1% Cu/S exhibits 73.65% of IPCE and on increment, the 0.3% Cu/S exhibits 82.98% of IPCE at a wavelength of 530 nm. The improvement in IPCE is accountable due to the small size of particles and enhancement in short circuit current density (JSC).
Patni et al. [83] fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes. The natural dyes were used are anthocyanin, betalain, and chlorophyll obtained from the extracts of Roselle spinach beetroot respectively. At the wavelength of 430 nm 6.21% IPCE was observed for anthocyanin dye and at 530 nm 9.9% of IPCE was measured for betalain and 6.1% IPCE was observed for chlorophyll-based dye at a wavelength of 660 nm. The blending or mixing of dye improves the IPCE. Wood et al. [84] reported the IPCE for different dye i.e. The cationic 1-hexyl-2,3,3-3H indolium acceptor dye (CAD3) dye exhibit IPCE of 50% and bodipy dye, it is 53% and for P1 54% was observed where the p-type dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated. This chapter comprised literature on the solar response of DSSC on exposure of induced photons. Different dyes exhibit a variation in photon-to-current conversion efficiency. The higher the IPCE means the efficiency of the cell is a good and better amount of energy can be harvested by solar cell.
The dye-sensitized solar cell technology has an impact on the PV market owing to easy fabrication, cost, chemical stability, availability of chemicals, and good power conversion efficiency. In this chapter, we discussed the introduction of solar cells with working principles, complete elaboration of dye-sensitized solar cells, and outdoor performance and stability in different solar irradiations. Outdoor performance is affected by the temperature because on exposure to sunlight the temperature raise degrades the electrolyte and therefore stability and performance of the device decreases. Moreover, on rainy days the chances of degradation are increasing due to water or moisture, therefore, coating/layer of a suitable material is carried out over the solar cell this also increases the long-term stability of the device. The IPCE of solar cells initially is higher but with time duration it falls due to cell degradation or leaking and for a long time it stabilizes without so many changes. This chapter emphasizes the efficiency of DSSC when it exposes the outdoor and solar response of DSSC.
The authors thank Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur. Reema Agarwal greatly acknowledges CSIR, New Delhi for financial support through Senior Research Fellowship (File No.: 09/172(0090)/2019-EMR-I).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Ovarian cancers are heterogenous cancers where each subtype possesses a varied morphology and biologic behavior. Accumulating evidence has identified each of these subtypes characterized with specific pathways activated in each along with specific gene alterations. For example, high-grade serous ovarian cancer is characterized by universal TP53 mutation, mucinous ovarian cancer with KRAS mutation and clear cell or endometrioid ovarian cancers with ARID1A mutations. With the current focus of molecular-targeted therapies for cancer, such druggable markers serve as excellent targets for precision therapy and combination therapy. This chapter, provides an overview of the critical molecular pathways activated in the ovarian cancer subtypes with its druggable targets studied in ovarian cancer. We also highlight the implications of miRNAs in chemoresistance and sensitivity in the regulation of ovarian cancer.",book:{id:"10342",slug:"ovarian-cancer-updates-in-tumour-biology-and-therapeutics",title:"Ovarian Cancer",fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics"},signatures:"Febina Ravindran and Bibha Choudhary",authors:[{id:"334121",title:"Prof.",name:"Bibha",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhary",slug:"bibha-choudhary",fullName:"Bibha Choudhary"},{id:"335007",title:"Dr.",name:"Febina",middleName:null,surname:"Ravindran",slug:"febina-ravindran",fullName:"Febina Ravindran"}]},{id:"42501",title:"Implication of Clear Cell and Mucinous Histology",slug:"implication-of-clear-cell-and-mucinous-histology",totalDownloads:2362,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3449",slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",title:"Ovarian Cancer",fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - A Clinical and Translational Update"},signatures:"Jun Naniwa, Hiroaki Itamochi and Junzo Kigawa",authors:[{id:"158925",title:"Prof.",name:"Junzo",middleName:null,surname:"Kigawa",slug:"junzo-kigawa",fullName:"Junzo Kigawa"}]},{id:"74781",title:"The Anti-Cancer Effects of Anti-Parasite Drug Ivermectin in Ovarian Cancer",slug:"the-anti-cancer-effects-of-anti-parasite-drug-ivermectin-in-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Ivermectin is an old, common, and classic anti-parasite drug, which has been found to have a broad-spectrum anti-cancer effect on multiple human cancers. This chapter will focus on the anti-cancer effects of ivermectin on ovarian cancer. First, ivermectin was found to suppress cell proliferation and growth, block cell cycle progression, and promote cell apoptosis in ovarian cancer. Second, drug pathway network, qRT-PCR, and immunoaffinity blot analyses found that ivermectin acts through molecular networks to target the key molecules in energy metabolism pathways, including PFKP in glycolysis, IDH2 and IDH3B in Kreb’s cycle, ND2, ND5, CYTB, and UQCRH in oxidative phosphorylation, and MCT1 and MCT4 in lactate shuttle, to inhibit ovarian cancer growth. Third, the integrative analysis of TCGA transcriptomics and mitochondrial proteomics in ovarian cancer revealed that 16 survival-related lncRNAs were mediated by ivermectin, SILAC quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that ivermectin extensively inhibited the expressions of RNA-binding protein EIF4A3 and 116 EIF4A3-interacted genes including those key molecules in energy metabolism pathways, and also those lncRNAs regulated EIF4A3-mRNA axes. Thus, ivermectin mediated lncRNA-EIF4A3-mRNA axes in ovarian cancer to exert its anticancer capability. Further, lasso regression identified the prognostic model of ivermectin-related three-lncRNA signature (ZNRF3-AS1, SOS1-IT1, and LINC00565), which is significantly associated with overall survival and clinicopathologic characteristics in ovarian cancer patients. These ivermectin-related molecular pattern alterations benefit for prognostic assessment and personalized drug therapy toward 3P medicine practice in ovarian cancer.",book:{id:"10342",slug:"ovarian-cancer-updates-in-tumour-biology-and-therapeutics",title:"Ovarian Cancer",fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics"},signatures:"Xianquan Zhan and Na Li",authors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"},{id:"438269",title:"Dr.",name:"Na",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"na-li",fullName:"Na Li"}]},{id:"43345",title:"Surgical Treatment of Ovarian Cancer",slug:"surgical-treatment-of-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:2960,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3449",slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",title:"Ovarian Cancer",fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - A Clinical and Translational Update"},signatures:"Lucas Minig, M. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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