\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10409",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Current Challenges and Future Perspectives in a Changing World",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Current Challenges and Future Perspectives in a Changing World",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Soil erosion is a major environmental issue with a worldwide impact and direct and indirect effects on soil productivity and consequently on human survival. Although a natural process, soil erosion has increased significantly due to human intervention, especially in the last centuries, through diverse activities such as intensive agriculture, overgrazing, urban sprawl, deforestation, and industrial and mining activities. Presently, soil erosion and degradation promoted by human action have reached extreme levels, necessitating urgent measures to promote soil conservation and rehabilitation. This book presents perspectives on soil erosion occurring in different parts of the world as well as some successful initiatives and strategies for soil conservation and rehabilitation.",isbn:"978-1-83962-300-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-299-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-304-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91595",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"soil-erosion-current-challenges-and-future-perspectives-in-a-changing-world",numberOfPages:152,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"100d8afa798aacadca65a149a4f902b5",bookSignature:"António Vieira and Silvio Carlos Rodrigues",publishedDate:"May 12th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10409.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2751,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 8th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 29th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 28th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 16th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 15th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"103627",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"antonio-vieira",fullName:"António Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103627/images/system/103627.png",biography:"Antonio Vieira is a geographer with a Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Coimbra, Portugal (2009). He is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography, University of Minho (UM), Portugal, and an integrated member of the Communication and Society Research Centre (CECS), UM. He is a member of several scientific organizations, including the Portuguese Association of Geomorphologists (Chair from 2017 to 2019) and the Portuguese Association of Risk, Prevention and Security (vice-president since 2015). He is also a member of FuegoRED and coordinator of the FESP International Network. Dr. Vieira’s main research includes granitic geomorphology, geomorphological heritage and changes in land use, GIS and remote sensing, and their application to land use, geomorphological heritage, and soil erosion following forest fires and mitigation measures.",institutionString:"University of Minho",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Minho",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"320125",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"silvio-carlos-rodrigues",fullName:"Silvio Carlos Rodrigues",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/320125/images/system/320125.png",biography:"Silvio Carlos Rodrigues obtained a Ph.D. in Physical Geography from the University of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1998 and is a full professor at the Institute of Geography, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Brazil. He served as chair of the UGB in 2005–2006, secretary of the COMLAND of the IGA in 2010–2012, a full member of the CNPQ Advisory Committee on Physical Geography (CA-SA) in 2008–2010, and a full member of the Chamber of Natural Resources (CRA) with FAPEMIG in 2014–2016. Dr. Rodrigues is editor-in-chief of Sociedade & Natureza and a member of UNESCO\\'s EOLSS International Editorial Council. He is also a reviewer for the Brazilian Journal of Geomorphology, Caminhos de Geografia, and Environmental Earth Sciences. He has experience in geosciences, with emphasis on geomorphology, acting mainly on the following themes: geomorphology, geomorphological cartography, soil erosion, integrated environmental analysis, and geomorphological mapping.",institutionString:"Federal University of Uberlândia,",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"676",title:"Soil Degradation",slug:"soil-degradation"}],chapters:[{id:"74451",title:"RGB Spectral Indices for the Analysis of Soil Protection by Vegetation Cover against Erosive Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95055",slug:"rgb-spectral-indices-for-the-analysis-of-soil-protection-by-vegetation-cover-against-erosive-process",totalDownloads:401,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The vegetation cover plays a fundamental role in protecting the soil from erosive processes. Many researchers have developed investigations for the calculation of the RUSLE C Factor, with the use of operating bands in the near infrared. With the current advances in Geospatial Technologies, there are a good number of RGB airborne sensors in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UVA). The objective of this chapter is to evaluate some RGB indexes, proposed in the literature, for the protection of the soil from erosive processes by vegetation cover, in a region with a high agricultural vocation. The methodology consisted of capturing RGB images in an area of the Ecuadorian coastal region and calculating in thematic indices, within the visible one, which offer the possibility of quickly differentiating vegetation from other types of coverage on the ground. The evaluation allowed to define which indexes present the best results and adaptation to the type of crop or plant mass mapped, and to propose their use for zoning of risk of erosion under the agro-ecological conditions of the study area.",signatures:"Henry Antonio Pacheco Gil and Argenis de Jesús Montilla Pacheco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74451",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74451",authors:[{id:"326877",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Henry Antonio",surname:"Pacheco Gil",slug:"henry-antonio-pacheco-gil",fullName:"Henry Antonio Pacheco Gil"},{id:"343735",title:"Dr.",name:"Argenis",surname:"de Jesús Montilla Pacheco",slug:"argenis-de-jesus-montilla-pacheco",fullName:"Argenis de Jesús Montilla Pacheco"}],corrections:null},{id:"75239",title:"Spatial Estimation of Soil Erosion Risk Using RUSLE/GIS Techniques and Practices Conservation Suggested for Reducing Soil Erosion in Wadi Mina Catchment (Northwest, Algeria)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96190",slug:"spatial-estimation-of-soil-erosion-risk-using-rusle-gis-techniques-and-practices-conservation-sugges",totalDownloads:363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To meet the pressing water needs in Algeria, the state has put in place a strategy consisting of the creation of hydraulic infrastructure for the mobilization of surface water resources. In fact, 74 dams are currently in operation; these structures are silting up at a rapid pace, generating an estimated annual loss of 45 million m3. Sidi Mhamed Benaouda dam located in the Oranian hill, with a water capacity of respectively 241 million m3 plays a crucial economic role in this region. The protection of this dam against erosive processes is a pressing economic goal. To do this, the RUSLE/GIS approach was used to map the erosive hazard. The results obtained in the Mina catchment, following a subdivision of 1315 homogeneous land parcels, show a total annual loss of 60 million tons/year with an average loss of 11.2 t/ha/year. About 50% of the catchment area was predicted to have very low to low erosion risk, with soil loss between 0 and 7.4 t/ha/year. Erosion risk is moderate over 13.9% of the catchment, where calculated soil loss is between 7.4 and 12 t/ha/year. Erosion risk is high to dangerous over 36.1% of the catchment, where calculated soil loss is more than 12 t/ha/year. According to this study, it appeared clearly that we must intervene quickly by using reliable and effective conservation techniques.",signatures:"Ahmed Benchettouh, Sihem Jebari and Lakhdar Kouri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75239",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75239",authors:[{id:"308992",title:"Prof.",name:"Sihem",surname:"Jebari",slug:"sihem-jebari",fullName:"Sihem Jebari"},{id:"314333",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Benchettouh",slug:"ahmed-benchettouh",fullName:"Ahmed Benchettouh"},{id:"325116",title:"Prof.",name:"Lakhdar",surname:"Kouri",slug:"lakhdar-kouri",fullName:"Lakhdar Kouri"}],corrections:null},{id:"74771",title:"Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE in Bahir Dar Zuria District, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95393",slug:"remote-sensing-and-gis-based-soil-loss-estimation-using-rusle-in-bahir-dar-zuria-district-ethiopia",totalDownloads:535,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The severity of soil loss in the Ethiopian highlands has been increased from time to time. Hence, the assessment of soil erosion using models is very important for planning successful and sustainable soil management. This study was conducted in Bahir Dar Zuria district, Ethiopia with aiming to quantify the amount of soil loss using the GIS-based RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model. Based on the study, the most pronounced RUSLE factor that increases soil erosion was the slope length (L) and slope steepness (S). Compared with other land uses, bare land and cropland in the higher slopes were more vulnerable to erosion. As expected slope and soil losses have a direct relationship. About 80% of the study area experienced annual soil loss of less than 1.2 ton/ha/yr. Conversely, soil loss was very high for slopes greater than 30%. This indicated that slope has a great impact on regulating soil loss. The annual soil loss for cropland, vegetation, grassland, and degraded land was 19.05, 8.78, 8.82, and 71.16 ton/ha/yr., respectively. This is to means that land use land cover have a strong relationship with the amount of soil loss. The same land cover with different slopes have different soil loss amount. It was found that lack of vegetative cover during the critical period of rainfall, expansion of croplands, and absence of support practices increase soil erosion. Thus, the application of stone lines, contour tillage, terraces, and grass strip barriers are suggested to break the slope length into shorter distances, reducing overland flow velocity and soil erosion. Moreover, improving the awareness of society to reduce the illegal cutting of trees and apply conservation practices to reduce soil erosion in their farmland is very essential.",signatures:"Nurhussen Ahmed Mohammed and Desale Kidane Asmamaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74771",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74771",authors:[{id:"286238",title:"Dr.",name:"Desale Kidane",surname:"Asmamaw",slug:"desale-kidane-asmamaw",fullName:"Desale Kidane Asmamaw"},{id:"323673",title:"MSc.",name:"Nurhussen Ahmed",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"nurhussen-ahmed-mohammed",fullName:"Nurhussen Ahmed Mohammed"}],corrections:null},{id:"74627",title:"Determination of the Most Priority Conservation Areas Based on Population Pressure and Erosion Hazard Levels in Lesti Sub-Watershed, Malang Regency, Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95386",slug:"determination-of-the-most-priority-conservation-areas-based-on-population-pressure-and-erosion-hazar",totalDownloads:324,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In a watershed, the Erosion Hazard Level (EHL) is usually associated with erosion rate and existing soil solum. In Lesti Sub-Watershed, erosion rate increases every year due to erosivity factor, erodibility, the length and slope, as well as crop factor and land conservation action. Analysis of erosion associated with population pressure has not been much discussed in the Lesti Sub-Watershed. This topic needs to be explored given that the erosion rate that affects sedimentation in the Sengguruh Reservoir, as an outlet of the Lesti Sub-Watershed, cannot be separated from the population activity therein. The population activity and the choice of use of land suppress the land so that it affects the carrying capacity of the watershed. Measuring land strength is usually based on the value of existing population pressure and its effect on vulnerability or erosion hazard level. This study seeks to assess the relationship between erosion hazard level and population pressure, as well as to determine the priority conservation areas in the Lesti Sub-watershed. The research approach uses a mixed method. The results shows that from 12 sub-districts in Lesti Sub-watershed there is 1 sub-district which has high population pressure as well as severe EHL. This sub-district is the most priority area for environmental conservation.",signatures:"Andi Setyo Pambudi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74627",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74627",authors:[{id:"323619",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Andi Setyo",surname:"Pambudi",slug:"andi-setyo-pambudi",fullName:"Andi Setyo Pambudi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74327",title:"The Impacts of Soil Degradation Effects on Phytodiversity and Vegetation Structure on Atacora Mountain Chain in Benin (West Africa)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93899",slug:"the-impacts-of-soil-degradation-effects-on-phytodiversity-and-vegetation-structure-on-atacora-mounta",totalDownloads:363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Atacora mountain is a particular ecosystem of West Africa where soil degradation occurs. The present study assessed the impacts of physical soil degradation on vegetation in the Beninese portion of this mountain chain. Phytosociological surveys were carried out along line transects from plain to summit within 22 plots of 30 m x 30 m. Based on indicators of physical soil degradation each plot was classified into one soil degradation class (Light, Moderate, High or Extreme). Impacts on plant diversity were assessed by comparing the floristic composition of soil degradation classes with the index of similarity of Jaccard. Variations between soil degradation classes of species richness, species chorological types, species life forms and species dispersal were also tested using a discriminant analysis combined with ANOVA. The Multi-Response Permutation Procedures analysis was used to pairwise compare the soil degradation classes based on the cover data of the species lists. All soil degradation classes were dissimilar, depending on the floristic composition. Discriminant analysis and ANOVA performed on biodiversity indicators had shown that species richness, and the number of regional species, phanerophytes and sarcochory decreased along the increasing degradation gradient in contrast to the number of species with wide distribution, therophytes and sclerochory. With regard to vegetation structure, the results had shown that only moderately and highly degraded soils presented the similar vegetation type. Physical soil degradation induced modification of floristic composition, phytodiversity loss and modification of vegetation structure. These results showed that the soil degradation gradient corresponds to a vegetation disturbance gradient.",signatures:"Farris Okou, Achille Assogbadjo and Brice Augustin Sinsin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74327",authors:[{id:"209358",title:"Prof.",name:"Brice Augustin",surname:"Sinsin",slug:"brice-augustin-sinsin",fullName:"Brice Augustin Sinsin"},{id:"325174",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farris",surname:"Okou",slug:"farris-okou",fullName:"Farris Okou"},{id:"326994",title:"Prof.",name:"Achille",surname:"Assogbadjo",slug:"achille-assogbadjo",fullName:"Achille Assogbadjo"}],corrections:null},{id:"75436",title:"Erosion Control Success Stories and Challenges in the Context of Sustainable Landscape Management, Rwanda Experience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96267",slug:"erosion-control-success-stories-and-challenges-in-the-context-of-sustainable-landscape-management-rw",totalDownloads:337,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Government of Rwanda sets up a conducive policy environment to invest in several development initiatives. Agriculture sector as the main contributor in the economic development received supports to sustainably manage Rwandan hilly landscape, dominantly ranging from 5 to 55% slope gradient. Intensive erosion control interventions confronted with different approaches have been introduced in the country such as participatory landscape management, (participatory) integrated watershed management and site-located intervention without any specified approach. This chapter intends to describe and evaluate the impacts of these previous approaches used in Rwanda in order to retrieve the success stories and encountered challenges as lessons learnt in the future interventions for optimizing land productivity in a sustainable manner. Participatory landscape approach in Gishwati area was a success story in protecting degraded lands and generating ecosystem benefits. It leads to more sustainable natural resources management from participatory planning up to implementation which addressed the frequent landslides, erosion and flooding while sustainably exploit the land to the profit of local farmers in the livelihoods. About 6,600 ha of lands have been successfully protected with full-packaged bench terraces, rangeland blocks and forest regeneration. This participatory approach also helped to relocate people from high risk zones to other safe places and build capacities of farmers through farm-livestock cooperatives. On the other side, Nyanza and Karongi sites under LWH project also emphasized strong evidences how land husbandry technologies (terraces) efficiently reduced erosion risks and improved farmers’ livelihoods. Lands were made productive with implementation of bench terraces on 3212 and 2673 hectares respectively for the two selected sites. However, challenges were observed from technical and socio-economic contexts which might have caused farmers to abandon or under-exploit the terraced lands. Finally, the chapter suggests to scale up the participatory landscape management approach which supports the involvement of farmers’ communities in the process.",signatures:"Jules Rutebuka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75436",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75436",authors:[{id:"324918",title:"Dr.",name:"Jules",surname:"Rutebuka",slug:"jules-rutebuka",fullName:"Jules Rutebuka"}],corrections:null},{id:"76192",title:"Biochar: A Sustainable Approach for Improving Soil Health and Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97136",slug:"biochar-a-sustainable-approach-for-improving-soil-health-and-environment",totalDownloads:428,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current agriculture faces multiple challenges due to boom in food demand and environmental concerns. Biochar is increasingly being recognized by scientists and policy makers for its potential role in carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, waste mitigation and as a soil amendment. The purpose of this review is to provide a balanced perspective on the agronomic and environmental impacts of biochar amendment to soil. Application of biochar to soil can play a significant role in the alteration of nutrients dynamics, soil contaminants as well as microbial functions. Therefore, strategic biochar application to soil may provide agronomic, environmental and economic benefits. Recent findings also supported that in order to enhance crop yield, improve soil quality and soil health, biochar has proven significant role as fertilizer and soil conditioner respectively.",signatures:"Shreya Das, Samanyita Mohanty, Gayatri Sahu, Mausami Rana and Kiran Pilli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76192",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76192",authors:[{id:"329835",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Gayatri",surname:"Sahu",slug:"gayatri-sahu",fullName:"Gayatri Sahu"},{id:"340032",title:"Ms.",name:"Shreya",surname:"Das",slug:"shreya-das",fullName:"Shreya Das"},{id:"355301",title:"Dr.",name:"Samanyita",surname:"Mohanty",slug:"samanyita-mohanty",fullName:"Samanyita Mohanty"},{id:"355302",title:"Ms.",name:"Mausami",surname:"Rana",slug:"mausami-rana",fullName:"Mausami Rana"},{id:"355303",title:"Mr.",name:"Kiran",surname:"Pilli",slug:"kiran-pilli",fullName:"Kiran Pilli"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3854",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88e43f7e0affb0c1ba3eccf8675e10f2",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. 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This increased accountability has created particular tensions for educators working with very young children in the birth-5 years (often referred to as the pre-compulsory years, i.e., the years prior to the compulsory school age). These tensions are related to views about what constitutes learning in the early years and what it means to “know.” This chapter explores how a deeper engagement with philosophical ideas about knowledge might inform practice in the early years and enable early childhood educators to articulate their practice more effectively.
\nDiscussions and debates about how children learn and what it means to “know” are informed by ideas and beliefs about knowledge. For example, the early childhood years have often seen a shift of pedagogical focus from what a child
This chapter examines the possibility that early learners may be supported more effectively if early childhood educators better understand the epistemology that underpins their practice. Therefore, the first sections of the chapter revisit the differences between constructivism, social constructionism, and critical constructionist theories as a way of exploring what it means to “know.” This deeper theoretical work may also contribute to a “shared pedagogical frame” for early childhood educators working across the birth-8 years. The second half of the chapter focuses on what this means for practice. Utilizing one of the “big ideas” from the Social Sciences, some examples of how understandings of social and critical constructionist theory can inform transformative teaching and learning in the early years.
\nIn its broadest sense, pedagogy relates to an interactive process where the educator enhances and sustains learning. The different dimensions that make up a pedagogical frame include beliefs about knowledge and the learning process that in turn construct the relationship between learners, teachers, and contexts. These aspects of pedagogy have been described as the processes through which children achieve the outcomes proposed and how educators should support them [2]. Researchers [3] have expanded understandings of pedagogy to include the dynamic of the pedagogue-child relation (care, empathy, acknowledgement, etc.); the pedagogue-content relation; the child’s relation to other children and the pedagogue’s relation to a group of children. Although each aspect of a pedagogical frame is interrelated and therefore difficult to separate, this chapter focuses on beliefs about knowledge (the pedagogue-content relation) for I contend that these underpin the relationship between learner, educator, and context.
\nAlthough not often acknowledged in many discussions of early childhood practice, beliefs about what constitutes knowledge and how it is produced underpin early childhood pedagogy. As Gergen ([4] p. 17) contends “Beliefs about knowledge inform, justify and sustain our practices of education.” Many discussions of the differences between the child-centered, play-based pedagogy in the birth-5 years and a “teacher directed” and “subject driven” approach in the early years of school are underpinned by beliefs about knowledge. However, constructing pedagogy as a choice between a child-centered or a teacher centered, subject driven approach does not reflect the nuanced approaches to pedagogy that are evident across the birth-8 years. In their study of early childhood pedagogy Siraj-Blatchford et al. [5] conclude that we should be moving away from such a polarized description of teaching and learning. This “moving away” requires sustained intellectual work. This chapter explores the possibility that the ambiguity that characterizes debates about early childhood pedagogy is related to lack of understanding regarding the epistemological basis of our teaching and learning. This chapter addresses this ambiguity and explores how constructivist perspectives have been challenged by critical social constructionist ideas. The next section of the chapter therefore briefly revisits contemporary research into constructivism.
\nEarly childhood education has traditionally been informed by a “constructivist” view of knowledge in which each individual (child) is engaged in a process of “building up” knowledge as they encounter the experiential world. From a constructivist perspective, learning involves a “personal construction of meaning” [6]. This constructivist view of knowledge contrasts with an objectivist epistemological perspective where knowledge is seen to be “discovered” (often by others) and then can therefore be transmitted “ready-made” to the learner ([6] p. 332). This contrast has been the basis of educational debate for decades and has often been described as an epistemological impasse that has created polarized positions regarding what constitutes teaching and learning.
\nSome theorists have attempted to find a way through this impasse. For example, Elder Vlass [7] argues that while “radical” social constructionists argue that
Cognitive constructivism, the explanatory framework developed by Piaget [8] focused on how individual learners adapt and refine knowledge based on individual experience. Piaget’s depiction of the developing child as a “lone, inventive young scientist, struggling to make independent sense of the surrounding world…” ([9] p. 9) has dominated early childhood pedagogy for many years. A cognitive constructivist approach to young children’s learning focuses on the workings of individual mental processes. Most early childhood educators working with children aged between birth-5 would argue that they work from a constructivist paradigm with children actively involved in constructing their own knowledge. While many early childhood educators working in the early years of school would also argue that they are working from a constructivist perspective, these educators are often working in school systems which have an objectivist epistemology as their “default” position where knowledge is seen to be “transferred” from the minds of teachers to the minds of learners [10].
\nWhile many theorists continue to take a constructivist approach and maintain an interest in the internal working of the individual mind, social constructionist theories have emphasized the social processes involved in learning. Within a social constructionist frame, we move our gaze from individual characteristics as explanations for learning, to a focus on the social unit of activity and regard individual higher cognitive processing as derived from that [11]. Vygotsky [12] claimed that “…all higher (mental) functions originate as actual relations between human individuals.” An emphasis on the social dimensions of learning has contributed new ideas about the relationship between educators, early learners and knowledge. For example, a cognitive constructivist frame views learning as primarily individual but in a social constructionist paradigm, the centrality of interpersonal relationships (often with a more competent “other”) is fundamental when considering how early learners make meaning of their worlds.
\nThe difference between the constructivist and social constructionist paradigms relate to their differing emphasis on either the mental processes of the
This chapter presents the possibility that a deeper understanding of these different perspectives regarding knowledge (how it originates and is communicated) enables early childhood educators to make more equitable, inclusive curriculum and pedagogic decisions. Working within a critical social constructionist paradigm means that the child’s social circumstances are no longer seen as “background,” but rather, as the basis of learning. The next sections of the chapter examine how a critical social constructionist perspective opens up the possibility of new “ways of being” for young children and the adult educators with whom they are interacting.
\nIn this section of the chapter we use some of the “big ideas” drawn from the Social Sciences to explore the question of whether a better understanding of our beliefs about knowledge can contribute to a pedagogy that honors what children “want” to know and also connects with what they will “need” to know in order to function in society. The subsequent discussion presents the possibility that the “big ideas” that drive investigation and inquiry in Social Science are at the heart of young children’s learning and that a critical social constructionist perspective offers the potential to support children’s interests in a collaborative process of making meaning of their social and physical worlds.
\nThe Social Sciences are concerned with society and the many relationships among individuals within any given society. The concepts guiding inquiry in the Social Sciences connect with the commonly espoused principles of early childhood education for understanding and sustaining relationships is fundamental to pedagogy in the early years. Teaching and learning in the early childhood years has been described as “Social pedagogy” and is primarily concerned with “learning to live together” (Bennett [2] p.12). The focus of this chapter is how intentional teaching, informed by a critical social constructionist epistemology, might play a part in “learning to live together.”
\nThe subsequent sections of the chapter draw examples from one of the Social Science disciplines: the concepts of place and space (Geography) to explore teaching and learning in the early years from a critical social constructionist perspective. The proposition explored here is that pedagogy informed by a critical social constructionist stance and a better understanding of the concepts and methods of inquiry offered in the Social Sciences may support early childhood educators to sustain, enhance and extend young children’s learning about “living together” that might contribute to a more socially just world. We propose that the big ideas of “place” and “space” might inform a more socially just pedagogy than a cognitive constructivist approach. This is because the concepts of “place and space” provide the stimulus for exploring the
Understanding “place” is something that the child “wants to know.” This interest is evident (for example) in the sandpit or block corner where young children are intensely involved in negotiating boundaries and borders, establishing possession, sharing and claiming space. So, is it possible (and beneficial) to connect the child’s “wanting” to know with broader educational purposes and outcomes? We argue that these “sandpit” situations offer the opportunity to extend and enhance young children’s understanding of wider society. Understanding place and space has been identified as something children “need to know” in many curricula. For example, in the Australian curriculum (ACARA) [15] the “concepts of place and space” include the understanding that “the ways people organize and manage the spaces in the places we live…can be designed and redesigned to achieve particular purposes.” It seems that knowing who “owns” spaces and which space is appropriate for a particular activity is important for participation in the social worlds of the home, classroom and beyond.
\nIn a general sense, the word “intentional” co-located with the word “teaching” implies that there is a sense of
A considered approach to any intentional teaching and learning demands attending to
Returning to the theoretical concepts introduced in earlier sections of the chapter helps clarify how a critical social constructionist perspective can offer some useful ways of seeing the learning that is occurring as children are playing out their understanding of place. Firstly, the child, from the moment of birth would be considered to be an
The concepts of place and space are some of the most common stimuli for young children’s play. Children bring to their play their own unique understandings and experience of “place” as they take up roles, re-construct situations and events in their play. For example, in one very disadvantaged setting, the educators took the decision to construct a Police Station play area. The result was that some children assumed a position of power and leadership in the play that had not previously been observed. These children enacted processes (such as being called by a number, prioritized, segregated, and questioned) that demonstrated their experience of this particular “place.” This example illustrates how an early childhood educator’s understanding of the importance of “place” informs the provision of diverse “places” within early childhood classrooms that contribute to, and support, children’s cultural identities and learning. Another example is where the provision of a “publishing” corner in the early years classroom provides opportunity for children to assume the identity of illustrator, writer and author that might not otherwise be possible.
\nIn order to better understand how children utilize their life-world experiences in play, contemporary early childhood research has moved away from a developmental perspective with its emphasis on the child as individual to the child as a social participant. This participation is crucial to children’s construction of knowledge. The child’s knowledge and understanding can be understood from a “Funds of Knowledge” (FoK) [16] perspective, foregrounding the social origins of knowledge as a result of participation in particular cultural and social circumstances. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss a FoK approach to teaching and learning in depth, but it is relevant to acknowledge that in recent times, a FoK approach recognizes children’s learning in terms of both the “sources” and “areas” of knowledge as not only household and community experiences but also popular culture, media and classroom participation.
\nAlongside a recognition of the knowledge children have developed within their social worlds, the concept of “working theories” [17] to describe children’s “evolving ideas and understandings” is also useful and consistent with a critical social constructionist epistemology. Utilizing working theories as a way of explaining children’s knowledge construction contributes to a more inclusive pedagogy for it highlights not only the cultural “situatedness” of the child’s understandings but also “how different access to funds of knowledge may offer insights into matters of inclusion, exclusion and status within children’s play” ([18] p. 297). As illustrated in the Police Station example above, the type of knowledge and experience of “place” that children bring to their play may contribute to their status and power but also can lead to exclusion and powerlessness [19]. Take a moment to consider what a First Nations child, the child experiencing homelessness or the child of a refugee family might contribute a discussion about “place.”
\nOne of the principles underpinning a socially just education is that if curriculum and pedagogy enables the most disadvantaged children in the group to participate equally, this benefits the whole group. If the experiences, conversations and resources used in the inquiry about “place” include the experience of the homeless and refugee children, this not only values those children’s experiences, it broadens and extends the whole group understanding of place. Intentional teaching techniques such as shared book reading, situates children’s own experience of place alongside those of other children: those found in stories, media and popular culture. In this process, the group’s knowledge about place is broadened and extended. However, the educator’s skill in facilitating and mediating the exchange and sharing of these life-world experiences becomes crucial.
\nAs previously noted, intentional teaching in the early years often means continuing the ideas and interests that children are exploring through play. However, there are many unexplored issues associated with the assumption that, in a group of young children, it is possible to follow
An epistemological perspective that views knowledge as constructed rather than as “truth” enables the teacher to work alongside the child (or children) in the process of co-constructing knowledge. Viewing teaching and learning as a co-construction of meaning reduces the divide between “teacher led” or “child centered” perceptions of teaching and learning in the early years. No longer is the adult positioned as only ever “responding” to the needs or interests of the early learner: the adult is now in a reciprocal relationship, also contributing ideas and ways of knowing and supporting other children to participate in the conversation. Co-construction is described as a process where two (I would argue and sometimes more) people interact and “each participant listens to the other’s ideas, contributes from their own, and together they develop their unique shared meaning” ([20] p. 37). The child’s voice is heard and valued and all participants make links between experiences, across time and distance. Thus, co-construction re-positions both the early learner and the teacher. The educator is learning alongside the child/children. Returning to our example of “place,” in Australia, as the indigenous child contributes ideas about connection to the land, perhaps supported by a visiting indigenous elder, the educator, along with the children in the group is deepening their knowledge of “place.”
\nViewing learning as “co-construction” is premised on the belief that both the child and the educator (or another child/children) with whom they are interacting see a “context, a situation, or a phenomenon, which is ‘objectively’ the same in qualitatively different ways …and if we become aware of others’ ways of seeing, then we have a certain degree of collective consciousness” ([21] p. 190). Here, we see a shift from a cognitive constructivist perspective focused on the individual child’s construction of meaning to a critical social constructionist paradigm concerned with the pair or group’s understanding of a phenomena, experience or concept.
\nBy interacting with others (both adults and children), children will be exposed to a much wider range of “ways of seeing” (in this case, place) than is available when working or playing alone. The child finding their own way into a “landscape of ideas,” concepts, terms and facts shared by others, is learning [21]. However, in this solitary process, their own perspectives limit individuals. By learning how others see and experience place, a child will be broadening their ideas of the multiple ways that “place” can be seen and “meaning is enriched in the process.”
\nIn this process of co-constructing meaning, adults actively participate as “intentional mediators” [22] and this concept of “teaching as mediation” opens up new possibilities for thinking about teachers’ work with early learners across the birth-8 years. This approach does not assume the dominance of one knowledge over another but different knowledges are not “valued as more or less true…but are put side by side and treated equally important as different ways of understanding” ([23] p. 285).
\nAs becomes evident, within this framework the role of the pedagogue is significant, the teacher has important work to do working alongside the learner/s, mediating between the known and the unknown. The teacher, is not only a “mediator of knowledge” but a “critical mediator of knowledge” whose role involves making the “culture, worldview and social arrangements and everyday practices of their society more accessible” ([22] p. 349).
\nMediation involves many different pedagogical decisions. As previously discussed, the educator’s consideration of whether a child’s idea is pursued at an individual, small group, or whole group level is an intentional decision. Designing learning experiences for individual children, a small group or the whole group requires sophisticated and purposeful planning. One of the benefits of planning whole group experiences is that the “shared” experience ameliorates some of the inequities of individual children’s opportunities. For example, as part of the group conversation about “place,” a carefully planned excursion to a particular “place” (e.g., an Art gallery) offers all children to participate equally in a conversation about what makes this place special, what happens there, and the people who are involved, etc. The excursion forms the basis of a more equal conversation than sole reliance on children’s previous opportunities. Again, the diversity of life-worlds can be brought into the conversation to extend children’s understanding of place. For example an indigenous perspective regarding how, although many galleries now include indigenous artworks, in times past, indigenous artists displayed their art in culturally significant, natural places would be important.
\nThe language used in the educators’ questions, resources, responses and comments is critically important from a critical social constructionist perspective. Using accurate words such as “space, artists, artworks, light, hanging” in context invites children to think about particular space (in this case the Art gallery) in new ways. Literature, storytelling, and multi-media resources are useful to enhance “shared” understandings about place. Asking the children why they think people have created art galleries stimulates thinking about how “places and spaces” are designed by people for particular activities: one of the core principles of understanding the social and physical world.
\nA common mediating strategy utilized by early childhood educators is illustrated by the Police Station example described previously. Educators often “orchestrate” the environment by introducing props and organizing space related to particular social activities (shops, hospitals, homes, etc.). Working within a critical social constructionist paradigm includes considering the environment as mediating strategy. In a socially just pedagogy, the environments being provided must include aspects of diverse children’s experience. For example, in an Australian context, in the sandpit, are the tools and toys from a solely western repertoire (Tonka trucks, cranes, plastic containers) or do the props include examples from indigenous ways of knowing such as bark, native plants, and perhaps some tools that could be used for re-constructing animal tracks.
\nPhotographs and videos can be the stimulus for enhancing and extending children’s learning about “place.” For example, based on a Photostory [24] methodology, children could be asked to take a photo of their favorite place, both in the classroom and in their wider worlds. For very young children, families or carers could be asked to capture the places where their babies or toddlers are happiest and share these with the educators. These photos could be the basis of whole group discussions about whether there are common features of these places. What makes the space special: the people or activities there, plants, animals, materials, quietness? These ideas could be used to make changes in the way the center is organized. The photos could be sorted, re-arranged, published and shared in many ways, utilizing multiple technologies such as slide shows, e-books and photo-books with captions.
\nVideo recording children at play in the sandpit, particularly if there is a dispute about territory, ownership and use of space could be the basis for beginning significant conversations about “place.” Using the words “boundaries” and “borders” introduces important ideas regarding how “ownership” is established, who makes the decisions related to whether and how space is shared, not only in the sandpit, but also in the wider world.
\nLastly, experiences in the Arts provide the opportunity for children to co-construct meaning as they explore, express and communicate aspects of their social and physical worlds in unique ways. For example, drawing, then sculpting the people who live in the “place” called home is a valuable opportunity for children to explore the concept of “place” over an extended time using different materials to represent and express their ideas and understandings of the places, people and events in their worlds.
\nThis chapter has presented the possibility that revisiting our beliefs about knowledge from a critical social constructionist perspective offers early childhood educators the potential to make more socially just pedagogical decisions. Using examples drawn from the Social Sciences regarding the concept of “place and space” we have examined the potential of intentional teaching for sustaining, enhancing and extending young children’s learning.
\nThe chapter has explored how a metaphor of the child as participating in a “drama” as they find their way into a landscape of ideas, utilizing the cultural tools (such as language) that are made available in their life-worlds, offers the teacher a position as a critical mediator in the process of learning. The teacher is an important player in the drama: making connections, supporting children’s working theories, initiating and sustaining “big” ideas over time.
\nA critical social constructionist epistemology opens up new ways of thinking about teaching and learning in the early years that moves beyond a choice between either a child-centered or teacher-directed approach. Pedagogy informed by an understanding of critical social constructionism pays attention to the knowledge that children bring and extends this knowledge in ways that contribute to a more socially just world.
\nIn the recent years, machine learning techniques have been utilized to solve problems at hand across multitudes of industries and topics. In the healthcare industry, these techniques are often applied to a variety of healthcare claims and electronic health records data to garner valuable insights into diagnostic and treatment pathways in order to help optimize patient healthcare access and treatment process [1]. Unfortunately, many of these applications resulted in inaccurate or irrelevant research results, as proper research protocols were not fully followed [2]. On the other hand, statistics has been the basis of analysis in healthcare research for decades, especially, in the areas of clinical trials and health economics and outcomes research (HEOR), where the precision and accuracy of analyses have been the primary objectives [3]. Furthermore, the classical statistics methodologies are often preferred in those research areas to ensure the ability to replicate and defend the results and ultimately, the ability to publish the research content in peer-reviewed medical journals [3]. The increased availability of data, including data from wearables, provided the opportunity to apply a variety of analytical techniques and methodologies to identify patterns, often hidden, that could help with optimization of healthcare access as well as diagnostic and treatment process [4].
With the rapid increase in data from the healthcare and many other industries, it is important to consider how to select well - suited statistical and machine learning methodologies that would be best for the problem at hand, the available data type, and the overall research objectives [5]. Machine learning alone or complemented by statistical modeling is becoming, not just a more common, but a desired convergence to take advantage of the best of both approaches for advancing healthcare outcomes [1]. Please note that this book chapter was originally posted on the Cornell University’s research working article website: https://arxiv.org. The book chapter content is mostly the same between the two versions [6].
Machine learning (ML) is considered a branch of artificial intelligence and computer science that focuses on mimicking human behaviors through a set of algorithms and methods that use historical values to predict new values [7], without specifically being coded to do so and thereby learning over time [8, 9]. ML is grounded in statistical learning theory (SLT), which provides the constructs used to create prediction functions from data. One of the first examples of SLT was the creation of the support vector machine (SVM), the supervised learning method that can be used as for both classification and regression and has become a standard in modeling how to recognize visual objects [7]. SLT formalizes the model that makes a prediction based on observations (i.e., data) and ML automates the modeling [7].
SLT sets the mathematical and theoretical framework for ML as well as the properties of learning algorithms [7] with the goals of providing mechanisms for studying inference and creating algorithms that become more precise and improved over time [8]. SLT is based multivariate statistics and functional analysis [8]. Functional analysis is the branch of statistics that measures shapes, curves, and surfaces, extending multivariate vector statistics to continuous functions and finding functions that describe data patterns [8]. Inductive inference is the process of generalizing and modeling past observations to make predictions for the future; SLT formalizes the modeling concepts of inductive inference, while ML automates them [8].
For example, pattern recognition is considered a problem of inductive inference and SLT, as it is a curving-fitting problem, and one of the most common applications of ML [7, 8, 9]. Pattern recognition is not suited for traditional computer programming as the inferences needed are not free of assumptions and the patterns are not easily described or labeled programmatically with deterministic functions. The standard mathematics behind SLT makes no assumptions on distributions, uses stochastic functions that can include humans labeling the “right” classification, i.e., training data, and can assume that the probability of the occurrence of one observation is independent of another thereby including the concept of randomness [7, 8, 9]. These tenets are therefore those of ML as well.
SLT also provides the definition of terms often using in ML such as overfitting, underfitting and generalization. Overfitting is when the presence of noise in the data negatively affects training and the ultimate model performance because the noise is being incorporated into the learning process, thereby giving error when the model sees new data [8, 9]. Underfitting is when the noise impacts both performance on training data as well as new and unseen data [9]. In ML, discussion about underfitting and overfitting are often used to describe models that do not generalize the data effectively and might not present the right set of data elements to explain the data patterns and posited hypotheses [9]. Underfitting is often defined when model which is missing features that would be present in the most optimized model, akin to a regression model not fully explaining all of the variance of the dependent variable [9]. In a similar vein, overfitting is when the model contains more features or different features than is optimal, like a regression model with autocorrelation or multicollinearity [9].
The general goal of learning algorithms and therefore ML model optimization is to reduce the dimensions, features, or data variables to the fewest number needed as that reduces noise or the impact of trivial variables that can overfit or unfit [8, 9]. A regularization model can then become generalized to perform not just on the past or the training data, but also on future and yet unseen data [8, 9]. Although true generalization needs both the right modeling criteria as well as strong subject matter knowledge [8].
Often dimension reduction approaches like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or boot strapping techniques used along with subject matter expertise can help resolve how to refine models, combat fit challenges, as well as improve generalization potential [9, 10]. Furthermore, understanding the studied population and data characteristics can further help define the data to be used, variable selection, and proper model set up [10].
Statistical modeling is based on SLT and use of mathematical models and statistical assumptions to generate sample data and make predictions about the real world occurrences. A statistical model is often represented as a collection of probability distributions on a set of all possible outcomes. Furthermore, statistical modeling has evolved in the last few decades and shaped the future of business analytics and data science, including the current use and applications of ML algorithms. On the other hand, machine learning does not require many assumptions and interventions when running algorithms in order to accurately predict studied outcomes [7].
There are similarities between ML and statistical modeling that are prevalent across most analytical efforts. Both techniques use historical data as input to predict new output values, but they vary as noted above on the underlying assumptions and the level of analyst intervention and data preparation.
Overall, machine learning foundations are based from statistical learning theory, and it is recommended for the data scientists to apply SLT’s guiding rules during analysis. While it may seem as a statistical background and understanding is not required when analyzing the underlying data, this misconception often leads to data scientist’s inability to set up proper research hypothesis and analysis due to a lack of understanding of the problem and the underlying data assumptions as well as caveats. This issue can in turn result in biased and irrelevant results as well as unfounded conclusions and insights. With that in mind, it is important to evaluate the problem at hand, and consider both statistical modeling and ML as possible methods to be applied. Understanding the underlying assumptions of the data and statistical inference can help support proper technique selection and guide the pathway to solution [11]. In the later sections of the chapter, application of both techniques will be provided and the reasoning for selecting the methods presented to guide future research.
As mentioned above, the similarities between ML and statistical modeling start with the underlying assumption that data or observations from the past can be used to predict the future [7]. The variables included in the analysis generally represent two types: dependent variables, that in ML are called targets, and independent variables, that in ML are called features. The definition of the variables is the same across both techniques [8]. Furthermore, both ML and statistical modeling leverage the available data in a way that allow for generalization of results to larger population [7]. The loss and risk associated with the models accuracy and representation of the real world occurrence is described frequently in terms of mean squared error (MSE). In statistical modeling, MSE is the difference between the predicted value and the actual value and is used to measure loss of the performance of predictions. In the ML, the same MSE concept is presented via a confusion matrix that evaluates a classification problem\'s accuracy [9].
Differences between machine learning and statistical modeling are distinct and based on purposes and needs for the analysis as well as the outcomes. Assumptions and purposes for the analysis and approach can vastly differ. For example, statistics typically assumes that predictors or features are known and additive, models are parametric, and testing of hypotheses and uncertainty are forefront. On the other hand, ML does not make these assumptions [12]. In ML, many models are based on non-parametric approaches where the structure of model is not specified or unknown, additivity is not expected, and assumptions about normal distributions, linearity or residuals, for example, are not needed for modeling [10].
The purpose of ML is predictive performance using general purpose learning algorithms to find patterns that are less known, unrelated, and in complex data without a priori view of underlying structures [10]. Whereas in statistical modeling, consideration for inferences, correlations, and the effects of a small number of variables are drivers [12].
Due to the differences in the methods’ characteristics, it is important to understand the variations in application of the techniques when solving healthcare problems. For example, one typical application of statistics is to analyze whether a population has a particular medical condition. For some diseases such as diabetes, the condition is easily screened for and diagnosed using distinct lab values, such as elevated and increasing HbA1C over time, high glucose levels and low insulin levels, often due to insulin depletion occurring from unmanaged diabetes. Also conditions such as hypertension can easily be detected at home or in the healthcare provider’s office using simple blood pressure measurement and monitoring, and wearables can identify when patients are experiencing atrial fibrillation, abnormal heart rhythms and even increased patient falls (possible syncope). Therefore, analyses of patients with these easily measurable conditions can be done simply by qualifying patients based on lab values or biomarkers falling within or outside of certain ranges. One of the simplest examples is identifying patients with diabetes [13]. This can be accomplished by using A1C levels to group patients as having no diabetes (A1C < 5.7), pre-diabetes (AIC of 5.7–6.4), or diabetes (A1C > 6.4). These ranges are based on American Diabetes Association Diagnosis Guidelines and a very high, medically accepted correlation between AIC levels and the diagnosis of diabetes [14].
On the other hand, if the objective of the research is to predict which pre-diabetic patients are most likely to progress to diabetes, a myriad of factors influence diabetes progression including extent of chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, insulin levels over time, body mass index/obesity, age, years with diabetes, success of prior therapy, number and types of prior therapies, family history, coronary artery disease, prior cardiovascular events, infections, etc. A complicated combination of comorbidities, risk factors, and patient behavior can lead to differing diabetes complications and varying outcomes makes prediction more challenging and thus it represents a good candidate for the use of machine learning techniques. Classification models such as gradient boosting tree algorithms have been used to successfully predict diabetes progression, especially earlier in the disease. While there any many diabetes risk factors and co-morbidities, these disease characteristics are well studied over many years, thus enabling stable predictive models which perform well over time [14].
Overall, machine learning is highly effective when the model uses more than a handful of independent variables/features [10]. ML is required when the number of features (p) is larger than the number of records or observations (n) – this is called the curse of dimensionality [15, 16], which increases the risk of overfitting, but can be overcome with dimensionality reductive techniques (i.e., PCA), as part of modeling [15] and clinical/expert input on the importance or lack thereof of certain features, is it relates to the disease or its treatment. Additionally, statistical learning theory teaches that learning algorithms increase their ability to translate complex structures from data at a greater and faster rate than the increase of sample size capture can alone provide [8]. Therefore, statistical learning theory and ML offer methods for addressing high-dimensional data or big data (high velocity, volume and variety) and smaller sample sizes [17], such as recursive feature elimination and support vector machines, boosting, or cross validation which can also minimize prediction error [18].
In the healthcare industry, machine learning models are frequently used in cancer prediction, generally in three areas: (1) predicting a patient with a cancer prognosis/diagnosis, (2) predicting cancer progression, and (3) predicting cancer mortality. Of these, predicting whether a patient may have a cancer prognosis/diagnosis can be more or less difficult depending on the tumor type. Certain cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and skin cancer are evaluated based on specific signs and symptoms, and non-invasive imaging or blood tests. These cancers are easier to predict. Conversely, cancers with non-descript symptoms such fatigue, dizziness, GI pain and distress, and lack of appetite are much more difficult to predict even with machine learning models as these symptoms are associated with multiple tumor types (for example esophageal, stomach, bladder, liver, and pancreatic cancer) and also mimic numerous other conditions [14].
For cancers with vague symptoms, understanding the patient journey is very important to cancer prediction. If a prediction period is too long and does not reflect the time period before diagnosis when symptoms develop, the model may overfit due to spurious variables not related to the condition. If the prediction period is too short, key risk factors from the patient record could be missing. Variable pruning is required in these situations. A multi-disciplinary team including business and clinical experts can help trim unrelated variables and improve model performance [14].
Model validation is an inherent part of the ML process where the data is split into training data and test data, with the larger portion of data used to train the model to learn outputs based on known inputs. This process allows for rapid structure knowledge for primary focus on building the ability to predict future outcomes [15]. Beyond initial validation of the model within the test data set, the model should be further tested in the real world using a large, representative, and more recent sample of data [19]. This can be accomplished by using the model to score the eligible population and using a look forward period to assess incidence or prevalence of the desired outcome. If the model is performing well, probability scores should be directly correlated to incidence/prevalence (the higher the probability score, the higher the incidence/prevalence). Model accuracy, precision, and recall can also be assessed using this approach [20].
Epidemiology studies and prior published machine learning research in related areas of healthcare can help benchmark the performance of the model relative to the baseline prevalent or incident population for the condition to be predicted. Machine learning models created using a few hundred or thousand patients often do not perform as well in the real world. Careful variable pruning, cohort refinement and adjustment of modeling periods can often resolve model performance problems. Newer software can be used to more quickly build, test, and iterate models, allowing users to easily transform and combine features as well as run many models simultaneously and visualize model performance, diagnosis and solve model issues [21].
Machine learning algorithms are a preferred choice of technique vs. a statistical modeling approach under specific circumstances, data configurations, and outcomes needed.
As noted above, machine learning algorithms are leveraged for prediction of the outcome rather than present the inferential and causal relationship between the outcome and independent variables/data elements [17, 22]. Once a model has been created, statistical analysis can sometime elucidate and validate the importance and relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Machine Learning algorithms are learner algorithms and learn on large amount of data often presented by a large number of data elements, but not necessarily with many observations [23]. Ability of multiple replications of samples, cross validation or application of boot strapping techniques for machine learning allows for wide datasets with many data elements and few observations, which is extremely helpful in predicting rare disease onset [24] as long as the process is accompanied with real world testing to ensure the models are not suffering from overfitting [18, 19]. With the advent of less expensive and more powerful computing power and storage, multialgorithm, ensembled models using larger cohorts can be more efficiently built. Larger modeling samples that are more representative of the overall population can help reduce the likelihood of overfitting or underfitting [25]. A large cohort imposes various issues and of priority is the ability to identify the set of independent variables that are most meaningful and impactful. These significant independent variables provide a predictive and/or inferential model that can be readily acceptable in providing a real-world application. The variables in such instances may also result into more realistic magnitude and direction of the causal relationship between the independent and outcomes variables of interest.
A recent example for a real-world example in healthcare for machine learning algorithm application is to identify the likelihood of hospitalization for high-risk patients diagnosed with Covid 19. The dataset leveraged included over 20,000 independent variables across healthcare claims data for diagnostics and treatment variables. The best optimal ML model consisted of approximately 200 important predictors variables such as age, diagnosis like Type 2 diabetes/CKD/Hypertension, frequency of office visits, Obesity amongst others. None of the variables in this example were ‘new’, however, the magnitude and direction as a result of the ML exercise may illustrate the ‘true’ impact of each independent variable, a feature that is a serious limitation in traditional statistical modeling [26].
Furthermore, as explained above, statistical models tend to not operate well on very large datasets and often require manageable datasets with a fewer number of pre-defined attributes/data elements for analysis [23]. The recommended number of attributes is up to 12 in a statistical model, because these techniques are highly prone to overfitting [25]. This limitation creates a challenge when analyzing large healthcare datasets and require application of dimension reduction techniques or expert guidance in allowing to eliminate the number of independent variables in the study [23].
In machine learning algorithms, there are fewer assumptions that need to be made on the dataset and the data elements [5]. However, a good model is usually preceded by profiling of the target and control groups and some knowledge of the domain. Understanding relationships within the data improve outcomes and interpretability [27].
Machine learning algorithms are comparatively more flexible than statistical models, as they do not require making assumptions regarding collinearity, normal distribution of residuals, etc. [5]. Thus, they have a high tolerance for uncertainty in variable performance (e.g., confidence intervals, hypothesis tests [28]. In statistical modeling emphasis is put in uncertainty estimates, furthermore, a variety of assumptions have to be satisfied before the outcome from a statistical model can be trusted and applied [28]. As a result, the statistical models have a low uncertainty tolerance [25].
Machine learning algorithms tend to be preferred over statistical modeling when the outcome to be predicted does not have a strong component of randomness, e.g., in visual pattern recognition an object must be an E or not an E [5], and when the learning algorithm can be trained on an unlimited number of exact replications [29].
ML is also appropriate when the overall prediction is the goal, with less visibility to describe the impact of any one independent variable or the relationships between variables [30], and when estimating uncertainty in forecasts or in effects of selected predictors is not a requirement [28]. However, often data scientists and data analysts leverage regression analytics to understand the estimated impact, including directionality of the relationships between the outcome and data elements, to help with model interpretation, relevance, and validity for the studied [27]. ML is also preferred when the dataset is wide and very large [23] with underlying variables are not fully known and previously described [5].
Machine learning requires no prior assumptions about the underlying relationships between the data elements. It is generally applied to high dimensional data sets and does not require many observations to create a working model [5]. However, understanding the underlying data will support building representative modeling cohorts, deriving features relevant for the disease state and population of interest, as well as understanding how to interpret modeling results [19, 27].
In contrast, statistical model requires a deeper understanding how the data was collected, statistical properties of the estimator (p-value, unbiased estimators), the underlying distribution of the population, etc. [17]. Statistical modeling techniques are usually applied to low dimensional data sets [25].
Robert Tibshirani, a statistician and machine learning expert at Stanford University, calls machine learning “glorified statistics,” which presents the dependence of machine learning techniques on statistics in a successful execution that not only allows for a high level of prediction, but interpretation of the results to ensure validity and applicability of the results in the healthcare [17]. Understanding the association and knowing their differences enables data scientists and statisticians to expand their knowledge and apply variety of methods outside their domain of expertise. This is the notion of “data science,” which aims to bridge the gap between the areas as well as bring other important to consider aspects of research [5]. Data science is evolving beyond statistics or more simple ML approaches to incorporate self-learning and autonomy with the ability to interpret context, assess and fill in data gaps, and make modeling adjustment over time [31]. While these modeling approaches are not perfect and more difficult to interpret, they provide exciting new options for difficult to solve problems, especially where the underlying data or environment is rapidly changing [27].
Collaboration and communication between not only data scientists and statisticians but also medical and clinical experts, public policy creators, epidemiologists, etc. allows for designing successful research studies that not only provide predictions and insights on relationships between the vast amount of data elements and health outcomes [30], but also allow for valid, interpretable and relevant results that can be applied with confidence to the project objectives and future deployment in the real [30, 32].
Finally, it is important to remember that machine learning foundations are based in statistical theory and learning. It may seem machine learning can be done without a sound statistical background, but this leads to not really understanding the different nuances in the data and presented results [17]. Well written machine learning code does not negate the need for an in-depth understanding of the problem, assumptions, and the importance of interpretation and validation [29].
As mentioned earlier in the chapter, machine learning algorithms can be leveraged in the healthcare industry to help evaluate a continuum of access, diagnostic and treatment outcomes, including prediction of patient diagnoses, treatment, adverse events, side effects, and improved quality of life as well as lower mortality rates [24].
As shown in Figure 1, often these algorithms can be helpful in predicting a variety of disease conditions and shortening the time from awareness to diagnosis and treatment, especially in rare and underdiagnosed conditions, estimate the ‘true’ market size, predicting disease progression such as identifying fast vs. slow progressing patients as well as determinants of suitable next line change [32]. Finally, the models can be leveraged for patient and physician segmentation and clustering to identify appropriate targets for in-person and non-personal promotion [30].
Examples of Machine Learning Applications in Healthcare Analytics [
There are, however, instances in which machine learning might not be the right tool to leverage, including when the condition or the underlying condition have a few known variables, when the market is mature and has known predetermined diagnostic and treatment algorithm, and when understanding correlations and inference is more important than making prediction [5].
One aspect of the machine learning process is to involve a cross functional team of experts in the healthcare area to ensure that the questions and problem statement along with hypothesis are properly set up [33, 34]. Many therapeutic areas require in-depth understanding of the clinical and medical concepts (i.e., diagnostic process, treatment regimens, potential adverse effects, etc.), which can help with the research design and selection of the proper analytical techniques. If the expert knowledge is not considered or properly captured in the research design, it might lead to irrelevant, invalid, and biased results, and ultimately invalidate the entire research study [33, 34].
Using a real example of a project with the goal of predicting the risk of hypertension due to underlying comorbid conditions or induced by medication, the decision to lead with machine learning vs. statistical modeling can be based on explicit criteria that can be weighed and ranked based on the desired outcome of the work [17, 32]. Please see Figure 2 presenting an example of the approach.
Criteria for Choosing the Predominant Approach for a Project.
As shown in Figure 2, pending the research objectives, machine learning or statistical modeling or both techniques could be the right method(s) to apply. For example, shifts in market trends, including shifts in patient volume of diagnosis and treatment present a suitable example when a statistical modeling type of analysis should be utilized. On the other hand, trying to predict patients with a high risk for hypertension requires the utilization of ML approaches. Leveraging both methods is best suited when predictive power and explanatory reasoning is needed to understand the important factors driving the outcome and their relative magnitudes and inferences.
Machine learning requires fewer assumptions about the underlying relationships between the data elements. It is generally applied to high dimensional data sets and require fewer observations to create a working model [5]. In contrast, statistical model requires an understanding of how the data was collected, statistical properties of the estimator (p-value, unbiased estimators), the underlying distribution of the population, etc. [17]. Statistical modeling techniques are usually applied to low dimensional data sets [25]. Statistical modeling and ML are not at odds but rather complementary approaches that offer choice of techniques based on need and desired outcomes. Data scientists and analysts should not necessarily have to choose between either machine learning or statistical modeling as a mutually exclusive decision tree. Instead, selected approaches from both areas should be considered as both types of methodologies are based on the same mathematical principles but expressed somewhat differently [5, 10].
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors work for Symphony Health, ICON plc Organization.
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In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"56330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69932",title:"Russian Scientific Trends on Specific Language Impairment in Childhood",slug:"russian-scientific-trends-on-specific-language-impairment-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1950,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In Russia, there are many decades of experience in the scientific study of the problem of impaired language development in children. Today, the term “Systemic speech-and-language underdevelopment (SLU)” has firmly established in Russian science and practice, implying a complex developmental disorder of speech and language in children with a primary normal hearing and a conserved intellect, in which the main components of the language system are violated: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics, and, as a consequence, dialogic and monologic speech. Traditionally, a differentiated level-by-level analysis of the speech and language abilities of children is used. The variability of the manifestations and severity of speech-and-language disorders were initially systematized and characterized in four levels of underdevelopment: from the complete absence of phrase speech to the availability of simple and complex sentences with lexico-grammatical errors. Effective algorithms of speech therapist work with SLU are introduced. The effectiveness of the application of these models and algorithms on the material of various language groups is proved.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Tatiana Tumanova and Tatiana Filicheva",authors:[{id:"204529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Volodarovna",middleName:null,surname:"Tumanova",slug:"tatiana-volodarovna-tumanova",fullName:"Tatiana Volodarovna Tumanova"},{id:"208704",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Borisovna",middleName:null,surname:"Filicheva",slug:"tatiana-borisovna-filicheva",fullName:"Tatiana Borisovna Filicheva"}]},{id:"36452",doi:"10.5772/38931",title:"Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology",slug:"qualitative-research-methods-in-psychology",totalDownloads:35891,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"1997",slug:"psychology-selected-papers",title:"Psychology",fullTitle:"Psychology - Selected Papers"},signatures:"Deborah Biggerstaff",authors:[{id:"123274",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Biggerstaff",slug:"deborah-biggerstaff",fullName:"Deborah Biggerstaff"}]},{id:"56560",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70235",title:"The Role of Speech and Language Therapist in Autism Spectrum Disorders Intervention – An Inclusive Approach",slug:"the-role-of-speech-and-language-therapist-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-intervention-an-inclusive-app",totalDownloads:2365,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The chapter describes the possibilities of involving a speech-language therapist in the assessment of the pragmatic level of communication in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where one of the most frequently impaired areas is communication pragmatics. These difficulties lead to a disruption of social interaction, which might be one of the obstacles to speech-language intervention in these children. The text is based on an originally developed testing material aimed at selected pragmatic-oriented communication situations relating to everyday activities and real life. Based on a comparison of domestic and international resources in this area, as well as mediated and own empirical experience, our assessment approach is based on the conclusion that pragmatics can be understood in different contexts and perspectives. The text presents the results of a partial survey comparing the performance of children with ASD and children with typical development. The assessment focused on the children’s election of the correct picture of a pair of pictures that represent usual communication and social situations. The results of the research suggest fewer incorrect responses in children with ASD and in different areas compared with children with typical development. However, the results of a qualitative analysis indicate a necessity to expand the assessment of communication pragmatics by adding an individually specific qualitative analysis of children’s performance.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Kateřina Vitásková and Lucie Kytnarová",authors:[{id:"203061",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kateřina",middleName:null,surname:"Vitásková",slug:"katerina-vitaskova",fullName:"Kateřina Vitásková"},{id:"212035",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Kytnarová",slug:"lucie-kytnarova",fullName:"Lucie Kytnarová"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73271",title:"Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty",slug:"social-media-and-its-effects-on-beauty",totalDownloads:3075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Beauty is concerned with physical and mental health as both are intimately related. Short-term decisions to alter one’s body structure irrespective of genetic, environmental, occupational and nutritional needs can leave medium- and long-term effects. This chapter analyzes the role of social media and its effects on the standards of beauty. The researchers have summarized the literature on how social media plays a role in affecting beauty trends, body image and self-esteem concerns. There is support that social media affects individuals negatively, in pushing them to engage in life threatening beauty trends due to social compliance and acceptance in society. The aim was to review social networking sites’ impact on perception of standards of beauty and newer unrealistic trends gaining popularity that could alter opinions and also cause harm to individuals in the long run. This is an emerging area of research that is of high importance to the physical and mental health in the beauty, health and hospitality industry with the latter being manifested in depression, anxiety and fear of non-acceptability and being seen as a social gauche.",book:{id:"7811",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",title:"Beauty",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments"},signatures:"Mavis Henriques and Debasis Patnaik",authors:[{id:"320016",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mavis",middleName:"Lilian",surname:"Henriques",slug:"mavis-henriques",fullName:"Mavis Henriques"},{id:"320978",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasis",middleName:null,surname:"Patnaik",slug:"debasis-patnaik",fullName:"Debasis Patnaik"}]},{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6995,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"27237",title:"Emotional Intelligence",slug:"emotional-intelligence",totalDownloads:5774,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"679",slug:"emotional-intelligence-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Emotional Intelligence",fullTitle:"Emotional Intelligence - New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Adrian Furnham",authors:[{id:"85492",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Furnham",slug:"adrian-furnham",fullName:"Adrian Furnham"}]},{id:"70731",title:"Theoretical Perspective of Traditional Counseling",slug:"theoretical-perspective-of-traditional-counseling",totalDownloads:1605,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical perspective of traditional counseling from an African context. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. A cursory review of the literature suggests that the concept of traditional counseling is rooted in traditional systems of knowledge and sociocultural customs and practices, and it promotes a collective approach to problem identification, resolution, and management. The traditional counseling process centers on four aspects: traditional counselor, client, family, and community. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Hector Chiboola",authors:[{id:"314172",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Chiboola",slug:"hector-chiboola",fullName:"Hector Chiboola"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7764,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"21",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"},{id:"82982",title:"The Well-Being in the Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Possible Influencing Factors and How to Improve It",slug:"the-well-being-in-the-children-and-adolescents-with-adhd-possible-influencing-factors-and-how-to-imp",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106596",abstract:"In recent years, academics have increasingly emphasized the importance of research into the well-being of children and adolescents. This is because well-being plays an important role in the development of children and adolescents. The literature reports that high levels of well-being facilitate positive functioning in children and adolescents. They contribute to the overall development of the individual and are a key factor in helping children and adolescents to integrate into society. ADHD, the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, affects more than 5% of children and adolescents, and the distress caused by its symptom can seriously undermine the well-being of children and adolescents. Therefore, this chapter discusses this noticeable issue focusing on the following key parts: An understanding of the well-being in children and adolescents, the factors that affect the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD, and how to improve the well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD.",book:{id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg"},signatures:"Jenson Yin and Jie Luo"},{id:"82867",title:"Indigenous Cultural Expressions and Methodological Frameworks: Some Thoughts",slug:"indigenous-cultural-expressions-and-methodological-frameworks-some-thoughts",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106236",abstract:"Within the contemporary global world, there appears to be an inevitable lag between the changing factual reality and the concepts and categories scholars use to analyze it, i.e., “indigenous peoples,” “traditional oral expressions,” “ethnicity,” “cultural identity,” and “cultural heritage.” But are these discrepancies insurmountable? This article delves into such mismatches, examining the relentless search for heuristic instruments to deal with the diverse indigenous artistic expressions in their socio-historical and political contexts. It presents some thoughts about the methodological frameworks used to ponder indigenous cultural expressions. The main argument is based on ethnographic research among Zoque and Mayan peoples in the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas in Southern Mexico, while establishing a dialog with ethnographies by other authors on different indigenous regions.",book:{id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg"},signatures:"Marina Alonso-Bolaños"},{id:"82930",title:"Psychosocial Factors Linked to Severe Mental Disorders in a Convenience Sample of Teenage Students",slug:"psychosocial-factors-linked-to-severe-mental-disorders-in-a-convenience-sample-of-teenage-students",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104936",abstract:"Students with severe mental disorders (SMDs) are a vulnerable population with higher risks of early school dropout than the general population. Our aim has been to define psychosocial factors of students aged 12–18 years who have been diagnosed with severe mental disorders. So, we have defined the psychosocial factors of a group of students aged 12 to 18 years who have been diagnosed with a SMD. We have made the selection of the sample through an intentional nonprobability sampling. One hundred and nine cases of students were analyzed. We have analyzed the evolution of the student throughout their academic history until the moment in which they are hospitalized in serious condition by means of an exploratory factor analysis, with the application of the KMO sample adequacy of 0.776 and the significance of Bartlett’s test of sphericity p < .001, we have obtained a high correlation between the variables. The factors obtained are study limitations, symptomatology representation, study facilitators, other limitations. The results show that it is necessary to take into account the conditions that prevent them from permanence, inclusion, coexistence, and educational achievement. Likewise, symptomatic expression and family support are key elements in improving the educational process of pupils with SMD. These factors allow us to infer pedagogical practices that are more appropriate to their needs.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Cristina Sánchez Romero and Francisco Crespo Molero"},{id:"82928",title:"Utilizing Environmental Analytical Chemistry to Establish Culturally Appropriate Community Partnerships",slug:"utilizing-environmental-analytical-chemistry-to-establish-culturally-appropriate-community-partnersh",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106237",abstract:"In the United States, minority communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental contaminants due to a combination of historically discriminatory based racial policies and a lack of social political capital. American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities have additional factors that increase the likelihood of contaminant exposure. Some of these factors include the disparity of social, cultural, and political representation, differences in cultural understandings between AI/AN communities and western populations, and the unique history of tribal sovereignty in the US. Since the 1990s, research from both private and federal organizations have sought to increase research with AI/AN communities. However, although rooted in beneficence, the rift in cultural upbringing can lead to negative outcomes as well as further isolation and misrepresentation of AI/AN communities. Environmental analytical chemistry (EAC) is one approach that provides a means to establish productive and culturally appropriate collaborations with AI/AN populations. EAC is a more holistic approach that incorporates numerous elements and disciplines to understand underlying environmental questions, while allowing direct input from AI/AN communities. Additionally, EAC allows for a myriad of experimental approaches that can be designed for each unique tribal community, to maintain cultural respect and probe individual nuanced questions.",book:{id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg"},signatures:"Jonathan Credo, Jani C. Ingram, Margaret Briehl and Francine C. 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Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. 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Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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