IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
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IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
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Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
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After a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
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Our innovative Book Series format brings you:
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Topic Focused Publications - Each topic showcases high impact subject areas
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Renowned Editorial Expertise - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series
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Fast Publishing - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing
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The benefit of ISSN and ISBN for increased citation and indexing possibilities
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IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
We invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
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Note: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8118",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in the Molecular Understanding of Colorectal Cancer",title:"Advances in the Molecular Understanding of Colorectal Cancer",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"An understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer by researchers and clinicians is essential to facilitate progress in improving patient outcomes in this common cancer that still carries a poor prognosis if not identified early. This book covers the major areas of importance in the field, incorporating new knowledge that has arisen due to the advancement of molecular techniques and the ability to correlate molecular changes with clinical behaviour of tumours. Each chapter is a summary written by experts, concisely summarising current data as well as highlighting potential areas for advancement. Appreciating the differences between tumours on a molecular level is the key to developing and delivering precision medicine, and nowhere is this more critically required than in the field of colorectal cancer.",isbn:"978-1-78985-060-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-059-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-004-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77960",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-the-molecular-understanding-of-colorectal-cancer",numberOfPages:172,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3c483eb99b78dc443e7ae16633f79d9d",bookSignature:"Eva Segelov",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8118.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9124,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 25th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 16th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 3rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 2nd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"235057",title:"Prof.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Segelov",slug:"eva-segelov",fullName:"Eva Segelov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/235057/images/system/235057.jpg",biography:"Eva Segelov, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, is Professor of Medicine at Monash University and Director of Oncology at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia. She is a practicing medical oncologist with more than 20 years’ experience, specializing in gastrointestinal cancer and neuroendocrine tumors, with an international reputation in clinical trials and translational research. Professor Segelov is a board member of the Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group; Gastrointestinal Chair of the Clinical Oncology Society of Australia; European Society of Medical Oncology faculty member for the CUP, Endocrine Tumours, and Others group; co-founder of the Commonwealth Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (CommNETS); Associate Editor of Journal of Global Oncology and a cancer editor for the Journal of Visualized Experiments. She heads a translational research laboratory specializing in interrogating clinical trial biospecimens. Professor Segelov has published more than 150 articles, expert reviews and book chapters and is a frequent invited speaker at national and international conferences. She is a member of the Australasian L\\'Oréal-UNESCO for Women in Science jury.",institutionString:"Monash University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Monash University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1078",title:"Gastrointestinal Oncology",slug:"gastrointestinal-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"63255",title:"Advances in Molecular Subclassification of Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80679",slug:"advances-in-molecular-subclassification-of-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will highlight the advances made in our understanding of the molecular landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) via the development of molecular subclassification systems and their potential predictive and prognostic utility. Firstly, the comprehensive integrative analysis of 224 colorectal cancer samples performed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network will be described highlighting the potential therapeutic targets identified. The development of molecular subclassification systems primarily via gene expression profile analysis by independent groups will also be described, and their potential clinical and prognostic associations will also be discussed. The chapter will then go on to describe the four consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer which were proposed by an international consortium who applied unsupervised clustering techniques to the independent classification systems previously described. The clinical and prognostic associations of these four subtypes have been explored, and these findings will be discussed. Finally, the utility of molecular subclassification in colorectal cancer will be briefly explored.",signatures:"Avani Athauda and Ian Chau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63255",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63255",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63367",title:"Experimental Results Help Shape the Development of Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80752",slug:"experimental-results-help-shape-the-development-of-personalized-medicine-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With estimated 700,000 deaths each year, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) continues to be the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Fortunately, the mortality of CRC is considered to be most avertable; hence, it is essential to develop new approaches for more accurate and early diagnosis of primary as well as metastatic CRC, including genetic and biomarker tests. In this regard, the intercellular junctions and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis attract increasing attention, since they are involved in several stages of cancer and for their vital role in regulating cell survival and growth; furthermore, constituents of intercellular junctions and of the IGF axis could be used as tumor and/or metastasis markers, which are becoming the focus of increasing research activities. Our experimental results highlight the importance of gene expression changes in the tight junction proteins claudins, and in the IGF-binding proteins IGFBP3 and IGFBP7. They show additionally that claudins and IGFBPs cannot be simply defined in terms of favoring or antagonizing cancer progression but have additional properties and activities, which become apparent only in the context of liver colonization. Furthermore, their intensive modulation during the initial phase of liver colonization may suggest them as early metastasis-related markers.",signatures:"Rania B. Georges, Hassan Adwan and Martin R. Berger",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63367",authors:[{id:"56407",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",surname:"Berger",slug:"martin-berger",fullName:"Martin Berger"},{id:"72948",title:"Dr.",name:"Rania",surname:"Georges",slug:"rania-georges",fullName:"Rania Georges"},{id:"246582",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Adwan",slug:"hassan-adwan",fullName:"Hassan Adwan"}],corrections:null},{id:"64803",title:"BRAF Mutation and Its Importance in Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82571",slug:"braf-mutation-and-its-importance-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:2534,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"BRAF mutation is seen in nearly one in ten patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Despite major improvements in survival for advanced colorectal cancer overall, patients with BRAF mutation continue to have a very poor prognosis often with median survival of less than 12 months. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this subgroup as the treatment approach should be different. Treatment options beyond standard chemotherapy are crucial to achieve better outcomes and the role of anti-EGFR therapy alone remains controversial. Current trials assessing combinations of molecular targeted agents have seen some promise. This chapter explores the background of BRAF mutation and current treatment strategies.",signatures:"Lee-Jen Luu and Timothy J. Price",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64803",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64489",title:"Current Utility and Future Applications of ctDNA in Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82316",slug:"current-utility-and-future-applications-of-ctdna-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) shows promise as a minimally invasive biomarker with a myriad of emerging applications including early detection and diagnosis, monitoring of disease and treatment efficacy, and identification of actionable alterations to guide treatment. The potential utility of ctDNA in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is of particular interest given the limitations of current radiographic imaging and blood-based tumour markers in detecting disease and evaluating therapeutic benefit. While ctDNA has yet to demonstrate clinical utility in CRC, a growing body of research highlights the potential of these novel biomarkers. This chapter provides an overview of the current evidence for employing ctDNA in CRC as well as previewing the future directions that these exciting technologies may take.",signatures:"Daphne Day, Sophia Frentzas, Cameron A. Naidu, Eva Segelov\nand Maja Green",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64489",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64489",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65095",title:"Epigenetic Biomarkers and Their Therapeutic Applications in Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82572",slug:"epigenetic-biomarkers-and-their-therapeutic-applications-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most aggressive cancers worldwide and is known to develop through a stepwise process involving the accumulation of several genetic and epigenetic alterations. Furthermore, numerous studies have highlighted the significant role that certain epigenetic enzymes play in CRC pathogenesis, particularly those that govern chromatin components in the promoter regions of tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Here, we delineate the relationship between CRC-associated epigenetic marks, their modifying enzymes, and the classification of CRC into distinct molecular pathways or subtypes. Moreover, we discuss some of the most prominent methyltransferases, demethylases, acetyltransferases, and deacetylases, which have been targeted for preclinical and clinical CRC treatment. Notably, inhibitors against these epigenetic enzymes are a promising new class of anticancer drugs, with several obtaining Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of blood and solid tumors. By highlighting the epigenetic molecular pathways leading to CRC development as well as providing an update on current CRC epigenetic therapies, this chapter sheds fresh insight into new and emerging avenues for future therapeutics.",signatures:"Antja-Voy Hartley, Matthew Martin and Tao Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65095",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65095",authors:[{id:"218030",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",surname:"Lu",slug:"tao-lu",fullName:"Tao Lu"},{id:"256979",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Martin",slug:"matthew-martin",fullName:"Matthew Martin"},{id:"256980",title:"Ms.",name:"Antja-Voy",surname:"Hartley",slug:"antja-voy-hartley",fullName:"Antja-Voy Hartley"}],corrections:null},{id:"63348",title:"Predictive Biomarkers for Monoclonal Antibody Therapies Targeting EGFR (Cetuximab, Panitumumab) in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80690",slug:"predictive-biomarkers-for-monoclonal-antibody-therapies-targeting-egfr-cetuximab-panitumumab-in-the-",totalDownloads:1196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer has progressively improved over the past few decades with the development of more effective anti-cancer drugs and multi-disciplinary management approaches that combine sequential lines of non-cross-resistant drugs and increased use of potentially curative surgery for metastases of the liver and lung. In this setting, the introduction of monoclonal antibody therapies that target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (cetuximab and panitumumab) has made an important contribution to improved patient outcomes. However, the efficacy of therapies is generally limited to a small proportion of patients and associated with toxicity and high cost. There is an urgent clinical need for robust predictive biomarkers to guide the effective use of therapy options. In this chapter we review clinical and molecular predictive markers of primary therapy response for metastatic colorectal cancer, focusing on anti-EGFR antibody therapies, discussing both currently approved and emerging biomarkers.",signatures:"Anuratha Sakthianandeswaren, Polly Sabljak, Meg J. Elliott, Michelle Palmieri\nand Oliver M. Sieber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63348",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63348",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63688",title:"Finding Needles in Haystacks: The Use of Quantitative Proteomics for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80942",slug:"finding-needles-in-haystacks-the-use-of-quantitative-proteomics-for-the-early-detection-of-colorecta",totalDownloads:1020,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and treatable disease if diagnosed early. Current population screening programs are suboptimal, and consequently, there is a need for the development of new methodologies for early diagnosis of CRC. In the past 10 years, unprecedented technological advancements in the field of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have progressively increased the sophistication and utility of these investigations, leading to the draft mapping of the human proteome. These exciting studies have shaped our mechanistic understanding of the human genome and begun to provide us with a suite of novel biomarkers to predict the onset, progression and severity of many debilitating diseases. Thus, sophisticated MS workflows coupled with revolutionary protein quantification techniques hold promise for the field of MS-based plasma proteomics, particularly valuable in the context of early stage identification of curable CRC. However, within the last 40 years, no new plasma protein biomarkers of CRC have been translated into clinical practice. Here. we discuss the application of proteomic technologies within the field of CRC, highlighting contemporary MS-based plasma proteomic strategies that could be exploited to deliver on the promise of a panel of sensitive and specific plasma-based biomarkers with which to non-invasively detect early stage CRC.",signatures:"Tiffany Gould, Muhammad Fairuz B. Jamaluddin, Joel Petit, Simon J. King,\nBrett Nixon, Rodney Scott, Peter Pockney and Matthew D. Dun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63688",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63688",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"23",label:"women in science book program"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"655",title:"Colorectal Cancer Biology",subtitle:"From Genes to Tumor",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9395fca282ee086f4d33451bca1eadbc",slug:"colorectal-cancer-biology-from-genes-to-tumor",bookSignature:"Rajunor Ettarh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",surname:"Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"744",title:"Neuroblastoma",subtitle:"Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"771ff9574ef2d155e663e4af7244d5ce",slug:"neuroblastoma-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Shimada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/744.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77693",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Shimada",slug:"hiroyuki-shimada",fullName:"Hiroyuki Shimada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"696",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Basic Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"893673ea2bfb1c196266aa55ae52f1f0",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-basic-research",bookSignature:"Wan-Yee Lau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73356",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph W.Y.",surname:"Lau",slug:"joseph-w.y.-lau",fullName:"Joseph W.Y. 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1. Introduction
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Augmented reality is a technology in which user’s view of a real scene is augmented with extra virtual information. Augmented reality (AR) registration of virtual objects is required having an accurate tracking or camera pose estimation, but tracking is one of the key technical challenges of AR system [1]. AR has many conceivable applications in a wide range of fields such as education, construction, public health, manufacturing and entertainment. With the increased computational speed and advancement of particular computer technology, augmented reality applications become possible in multidisciplinary fields, for example, education, simulation, entertainment, medical and games. Researches related to augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have shown significant growth with the development of interactive computer technology and sophisticated 3D modelling packages [2]. Virtual heritage is considered one of the important fields in the computer-based interactive technologies in virtual reality [3]. It created visual representation of monument, artefacts, building and culture to present openly to global audiences. However, virtual heritage becomes as a platform for promoting the education process, motivating and understanding particular events and historical elements for the use of students and researchers. Augmented reality techniques can be classified into two main categories: vision-based AR and location-based AR [4, 5]. Location-based AR uses the capability of a specific device to determine its position in the world, for example, GPS and then the retrieval relevant information to that location. Then, this information is superimposed into the output of their device’s camera to permit a more natural data presentation compared only using the map alone. Vision-based AR particularly depends on processing the data that is extracted from the images or video frames that have been taken by the device. This kind of AR includes a number of techniques that lend significantly from computer vision to the range, where research progress in AR relies on the progress of the latter [6]. Lately, augmented reality technology has become an accepted technology among scientific community and even public, which is used for merging of real and virtual objects, and mixed it into the real-world environment. However, this technology is used in virtual heritage to improve the visitor experience of a cultural heritage site, as well as, the possibility to present the ancient-ruined building without any damage. In this chapter, we have presented a survey of marker-less AR. This survey is based on the state-of-the-art related to marker-less AR such as indoor marker-less AR, outdoor marker-less AR, real-time solutions to the tracking problem, real-time registration and cultural heritage in AR. Section 3 introduces the marker-based AR and Section 4 is allocated to marker-less AR, while Section 5 presents the researches related to cultural heritage in augmented reality.
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Section 6 reveals the issues with virtual heritage in augmented reality and Section 7 presents 3D reconstruction techniques for cultural heritage. Section 8 is all about location in AR. The work is concluded by section 9 which is the conclusion.
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2. Augmented reality
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Augmented reality is considered as one of the modern technologies that blends virtual objects into the real world. Augmented reality (AR) can be simply defined as a live and integrate direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment. It is real-time data that elements are augmented by computer-generated virtual content, for example, sound, video, graphics, or GPS data [7, 8]. Augmented reality is considered as an area in which 3D virtual objects are completely integrated into a 3D real environment in real time. An AR environment supplements the real-world with virtual objects, which are generated by using computer that appear to coexist in the same space as the real world [9]. In another words, augmented reality can be defined as the interactivity of humans with virtual objects that is located in the real environment in order to help the user in executing a task in a physical setting. AR is one of the significant forms of mixed reality (MR), in which real and virtual objects are mixed and showed in a single display in the same time and location as shown in Figure 1. Augmented reality seems like fiction because it creates interactive interfaces that specify the delusion that physical and virtual worlds are connected together and that users can physically cross from one to the other [10].
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Figure 1.
Reality-virtuality continuums [23].
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AR does not replace reality, as the virtual reality (VR); it complements real environment with digital information, virtual and computer-generated graphics and/or virtual objects as shown in Figure 2. However, users navigate in VR by using a computer simulated or imaginary environment called a virtual environment, preventing the real environment. In this environment, all users’ senses are controlled using a computer and immersed in a simulated environment [11] as shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 2.
A real environment view is augmented with digital information.
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Figure 3.
A user navigating in a virtual environment of VR.
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3. Marker-based augmented reality
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Marker-based AR uses markers (A two-dimensional pre-defined screen) that are placed in the scene and within the field of vision of the camera in order to help guide the camera pose estimation process [8]. The markers are frequently indicating to as fiducial markers because their position and orientation relative to the scenery are steady. The markers are always planar makers and commonly have powerful feature, for example, long edges, as well as, corners among black and white regions. In this technique, AR puts a powerful emphasis on the design of the marker. One of the most common kinds of marker design is square because the feature of square will allow for accurate localisation of the markers by using its four corner points [12]. Marker-based AR uses computer vision techniques in order to calculate the position and orientation of the camera relative to the marker. The virtual 3D objects can be overlaid accurately on the markers as shown in Figure 4. It has a primary operational principle: capture the video input from the camera, add 3D graphics to the scene and show the augmented frames as a video stream [13].
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Figure 4.
Marker-based AR [14].
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4. Marker-less-based augmented reality
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Marker-less AR is completely different from marker-based AR because it does not depend on the artificial markers in order to reveal outstanding features in the scene. Marker-less AR systems work to integrate virtual objects into a 3D real environment in real-time, promote user’s perception of and interaction with the real world [15]. Marker-less AR works by revealing features that are easily available from the natural objects in the scene, as well as, try to create a model or map from the scenery in order to represent the world as it is displayed by the camera.
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4.1 Camera pose estimation
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There are two main methods to camera pose estimation techniques called relative orientation and planar homography. Relative orientation is an approach that used to calculate the position and orientation of a camera relative to another from correspondences between five or more ray pairs. A ray pair can be defined as the vectors that arise from a fixed and visible point in the scenery to the camera centre positions [16]. Use the aspect of AR process that recruit computer vision algorithms, called feature detection and tracking, and then suggest a method to improve the subsequent process to output a best camera pose estimate [16]. A localised feature descriptor is used for the matching of salient feature points belonging to the present camera frame with those extracted from the reference frames. Camera pose can be estimated relative to it, however, the calculated 3D pose parameters can be used in order to render virtual objects into the real world [17]. Frikha et al. are proposed real-time monocular piece wise planar SLAM method using the planar scene assumption. Planar structures have used for mapping process in order to allow rendering virtual objects in a meaningful way, as well as improving the camera pose resolution in addition to the quality of 3-D reconstruction of the environment by adding restrictions on 3-D points, and settings in the optimisation process [18]. An energy function based on epipolar geometry has been developed in order to estimate intrinsic camera parameters during camera zooming [19]. Intrinsic camera parameters at each zoom value are calibrated, in order to obtain an accurate camera parameter estimation. The intrinsic camera parameters changes depending on the zoom value that are modelled [19].
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4.2 Outdoor marker-less-based augmented reality
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Augmented reality is the real-time incorporation of the virtual and physical worlds into a new environment, where digital information is registered with real-world elements in a coherent method. One of the big challenges when working in outdoor AR is the registration of the virtual elements in the real-world environment, where it is not realistic to prepare every building with visual markers. This issue is certainly much more accurate when dealing with outdoor augmented reality. Most augmented reality applications are taking the benefit of backpack systems with head-worn displays [20] or handheld devices [21] in order to compose real-worlds’ views with digital information. Sophisticated hardware contains tracking devices, for example, GPS and gyroscope, which can be used to determine the position in the physical world.
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Bateau Ivre [22] project have presented on the Seine River in order to make a considerable audience conscious of the possible developments of augmented reality through an artistic installation in an outdoor environment. The installation can be seen from a ship by a huge number of audience without specified equipment, through night-time video-projection on the River banks. The augmentation of the physical world is implemented using real-time image processing for live special effects, for example, contouring, particles and non-realistic rendering. The technical objective of the project was to immerge the audience into a non-realistic view of the River banks that would be different from traditional tours that highlight the main features of Paris’ classical architecture. The implemented software is used in standard algorithms for particular effects to a live video stream and then re-projected these effects on the captured scenes to merge the real world with its modified image [23].
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However, Sato et al. [5] have developed a novel marker-less AR system that uses local feature-based image registration and structure from motion (SfM) technology. The proposed system has some advantages, such as it supports free movement, less limitations, less efforts, as well as lower cost for outdoor AR applications. For the verification of the developed system, it has been applied to a renovation design project. One of the main advantages of the system is that it does not require particular equipment, for example, sensors for geometric registration between augmentations and the real world because the system uses sensor-based registration. Furthermore, the system does not need artificial markers, which reduce user’s flexibility [5]. The accuracy of system’s registration and tracking for this research is not enough for AR.
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A development of a 3D map oriented handheld AR system has been presented by Chen et al. [24]. The system achieves geometric consistency by using a 3D map in order to obtain position data instead of using GPS, which provides low position information accuracy, especially in urban areas. In addition, the system features a gyroscope sensor to obtain posture data, as well as a video camera that used to capture live video of the present surroundings. All these components are installed in a smartphone and can be used to assess urban landscape. The authors have used the evaluation of registration accuracy in order to simulate an urban landscape from a short- to a long-range scale. The proposed AR system allows users to simulate a landscape from multiple viewpoints in addition to long-distance simultaneously, as well as walking around the viewpoint fields using just a smartphone [24]. The proposed system has the optical integrity and occlusion problem of the 3D-AR system when simulating urban landscape.
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In addition, Chen et al. [25] presented tracking natural features in an agricultural scene. The main objective of the system is to perform marker-less AR techniques in order to assist in the visualisation of robotic helicopter-related tasks. By creating a virtual marker under a known initial configuration of the robotic helicopter, camera and the ground plane, the system is able to continuously track the camera pose using the natural features of the image sequence to execute augmentation of virtual objects. A simulation using a mock-up model of an agriculture farm have developed to evaluate the performance of the marker-less AR system. The experiment results showed that there are a number of improvements, which need to be taken in consideration before distributing the system in actual flight. The intermittent movement of the virtual marker vertices must be reduced in order to obtain better camera pose estimation. A feature recovery algorithm is one of the most important techniques for scaling the marker-less AR system to operate outdoors on the robotic helicopter [25]. This technique is trembling in the virtual marker vertices. Therefore, camera pose estimation accuracy is low.
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5. Cultural heritage in augmented reality
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Virtual heritage in AR can be defined as an interactive computer-based technology, which can be used to achieve visual reconstruction, assist scholars and educators of traditional entities, for example, buildings, artefacts and culture [26]. This technology is used to maintain delicate historical buildings from natural disasters and sabotage [27]. In order to create a virtual heritage, there are seven main design principles, which must be taken into account such as high geometric accuracy, high level of automation capture for all details, low cost, photorealism, flexibility, portability and model size efficiency [28]. Cultural heritage layers are proposed to visualise historic media such as drawings, paintings and photographs of buildings and historic scenes seamlessly superimposed on real environment through video see through using X3D [29]. The registration of the virtual objects in the video images is done by using a robust 6DOF tracking framework depending on two technologies that work simultaneously: randomised trees are used for initialization step and a frame-to-frame tracking phase based on KLT. This technique achieved simple, cheap and sustainable development augmented reality applications in the area of the cultural heritage depending on industry standards [30]. The main idea of this research is to use current historic media from archives and superimpose them seamlessly on reality at the suitable place. These local layers are context sensitively telling the location’s history and give the impression of a virtual time trip. The results of the application showed in the area of cultural heritage, where the system runs on an Ultra Mobile PC (Sony Vaio UX) with 15 frames/sec. Only the reality filters and the 2D overlays can be selected by the application developer or online by the user [29]. This application is very simple and presented just 2D overlays, as well as the detection of the filter is done manually. Augmented reality for historical tourism using mobile devices has been proposed by Bres et al. [30]. The core of the proposed system is related to a marker-less outdoor augmented reality solution. This technique is based on scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) features for localisation and integration of 3D models into video. These features are used to project a digital model of the building facades of the square in order to get 3D coordinates for each feature point. The algorithms executed are responsible to calculate the camera pose for frame of a video from 3D-2D point correspondences among features that extracted from the current video frame and points in the reference dataset. The algorithms were successfully evaluated on video films of city squares. Despite they do not yet work in real-time, they are able to correct pose estimation and projection of artificial data into the scene. The algorithms automatically recover any loss of track. The research showed that the possibility of SIFT features are purely used for image-based marker-less outdoor augmented reality applications [30]. This research presented a simple mobile application that used to augment a small 3D image. HeladivaAR [31] proposed to reconstruct the historical and cultural heritage of Sri Lanka. HeladivaAR is a mobile phone application that used to show a reconstructed 3D model of these ancient ruins as they were in their initial state. In addition to use of AR technology, the application has used the mobile phone camera to determine and track the remaining ruins of the historical place and reconstructs the 3D model on it and then displays on the application interface. This application used different aspects to reconstruct the cultural heritage building such as image processing, 3D modelling, tracker identification using Android platform, historical books and reconstruct ruined sites. By using of AR, the real scene is enhanced by interactive multimedia information in order to increase the experience of the user, who can recover this information by a user-easy interface through their mobile phone. In education field, virtual heritage becomes a platform of learning, motivating and understanding of particular events and historical elements for students and researchers. This research provides a better understanding of Sri Lankan cultural heritage and allows users to gain interactive knowledge on archaeological facts of ancient kingdoms [31]. However, this research has several limitations. The first one is the application can apply only to android-based augmented reality devices; it cannot apply for the ISO-based operating system devices. The second limitation is the quality of the application that is based on the mobile device because it is not a desktop application. The last limitation is the application developed for Android 3.0 or above. The versions below may encounter rendering problems when running.
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Indrawan developed marker-less augmented reality utilising gyroscope in order to demonstrate the position of Dewata Nawa Sanga [32]. This application is designed to learn, understand and recognise the properties of Dewata Nao Sanga by using a gyroscope. The sensor works to achieve the object of the deities in the coordinates to be identified, as well as, it is worked to provide information about Dewata Nawa Sanga along alongside and informative 3D animation. This research evaluates the usefulness, functionality of the application, in addition to the impact of the AR Dewata Nawa Sanga application that can motivate its users. The result of usability and satisfaction questionnaire value showed that the percentage average is 84.8%. It illustrates that the application is very useful for the participants to have knowledge about Dewata Nawa Sanga as well as very satisfied to use [32].
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Kolivand and El Rhalibi presented a new technique to augment a realistic virtual building in real environments to be observed live through an AR camera [23]. There are some outdoor components when augmented a realistic building, for example, the sun position, shadows, sky illumination and virtual traditional animated characters. It is augmented in real environments at the place of real historical buildings, or desirable locations, at different times of the day and different days of the year [2]. The authors have presented some new ideas in the case of virtual heritage. First of all is modelling the 3D model of Portuguese Malacca. A structured real-time system is provided to trace the sun position, by using Julian dating, and Perez sky model is used for modelling sky colour, have presented in order to create outdoor illumination. A semi-soft shadow algorithm has been implemented to support the realism of outdoor augmented reality systems. A simple camera setup system has used to present Marker-less AR. The final system can be installed on head mounted display (HMD) or in the proposed device called ReVitAge to show the realistic reconstructed virtual heritage buildings, taking into account the main components of outdoor illumination [23].
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6. Issues with virtual heritage in augmented reality issues
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There are four main issues related to the virtual heritage in augmented reality. These issues are registration, reconstruction orientation, tracking and location.
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6.1 Registration
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Registration is one of the most significant issues in virtual heritage AR systems and currently subtracts some restrictions to different AR applications. Registration indicates the accurate compatibility of augmented objects with real environments [23]. Any AR system without an accurate registration leads to unsuccessful mixed environments because of the results of the defect wrong. The registration process is the overlay of virtual objects onto a real scene by using information that have extracted from the scene. Especially, this information is the feature points that extracted from the real scene using some tracking techniques. There are two categories of registration techniques, sensor-based and computer vision-based techniques. In sensor-based technique, there is a need to calibrate the external sensors, but the available sensors equipment’s are either huge or expensive, or lack satisfactory levels of accuracy. Computer vision-based methods techniques work to avert calibration of external sensors, as well as offer the possibility for accurate tracking without huge and costly equipment. It can be categorised as two main types depending on camera calibration requirements [33]. The first kind does not require any calibration of camera parameters in advance, which includes the use of a known 3D calibration object. However, the second type is assuming that the intrinsic camera parameters are pre-calibrated. This is a common assumption in most of the existing AR systems.
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There are several researches that work to develop the registration of the virtual elements in the real-world environments. These researches will be explained in the following section.
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Gao et al. [6] introduced a new technique to improve the stabilisation and the accuracy of marker-less registration in AR. Based on three-dimensional map information generated by visual simultaneous localisation-SLAM. The proposed technique allows tracking and registration of virtual objects in order to ensure a stable in addition of real-time performance of marker-less AR applications. The stability of the system can be performed by integrating the Hough voting algorithm with the repeated Closest Points (ICP) technique. The proposed technique is faster than the standard methods. In addition, it is able to achieve more accurate registration results when compared with the previous techniques. The experimental results showed that the proposed technique can efficiently repress the virtual object jittering, as well as a higher tracking accuracy with good performance [6]. This technique can identify only one object for each recognition. Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) natural feature tracker and the reconstruction technology is presented by Pang et al. [33]. KLT tracker technique is used to track the identical feature points in two control images. The authors presented three key stages in the proposed technique. The first stage is the affine reconstruction. In this stage, two control images from the video sequence are chosen and the KLT tracker is used for the extraction of the natural feature points. After that, the Affine Coordinate System (ACS) is defined by using these natural feature points. The user is responsible to select four planar points for setting the Euclidean WCS in two control images, respectively, and then the affine coordinates of the specific points are reconstructed by using the affine reconstruction method. While, the second stage is re-projection. Compute the corresponding affine re-projection matrix in the live video frame by using the natural feature points that have been tracked by the KLT technique. The image projections of the selected points are predestined in the live video sequence by using the affine re-projection matrix. However, the third stage is the camera extrinsic parameters such as camera pose, which are predestined in terms of the four selected points achieved in the second stage. Eventually, the virtual objects can be rendered on the real scene by using the graphics pipeline techniques such as OpenGL. The experiment results showed some improvement compared to the previous work [33]. The main limitation of this research is that the user has to manually determine the four points in the initialization stage, as well as, the authors do not consider tracking the feature points.
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6.2 Reconstruction
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Reconstruction is one of the basic processes in the AR. It refers to the construction of virtual objects in a similar way to replicate the original building [23]. Many cultural heritage applications require to reconstruct of real-world objects and scenes. Reconstruction process becomes increasingly common to use for modelling purpose of cultural heritage. This is fundamentally because of rapid development in laser-scanning techniques, 3D modelling, image-based modelling techniques, the power of the computer and virtual reality. The default objects appear on an appropriate model that covers the details of accurate enough is essential [23]. Objects must be exactly identical to the original ones which visitors can see clearly at the background of live videos. In addition, interest in objects’ shadows is an essential part of the reconstruction process. Real-time shadows are created in relation to the sun position in a specified location, date and time. Eventually, the influence of the sky lighting on the virtual building during the daytime is the last part of creating the realistic virtual heritage in AR systems. Most virtual reconstruction techniques are based mainly on 3D scanning techniques, in order to get the objects faithfully [34]. Figure 5 shows the reconstruction of the building and place it in the real environment.
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Figure 5.
Realistic reconstruction of cultural heritage.
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6.3 Tracking
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Tracking is a substantial subject in a real-time augmented reality context. The key requirements for tracking are the high level of accuracy and low level of latency at a sensible cost. Objects’ tracking in the scene is defined as the amount of the pose between the camera and the objects. Virtual objects can be displayed into the scene using the pose. A local moving edges tracker have been used to provide real-time tracking of points normal to the object contours [27].
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A new method for conception of vision-based augmented reality systems is presented by considering either 3D model-based tracking techniques or 3D model-free tracking approaches [1]. The method depends on decreasing the cost function expressed in the image and this decreasing is achieved via a visual serving control law. The main feature of a model-based method is that the information about the scene allows improvement of robustness and system’ performance by the ability for predicting hidden movement of the object and acts in order to reduce the effects of outlier data introduced in the tracking process [35]. It is occasionally necessary to achieve the pose computation with minimal constraining information on the viewed scene because 3D information is not readily available in certain circumstances. The algorithm has been tested on different image sequences and for diverse applications, which illustrate a real usability of this approach [1]. This research has several limitations. The first limitation is the system that relies on a course manual initialization on the very first image. The second limitation is the system that does not take spatiotemporal aspect of the tracking process in depth consideration. Robustness can also be treated from one time-step to another. A novel marker-less camera tracking system and user interaction methodology for augmented reality (AR) on unprepared table-top environments is presented by Lee et al. [36]. A real-time system architecture is presented to merge two kinds of feature tracking. Marker-less tracking method is initialised by a simple hand gesture using the Handy AR system that used to estimate a camera pose from a user’s outstretched hand. Detecting distinctive image features of the scene and tracking frame-to-frame by computing optical flow. The proposed system used distinctive image features for recognising the scene and to correct for accumulated tracking errors. For achieving real-time performance, multiple operations are processed in a synchronised multithreaded method: capturing a video frame, tracking features using optical flow, detecting distinctive invariant features and rendering an output frame. The speed and accuracy of hybrid feature tracking system have been evaluate and demonstrate a proof-of-concept application to enable AR in unprepared table-top environments, by using bare hands for interaction [36]. One of the significant limitation of this research is the system applied on 2D scene.
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Novel interactive techniques for outdoor augmentation have presented to use a mobile device [37]. The system can be executed and perform real time on simple mini PC equipment. Feature tracking have been used for estimating camera motion when user turns the mobile device and examines the augmented scene. The authors have considered two scenarios. The first scenario is constantly applicable with any 3D model for ad hoc use without prior information or calibration process. The second scenario uses GPS for realising the viewing location and Google Earth KML files for locating the augmented object and its placement. This method, 3D object placed on Google Earth can be viewed on site without any addition data transformation steps. The systems have been tested with potential end users. The authors believe that the system is useful in diverse current real-life applications [35].
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A model-based hybrid tracking system is proposed for outdoor AR applied for urban environments that allows accurate, real-time overlays for a handheld device [38]. The system merges different well-known techniques in order to provide a powerful experience that surpasses each of the individual components alone: an edge-based tracker that used for accurate localisation, gyroscope measurements to cope with fast motions, gravity measurements and magnetic field to avert drift and a rear store of reference frames with online frame chosen used to re-initialise automatically after dynamic occlusions or failures. A novel edge-based tracker distributes with the traditional edge model, and uses instead of a coarse, but textured, 3D model. This technique has several features [39]. The first feature is automatically disposing from scale-based detail, appearance-based edge signatures can be used to improve conformity and the models required are more usually available. The second feature is the system’s accuracy and robustness is pretending with comparisons to map-based ground truth data. The tracking system have the possibility to apply to other types of display such as head mounted displays using video see-through overlays, while optical see-through displays would demand further calibration of the HMD’s virtual camera with take in account of the video camera [38]. This system has the resulting asymmetry in the information display capabilities of the two environments (virtual and real-time environments). An integral natural feature-based tracking system is proposed to support the creation of AR applications that concentrated on the automotive sector [40]. An AR application was construct on top of the system to refer to the location of 3D coordinates in a specific environment. It can be applied to many various applications in cars, for example, a maintenance assistant, an intelligent manual and many more. The system is evaluated during the Volkswagen/ISMAR Tracking Challenge 2014, which designed to test state-of-the-art tracking technique based on requirements encountered in automotive industrial settings. Evaluation results illustrate that the system allowed users to correctly determine tasks points that involved tracking a revolving vehicle, tracking data on an integral vehicle and tracking with high accuracy. The evaluation of the system is allowed to understand the applicability boundaries of texture-based technique in the texture less automotive environment, a problem not addressed considerably in the literature [40]. This research has several limitations. The first limitation is low frame rate when the number of 3D key-points in the model is large. The second limitation is error accumulation when the entire vehicle is reconstructed in a single take. The third limitation is lack of temporal continuity, which may result for shivering; sensibility to extreme illumination conditions. The fourth limitation is accidental failures when cope with scenes that have minimum of texture information.
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7. 3D reconstruction techniques for cultural heritage
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AR technologies have become increasingly popular. These techniques are not just practical for developers of AR system, but also to the scientific community. The standard approach to create a 3D model is to build it from scratch using tools such as the unity 3D programme, which provides building blocks in the form of primitive 3D shapes. Many new technologies aim to increase the level of automation and realism by beginning with the real images of the object or converting it to direct digitisation using a laser scanner [28].
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7.1 Image-based modelling
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This technology includes vastly available devices, so the same system can handle a wide range of objects and scenes. These systems have the ability to create a realistic model, and those rely on photogrammetry have high geometric accuracy. This technique is usually used for geometric surfaces of architecture objects or for modelling precise terrain. It uses a mathematical model to capture 3D object information from 2D image dimensions or obtain 3D data using methods such as shading, texture, theory, contour and 2D edge gradient [41]. Deriving 3D measurements from images naturally requires that interest points be appearance in the image. Often, this is not potential, either because the area is hidden or covered behind an object or surface or because there is no mark, edge or visible feature to extract [28]. The main goal of image-based reconstruction is the ability to represent arbitrary geometry. For modelling complete geometric structures, it is usually necessary to remove the labour-intensive task through this approach [41]. The mechanism can also deal with the real-world effects that images take, but difficult to reproduce with the customary graphics techniques.
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7.2 Range-based modelling
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3D geometry information for an object can be captured directly by this technique [28]. The 3D measurement of images requires that interest points or edges be visible in the image, which is not constantly possible. Illumination or ambient light problems can impact the extraction process of such points and edges. Active sensors, for example, laser scanners have the ability to avert these restrictions by creating features on the surface using controlled light projection [41]. Many range sensors are produced organised points, in the form of an array or range image, appropriate for automatic modelling. However, texture information or colour can be attached from the scanner using colour channel or from separate digital camera [42, 43]. High-resolution colour textures that obtained from separate digital camera help to create of realistic 3D models. Generally, a single range image is insufficient to cover any object or structure [42]. The amount of necessary images rely on the shape of the object, the amount of self-locking and obstacles and the size of the object compared to the sensor range [41]. In order to wrap each aspect of the object, it is mostly required to perform multiple scans from various locations, which is commensurate to the size and shape of the object and occlusions. The alignment and groups of the various scans can affect the final accuracy of the 3D model, where each scanner has different range of resolution [28]. In addition, this technique can provide accurate and complete details with a high degree of automation for small and medium size objects, which reach the human size [42]. There are two major kinds of range sensors: triangular based and based on the principle of flight time [41]. Triangulation-based sensors are working dependent on project light in a known direction from a known position, as well as measure the direction of the returning light through its detected position. The measurement of accuracy depends on the triangle base relative to its height. Sensors based on the principle of flight time measured the delay between emitting and detecting reflected light on the surface, thus, accuracy does not quickly deteriorate as the range increases [44]. Time-of-flight sensors have the possibility to provide measurements in the kilometre range.
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7.3 Image-based rendering
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Image-based rendering used images as modelling and rendering primitives [28]. Image-based rendering uses images directly for creating new views for rendering without explicit geometrical representation. This technique is a significant mechanism for generating of virtual view, where certain objects and under particular camera motions and scene conditions. From the image input, this technique creates a new view of the 3D environment [41]. This technique has the feature of creating realistic virtual environments at speeds independent of scene complexity [42]. Image-based rendering depends on accurately knowing the camera positions to use automatic stereo matching, where the absence of geometry data, requires a major number of carefully spaced images to succeed [42]. Most of image-based rendering correspond to hybrids image-geometry, using means of the equal amount of geometry ranging from per-pixel depth to hundreds of polygons [45].
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8. Augmented reality location
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Each of indoor and outdoor sites offered many of similar challenges that must be processed to successfully implement AR systems, such as content acquisition [11], content storage and categorisation [46], tracking and calibration [47], marker placement, usability [48] and ergonomic issues [49]. Hence, there are various issues that must be taken into account in order to overcome by special internal or external sites.
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8.1 Augmented reality for indoor heritage sites
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AR’s previous applications for indoor cultural heritage sites have frequently taken the form of “virtual museums”. The visitors use AR technology to display objects that may not be accessible to them. This is because the great value or fragility of such objects, or the lack of space inside the museum or the physical object is existing in another museum [36]. One of the main issues that affect the design of AR systems for indoor sites are those of marker placement if using marker-based tracking, as well as ensuring the optimal use of the systems for all age groups and levels of computer literacy. In addition, it is substantial to make sure that hardware used is strong enough in order to support AR applications, and it is structurally robust if being lent to the public.
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8.2 Augmented reality for outdoor heritage sites
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It can be said that the development of AR systems for outdoor applications is more difficult than indoor applications. Realistic historical buildings in outdoor rendering AR systems require advanced effects such as shadows, lighting and the ability to detect the impact of sky dome illumination on virtual in addition to the real objects [23]. The environment and resources, such as lighting conditions and electrical energy, cannot be as tightly controlled, as well as hardware cannot normally be left outdoors. The use of mobile computer systems in outdoor AR generates several problems such as it is uncomfortable and heavy to wear, and it is very expensive if it is a wearable system combined with an HMD [11] Outdoor AR is a technology of executing augmented reality using outdoor GPS, compass, gyroscope sensor based on augmented reality technology. Unlike to indoor AR, outdoor AR is not subject to spatial restrictions. Indoor AR used a marker to ensure suitable synthesis of virtual object because it happens in relative narrow space, while outdoor AR used location information; it does not use any marker like in indoor system because it happens in relatively wide area [50]. Often the lack of ideal conditions means that marker-based tracking systems cannot be used, leading to rely on other techniques, for example, GPS and inertial sensors, which can be inexact.
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One of the key problems that faced to design AR systems for outdoor sites are effectively tracking without using of markers in an environment that may be devoid of features in order to use for tracking. In addition, ensuring that any device used is weather-resistant and vandal-resistant. Furthermore, all the hard-wires that are used must be powerful enough to support AR applications, as with indoor sites. Figure 6 shows the AR for outdoor cultural heritageTable 1 shows a comparison between investigated works in AR systems, concentrated on outdoor, indoor, reconstruction and realism.
A full comparison of different techniques for marker-less augmented reality.
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9. Conclusion
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This chapter has presented the survey of marker-less augmented reality system. In this chapter, we have discussed different techniques related to the augmented reality. An overview on each of them was introduced, identifying the major features and highlighting the main characteristic of each technique. In addition, we have explained in detail the main issues with virtual heritage in augmented reality. We have introduced the key techniques for 3D reconstruction that used in cultural heritage. We have focussed on the main issues of augmented reality for cultural heritage such as indoor marker-less AR, outdoor marker-less AR, real-time solutions to the tracking problem, real-time registration and cultural heritage in AR. We have presented the research related to these areas and highlighted the main problem of each research.
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Acknowledgments
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The financial support of this research is provided by KE & I fund from Liverpool John Moores University.
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\n',keywords:"virtual heritage, culture heritage, augmented reality, marker-less AR, AR heritage",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/63772.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/63772.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63772",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63772",totalDownloads:1643,totalViews:414,totalCrossrefCites:6,dateSubmitted:"April 30th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 17th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 28th 2018",datePublished:"May 2nd 2019",dateFinished:"September 25th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Augmented reality (AR) is considered as one of the most significant technologies in the field of computer graphics and is utilised in many applications. In this chapter, we have presented a brief comprehensive survey of cultural heritage using augmented reality systems. This survey describes the main objectives and characteristics of marker-less augmented reality systems through presenting up-to-date research results in this area. We describe the marker-less technologies in the area of AR, indoor marker-less AR, outdoor marker-less AR, real-time solutions to the tracking problem, real-time registration, cultural heritage in AR, 3D remonstration techniques, as well as presenting the problems in each research.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/63772",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/63772",signatures:"Hoshang Kolivand, Abdennour El Rhalibi, Mostafa Tajdini, Sarmad Abdulazeez\nand Pisit Praiwattana",book:{id:"7699",type:"book",title:"Advanced Methods and New Materials for Cultural Heritage Preservation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Methods and New Materials for Cultural Heritage Preservation",slug:"advanced-methods-and-new-materials-for-cultural-heritage-preservation",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",bookSignature:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu and Rodica-Mariana Ion",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7699.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-736-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-735-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-638-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"176482",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Turcanu-Carutiu",slug:"daniela-turcanu-carutiu",fullName:"Daniela Turcanu-Carutiu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"151219",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdennour",middleName:null,surname:"El Rhalibi",fullName:"Abdennour El Rhalibi",slug:"abdennour-el-rhalibi",email:"A.Elrhalibi@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Liverpool John Moores University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"225824",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoshang",middleName:null,surname:"Kolivand",fullName:"Hoshang Kolivand",slug:"hoshang-kolivand",email:"h.kolivand@ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"256916",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarmad",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazeez",fullName:"Sarmad Abdulazeez",slug:"sarmad-abdulazeez",email:"sarmadalrawi17@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"256917",title:"Dr.",name:"Pisit",middleName:null,surname:"Praiwattana",fullName:"Pisit Praiwattana",slug:"pisit-praiwattana",email:"P.Praiwattana@2014.ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"289071",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Tajdini",fullName:"Mostafa Tajdini",slug:"mostafa-tajdini",email:"M.Tajdini@2008.ljmu.ac.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Augmented reality",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Marker-based augmented reality",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Marker-less-based augmented reality",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Camera pose estimation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Outdoor marker-less-based augmented reality",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Cultural heritage in augmented reality",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Issues with virtual heritage in augmented reality issues",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.1 Registration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"6.2 Reconstruction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"6.3 Tracking",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"7. 3D reconstruction techniques for cultural heritage",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"7.1 Image-based modelling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"7.2 Range-based modelling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"7.3 Image-based rendering",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"8. Augmented reality location",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"8.1 Augmented reality for indoor heritage sites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"8.2 Augmented reality for outdoor heritage sites",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19",title:"9. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Comport AI, Marchand E, Pressigout M, Chaumette F. Real-time markerless tracking for augmented reality: The virtual visual servoing framework. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 2006;12(4):615-628\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Kolivand H, Sunar MS. Survey of shadow volume algorithms in computer graphics. IETE Technical Review. 2013;30(1):38\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Kolivand H, Sunar MS. Anti-aliasing in image based shadow generation techniques: A comprehensive survey. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 2015;74(18):7461-7487\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Pang Y, Yuan ML, Nee AYC, Ong SK, Youcef-Toumi K. A markerless registration method for augmented reality based on affine properties. In: Conference on Research and Practice in Information Technology (CRPIT) Series. Vol. 50; 2006. pp. 15-22\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Sato Y, Fukuda T, Yabuki N, Michikawa T, Motamedi A. A marker-less augmented reality system using image processing techniques for architecture and urban environment. In: Living Systems and Micro-Utopias: Towards Continuous Designing. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2016); 2016. pp. 713-722\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Gao QH, Wan TR, Tang W, Chen L. A stable and accurate marker-less augmented reality registration method. In: 2017 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW); 2017. pp. 41-47\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Azuma R et al. Recent advances in augmented reality. Computers & Graphics. 2001;(December):1-15\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Shetty M, Lasrado V, Mohammed R. Marker based application in augmented reality using android. The International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. 2015;3(7):146-151\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Kote S, Borkar B. A survey on marker-less augmented reality. International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology. 2014;10:639-641\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Koleva B, Schnädelbach H, Benford S, Greenhalgh C. Traversable interfaces between real and virtual worlds. In: CHI \'00 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vol. 2, No. 1; 2000. pp. 233-240\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Sites CH, Elvet O. Cultural heritage sites exploring dual-camera-based augmented reality for cultural heritage sites. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science by Research. Vol. 0; 2013\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Gherghina A, Olteanu A, Tapus N. A marker-based augmented reality system for mobile devices. 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In: Proceedings of 2009 15th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia; 2009. pp. 193-196\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Bres S, Tellez B. Localisation and augmented reality for mobile applications in culture heritage. Computer (Long. Beach. Calif). Lyon: INSA; 2006:1-5\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Galmangoda G, Gajanayake P, Indika K. Augmented Reality to Reconstruct Sri Lankan Cultural Heritage in Prime State: HeladivaAR; 2016. pp. 40-44\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Purnami D, Putri S. Markerless Augmented Reality Utilizing Gyroscope to Demonstrate the Position of Dewata Nawa Sanga. Vol. 12, No. 1; 2018. pp. 19-35\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Pang Y, Yuan ML, Nee AYC, Ong SK, Youcef-Toumi K. Markerless Registration Method for Augmented Reality based on Affine Properties. In: BT—Seventh Australasian User Interface Conference (AUIC2006). Vol. 50; 2006. pp. 25-32\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Bruno F, Bruno S, De Sensi G, Luchi ML, Mancuso S, Muzzupappa M. From 3D reconstruction to virtual reality: A complete methodology for digital archaeological exhibition. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2010;11(1):42-49\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Mark P. Jr. Virtual Cultural Heritage: Virtual Reality Navigation of Cultural Heritage Environments. Doctoral dissertation, Drexel University; No. May; 2015\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Lee T, Höllerer T. Multithreaded hybrid feature tracking for markerless augmented reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 2009;15(3):355-368\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Honkamaa P, Siltanen S, Jäppinen J, Woodward C, Korkalo O. Interactive outdoor mobile augmentation using markerless tracking and GPS. In: Proceedings of Virtual Reality International Conference (VRIC); 2007. pp. 285-288\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Reitmayr G, Drummond T. Going out: Robust model-based tracking for outdoor augmented reality. In: Proceedings of the 5th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality; 2006. pp. 109-118\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Schmid F, Langerenken D. Augmented Reality and GIS: On the Possibilities and Limits of Markerless AR; 2014. pp. 3-6\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Paulo Lima J et al. Markerless tracking system for augmented reality in the automotive industry. Expert Systems with Applications. 2017;82:100-114\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Noh Z, Sunar MS, Pan Z. A review on augmented reality for virtual heritage system. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). Vol. 5670 LNCS; 2009. pp. 50-61\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Remondino F, El-Hakim S. Image-based 3D Modelling: A Review. The photogrammetric record. September 2006;21(115):269-291\n'},{id:"B43",body:'Remondino F, El-Hakim S, Baltsavias EP, Gruen A, van Gool L, Pateraki M. Critical overview of image-based 3D modeling. In: Balkema—Proceedings and Monographs in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences. No. Gruen; 2000; 2006. pp. 299-313\n'},{id:"B44",body:'Caarls J, Jonker P, Kolstee Y, Rotteveel J, van Eck W. Augmented reality for art, design and cultural heritage—System design and evaluation. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing. 2009;2009:1-16\n'},{id:"B45",body:'Oliveira MM. Image-based modeling and rendering techniques: A survey. Revista de Informática Teórica e Aplicada. 2002;IX(2):38-66\n'},{id:"B46",body:'Liu JS, Tseng MH. Mediating team work for digital heritage archiving. In: Proceedings of the 2004 Joint ACM/IEEE Conference on Digital Libraries; 2004. pp. 259-268\n'},{id:"B47",body:'Azuma R. The challenge of making augmented reality work outdoors. In: Mixed Reality—Merging Real and Virtual Worlds, Chapter 21. 1999. pp. 379-390\n'},{id:"B48",body:'Gabbard JL, Swan JE. Usability engineering for augmented reality: Employing user-based studies to inform design. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 2008;14(3):513-525\n'},{id:"B49",body:'Baber C, Knight J, Haniff D, Cooper L. Ergonomics of wearable computers Chris. Mobile Networks and Applications. 1999;4(1):15-21\n'},{id:"B50",body:'Han J-G, Park K-W, Ban K-J, Kim E-K. Cultural heritage sites visualization system based on outdoor augmented reality. AASRI Procedia. 2013;4:64-71\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hoshang Kolivand",address:"h.kolivand@ljmu.ac.uk",affiliation:'
Department of Computer, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Abdennour El Rhalibi",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Computer, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Department of Computer, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Substantially contribute to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work
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CHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
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AFFILIATION
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Authors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
Substantially contribute to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work
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Participate in drafting or revising the work
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Approve the final version of the work to be published.
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All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
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Conversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
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CHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
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If it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\n
AFFILIATION
\n\n
Authors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
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Policy last updated: 2017-05-29
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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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However, in comparison with machines, those physiological processes are highly nonlinear, with delays and slow responses. Another problem is when human becomes the operators using their capacities of decision making to close the control loop, as they are prone to errors and mistakes. For those reasons, the biomedical system needs to be carefully designed and several aspects have to be considered. This chapter gives a small review of some internal and external control processes within the human body and discusses how to interact with them for designing biomedical devices. Under this design scheme, a practical application of a smart electric wheelchair for assisting persons with strong disabilities is presented. These assistive robotic systems are in close contact with the user, and thus, it is determinant to have a user-friendly relation between the human and the interface. Therefore, intuitive interfaces were included in the design and an intelligent navigation assistant to guarantee a collision-free path.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"David Balderas and Mario Rojas",authors:[{id:"183076",title:"M.Sc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Balderas Silva",slug:"david-balderas-silva",fullName:"David Balderas Silva"},{id:"184877",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas",slug:"mario-rojas",fullName:"Mario Rojas"}]},{id:"51070",title:"Fuzzy PD Controller in NAO System's Platform",slug:"fuzzy-pd-controller-in-nao-system-s-platform",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Humanoid robotic platforms rarely achieve the desire trajectory because of the deviation generated during the robot walking. This problem is due to different circumstances such as robot manufacturing, wear and tear of mechanic parts, or variations of floor flatness. Currently, one of the humanoid robots on the market is the robotic platform developed by Aldebaran Robotics called NAO robot, and it is used for different purposes where the robot needs to navigate into controlled spaces. NAO presents the issue of deviation during walking; therefore, a Fuzzy PD Controller is developed and implemented for this platform to reduce the orientation error and to ensure reliability during navigation. Inertial sensors are used to get the orientation reference and for feedback of the closed-loop control. Consequently, a robust control was implemented and tested in different conditions of floor and velocity during the robot’s navigation such as robot races and maze resolution. Experimental results show that fuzzy controller achieves significant improvements in the trajectories of NAO.",book:{id:"5238",slug:"automation-and-control-trends",title:"Automation and Control Trends",fullTitle:"Automation and Control Trends"},signatures:"Edgar Omar López‐Caudana and César Daniel González Gutiérrez",authors:[{id:"26464",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Lopez-Caudana",slug:"edgar-lopez-caudana",fullName:"Edgar Lopez-Caudana"},{id:"185936",title:"Mr.",name:"César Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"González Gutiérrez",slug:"cesar-daniel-gonzalez-gutierrez",fullName:"César Daniel González Gutiérrez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"257",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 23rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. 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He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). 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Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/147580",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"147580"},fullPath:"/profiles/147580",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()