Losses due to the Gorkha-Nepal earthquake [2].
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"11263",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The Fourth Industrial Revolution has led to revolutionary changes in production and service processes. This book explains and examines the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies on supply chain solutions. It discusses the concept, design, and implementation of supply chain solutions using Industry 4.0 technologies. Chapters address such topics as supply webs, open innovation practices, lean manufacturing, the Internet of Things, green supply chain solutions, and much more.",isbn:"978-1-80355-373-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-372-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-374-0",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",numberOfPages:226,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",numberOfDownloads:905,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:null,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 7th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 5th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 4th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201248/images/system/201248.png",biography:"Tamás Bányai received a master’s degree in 1993 and a Ph.D. in 1999 from the University of Miskolc, Hungary, where he is currently an associate professor. He has more than twenty-five years of teaching and research experience in the design and control of materials handling systems and supply chain management, with special emphasis on heuristic optimization of large-scale systems. He has published more than 150 research papers, book chapters, and conference proceedings. He has been a member and manager of more than fifty national and international R&D projects. Away from academia, Dr. Bányai’s other interests include playing the piano and taking photographs.",institutionString:"University of Miskolc",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Miskolc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"201249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ágota",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"agota-banyai",fullName:"Ágota Bányai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201249/images/system/201249.png",biography:"Ágota Bányai was awarded an MSc in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Miskolc, Hungary, in 1993, and a Ph.D. in Engineering Sciences from the same institution in 1999. She is currently an associate professor at the Institute of Logistics, University of Miskolc. She has more than twenty years of teaching and research experience in the design and control of logistic systems and supply chain management, with a special emphasis on purchasing and distribution. She has worked in academia for nearly twenty-five years and has published more than 100 research papers, book chapters, and conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Miskolc",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Miskolc",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"429158",title:"Dr.",name:"Ireneusz",middleName:null,surname:"Kaczmar",slug:"ireneusz-kaczmar",fullName:"Ireneusz Kaczmar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429158/images/system/429158.png",biography:"Ireneusz Kaczmar is an IT engineer with a master\\'s degree in Economics. In 2011, he obtained a Ph.D. in Economics at the Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Poland. He is currently an associate professor, teaching classes in economics and management at the Institute of Technical Sciences, East European State University, Poland. He is interested in quantitative research in management and the application of computer simulations in the industry. He has about twenty years of teaching and research experience in the design of simulation models and multi-criteria decision-making systems. He is the author of many international scientific articles.",institutionString:"East European State Higher School in Przemyśl",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"East European State Higher School in Przemyśl",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"446",title:"Supply Chain Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration-supply-chain-management"}],chapters:[{id:"80514",title:"Industry 4.0 and Its Implications: Concept, Opportunities, and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102520",slug:"industry-4-0-and-its-implications-concept-opportunities-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:194,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to analyze the Industry 4.0 framework, identify the definition and drivers of the Industry 4.0 paradigm, discuss its potential effect, and determine obstacles of the Industry 4.0. For the research methodology, a critical literature review is performed, we relied on the recent studies related to industry 4.0. Findings – This study concluded that Industry 4.0 describes a future production system’s vision; it is an inevitable revolution and radical change, covering a wide range of innovative technologies, and all sectors. Industry 4.0 brings significant advantages to organizations, including real-time data analysis, increased visibility, autonomous monitoring, enhanced productivity, and competitiveness. The key features of Industry 4.0 are collaboration and integration of schemes, both horizontal and vertical. Innovation performs an essential role in organizations, sectors, countries. Industry 4.0 has enormous potential effect in many areas, and its application will have an impact across transforming the work environment. Industry 4.0 leads to potentials in three dimensions of sustainability. The KUKA corporation is an application for industry 4.0, for instance, smart factories, M-2-M, intelligent robots, etc., these technologies help industry 4.0 to separate rapidly. In contrast, there are some barriers, to implementing Industry 4.0 for example financial constraints, technical competency, organizational restraints.",signatures:"FathyElsayed Youssef Abdelmajied",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80514",authors:[{id:"439346",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"FathyElsayed Youssef",surname:"Abdelmajied",slug:"fathyelsayed-youssef-abdelmajied",fullName:"FathyElsayed Youssef Abdelmajied"}],corrections:null},{id:"80162",title:"Enabling Sustainable Supply Chains in the Industrial 4.0 Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102040",slug:"enabling-sustainable-supply-chains-in-the-industrial-4-0-era",totalDownloads:125,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sustainability has become a global policy agenda following the United Nations adoption of Sustainable Development Goals 2030. Supply chains can contribute to this by adoption of eco-friendly technologies, sustainable materials, reducing waste, among others. Adopting and scaling innovative technologies such as machine learning, blockchain, internet of things (IoT), and 3D printing has potential to improve efficiency through improved visibility, flexibility and decision making across the supply chain. Efficiency and lean operations may induce vulnerability in supply chains, due to disruptions like the Covid-19 pandemic which can compromise business. The concept of sustainability is explored from both the business and customer perspectives, as well as in the broader policy environment that includes politics, the economy and society. Businesses are likely to adopt sustainable practices if there are financial incentives. However, environmental sustainability cannot be pursued at the expense of business survival. Therefore, the adoption of different technologies has potential to bring us closer to solving the sustainability-profitability paradox.",signatures:"Thuso Mphela, Christopher J. Savage and Alejandro Gutierrez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80162",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80162",authors:[{id:"438468",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Thuso",surname:"Mphela",slug:"thuso-mphela",fullName:"Thuso Mphela"},{id:"448091",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher J.",surname:"Savage",slug:"christopher-j.-savage",fullName:"Christopher J. Savage"},{id:"448093",title:"Mr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Gutierrez",slug:"alejandro-gutierrez",fullName:"Alejandro Gutierrez"}],corrections:null},{id:"81222",title:"Industry 4.0: The Tenets of the Next Generation of Supply Chain Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102979",slug:"industry-4-0-the-tenets-of-the-next-generation-of-supply-chain-management",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The supply chain industry is at the crossroads of the business revolution through the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), impacting business activities across industries. The transformative elements of 4IR offer individual consumers, corporations, and governments unprecedented opportunities to link, collaborate, process, and manage rising consumer and business data to boost decision-making, efficiency, and productivity. Evidence shows that have applied a mix of collaborative and innovative technologies to internal and external activities to manage supply chain disruptions. The groundbreaking technological advancements paved the way for the supply industry to shift supply business prototypes from traditional supply chain models to supply web models. The shift has helped firms resolve national and global supply chain disruptions. The present chapter introduces the Supply Web (SW) concept and its distinctive tenets by adding to the growing body of the evolving Industry 4.0 field, knowledge to help advance the field. The author calls on governments, the global supply industry, and academia to consider embracing the new SW paradigm evolving under 4IR to help resolve societal and consumer challenges emerging in the 21st Century.",signatures:"Andre T. Mayounga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81222",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81222",authors:[{id:"439331",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Andre T.",surname:"Mayounga",slug:"andre-t.-mayounga",fullName:"Andre T. Mayounga"}],corrections:null},{id:"80318",title:"Application of Internet of Things in the Movement of Goods at Customs Level during Covid-19 Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102488",slug:"application-of-internet-of-things-in-the-movement-of-goods-at-customs-level-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The rapid growth of trade volume makes it necessary on the one hand to increase the safety and security of international trade and, on the other hand, to leave the flow of goods unobstructed. The Covid-19 pandemic severely impacted the world goods and services trade which, after almost 2 years, are still not back to December 2019’s volumes. This chapter investigates some of the different suggestions proposed by international organizations to mitigate the pandemic effect on international trade, with a specific focus on trade facilitation measures such as international certifications (i.e., Authorized Economic Operator), risk management strategies and new technologies which are deeply transforming and helping the movement of goods at customs level. After reviewing published reports, this chapter aims to verify which are the most feasible solution to be implemented by the government at the customs level for improving customs operations enhancing their efficiency and effectiveness.",signatures:"Erica Varese, Maria Chiara Cesarani and Magdalena Wojnarowska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80318",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80318",authors:[{id:"293241",title:"Prof.",name:"Erica",surname:"Varese",slug:"erica-varese",fullName:"Erica Varese"},{id:"451324",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Chiara",surname:"Cesarani",slug:"maria-chiara-cesarani",fullName:"Maria Chiara Cesarani"},{id:"451325",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Wojnarowska",slug:"magdalena-wojnarowska",fullName:"Magdalena Wojnarowska"}],corrections:null},{id:"80946",title:"Industry 4.0 Technologies Impact on Supply Chain Sustainability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102978",slug:"industry-4-0-technologies-impact-on-supply-chain-sustainability",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A supply chain is a network that links technology, activities, resources and organisations involved in the manufacturing and distribution of product and services. Supply Chain Operations Reference model (SCOR) defines basic processes of the supply chain (SC) into five categories as Plan, Source, Make, Delivery and Return. The search for a more sustainable production and consumption system is so relevant today that the United Nations (UN) have selected it as one of their paramount societal objectives for sustainable development. The implementation of sustainability in production and consumption processes aims to mitigate negative pressures on the ecosystem generated by products, services, and transportation. Industry 4.0 (I40) technologies have sparked interest in recent years. The advanced digital technologies of I40 such as big data analytics (BDA), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), internet of things (IoT) and sensors, block chain technology (BCT), robotic systems (RS), cloud computing (CC), cyber-physical system (CPS), additive manufacturing (AM) /3D printing (3D), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), autonomous vehicles (AV), and drones have found applications in many processes of manufacturing, logistics and SC. The benefits are sustainability, efficiency, cost reduction, transparency, traceability, and collaboration. In addition to benefits, I40 implementation is not free from challenges.",signatures:"Mohammad Akhtar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80946",authors:[{id:"438381",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Akhtar",slug:"mohammad-akhtar",fullName:"Mohammad Akhtar"}],corrections:null},{id:"82191",title:"Open Innovation Strategies on New Product and Process Development Prospects: A Case of the Automotive Component Manufacturers in South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105035",slug:"open-innovation-strategies-on-new-product-and-process-development-prospects-a-case-of-the-automotive",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Competition between South African Automotive Component Manufacturers ACMs has focused on activities associated with supply chain management such as transporting raw materials and finished products. However, these activities are non-value, adding, so they are an area of relative opportunities for cost reduction; hence new product development presents a significant boost to competitiveness. This chapter\\'s primary goal is to determine which open innovation practices can benefit ACMs in developing new products and processes by using a sample survey of 10 ACMs in the automotive manufacturing industry in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative methodology approach using a 5 Likert structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 33 respondents, including owners, senior and junior managers of ACMs. The results identified that idea generation positively influences the Open Innovation activity of seeking new outside applications for internally developed innovations, knowledge, tools and ideas on new product development. The significant implications are that ACMs should improve their dynamic capabilities to turn ideas generated into new innovative products to remain competitive. This chapter contributes to the existing knowledge by suggesting a contextualised impact of open innovation strategy on sustainable new product development of ACMs in South Africa.",signatures:"Arthur Mzwandile Gonyora and Pfano Mashau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82191",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82191",authors:[{id:"458207",title:"Dr.",name:"Arthur Mzwandile",surname:"Gonyora",slug:"arthur-mzwandile-gonyora",fullName:"Arthur Mzwandile Gonyora"},{id:"463047",title:"Dr.",name:"Pfano",surname:"Mashau",slug:"pfano-mashau",fullName:"Pfano Mashau"}],corrections:null},{id:"80276",title:"Shipping Digitalization and Automation for the Smart Port",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102015",slug:"shipping-digitalization-and-automation-for-the-smart-port",totalDownloads:179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Shipping, like most industries, is undergoing a digital transformation process which influences existing business models and operational practices, in a multifaceted way. Today, the shipping business context has been changing to incorporate further social demands, environmental, innovation and sustainability priorities, into fundamental shipping strategies, while taking advantage of technological advancements. In the era of Industry 4.0, which constitutes a recent evolution of advanced communications and information technologies and further promotes sustainable, human-centric, and resilient business development strategies, shipping and port entities need to embrace a broader perspective and a deeper understanding of various elemental technologies, namely: Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Physical Internet, in addition to core maritime logistics matters. This chapter proposes a descriptive framework of shipping digitalization and port automation, while providing a review of related technologies and business approaches, also international initiatives, for automation in global ports. Hence the chapter offers insights for business practitioners to steer through the current challenging global environment, also for policy makers to gain a more informed understanding of maritime logistics developments, towards necessary coordination and oversight mechanisms implementation.",signatures:"Enna Hirata, Daisuke Watanabe and Maria Lambrou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80276",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80276",authors:[{id:"6714",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Lambrou",slug:"maria-lambrou",fullName:"Maria Lambrou"},{id:"440162",title:"Dr.",name:"Enna",surname:"Hirata",slug:"enna-hirata",fullName:"Enna Hirata"},{id:"440164",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisuke",surname:"Watanabe",slug:"daisuke-watanabe",fullName:"Daisuke Watanabe"}],corrections:null},{id:"80711",title:"Enhancing the Resilience of Sustainable Supplier Management through Combination with Lean and Audit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102465",slug:"enhancing-the-resilience-of-sustainable-supplier-management-through-combination-with-lean-and-audit",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Industry 4.0 has positive effect on the enhancing of the resilience. However, if the resilience can be promoted by lean and auditing environment priority, after further combine with industry 4.0 environment, the resilience will become stronger. Even though, two research questions should be verified priority: How do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the prevention ability of resilience? Why does the combination of lean practices with an audit mechanism strengthen the produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behaviour by suppliers? PLS and the Sobel test were applied to survey data from 231 Chinese manufacturers to test and verify research questions. Pull production and employee involvement can enhance responsible purchasing, emergency-response, manufacturing process coupling, and further strengthen supplier management robustness, further enhance the prevention ability of resilience in dealing with opportunistic behaviour. In addition, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has the indirect effect of strengthening emergency-response ability. The audit mechanism can control the dysfunctional behaviour of the supplier, further guiding cooperation with the practice of pull production and employee involvement; in addition, audits also trigger the supplier’s trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit maintenance.",signatures:"Ping-Kuo Chen, Qiu-Rui He and Xiang Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80711",authors:[{id:"246761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ping-Kuo",surname:"Chen",slug:"ping-kuo-chen",fullName:"Ping-Kuo Chen"},{id:"449199",title:"Mr.",name:"Qiu-Rui",surname:"He",slug:"qiu-rui-he",fullName:"Qiu-Rui He"},{id:"449200",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiang",surname:"Huang",slug:"xiang-huang",fullName:"Xiang Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"80117",title:"Production Systems Performance Optimization through Human/Machine Collaboration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102036",slug:"production-systems-performance-optimization-through-human-machine-collaboration",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The growth of enterprises is a constant source of research and development of new technologies. Indeed, to stand out from the competition and optimize their production, companies are moving toward the centralization of information and the implementation of machines. This dynamic requires a significant investment in terms of organization and research. Industry 4.0 is therefore at the heart of this reflection, as shown in the literature. It brings together many technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Big Data. This chapter focuses on company performance optimization through a sustainable Industry 4.0 framework involving methodologies such as lean manufacturing and DMAIC, new technologies as robotics, in addition to social, societal, and environmental transformations. This chapter will present robotic displacement solutions adapted to the industrial environment for improving production systems performance. Solutions for human-machine interaction problems such as human-machine interface or flexibility 4.0 will be shown.",signatures:"Paul-Eric Dossou, Valentin Verdier and Alan Ogor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80117",authors:[{id:"415535",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul-Eric",surname:"Dossou",slug:"paul-eric-dossou",fullName:"Paul-Eric Dossou"},{id:"439923",title:"MSc.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Verdier",slug:"valentin-verdier",fullName:"Valentin Verdier"},{id:"439925",title:"MSc.",name:"Alan",surname:"Ogor",slug:"alan-ogor",fullName:"Alan Ogor"}],corrections:null},{id:"82344",title:"Supply Chain: A Modeling-Based Approach for Cyber-Physical Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105527",slug:"supply-chain-a-modeling-based-approach-for-cyber-physical-systems",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Within the frame of this chapter, the author focuses on the distribution processes of green supply chain solutions and describes a potential mathematical model, taking environmental aspects into consideration. The first part of the chapter includes a systematic literature review. Based on the identified research gap, a new mathematical model is described, which makes it possible to describe last-mile logistics processes from an environmental point of view. The functional model of the distribution system includes the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies, which makes it possible to gather real-time information from the distribution process and use real-time status information for a sophisticated design and operation. The mathematical model of this approach defines an NP-hard optimization problem; therefore, heuristic optimization algorithm is supposed to solve the design and operation tasks of the green distribution problem. As the computational results show, cyber-physical systems increase the performance of green supply chain solutions and have a great impact on operational cost. As the numerical example shows, the integrated approach resulted in a 5.3% cost reduction in transportation operations.",signatures:"Ágota Bányai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82344",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82344",authors:[{id:"201249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ágota",surname:"Bányai",slug:"agota-banyai",fullName:"Ágota Bányai"}],corrections:null},{id:"81340",title:"Sustainable and Efficient City Logistics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104413",slug:"sustainable-and-efficient-city-logistics",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This article is discussing the basic trend and challenges in city logistics operations. The role of each actor in city logistics has been highlighted. The actors have enabled city logistics to generates the main benefits for the city logistics operations need to focus. Critical trends and challenges that contributed towards city logistics development has shown that city logistics efficiency need to be addressed to ensure sustainable impact to the cities. Different approaches in making the city logistics operations were implemented to ensure that the customers get their possession according to the stipulated time. The usage of new technology has also assisted in enhancing the efficiency of city logistics deliveries. 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Nepal is facing the fury of natural and human induced disasters with greater frequency and intensity. Disasters are so pervasive in every Nepalese geographic and societal framework that the people are mostly in the verge of known and unknown disasters. The earthquake of 1934, 1980, 1988, 2015 and the flood of July 1993, 2008, 1913, 2014 and 2017 AD are the most destructive disasters which not only caused heavy losses to human lives and physical properties but also adversely affected the development process of the country. The lessons of the earthquakes of 1988 and 2015 and the floods and landslides of 1993, 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2017 have cautioned the concerned authorities and agencies for a coordinated disaster preparedness and response mechanism. Climate change, on the other hand, has become ‘extreme.’ Nepal is ranked as the fourth most climate vulnerable country in the world in the climate change vulnerability index [1]. Fire is another disaster which occurs on a regular basis and wild fires are damaging to already severely exhausted forests and biodiversity of Nepal which results on economic loss, land degradation and environmental pollution. The government data show that since the year 2000, annually, an average of 329 people lost their lives due to various disasters and property loss of more than 1 billion rupees. Hence, Nepal is considered as the ‘hot spot’ of disasters.
\nIt is evident that earthquakes do not kill people; rather the weak structures kill the people. Hence, if we stay in a well-constructed earthquake resistant building and the surroundings, we can live safely even in an earthquake prone area. Hence, people living in an earthquake prone country like Nepal must consider of this simple but basic fact. Many countries of the developed world, like Japan, Canada, and USA also have faced several large earthquakes in the past but, when we compare the number of casualties and property losses between the developed and developing countries, the damage is many times higher in the latter. This difference is mainly due to the levels of preparedness between them. In general, disaster preparedness is still not in the priority list of the developing countries like Nepal; as a result, they pay relatively higher price in terms of loss of lives and infrastructures.
\nNepal was placed at the eleven-top earthquake vulnerable countries in the world, paralleled as sitting on a time-bomb. Kathmandu, the capital city, is considered as one of the most vulnerable city in the world; and is being put on a red alert. No earthquake had hit the city for over eight decades and was thus considered overdue for an earthquake to occur. Records show that since 1255 AD Nepal experienced 19 earthquakes with significantly large impacts. The last two big earthquakes that hit Nepal were that of 1833 (7.7 Magnitude, killed 414 people) and 1934 (8.3 Magnitude, killed 8519 people). The other earthquakes that occurred in 1980 in Far Western Nepal (6.5 Magnitude, killed 103 people), and in 1988 in Eastern Nepal (6.5 Magnitude, killed 721 people) were comparatively much smaller in magnitude [2, 3].
\nThe most recent one, we Nepalese people experienced is the 2015 Gorkha-Nepal earthquake which has left a trail of miseries that the affected people will continue to combat for years.
\nNepal is a small mountainous country in the South Asia, which lies at the center of the 2500 km long Himalayan range. The entire Himalayan terrain and its surroundings is a highly active seismic zone on earth (Figure 1). Nepal’s proximity to earthquake hazard is mainly due to her young and fragile geology. Haphazard and unplanned settlements and poor construction practices are the other factors that have made her highly vulnerable to earthquakes. Earthquake is the biggest threat to Nepal as it has encountered 19 major earthquakes since the twelfth century.
\nLocation of Nepal and showing the seismically active zones along the Himalaya and the surrounding region [
The devastating Gorkha Earthquake measuring to 7.8 ml having the epicenter occurred near Barpak village of Gorkha district which is 181 km northwest of Kathmandu on 25 April 2015. It was the worst quake to hit the country after the 1934 mega earthquake (8.3 ml). On 12 May 2015, a 6.8 ml strong aftershock caused further damage and sufferings. These earthquakes took the lives of 8970 people where 198 people are missing, and 22,303 people were seriously injured. The earthquakes destroyed 604,930 houses completely and 288,856 houses were partially damaged. It is estimated that the total value of the damages caused by the earthquakes is NPR 706 billion or equivalent to US$ 7 billion [4]. Around 800,000 people displaced by the earthquake in Nepal were struggled to survive in a context of persistent, a severe lack of safe and adequate housing [5].
\nMostly, old, non-engineered, adobe and masonry buildings collapsed and/or were severely damaged by the earthquake. In addition, some engineered buildings also damaged or collapsed due to poor workmanship and quality of construction materials. The earthquake severely affected 14 districts (Gorkha, Dhading, Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhupalchowk, Dolakha, Sindhuli, Makawanpur, Ramechhap and Okhaldhunga) and another 31 districts affected to varying extents. In this way, this devastating earthquake has affected vast parts of Nepal and left deep scars in the economy and infrastructure of the country.
\nThe 25 April earthquake was followed by a number of aftershocks throughout Nepal, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at 12:54 am local time. The 25 April earthquake affected the entire Nepal and also affected some parts of India, Bangladesh and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Tremors were also felt in Bhutan and Pakistan. All these major earthquakes proved the fact that the casualties were mainly due to the failure of infrastructures.
\nOn 26 April 2015, the Government of Nepal declared the 14 districts as disastrous area and called for international humanitarian assistance (Figure 2) [2].
\nHuman deaths by Gorkha-Nepal earthquake.
The Himalayan Mountain was formed by the crash between the Indian plate, and the Eurasian plate consisting of nearly the entire continents of Europe and Asia. Once the vast sea-floor of Tethys that lay between the Indian and Asian continents, was subducted and consumed underneath Eurasia some 50 million years ago, the northern edge of Indian sub-continent reached the southern shore of Eurasia to collide.
\nNowadays, the Indian crust has reached far to the north beneath Eurasia that caused the uplift of the region, and ultimately created the Himalaya (i.e., “For example, see “in Figure 3” the north beneath Eurasia (Tibet)”). Gradually, the powerful push of the Indian continental crust forced itself to break into slices at a depth and created a lower and upper-blocks. The breaking plane separating these two blocks of the Indian crust is called the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). This gently northward sloping fault in the Indian crust reaches beneath the Tibetan Plateau which is shown in Figure 4.
\nCollision of Indian plate and Eurasian plate. (a) Before the collusion: Subducting Indian plate (left) under Asian plate (right). The gradually closing Tethys sea lies between the two plates. (b) Rise of the Himalaya and Tibet after the collision of the two plates. Indian plate still continues to subduct under Tibet. (c) Progressive northward movement of the Indian plate from near South Pole to the present location [
The breaking of the Indian crust into the lower and the upper blocks along the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). During an earthquake the block below the MHT will slip to the north beneath Tibet and the upper block moves to the south. The MHT emerges at the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) [
Now, India continues to move towards north at a speed of about 5 cm/year, and this movement constantly creates a stress build up within the Himalayan region. As a result, it causes to store enormous amount of energy within it. “For example-the breaking of the Indian crust into the lower and the upper blocks along the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). During an earthquake the block below the MHT will slip to the north beneath Tibet and the upper block moves to the south. The MHT emerges at the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) [3].”
\nFigures 3 and 4 and the text related thereof have been extracted from the article of Professor Dr. Bishal Nath Upreti which has been cited below in Ref. [3].
\nOn 12 May 2015 at 12:50 local time another strong aftershock measuring 7.3 Magnitudes struck with the epicenter in Sunkhani of Dolkha district. The epicenter was just 76 km northeast from the Kathmandu. This area was already affected by the jolt of 25 April’s earthquake. The initial quake was followed by several aftershocks. This quake toppled already weakened buildings, triggered a series of landslides, which further hindered relief efforts. This quake alone killed more than 100 people [2].
\nThe movement of tectonic plates that triggered massive earthquake in the country on 25 April caused the altitude of Kathmandu Valley to increase by 80 cm. In total 438 numbers of aftershocks with local magnitude ≥4 have been recorded till 6 March 2016 [7].
\nAs shown in Table 1, it is estimated that the total loss by the Gorkha earthquake is NPR 706 billion (US$ 7 billion) [2, 4].
\nParticulars | \nNumber/amount | \n
---|---|
Persons dead | \n8970 | \n
Missing | \n198 | \n
Injured | \n22,302 | \n
Affected families | \n8,86,456 | \n
Displaced families | \n6,49,815 | \n
Houses damaged (fully) | \n6,04,930 | \n
Houses damaged (partially) | \n2,88,856 | \n
Total material loss (in US $) | \n7 billion | \n
Losses due to the Gorkha-Nepal earthquake [2].
The 2015 Gorkha Nepal earthquake took place in between the boundary of Indian tectonic plate and the Eurasian plate. The two plates stuck together by friction building up energy that only a major earthquake could release. Increasing population, unplanned settlements, poor construction practices, untrained human resource, lack of search and rescue equipment and medical services are the other major reasons of the devastating earthquakes.
\nSome scientists believe that the Gorkha earthquake did not release all the stress that had built up underground and some of this stress has shifted west to an area stretching from the west of Pokhara in Nepal to the north of Delhi in India. The research is published in the journals Nature Geoscience and Science. Its authors say more monitoring is now needed in this area. Therefore, there is already long overdue of a major earthquake. The last mega earthquake happened in 1505 which is estimated to have exceeded M8.5. The scholars say the new stress that has moved as there could already be accumulating to the tension that has been building up over five centuries [7, 9].
\nFigure 5 reflected above clearly indicates the scale of the 25 April 2015 Gorkha-Nepal Earthquake and the major aftershocks of 12 May 2015. Tremors which scattered in various area (has been highlighted in red color) what felt or noticed by many people inside and outside the buildings. These effects corresponded to an intensity with a high magnitude.
\nMap depicting more than 100 aftershocks that have occurred since the magnitude 7.8 earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015. To date, the largest aftershock is a magnitude 7.3 on May 12. The 1833 and 1934 stars represent the most recent large historical earthquakes on this portion of the plate boundary. Source:
Although the Nepalese security forces, volunteers and others worked hard- days and nights, the response work was as not well organized and prompt. A key criticism was of a slow and inadequate relief effort, which failed to reach in due time to many of the affected people of remote, rural and hilly areas. It was basically because of the lack of road network, transport resources, and adverse weather condition. Major delays were also caused by bureaucratic procedures and even bitter mutual accusations - both in public and private—over who was to blame and who should be in control of funds and resources. Thousands of people in the affected districts were lacking basic needs. Rainy season and cold-winter and morbidity caused the earthquake victims daily life much more difficult.
\nOn the other hand, the earthquake victims repeatedly complained that the rice distributed in some districts by the food distributing organizations (World Food Program (WFP) through Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) was “substandard and inedible” as highlighted by the media from time to time, which also caused in deteriorating health status of the earthquake victims in the vulnerable settlements and; led to increase more morbidity [2]. There were high number of injured people or caseload recorded during the first day, so the orthopedic service and treatment was the most urgent for majority of patients after earthquake. However, the proportion of reported death at hospitals was relatively low [10].
\nIn addition, there was a painful moment of family isolation, and collective cremation as most of the family members could not follow the ritual practice in that emergency which is so vital in human life from cultural and religious point of view.
\nFor any government, it would be difficult to cope alone with such a huge disaster. In such a situation, international assistance is important for response and recovery works. So, on 26 April 2015, the Government of Nepal declared an emergency in the worst affected districts and called for international humanitarian assistance. However, it is more difficult in Nepal due to some of its inaccessible landscape and difficult terrain. Unfortunately, it risks adding a human induced calamity to a devastating natural disaster. During the mission of search and rescue efforts, an American helicopter crashed near the Nepal-China border resulting in the sad demise of five American soldiers, two Nepali soldiers and five disaster victims.
\nIn course of the response phase, the relationship between Nepal government and the international community was not encouraging. There was the problem of mutual trust and allegation between the two sides. The international communities did not fully trust the government; questioning its ability to deliver services while the government wasn’t happy because the donor communities wanted to distribute relief assistance through their agents whereas Nepalese government sought any assistance to be collected into the Prime Minister Relief Aid Fund and then distribute to the affected areas. Actually, the government wanted to adopt one door policy. However, the relationship between the Nepal Government and International Community did improve as time elapsed.
\nThere was a donor community meeting on 25 June 2015 in Kathmandu, Nepal. The highest-profile international donor conference ever held in the country amassed more than 300 delegates from 56 nations, development partners and the donor community. In a major boost to Nepal’s reconstruction and recovery efforts, development partners and the donor community have pledged $4.4 billion in aid during the International Conference. This has come as a huge relief to the reconstruction and recovery bid and brought cheers to the government. However, till now, except a small portion, the committed amount has not been provided by the international community to the Government of Nepal [2].
\nA high-level National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) has been formed under the chairmanship of Prime Minister (PM), including four ministers picked by PM, a chief executive officer, Vice-chairperson of the National Planning Commission, Chief Secretary and three experts having 15 years of experience in related field. The roles and responsibilities of the NRA are to find out the total loss from the Gorkha earthquake; acquire necessary land following legal procedures; order concerned authority to remove physical structures after providing compensation to the owners; coordinate with different bodies for effective implementation of reconstruction work; order owners to remove their damaged structures or to remove them at their own cost; and direct the concerned agencies to accomplish necessary work of recovery providing them with necessary budget.
\nWithin exactly 2 hours, the Central Natural Disaster Relief (CNDRC) Committee headed by the Acting Prime Minister met and declared a state of emergency and commenced the Search and Rescue (SAR) and relief operations. During a disaster, obviously, the priority was to save lives and providing medical support to the injured. In this respect, the government of Nepal did well. However, when it came to the relief works, it was caught in a midst of heavy criticism; and which was not without reason. Lack of proper management of relief goods, weak distribution mechanism, alleged corruption in procurement of tarpaulin sheets, tents for shelter and food etc. added up to the chaos in relief work. Even the capital city where the Command and Control Centre was functioning, and all relief supplies landed at the nearby airport, people did suffer due to inadequate management of relief work. The performance outside the capital was even poorer [3]. The chaos continued for weeks and months. Even 3 months after the earthquake when rainy season had already begun, majority of the people lacked shelter. It is also important to note that the following five phases were adopted right after the Gorkha earthquake:
Search and rescue (as mentioned in above paragraph).
Humanitarian relief work (immediate treatment, water, sanitation, shelter, food and protection).
Early recovery part (rehabilitation of schools, regaining access to health service, restarting and restarting business as usual).
Recovery and reconstruction (restructuring homes, buildings, infrastructure development etc.).
Long-term socio-economic development process (restoring income, improving livelihood and so on).
The recovery efforts are still underway in post-disaster setting. All identified recovery and reconstruction activities were expected to be completed on time, but it is being slow. The livelihood recovery strategy is being followed as a two-pronged approach—a livelihood restoration package and employment creation. Similarly, owner driven reconstruction, integrated habitat approach, relocation of village, urban reconstruction to improve cultural settlement, cash transfer, community outreach, social inclusion and capacity build-up are main aspects. The NRA coordinating for interacting with the NGOs and civil society organizations and implement specific measures in partnership with these agencies were important policy approaches adopted during the rehabilitation and recovery phase [11]. Despite the claimed of lots of tasked achieved, many studies pointed out that satisfactory results have not been achieved as expected with NRA and much remain to be done.
\nIn a big disaster, when the initial phase of SAR and immediate relief operations are over, rehabilitation and reconstruction phase begins seriously. For a successful implementation of this phase, a national government must show a firm commitment, careful planning and adequate resource mobilization. Rehabilitation and reconstruction is a long-term process, require a huge investment and it may last for years to complete. A low-income country like Nepal also needs to ensure financial resources not only from its internal resource but also through grants from international bi-lateral and multilateral agencies.
\nSeveral efforts have heightened in post-earthquake scenario since 2015, by the government with support from international and national partners. Three years after the catastrophic earthquake left a pain for the society, and an equal number of injured, this traumatized nation appears to be in a bit recovery mode now; a 45% of the quake-damaged houses have been rebuilt, and another 32% of houses are under construction [11] as of December 2018. The NRA has signed the government’s private housing grant agreement with 742,135 beneficiaries, out of which 337,319 have completed rebuilding their houses while 233,343 houses are currently under construction. Seventy seven percent of the earthquake-damaged houses are already rebuilt or being rebuilt, and people have taken ownership of this reconstruction campaign. 4172 out of the 7553 earthquake-damaged schools have been rebuilt, and another 2498 schools are under construction.
\nThe post-earthquake reconstruction could not gain momentum immediately due to institutional constraints and the lack of adequate resources. At the beginning, the absence of elected representatives of people at local levels and the lack of clear policies and procedures also slackened the speed of reconstruction.
\nMany people were exposed to risks due to poor shelter, poor hygiene, and trauma. Moreover, people did not receive recovery support immediately, and had to spend monsoon season without a house. Since political commitment has always been weak in Nepal, leaders often focused on party politics and direct their effort to change the government [12]. Consequently, weak government and leadership have direct effect in the reconstruction and recovery efforts.
\nAs Nepal was moving towards a new administrative set up and election process at that time, leaders could not give enough attention to reconstruction and recovery efforts. Some weaknesses found in planning, coordination and management which need to be improved in the future [13]. The process of reconstruction of health facilities became a bit slow than expectation.
\nThe slow progress of post-earthquake reconstruction is in part the outcomes of resonant socio-political scuffles in the Nepali society identified mainly by following reasons. Firstly, political dysfunction has worsened in the post-earthquake time, and secondly, the lack of trust between the State and NGOs has led to many possible reconstruction projects being turned down.
\nIn the international context of emergency and system resilience, Professor Deborah MC Farland from Emory University, said, “the trust is one of the most important prerequisites for resilient health/system in any emergency or disaster. In her presentation, she evidently linked this example with Ebola outbreak of 2015. A community where engagement and ownership are the keys to building the resilient system which is important to strengthen at the time of system breakdown” [14]. Congruently, we observed some gaps on mutual trust among government, community and stakeholders in terms of system recovery process herein Nepal during the phases of post-earthquake.
\nIn other words, post-disaster governance has played a crucial role in the reconstruction performance [15]. However, the slow reconstruction pace has been met with substantial criticism both inside and outside Nepal, and many organizations, including donors, have urged the Nepali government to accelerate the reconstruction and the delivery of grants.
\nThe dearth of progress strongly contrasts with the promises what made at the time of donors’ conference held in June 2015, in Kathmandu. During this conclave, donor countries pledged nearly about 4.1 billion USD for the long-term recovery of Nepal after having made serious discussion on cross-sectoral part, a level of commitment that surprised many, and covers just under half of the 9.18 billion USD the Nepali government now expects will be required to rebuild the country. In return, the Nepali government promised to establish a national reconstruction authority that centrally governs all the reconstruction efforts; and to safeguard all the activities they carry out expeditiously and impartially. Certainly, the government was able to quickly map the needs and damage immediately aftermath of the earthquake and communicate those needs to intercontinental contributors mainly for fund, which was promising. This makes it even more unsatisfactory that the rebuilding progress has been slow, despite the availability of wide resources [16].
\nAs a matter of fact, there are several factors responsible for the slow recovery such as—the dominance of government control, weak governance, lengthy bureaucratic process, lack of long-term commitment among NGOs and wait-and-see attitudes of the affected people—all these things weaken the community’s capacity and ability to rebound. In a resource-poor community, public involvement from inhabitants, NGOs and private sectors are crucial for post-disaster recovery cycle. An encouraging framework to govern NGOs that should have developed by the Nepal government so that they could have mobilized others to help the residents to rebuild their communities. Poor coordination among major reconstruction actors also influenced the promptness of work in terms of recovery work.
\nIn such a way, the slow pace of progress has been blamed on a number of factors from the political willingness, to the lack of legal or administrative, resource and technical stuffs. Likewise, structural problems remain the same and we are too late in accomplishing the task in due time.
\nThere were psychosocial consequences of that devastating earthquake disaster. The nightmare and traumatic situation caused by the disaster upon many people particularly among the children and adolescents are still going on and may remain further. The below mentioned gaps and challenges were identified after the earthquake:
Nepalese people showed resilient capacity and self-recovery from the earthquake.
Search and Rescue (SAR) works carried out by the security personnel of Nepal and others was commendable although it was slow and inadequate while they failed to reach in due time in the remote, rural and hilly areas. It was also compounded by the lack of equipment, road network, transport, and well-trained human resources.
Damage and need assessment was delayed.
Gap between the need of the affected people and delivery of services was predominant all the time.
Open spaces for temporary settlement of the displaced population were also lacking.
Although there were 4521 foreign team members from 34 countries, they were able to save only 16 lives. So the performance of the international SAR team is not encouraging.
Emergency warehouses, prepositioning of relief materials with proper inventory were also lacking.
Debris management was found as one of the big problem basically because of the lack of debris management equipment, tools and techniques.
Accurate and proper communication between District Emergency Center (DEOC) and Central Emergency Operation Centre (CEOC) was not effective.
A weak database and an absence of modern technology were other bottlenecks for effective response during Gorkha earthquake.
Cumbersome administrative process between the government, donor agencies, contract agencies and beneficiaries were one of the problems to set-up the pre-fab buildings which delayed in restoring the schools and health facilities.
Lack of local technical persons/technicians for fixing up pre-fabricated building/s.
\n
Lack of awareness, preparedness as well as coordination among disaster management stakeholders was evident.
Weak law enforcement and monitoring of building codes and town planning and lack of training for professionals in earthquake resistant construction practices have been found as the major factors of infrastructure damage; lack of adequate preparedness and response capacity among various stakeholders.
The biggest lesson is that to be safe from earthquake is to build earthquake resistant infrastructures. There should be no COMPROMISE in building compliance.
Arrangement of appropriate and essential equipment/s based on the nature of disaster can assist for the quick search and rescue works.
Modern technology and strategic communication/risk mapping/satellite mapping/earth observation are also important tools and techniques in reducing the disaster risks; and in life-saving.
All most all casualties were due to the collapsed infrastructures. This emphasizes the need for strict compliance of town planning bye-laws and building codes in Nepal.
\nNepal should adopt long-term and sustainable efforts to mitigate the hazards occurring following the major disasters, for instance, the devastating Gorkha earthquake. Even though disaster management and risk reduction may be considered expensive in view of the competing demands for resources in a developing country like Nepal, this is high time for the government to invest into preparing for and responding to expected and unexpected disasters before the human and economic consequences of inaction are extensive, and unmanageable. This book chapter suggests some basic principles and guidelines to reduce the impact of the potential future earthquake disaster not only in Nepal but also for other earthquake prone countries as well. Following are the basic and fundamentals for earthquake management in Nepal and beyond:
Construction of earthquake resistant infrastructures.
Licensing system for engineers and masons.
Selective seismic strengthening and retrofitting of existing structures and lifeline structures – a priority list for structural safety audit, seismic strengthening and retrofitting is required.
Effective implementation of Building Code and other legislations.
Mass awareness and preparedness.
Capacity development through education, training, research & development (R&D).
Data collection, documentation and information sharing.
Effective and efficient response during and after emergency.
Build Back Better (BBB).
Strengthening a society with social, capital and community resilience would be the safe and sustainable approach against disasters.
Effective disaster governance is highly necessary not only during response phase but also important to capacitate the institutional efficiency in all phases (preparedness, response recovery and reconstruction) through technical and institutional strength.
Public and private partnership for DRR ensures the risk management and developmental activities in the affected communities via small-micro-entrepreneurship (i.e., trained local people can support to other community’s reconstruction process).
To provide psycho-social support for the traumatized persons, disabled, and body part amputated people is very important. As it is long term and directly associated with the family, and his or her individual livelihood, it is needed to pre-plan from the respective government in post-disaster context from the humanitarian point of view.
The above basics are necessary to reduce the impact of earthquakes in the short-term, medium-term and long-term. They recognize the enormous challenge in improving seismic safety because of the inadequate numbers of trained and qualified civil engineers, structural engineers, architects and masons proficient in earthquake-resistant design and construction of structures [2].
\nDespite some efforts made from Government, local people, INGOs, NGO in reducing risk reduction, disaster specific needs, priorities and plans have not been well addressed from disaster management perspective.
\nThe Nepalese and their neighbors and friends all over the globe, have to reconcile themselves to the fact that tens of kilometers beneath where they live, the Indian and Eurasian plates will continue to tussle. Hence, they must build on the fundamental strengths they possess—social capital and community resilience. In mega disasters, a nation can be socially and economically affected not just for days or months, but for years. Effective implementation of Building Codes to make earthquake resistant buildings and other infrastructures is highly desirable. Educating the people to Build Back Better (BBB) must be the motto of the government. Henceforth, the government should call on experts inside and outside the country to engage in interdisciplinary collaboration for BBB. Non-governmental organizations, the private sector, experts, intellectuals, media and international community can contribute in the rebuilding and disaster-preparation efforts by working together.
\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
This chapter may not cover earthquake impact associated all the cross-cutting sectors what readers can expect.
\nMagnetic stimulation is the application of “electrode-free electrical stimulation” using induced current from a pulsed magnetic field. The magnetic field generated by the stimulation coil induces an electromagnetic-induced overcurrent in the body that resultantly depolarizes nerves and muscles’ cell membranes, thereby stimulating the brain, nerves, and muscles. Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) is applied as a treatment method that noninvasively delivers repetitive magnetic stimulation to peripheral nerves and muscles. It has attracted attention as a new means of rehabilitation, especially for sensory and motor disorders [1].
To date, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been widely used as a similar tool. NMES is an electrical stimulation therapy primarily performed to improve motor function, such as suppressing muscle hypertonia associated with upper-motor neuron damage, preventing and improving muscle atrophy associated with peripheral neuropathy, and increasing muscle strength. However, this therapy is associated with pain and discomfort caused by electrical stimulation. Compared with NMES, rPMS does not cause discomfort due to pain and can stimulate deep muscles [2]. NMES evokes cutaneous receptors and may generate noisy signals, whereas rPMS generates intrinsic receptive information during muscle contraction that affects brain reversibility [3].
Furthermore, rPMS does not require the application of electrodes and can be stimulated over clothing. Similar to NMES, however, rPMS is contraindicated for pacemakers and implantable medical devices. In addition, rPMS is larger in size and more expensive than NMES, making its widespread use a challenge. However, rPMS is expected to improve functional recovery in stroke patients because of its ability to safely stimulate deeper layers and improve muscle areas without pain [4].
rPMS can improve motor function in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. How, then, would the induction of CNS plasticity be altered by the parameters of rPMS? Nito et al. [5] studied the effects of rPMS on wrist extensor muscles in terms of neuroplasticity and motor performance in 26 healthy subjects (HS). Motor-evoked potential (MEP), intracortical inhibition (ICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), M-wave, and Hoffman reflex were measured before and after the application of rPMS, and the effects of rPMS on wrist extensor movements were examined.
First, rPMS was applied to the wrist extensor muscles at different frequencies (50, 25, and 10 Hz), with the total number of stimuli set constant to examine the physical effects of stimulus frequency. MEPs of the wrist extensors increased significantly with rPMS at 50 and 25 Hz but remained unchanged at 10 Hz. In the next experiment, in which the number of stimuli was increased and the time required to induce plasticity was examined, at least 15 minutes of rPMS were required for 50- and 25-Hz rPMS. Based on these parameters, the sustained effect of 50- or 25-Hz rPMS was evaluated after 15 minutes of rPMS. Significant increases in MEP were observed up to 60 minutes after 50- and 25-Hz rPMS were administered. Similarly, attenuation of ICI and enhancement of ICF were also observed.
In addition, the maximal M-wave and Hoffman reflex were unchanged, suggesting that the imposition of rPMS does not directly stimulate the centrifugal nerves and excite the muscles but that the increase in MEP is caused by the plastic changes in the motor cortex. In addition, an increase in force and EMG during wrist extension movements was observed after the application of rPMS at 50 and 25 Hz. These results suggest that the application of rPMS at 25 Hz or higher for 15 minutes can increase cortical excitability at the irradiated site and improve motor output from the motor cortex, rather than changing the excitability of the spinal cord circuitry.
Recent studies have also reported the effects of rPMS in combination with noninvasive brain stimulation techniques and on regions other than the periphery. Kumru et al. [6] examined the effects of paired associative stimulation (PAS), in which paired stimuli of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and rPMS are repeatedly applied. PAS is an effective method to induce plasticity in the human motor cortex. Three stimulus conditions were applied to 11 HS for 10 minutes each. In the rPMS alone condition, rPMS at 10 Hz was applied to the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) five times every 10 seconds for 60 trials. In the rTMS alone condition, rTMS was applied to the contralateral primary motor cortex region of the ECR at a frequency of 0.1 Hz (60 stimuli) and an intensity of 120% of the ECR threshold. In the PAS condition, rPMS and rTMS described above were performed with paired stimuli. The results showed that the PAS condition increased MEP amplitude and decreased ICI in the ECR. This suggests that PAS stimulation effectively increases corticospinal tract excitability and decreases ICI. Krause et al. [7] studied the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) to the right cervical nerve root (C7/C8) on corticospinal excitability in HS. The right cervical nerve root (C7/C8) innervating the test muscle, the right first dorsal interosseous muscle, was stimulated at a frequency of 20 Hz for 10 seconds with an intensity of 120% of resting motor threshold for a total of 10 trials. The results showed that rMS caused a significantly longer cortical silent period, increased ICI, and increased MEP amplitude. These changes were not confirmed contralaterally. This study confirmed that rMS increased MEP amplitude in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle without altering the left dorsal interosseous muscle. These results indicate that rMS affects motor cortex excitability similar to electrical stimulation; this suggests that rMS is applicable in spastic and central paraplegia rehabilitation.
As described above, physiological changes in rPMS have been reported in HS, and based on these studies, various clinical application studies have been conducted in the recent years.
Motor imagery (MI) is the simulation of movement in the brain without actual movement and is widely used in clinical practice as a tool for evaluation and treatment. Recently, the combined effects of MI and rPMS have been reported.
Asao et al. [8] examined the effects of rPMS combined with MI (rPMS+MI) on corticospinal excitability. The rPMS+MI condition and rPMS alone condition were performed on HS. In the rPMS+MI condition, rPMS was administered simultaneously with a cue for a MI task of dorsiflexion of the right wrist joint. The test muscle was the right ECR. The rPMS frequency was 25 Hz, stimulus duration was 2 s, and stimulus intensity was 1.5 times the motor threshold. In the rPMS alone condition, rPMS was administered under the same stimulation conditions as in the rPMS+MI condition. The results showed that the pre- and post-stimulus MEP ratios were more significant in the rPMS+MI condition than in the rPMS alone-intense condition, which was associated with Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised scores. This study suggests that an intervention combining rPMS and MI can induce more corticospinal excitation than rPMS alone.
The studies above did not clarify the effective length of intervention period for the combination of rPMS and MI to promote corticospinal excitability. Therefore, the time course changes in corticospinal excitability when rPMS and MI are used in combination have been examined [9]. rPMS alone, MI alone, and rPMS and MI combination conditions have been performed on HS. In the rPMS alone and rPMS+MI conditions, the ECR was stimulated with rPMS at 25 Hz for 2 seconds at a stimulus intensity of 1.5 times the motor threshold. In addition, the MI and rPMS+MI groups were asked to perform MI of wrist dorsiflexion for 2 seconds.
Consequently, the MEP amplitude increase of the ECR in the rPMS+MI group was observed after 10 minutes. In addition, the MEP amplitude after 20 minutes was more significant in the rPMS+MI group than in the rPMS alone group. This study suggests that the combination of rPMS and MI over 10 minutes increases corticospinal excitation and that the combined effect is more significant than rPMS alone. Overall, the combination of rPMS and MI may induce plasticity in the CNS and promote motor function recovery.
One of the clinical applications of rPMS is its muscle-strengthening effect. It has been reported that rPMS promotes muscle strengthening in animals and humans without causing pain.
Yang et al. [10] investigated the effects of neuromuscular magnetic stimulation (NMMS) on strength, cross-sectional area, and thickness of the quadriceps muscle in HS. NMMS was performed on the quadriceps femoris muscle at a frequency of 10 Hz and at the maximum tolerable intensity that could be tolerated for 15 minutes, thrice weekly for 5 weeks. The results showed that maximal isometric torque and mean peak torque increased significantly after intervention, but there was no change in cross-sectional area or thickness. This study suggests that NMMS effectively trains large or skeletal muscles such as the quadriceps.
Stolting et al. [11] showed that magnetic stimulation of a mouse muscle injury model caused post-traumatic muscle hypertrophy, but the effects of rPMS on human subjects remained unclear. Therefore, Hirono et al. [12] examined the acute changes in skeletal muscle thickness induced by rPMS after low-intensity exercise for clinical application of rPMS. rPMS was applied to the vastus lateralis muscle at the maximum intensity of the rPMS device after an HS performed three sets of 10 isometric knee extension exercises at 30% of maximum muscle strength. The results showed that the muscle thickness of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles after exercise increased over baseline values, with significant increases only in the vastus lateralis after rPMS. This study suggests that post-exercise rPMS induces muscle expansion
rPMS has the advantage of not causing pain and has been used in clinical practice with the expectation of functional recovery in some cases. Beck et al. [15] studied the effect of early intervention with rPMS on the vastus lateralis muscle after hip replacement surgery. The subjects were patients who underwent hip replacement after a proximal femur fracture. The experimental group received 10 Hz rPMS on the vastus lateralis muscle for 15 sessions daily, five times weekly for 3 weeks, whereas the control group received sham stimulation. The results showed that the root-mean-square value of the electromyogram during the maximum voluntary contraction of the vastus lateralis muscle after rPMS was significantly improved. Tandem rise time and normal walking speed in the rPMS group also improved. This study suggests that early intervention with rPMS on the lateral vastus muscle after hip arthroplasty improves muscle strength, standing balance, and gait function. This study also indicates that rPMS can be applied to patients with pain and wounds and is expected to be widely applied in clinical practice in the future.
As described above, rPMS, which promotes muscle strengthening without causing pain, has excellent potential for clinical applications.
Post-stroke hemiplegia occurs in more than 85% of individuals and 55–75% have residual upper limb dysfunction [16]. After stroke, the recovery rate to a practical level is approximately 60% for lower limb function and approximately 20% for upper limb function [17]. The effectiveness of rehabilitation and physical therapy for stroke has been reported in many cases. In this context, the effectiveness of rPMS for stroke has been reported in recent years.
rPMS is a noninvasive method of activating peripheral nerves at the stimulation site and improving muscle strength and has the advantage of being performed without causing pain. Jiang et al. [18] applied rPMS in the early subacute phase of stroke and studied its effect on severe upper limb disability. In the intervention group, rPMS of 20 Hz, totaling 2400 pulses, was applied daily for 2 weeks to the triceps brachii and extensor digitorum brevis muscles. The results showed that the rPMS group showed significant improvements in the upper limb, Barthel Index, upper limb muscle strength, and root mean square on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment compared with those in the control group. This study demonstrates that rPMS for the upper extremity after stroke improves upper extremity function and muscle strength.
Fernandez-Lobera et al. [19] studied the efficacy of rPMS as a tool to assess wrist spasticity in stroke patients. The subjects were HS, acute stroke patients without spasticity (AS), and chronic stroke patients with spasticity (CS). Spasticity was assessed by calculating the index of movement restriction (iMR) from the difference between the maximum passive movement range of the wrist joint and the evoked movement range by rPMS. The stimulation intensity of rPMS was set at 70% of the maximum output of the stimulator, frequency at 25 Hz, and stimulation duration at 2 seconds. The results showed that the amplitude, velocity, and acceleration of rPMS-induced movements were reduced in the CS compared with those in the HS and AS. The iMR values were 2.8 for HS, 13.0 for AS, and 59.2 for CS, with CS having the highest iMR value. Furthermore, the iMR value for CS decreased to 41.1 after treatment with botulinum neurotoxin.
Shoulder joint subluxation is one of the many complications following stroke and is an inhibitor of motor function recovery [20]. In particular, shoulder joint subluxation causes pain in the shoulder joint and has a significant impact on activities of daily living. Therefore, Fujimura et al. [21] investigated the effect of rPMS on shoulder joint dislocation caused by stroke. The subjects were patients who presented with shoulder joint subluxation after stroke. rPMS was performed repetitively on the supraspinatus, posterior deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles. Stimulation intensity was the maximum tolerable intensity and was performed at 30 Hz for 2 seconds for 100 sessions. Results showed that the acromion-humerus interval was significantly reduced after treatment. That shoulder joint pain, shoulder abduction range of motion, and upper extremity scores on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment also improved. This study demonstrates that rPMS for post-stroke shoulder dislocation decreases the degree of shoulder subluxation and pain and improves upper extremity motor function.
Krewer et al. [22] examined the short- and long-term effects of rPMS on spasticity and motor function in stroke patients. rPMS involved a total of 5000 stimuli at 25 Hz and a stimulus intensity of 110% of the resting motor threshold. Stimulation was applied to the extensor and flexor muscles of the upper arm and forearm twice daily for 2 weeks. Results showed short-term effects on wrist flexor spasticity (immediately after the intervention) and long-term effects on elbow extensor spasticity (2 weeks after the intervention) in the rPMS group. In addition, the rPMS group showed an improvement in sensory function. This study demonstrates that rPMS reduces spasticity and improves sensory function in stroke patients in both short and long terms.
Kinoshita et al. [23] investigated the effects of rPMS on the lower limb of chronic stroke patients on gait function. The subjects were stroke patients with lower limb hemiplegia and gait disturbance. The stimulation sites of rPMS were the gluteus maximus, vastus medialis, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles of the paralyzed lower limb. rPMS was performed twice daily for 15 days at a frequency of 20 Hz for 3 s, 4800 pulses, and a stimulus intensity of 110% of the motor threshold. The results showed that walking speed, walking ability, and balance ability were significantly improved after the intervention. This study suggests that rPMS effectively restores gait function in stroke patients with gait disturbance.
Beaulieu et al. [24] studied the effect of rPMS on lower limb dysfunction in chronic stroke. The stimulation site of rPMS was the anterior tibialis muscle of the paralyzed lower extremity. rPMS was performed at a theta-burst frequency (three 50 Hz pulses each, delivered in 5-Hz bursts) for 190 s at 42% of maximum stimulation intensity. The results showed that the rPMS group increased ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and maximum isometric muscle strength after the intervention and decreased resistance to ankle flexor stretch. The results also suggested that these changes are related to residual corticospinal tracts. This study demonstrates that rPMS improves lower limb dysfunction in chronic stroke patients.
In conclusion, rPMS improves upper and lower limb dysfunction in stroke patients. Therefore, we believe that rPMS is a highly effective tool for evaluation and treatment in stroke rehabilitation.
This chapter outlines the physiological changes, combined effects of MI, muscle strengthening, and effects on stroke patients in rPMS. The rPMS parameters used in studies are listed in Tables 1 and 2. rPMS has attracted attention as a new neuromodulation technique that can noninvasively deliver repetitive magnetic stimulation to peripheral nerves and muscles using induced current from a pulsed magnetic field. Unlike NMES, rPMS is painless and has excellent potential for application in clinical settings. In particular, many clinical studies for stroke rehabilitation have been reported in recent years. Further development of rPMS research is expected, including its effectiveness when combined with other therapies and its integration with technology.
Stimulation site | Stimulation frequency | Stimulation intensity | |
---|---|---|---|
Nito et al. [5] | Wrist extensor muscles | 50 Hz, 25 Hz, 10 Hz | 120% of the motor threshold |
Kumru et al. [6] | Extensore carpi radialis muscle | rPMS: 10 Hz rTMS: 0.1 Hz | rPMS: 70% of motor threshold rTMS: 120% of motor threshold |
Krause et al. [7] | Cervical nerve roots (C7/C8) (First dorsal interosseous) | 20 Hz | 120% of motor threshold |
Asao et al. [8] | Extensore carpi radialis muscle | 25 Hz | 150% of motor threshold |
Asao et al. [9] | Extensore carpi radialis muscle | 25 Hz | 150% of motor threshold |
Yang et al. [10] | Quadriceps muscle | 10 Hz | Maximum tolerable intensity |
Hirono et al. [12] | Vastus lateralis muscle | 50 Hz | Maximum intensity of the device |
rPMS parameters in basic research on healthy subjects.
Patients | Stimulation site | Stimulation frequency | Stimulation intensity | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beck et al. [15] | After hip replacement surgery | Vastus lateralis muscle | 10 Hz | Level where the visible movement of the knee is triggered |
Jiang et al. [18] | Early subacute stroke | Triceps brachii and extensor digitorum muscles | 20 Hz | Triceps brachii muscle: Intensity to induce 30° of elbow extension Extensor digitorum muscle: Intensity to induce 45° of wrist extension |
Fernandez-Lobera et al. [19] | Acute stroke without/with spasticity | Wrist extensor muscles | 25 Hz | 70% of the maximum stimulator power |
Fujimura et al. [21] | Shoulder subluxations caused by stroke | Supraspinatus and posterior deltoid/infraspinatus muscles | 30 Hz | Intensity until patients indicates that any further increase would become uncomfortable |
Krewer et al. [22] | Severe hemiparesis and mild to moderate spasticity resulting from a stroke or a traumatic brain injury | Extensors and flexors of the upper and lower arm. | 25 Hz | 110% of motor threshold |
Kinoshita et al. [23] | Hemorrhagic stroke with lower limb hemiparesis and gait disturbance | Gluteus maximus muscle, gluteus medius, hamstring muscle, musculus quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius, soleus | 20 Hz | 110% of motor threshold |
Beaulieu et al. [24] | Chronic stroke | Tibialis anterior muscle | Theta-burst frequency (5-Hz bursts of three 50 Hz pulses each) | 42% of the maximal stimulator output |
rPMS parameters in clinical research.
This work was supported by the Yuumi Memorial Foundation for Home Health Care and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP20K11173.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
rPMS: | repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation |
NMES: | neuromuscular electrical stimulation |
MEP: | motor-evoked potential |
rTMS: | repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
PAS: | paired associative stimulation |
ECR: | extensor carpi radialis |
rMS: | repetitive magnetic stimulation |
ICI: | intracortical inhibition |
MI: | motor imagery |
NMMS: | neuromuscular magnetic stimulation |
HS: | healthy subjects |
AS: | acute stroke patients without spasticity |
CS: | chronic stroke patients with spasticity |
iMR: | index of movement restriction |
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Taiar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157376",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardo-Filho",slug:"mario-bernardo-filho",fullName:"Mario Bernardo-Filho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6772",title:"Occupational Therapy",subtitle:"Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f6de90c02282919494d6254e473defe",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",bookSignature:"Meral Huri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6772.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5711",title:"Occupational Therapy",subtitle:"Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38180e287b6cb09b8002b7ab485de2c2",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",bookSignature:"Meral Huri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55163",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68799",title:"Virtual Reality and Occupational Therapy",slug:"virtual-reality-and-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:2642,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Virtual reality is three dimensional, interactive and fun way in rehabilitation. Its first known use in rehabilitation published by Max North named as “Virtual Environments and Psychological Disorders” (1994). Virtual reality uses special programmed computers, visual devices and artificial environments for the clients’ rehabilitation. Throughout technological improvements, virtual reality devices changed from therapeutic gloves to augmented reality environments. Virtual reality was being used in different rehabilitation professions such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, psychology and so on. In spite of common virtual reality approach of different professions, each profession aims different outcomes in rehabilitation. Virtual reality in occupational therapy generally focuses on hand and upper extremity functioning, cognitive rehabilitation, mental disorders, etc. Positive effects of virtual reality were mentioned in different studies, which are higher motivation than non‐simulated environments, active participation of the participants, supporting motor learning, fun environment and risk‐free environment. Additionally, virtual reality was told to be used as assessment. This chapter will focus on usage of virtual reality in occupational therapy, history and recent developments, types of virtual reality technologic equipment, pros and cons, usage for pediatric, adult and geriatric people and recent research and articles.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Orkun Tahir Aran, Sedef Şahin, Berkan Torpil, Tarık Demirok and\nHülya Kayıhan",authors:[{id:"172938",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Kayihan",slug:"hulya-kayihan",fullName:"Hulya Kayihan"},{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"196848",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Orkun Tahir",middleName:null,surname:"Aran",slug:"orkun-tahir-aran",fullName:"Orkun Tahir Aran"},{id:"197159",title:"Mr.",name:"Tarık",middleName:null,surname:"Demirok",slug:"tarik-demirok",fullName:"Tarık Demirok"},{id:"197312",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Berkan",middleName:null,surname:"Torpil",slug:"berkan-torpil",fullName:"Berkan Torpil"}]},{id:"61806",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78312",title:"Executive Functions and Neurology in Children and Adolescents",slug:"executive-functions-and-neurology-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1756,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical and methodological issues of creating a developmental perspective on executive function (EF) in childhood and adolescence. Focusing on school periods, this section outlines the development of the basic components of EF—inhibition, working memory, and attention. Cognitive and neurophysiological evaluations show that despite the emergence of EF in the first few years of life, it continues to grow significantly in childhood and adolescence. The components vary slightly according to their developmental sequence. The chapter links findings to long-standing developmental issues (i.e. developmental sequences and processes) and suggests the necessary research to establish a developmental framework covering early childhood throughout adolescence.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek",authors:[{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]},{id:"56049",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69101",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2820,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Participation in society is an area of interest to both clinicians and population researchers. Measurement of participation is therefore important, yet differences in definition, in terms of both content and scope, have made general agreement on one instrument tool elusive. What is recognized is the need for a theoretically based tool that captures both the insider and the outsider perspective. The outsider perspective, inclusive of the generally held views of a society, supports the utility for aggregating population data, whereas the insider perspective provides the internally held views of an individual needed for client-centered treatment planning. The Role Checklist Version 3 modifies one of the most commonly used assessment tools in occupational therapy practice, has good preliminary psychometric properties, and is theoretically consistent with both the ICF and the Model of Human Occupation. The Model of Human Occupation is the most widely used theoretical model in occupational therapy. This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical development, empirical testing, and implications for use of this participation measure by occupational therapists along with implications for population researchers.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Perron"},{id:"208803",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruff",slug:"emily-g.-ruff",fullName:"Emily G. Ruff"},{id:"208804",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Smiley",slug:"jessica-l.-smiley",fullName:"Jessica L. Smiley"}]},{id:"55024",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68463",title:"Occupational Therapy in Oncology and Palliative Care",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-oncology-and-palliative-care",totalDownloads:2694,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Cancer is a chronic disease that may occur in both children and adults. Occupational therapy focuses on the activity limitations and participation problems in their life. Oncology rehabilitation involves in helping an individual with cancer to regain maximum physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and vocational functioning with the limits up to disease and its treatments in an interdisciplinary team concept. These treatment options are associated with the risk of some side effects, including fatigue, pain, cognitive problems, decrease in bone density and muscle endurance, weight loss, and stress- or anxiety-related psychosocial problems. Occupational therapy approaches are a holistic view in a client center and use training in activities of daily living, assistive technology, education of energy conservation techniques, and management of treatment-related problems, such as pain, fatigue, and nausea. In palliative and hospice care, occupational therapists support clients with cancer by minimizing the secondary symptoms related to cancer and its treatments. At the end of life, occupational therapy offers to identify the roles and activities that are meaningful and purposeful to the client with cancer and try to determine the barriers that limit their performance. Clients with cancer who have childhood cancer or adult cancer can face problems about body structure and functions, activity, and participation, which may limit their participation to their daily life.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Sedef Şahin, Semin Akel and Meral Zarif",authors:[{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"183078",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu Semin",middleName:null,surname:"Akel",slug:"burcu-semin-akel",fullName:"Burcu Semin Akel"},{id:"198859",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Zarif",slug:"meral-zarif",fullName:"Meral Zarif"}]},{id:"70122",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89360",title:"Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation: Effectiveness Approaches and New Perspectives",slug:"parkinson-s-disease-rehabilitation-effectiveness-approaches-and-new-perspectives",totalDownloads:2077,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Parkinson’s disease has been considered one of the most important and common neurodegenerative diseases in the world. Its motor and nonmotor signs determine a huge functional loss, leading the individuals to lose their independence. Although the treatment requires a pharmacological approach, physical therapy has confirmed its importance in this process. Today, neurorehabilitation is indispensable to increase many of the cardinal signs of the disease. Using traditional or technological approaches, physical therapy has reached good results in improving motor and nonmotor functions, as well as the quality of life of Parkinsonians. However, it is important to develop and to fortify the physical therapy approach so that we can provide stronger evidence about our practice.",book:{id:"7543",slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness"},signatures:"Luciana Auxiliadora de Paula Vasconcelos",authors:[{id:"98546",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana Auxiliadora",middleName:null,surname:"De Paula Vasconcelos",slug:"luciana-auxiliadora-de-paula-vasconcelos",fullName:"Luciana Auxiliadora De Paula Vasconcelos"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55080",title:"Life Skills in Occupational Therapy",slug:"life-skills-in-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:6076,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Occupational therapy is a health profession that uses the purposeful activities to achieve multiple and complex rehabilitation aims. The main goals of the occupational therapy are to support the reintegration of individuals in daily living skills as well as to increase their independence and autonomy. Interventions of occupational therapists have primarily focused on self-care, productivity, and leisure time activities. Since the life skills includes a wide range of abilities that enable a person to perform personal care and more complicated tasks such as traveling, shopping, community participation etc., occupational therapists provide life skills training programs to meet the needs of the clients. This chapter aims to contribute to the current understanding and practices of life skills from an occupational therapy perspective. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of the importance of life skills in occupational therapy. After this introduction, the first part takes a look at the definition of life skills and identifies core components of life skills. The second part describes assessment and interventions of life skills. The third one gives an overview about school life skills programs for children and adolescents. Finally, the last part explains some life skills programs in people with disadvantages.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Hatice Abaoğlu, Özge Buket Cesim, Sinem Kars and Zeynep Çelik",authors:[{id:"197551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatice",middleName:null,surname:"Abaoğlu",slug:"hatice-abaoglu",fullName:"Hatice Abaoğlu"},{id:"205199",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Kars",slug:"sinem-kars",fullName:"Sinem Kars"},{id:"205200",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Celik",slug:"zeynep-celik",fullName:"Zeynep Celik"},{id:"205203",title:"Ms.",name:"Özge Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Cesim",slug:"ozge-buket-cesim",fullName:"Özge Buket Cesim"}]},{id:"62493",title:"Occupational Therapy in Forensic Settings",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-forensic-settings",totalDownloads:2543,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"It is necessary for a person to comply with the expectations of society and the rules of law to which these expectations are secured. Offenders turn back to the community after the penalty was executed by isolating from society and some occupations. An occupational imbalance is seen in the individuals, during this penalty period and afterward, because of limited occupational participation. As an occupational being, this affects their physical, mental and psychological well-being. Imprisonment is an important practice in criminal law to punish criminals. This may be necessary for the protection of society from criminals, but successful integration into a community after exiting the prison is the most important factor in preventing recidivism. Occupational therapy focuses on health and well-being by using meaningful and purposeful occupations. Occupation involves any activity that people perform or participate in, such as giving care to themselves or others, working, learning, playing games, and interacting with others. From this perspective, the role of occupational therapists in forensic settings is to determine the abilities of these individuals to congregate their deprived freedoms and use them to train them for an independent and autonomous life; to provide a professional orientation, career counseling, and self-esteem; to gain some habits for physical, spiritual and moral life and to reinforce.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Esma Ozkan, Sümeyye Belhan, Mahmut Yaran and Meral Zarif",authors:null},{id:"70122",title:"Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation: Effectiveness Approaches and New Perspectives",slug:"parkinson-s-disease-rehabilitation-effectiveness-approaches-and-new-perspectives",totalDownloads:2083,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Parkinson’s disease has been considered one of the most important and common neurodegenerative diseases in the world. Its motor and nonmotor signs determine a huge functional loss, leading the individuals to lose their independence. Although the treatment requires a pharmacological approach, physical therapy has confirmed its importance in this process. Today, neurorehabilitation is indispensable to increase many of the cardinal signs of the disease. Using traditional or technological approaches, physical therapy has reached good results in improving motor and nonmotor functions, as well as the quality of life of Parkinsonians. However, it is important to develop and to fortify the physical therapy approach so that we can provide stronger evidence about our practice.",book:{id:"7543",slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness"},signatures:"Luciana Auxiliadora de Paula Vasconcelos",authors:[{id:"98546",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana Auxiliadora",middleName:null,surname:"De Paula Vasconcelos",slug:"luciana-auxiliadora-de-paula-vasconcelos",fullName:"Luciana Auxiliadora De Paula Vasconcelos"}]},{id:"62210",title:"Occupational Therapy’s Role in the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"occupational-therapy-s-role-in-the-treatment-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:2756,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Occupational therapists (OT) offer a wide range of therapies for individuals with ASD on the basis of specific deficits and difficulties. This chapter explores the role that OT plays, and the expertise, in relation to the interdisciplinary team. In addition, it discusses and presents empirical support for several therapeutic approaches commonly used by OTs working with individuals with ASD.",book:{id:"6772",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Bryan M. Gee, Amy Nwora and Theodore W. Peterson",authors:null},{id:"55049",title:"Community Participation in People with Disabilities",slug:"community-participation-in-people-with-disabilities",totalDownloads:2436,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Despite the fact that participation is an important building and a valuable target, the conceptualization, identification and measurement methods vary widely. This chapter tried to gain an insider’s perspective from the obstacles that summarize what meaning participation means, how to characterize it, and what prevents and supports participation. Participation is seen as a right and a responsibility attributed to and attributed to both the person and the community. Participation does not take place in a vacuum; the environment dynamically influences participation. The effects of this conceptual framework are discussed for change at the level of evaluation, research and systems to support the participation of the people with disability.",book:{id:"5711",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek and Gonca Bumin",authors:[{id:"32431",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonca",middleName:null,surname:"Bumin",slug:"gonca-bumin",fullName:"Gonca Bumin"},{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"198",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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