Goodness of fit parameters for the complete mediation model (M1).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 179 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 252 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3563",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems",title:"Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is based on recent research work conducted by the authors dealing with the design\nand development of active and passive microwave components, integrated circuits and\nsystems. It is divided into seven parts. In the first part comprising the first two chapters,\nalternative concepts and equations for multiport network analysis and characterization are\nprovided. A thru-only de-embedding technique for accurate on-wafer characterization is\nintroduced. The second part of the book corresponds to the analysis and design of ultra-wideband low-\nnoise amplifiers (LNA).",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-087-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5875-2",doi:"10.5772/183",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advanced-microwave-circuits-and-systems",numberOfPages:500,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"2d0a7e4bb67e54ab0bbe098ebb9537d4",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",publishedDate:"April 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3563.jpg",numberOfDownloads:119349,numberOfWosCitations:84,numberOfCrossrefCitations:39,numberOfDimensionsCitations:61,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:184,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 27th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 17th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 21st 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 19th 2013",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 21st 2013",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",middleName:null,surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3721/images/system/3721.jpg",biography:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko obtained the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkiv, Ukraine, in 2000 and 2001, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2008, all in electrical engineering. From November 2000 to June 2005 he was a Metrology Engineer with the Laboratory of Metrology, Kharkiv, Ukraine. In 2004 he became a Junior Member of the Teaching Staff with the Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics. In 2005 he joined the Technical University of Denmark, where he is currently an Assistant Professor. His current teaching and research interests include wireless communications, microwave and millimeter-wave sensing for biomedical and security applications, microwave and millimeter-wave devices and integrated circuits for instrumentation applications, antenna and passive circuit design and characterization, terahertz technologies.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Technical University of Denmark",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Denmark"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"739",title:"Electronic Circuits",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-electronic-circuits"}],chapters:[{id:"9636",title:"Mixed-Mode S-Parameters and Conversion Techniques",doi:"10.5772/8419",slug:"mixed-mode-s-parameters-and-conversion-techniques",totalDownloads:14040,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Allan Huynh, Magnus Karlsson and Shaofang Gong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9636",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9636",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9639",title:"A Thru-Only De-Embedding Method Foron-Wafer Characterization of Multiport Networks",doi:"10.5772/8422",slug:"a-thru-only-de-embedding-method-foron-wafer-characterization-of-multiport-networks",totalDownloads:6826,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Shuhei Amakawa, Noboru Ishihara and Kazuya Masu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9639",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9639",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9637",title:"Current reuse topology in UWB CMOS LNA",doi:"10.5772/8420",slug:"current-reuse-topology-in-uwb-cmos-lna",totalDownloads:4337,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Taris Thierry",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9637",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9637",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9638",title:"Multi-Block CMOS LNA Design for UWBWLAN Transform-Domain Receiver Loss of Orthogonality",doi:"10.5772/8421",slug:"multi-block-cmos-lna-design-for-uwbwlan-transform-domain-receiver-loss-of-orthogonality",totalDownloads:2381,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed Zebdi, Daniel Massicotte and Christian Jesus B. Fayomi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9638",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9643",title:"Flexible Power Amplifier Architectures for Spectrum Efficient Wireless Applications",doi:"10.5772/8426",slug:"flexible-power-amplifier-architectures-for-spectrum-efficient-wireless-applications",totalDownloads:2844,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alessandro Cidronali, Iacopo Magrini and Gianfranco Manes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9643",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9643",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9648",title:"The Doherty Power Amplifier",doi:"10.5772/8431",slug:"the-doherty-power-amplifier",totalDownloads:11457,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Paolo Colantonio, Franco Giannini, Rocco Giofre and Luca Piazzon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9648",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9648",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9634",title:"Distortion in RF Power Amplifiers and Adaptive Digital Base-Band Predistortion",doi:"10.5772/8417",slug:"distortion-in-rf-power-amplifiers-and-adaptive-digital-base-band-predistortion",totalDownloads:6643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mazen Abi Hussein, Yide Wang and Bruno Feuvrie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9634",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9634",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9649",title:"Spatial Power Combining Techniques for Semiconductor Power Amplifiers",doi:"10.5772/8432",slug:"spatial-power-combining-techniques-for-semiconductor-power-amplifiers",totalDownloads:4599,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Zenon R. Szczepaniak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9649",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9649",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9633",title:"Field Plate Devices for RF Power Applications",doi:"10.5772/8416",slug:"field-plate-devices-for-rf-power-applications",totalDownloads:3151,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Alessandro Chini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9633",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9633",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9650",title:"Implementation of Low Phase Noise Wide-Band VCO with Digital Switching Capacitors",doi:"10.5772/8433",slug:"implementation-of-low-phase-noise-wide-band-vco-with-digital-switching-capacitors",totalDownloads:3677,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Meng-Ting Hsu, Chien-Ta Chiu and Shiao-Hui Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9650",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9650",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9646",title:"Intercavity Stimulated Scattering in Planar FEM as a Base for Two-Stage Generation of Submillimeter Radiation",doi:"10.5772/8429",slug:"intercavity-stimulated-scattering-in-planar-fem-as-a-base-for-two-stage-generation-of-submillimeter-",totalDownloads:1866,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Andrey Arzhanikov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9646",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9646",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9642",title:"Complementary High-Speed SiGe and CMOS Buffers",doi:"10.5772/8425",slug:"complementary-high-speed-sige-and-cmos-buffers",totalDownloads:3488,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Esa Tiiliharju",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9642",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9642",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9635",title:"Integrated Passives for High-Frequency Applications",doi:"10.5772/8418",slug:"integrated-passives-for-high-frequency-applications",totalDownloads:6451,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,signatures:"Xiaoyu Mi and Satoshi Ueda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9635",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9635",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9652",title:"Modeling of Spiral Inductors",doi:"10.5772/8435",slug:"modeling-of-spiral-inductors",totalDownloads:13333,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,signatures:"Kenichi Okada and Kazuya Masu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9652",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9652",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9655",title:"Mixed-Domain Fast Simulation of RF and Microwave MEMS-based Complex Networks within Standard IC Development Frameworks",doi:"10.5772/8438",slug:"mixed-domain-fast-simulation-of-rf-and-microwave-mems-based-complex-networks-within-standard-ic-deve",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Jacopo Iannacci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9655",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9655",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9645",title:"Ultra Wideband Microwave Multi-PortReflectometer in Microstrip-Slot Technology: Operation, Design and Applications",doi:"10.5772/8428",slug:"ultra-wideband-microwave-multi-portreflectometer-in-microstrip-slot-technology-operation-design-and-",totalDownloads:2901,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Marek E. Bialkowski and Norhudah Seman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9645",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9645",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9644",title:"Broadband Complex Permittivity Determination for Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/8427",slug:"broadband-complex-permittivity-determination-for-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:5632,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Radim Zajicek and Jan Vrba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9644",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9644",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9640",title:"Microwave Dielectric Behavior of Ayurvedic Medicines",doi:"10.5772/8423",slug:"microwave-dielectric-behavior-of-ayurvedic-medicines",totalDownloads:3260,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"S.R.Chaudhari, R.D.Chaudhari and J.B.Shinde",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9640",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9640",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9654",title:"Analysis of Power Absorption by Human Tissue in Deeply Implantable Medical Sensor Transponders",doi:"10.5772/8437",slug:"analysis-of-power-absorption-by-human-tissue-in-deeply-implantable-medical-sensor-transponders",totalDownloads:5188,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Andreas Hennig and Gerd vom Bogel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9654",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9654",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9653",title:"UHF Power Transmission for Passive Sensor Transponders",doi:"10.5772/8436",slug:"uhf-power-transmission-for-passive-sensor-transponders",totalDownloads:3143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Tobias Feldengut, Stephan Kolnsberg and Rainer Kokozinski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9653",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9641",title:"Remote Characterization of Microwave Networks - Principles and Applications",doi:"10.5772/8424",slug:"remote-characterization-of-microwave-networks-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Somnath Mukherjee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9641",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9641",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9651",title:"Solving Inverse Scattering Problems Using Truncated Cosine Fourier Series Expansion Method",doi:"10.5772/8434",slug:"solving-inverse-scattering-problems-using-truncated-cosine-fourier-series-expansion-method",totalDownloads:2276,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Abbas Semnani and Manoochehr Kamyab",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9651",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9651",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"9647",title:"Electromagnetic Solutions for the Agricultural Problems",doi:"10.5772/8430",slug:"electromagnetic-solutions-for-the-agricultural-problems",totalDownloads:7772,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hadi Aliakbarian, Amin Enayati, Maryam Ashayer Soltani, Hossein Ameri Mahabadi and Mahmoud Moghavvemi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9647",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"166",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6561a39a2e8aaffc6cde23ecd65cdfde",slug:"electromagnetic-waves",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3645",title:"Passive Microwave Components and Antennas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"passive-microwave-components-and-antennas",bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3645.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3647",title:"Advances in Solid State Circuit Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-solid-state-circuit-technologies",bookSignature:"Paul K Chu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3647.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4759",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Chu",slug:"paul-chu",fullName:"Paul Chu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3576",title:"Solid State Circuits Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a14e0865ac126e0234df9b53a5943ebf",slug:"solid-state-circuits-technologies",bookSignature:"Jacobus W. Swart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3576.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5235",title:"Professor",name:"Jacobus",surname:"Swart",slug:"jacobus-swart",fullName:"Jacobus Swart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3106",title:"Photodiodes",subtitle:"From Fundamentals to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a10cd693ef0a38fe4f92eac11410db46",slug:"photodiodes-from-fundamentals-to-applications",bookSignature:"Ilgu Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3106.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150727",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilgu",surname:"Yun",slug:"ilgu-yun",fullName:"Ilgu Yun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"491",title:"Photodiodes",subtitle:"World Activities in 2011",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a3cd5b56e3b5d6c986ced6a2b9e38eb",slug:"photodiodes-world-activities-in-2011",bookSignature:"Jeong-Woo Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/491.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4928",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeong Woo",surname:"Park",slug:"jeong-woo-park",fullName:"Jeong Woo Park"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3630",title:"VLSI",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"vlsi",bookSignature:"Zhongfeng Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2569",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongfeng",surname:"Wang",slug:"zhongfeng-wang",fullName:"Zhongfeng Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5864",title:"Different Types of Field-Effect Transistors",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"586a8228e9e9228e77a6a141d8d170bf",slug:"different-types-of-field-effect-transistors-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Momcilo M. Pejovic and Milic M. Pejovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5864.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147994",title:"Dr.",name:"Momčilo",surname:"Pejović",slug:"momcilo-pejovic",fullName:"Momčilo Pejović"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5709",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Advanced Device Structures",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b81ee1079b92050f9664d3ee61dfa39",slug:"optoelectronics-advanced-device-structures",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Ballato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5709.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"879",title:"Advances in Piezoelectric Transducers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d868d46b3db64dcefa833403fec32346",slug:"advances-in-piezoelectric-transducers",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/879.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67322",slug:"corrigendum-to-sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",title:"Corrigendum to: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67322.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67322",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67322",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67322",chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:null,book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7582",leadTitle:null,title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"Novel Results in Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nonlinear optics is a rapidly developing field of modern physics. Nonlinear optical phenomena such as self-focusing, self-phase modulation, soliton formation and propagation, higher harmonic generation, different types of stimulated light scattering, and four-wave mixing have attracted interest from the fundamental point of view of the investigation of light/matter interaction, and as a basis for applications in contemporary optical communications and optical signal processing. Nonlinear Optics - Novel Results in Theory and Applications contains novel results concerning the mathematical methods of nonlinear optical phenomena analysis, soliton formation and propagation in optical fibers, and peculiarities of nonlinear optical phenomena in micro- and nanostructures. The book may be interesting for researchers and engineers interested in nonlinear optics, lasers, and optical communications.",isbn:"978-1-78985-164-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-163-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-009-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77311",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3ad4a3553a3ec59f7992d4f6495ac07",bookSignature:"Boris I. Lembrikov",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7582.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:4367,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 18th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 8th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 26th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 25th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2359/images/system/2359.jpg",biography:"Boris I. Lembrikov is a senior lecturer at the Faculty of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering of the Holon Institute of Technology (HIT), Holon, Israel. B. I. Lembrikov received his Ph.D. in Nonlinear Optics at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1996. Since then he was an invited researcher at the Haifa University, at the Max Planck Institute High Magnetic Field Laboratory at Grenoble, France, at the Technion, Haifa, Israel. Dr. B. I. Lembrikov is an author of the book \\Electrodynamics of Magnetoactive Media\\, a number of chapters in scientific books, a large number of papers in international peer reviewed journals and reports delivered at the international scientific conferences. He actively participated in a number of research projects concerning optics of nanoparticles, optical communications, UWB communications. The main research fields of interest of Dr. B. I. Lembrikov are nonlinear optics, optical and UWB communications, nanostructures, quantum dot lasers.",institutionString:"Holon Institute of Technology (HIT)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Holon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1225",title:"Optical Physics",slug:"optics-and-lasers-optical-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"65062",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nonlinear Optical Phenomena",slug:"introductory-chapter-nonlinear-optical-phenomena",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}]},{id:"64727",title:"Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:"nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation",totalDownloads:825,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"198550",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jing",surname:"Huang",slug:"jing-huang",fullName:"Jing Huang"}]},{id:"63615",title:"Three Solutions to the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for a Constant Potential",slug:"three-solutions-to-the-nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation-for-a-constant-potential",totalDownloads:569,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"93519",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabino",surname:"Torres-Vega",slug:"gabino-torres-vega",fullName:"Gabino Torres-Vega"}]},{id:"63619",title:"Hydrodynamic Methods and Exact Solutions in Application to the Electromagnetic Field Theory in Medium",slug:"hydrodynamic-methods-and-exact-solutions-in-application-to-the-electromagnetic-field-theory-in-mediu",totalDownloads:338,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"64097",title:"Polarization Properties of the Solitons Generated in the Process of Pulse Breakup in Twisted Fiber Pumped by ns Pulses",slug:"polarization-properties-of-the-solitons-generated-in-the-process-of-pulse-breakup-in-twisted-fiber-p",totalDownloads:462,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63461",title:"Towards Enhancing the Efficiency of Nonlinear Optical Generation",slug:"towards-enhancing-the-efficiency-of-nonlinear-optical-generation",totalDownloads:421,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63480",title:"Widely Tunable Quantum-Well Laser: OPO Diode Around 2 μm Based on a Coupled Waveguide Heterostructure",slug:"widely-tunable-quantum-well-laser-opo-diode-around-2-m-based-on-a-coupled-waveguide-heterostructure",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"63398",title:"Stimulated Raman Scattering in Micro- and Nanophotonics",slug:"stimulated-raman-scattering-in-micro-and-nanophotonics",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3674",title:"Ultra Wideband",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ultra-wideband",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3674.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"189",title:"Novel Applications of the UWB Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed2f8e92a107244ca4c22888843e374f",slug:"novel-applications-of-the-uwb-technologies",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/189.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris Lembrikov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5348",title:"Luminescence",subtitle:"An Outlook on the Phenomena and their Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d982c49fed4423a0ea7367af4f917b82",slug:"luminescence-an-outlook-on-the-phenomena-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6599",title:"Small Angle Scattering and Diffraction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b1efb6a54c3fbdadd875f7bac0f6718",slug:"small-angle-scattering-and-diffraction",bookSignature:"Margareth K. K. D. Franco and Fabiano Yokaichiya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6599.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186337",title:"Dr.",name:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi",surname:"Dias Franco",slug:"margareth-kazuyo-kobayashi-dias-franco",fullName:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi Dias Franco"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8350",title:"Fiber Optic Sensing",subtitle:"Principle, Measurement and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d35774b28952d3c4c4643b58dec25549",slug:"fiber-optic-sensing-principle-measurement-and-applications",bookSignature:"Shien-Kuei Liaw",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206109",title:"Dr.",name:"Shien-Kuei",surname:"Liaw",slug:"shien-kuei-liaw",fullName:"Shien-Kuei Liaw"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"62703",title:"The Role of Resilience and Psychological Well-Being in School Engagement and Perceived Academic Performance: An Exploratory Model to Improve Academic Achievement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73580",slug:"the-role-of-resilience-and-psychological-well-being-in-school-engagement-and-perceived-academic-perf",body:'Although resilience is an object of study in many different disciplines within the social and health sciences, there is currently no single definition of the term that has been unanimously accepted by the scientific community [1]. However, almost all definitions are built around two key aspects: significant exposure to risk and positive adaptation [1, 2]. According to the American Psychiatric Association [3], resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress.
From this eminently human-centered perspective, numerous definitions of resilience have been proposed in the field of psychology, with each being subject to the specificities of the various conceptual trends endorsed by their authors and hence the widely accepted need to clarify and specify the construct [4]. As so as it often happens with scientific terms, there is currently no consensus regarding the definition of resilience in research, although the majority of authors agree that it involves resistance to or a positive and effective way of coping with situations of risk and adversity [1].
Therefore, on the one hand, we have those definitions which view resilience as a process. In this sense, Masten [1] defined it as the capacity for or the result of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances. Later, Luthar and Zigler [5] described resilience as a dynamic process which results in positive adaption within a context of severe adversity. These authors distinguished three main aspects to this construct: adversity, positive adaptation and the emotional, cognitive and sociocultural mechanisms which influence human development. Luthar et al. [6] defined resilience as a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation in a context of significant adversity. In other words, the individual is exposed to a high-intensity risk and yet, at the same time, deploys a series of adaptive behaviors despite the impact of possible threats to their development process. Another similar definition was proposed by Masten [7] and refers to resilience as a type of phenomenon characterized by good results despite serious threats to adaptation or development. Subsequently, Luthar [8] defined resilience as the expression of positive adjustment despite the significant adversities of life, while Wyman et al. ([9], p., 308) stated that “resilience reflects a diverse set of processes that alter children’s transactions with adverse life conditions to reduce negative effects and promote mastery of normative developmental tasks.”
However, resilience has also been understood as the individual capacity or ability to survive and regain one’s balance after experiencing certain traumatic events. Richardson et al. [10] suggested that resilience develops thanks to an intrinsic or extrinsic driving force that emerges from the processes of overcoming trauma. Based on this theoretical model [10, 11], Connor and Davidson [12] defined resilience as the set of personal qualities that enable a person to prosper in situations of adversity. In other studies, resilience has been defined as a synonym of vulnerability reduction [13], the ability to tolerate experiences of change and adversity [14], the ability to adapt to adversity [15], effective coping [16], a complex behavioral repertoire [17] and personal stability or recovery [18].
Nevertheless, despite these differing definitions, a series of common characteristics can be identified which relate resilience with human strengths, some kind of disturbance and subsequent growth, adaptive coping and positive results despite adversity. This study is based on the definition of resilience proposed by Connor and Davidson [12], who claimed that the phenomenon encompassed personal qualities that enable the individual to prosper despite exposure to adversity [7]. Based on Richardson’s model [10, 11], these authors opt for a variable construct, rather than a static vision of what resilience means. Indeed, at an empirical level, it has been demonstrated that resilience is a multidimensional characteristic which varies in accordance with context, time, age, sex and cultural origin, and may even emerge in different ways in the same individual, depending on their circumstances [19]. From this perspective, resilience is seen as referring to a pattern of positive adaptation, with resilient individuals demonstrating a resilient pattern or resilient qualities, which enable them to cope successfully with stress. In turn, this individual set of resilient qualities is itself immersed in a process of dynamic interaction with other intrinsic or environmental variables which influence the individual’s ability to adapt to adverse situations.
As mentioned above, the increasingly popular salutogenic approach offers the opportunity to examine the role of resilience in the field of clinical psychology. As Ursano points out ([20], p., 274), “the study of response to trauma should include the study of resilience and health.” In specific terms, the antecedents of Connor and Davidson’s model [12] are subject to the efforts made by these two researchers to assess resilience as an index of health or well-being.
The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) [21] was developed specifically to measure the effects of pharmacotherapy and other therapeutic intervention methods. The clinical improvement observed in the study was documented by the scale, with high scores in resilience being proportional to the global improvement experienced by the individual. According to Prince-Embury [22], these results are relevant because scores on the scale have been shown to be sensitive to real changes in subjects’ psychological well-being, thus suggesting that high resilience levels are related to an improvement that goes beyond the mere alleviation of symptoms. They are also important because they indicate that resilience is subject to change. Thus, the study helped corroborate the fact that resilience is quantifiable, modifiable and can be improved through interventions [12, 23].
One of the variables that is related to both resilience and the academic field is psychological well-being. Psychological well-being can be divided into three basic components: (a) satisfaction with life; (b) positive affect; and (c) negative affect [24]. Thus, for a person to achieve high levels of subjective well-being, they need to feel satisfied with life, have a predominantly positive affectivity and a low level of negative affect. Thus, psychological well-being is purely evaluative and subjective, the most important element being how each individual assesses his or her own life [25].
The inclusion of the satisfaction with life concept as a key variable in psycho-educational studies is a positive development, since the manifestation of the feeling of well-being in relation to oneself can be considered a personal development milestone within the educational context [26]. Satisfaction with life has been identified as a cognitive component of subjective well-being and is expressed in the form of an individual’s global judgment of their life [27]. As such, life satisfaction is the result of the comparisons made by the subject regarding the events of their life, against a standard established by themselves [28]. Satisfaction with life is therefore conceived as a resulting variable that assesses the self-perception of global satisfaction.
As regards positive/negative affect, a person’s position on the psychological well-being scale is a result of their position in two independent dimensions: positive affect and negative affect [29]. Thus, an individual will have a high level of psychological well-being to the extent to which positive affect predominates over the negative affect. These two dimensions are independent from each other, making it impossible to predict a subject’s score in the negative dimension on the basis of their score in the positive affect one and vice versa. The most recent study found [30] corroborates this, since satisfaction with life was observed to correlate significantly with both positive and negative affect, with all correlations being moderately strong, while positive and negative affect were not found to be significantly correlated with each other, thus indicating that they are independent constructs.
Subjective well-being, commonly called “happiness,” is affected by a number of psychological factors, including resilience. Scientific research has found that, firstly, resilience is positively associated with satisfaction with life and, secondly, that it is negatively associated with negative affect and positively associated with positive affect [31]. It is also known that resilient people who progress toward their goals have higher levels of positive affect and satisfaction with life [32]. In other words, those individuals who cope with and adapt better to stressful situations and adversity feel better about themselves and are happier than their non-resilient counterparts.
In broad terms, subjective well-being provides a measure of how good we feel about ourselves and how happy we are. Although we are dealing here with a concept that is difficult to delimit, most authors agree that the following elements should, at least, be taken into account: its subjective nature, which is rooted in each individual’s own experience; its global dimension, since it encompasses an assessment or judgment about all aspects of life; and the need to include positive measures, since its nature goes beyond the mere absence of negative factors. It is therefore important to consider the effect of resilience on two major dimensions: the cognitive and the emotional or affective dimension.
A positive relationship has been observed between resilience and satisfaction with life, with those evincing a resilient pattern tending to believe in their own ability to overcome adverse situations, which translates into a greater sense of well-being [33]. Indeed, resilience has been consistently identified as a particularly relevant variable for satisfaction with life in diverse studies which report a positive, concurrent relationship between resilience and this construct. In other words, sufficient empirical evidence exists to confirm the beneficial effect of resilience on satisfaction with life. Indeed, longitudinal studies have verified that resilience during the first phase of life strongly predicts satisfaction with life during the second phase [32, 34]. Resilience has also been found to correlate positively with satisfaction with life and negatively with depression, through the mediator mechanism known as the cognitive triad (positive cognitions about oneself, the world and the future) [31].
The empirical evidence found in this field confirms diverse theoretical models which provide specific information about the association between resilience and well-being indicators. In this sense, resilience has been found to play a mediator role in the relationship between positive affect and satisfaction with life, suggesting that people who feel happy have higher levels of satisfaction not only because they feel better, but also because they have developed psychological resources such as resilience in order to live better [35]. Empirical conformation has also been provided for another model in which resilience serves as a predictor variable of the cognitive-evaluative component of subjective well-being, that is, the more resilient a person is, the more satisfied they feel with life [36]. It has also been proposed that the link between resilience and satisfaction with life is strongly mediated by the affective aspect of subjective well-being [37].
Thus, one of the psychological traits that foster satisfaction with life is the individual capacity to overcome adversity and grow despite it. It seems that those who adapt better to stressful situations and more easily to adversity are also those who feel most satisfied with their lives, unlike their non-resilient counterparts.
A large number of studies report a strong link between psychological resilience and positive emotional states, finding that individuals with a resilient profile experience more positive emotions in stressful situations than less resilient subjects, even though they experience similar levels of negative emotions. This is because they have a greater capacity to overcome adversity and grow [38]. A diverse range of methodologies (self-reports, observation and longitudinal studies) have been used to demonstrate that resilient people are characterized by having positive affect, with findings indicating that these individuals possess an enthusiastic and energetic attitude to life, as well as curiosity and openness to new experiences [39, 40]. They also tend to deploy positive emotions in order to effectively cope with adverse situations, including humor [7, 19], relaxation [41] and optimistic thought [42]. Folkman and Moskowitz [43] argue that attaching a positive meaning to the events of everyday life and having a problem-centered coping style may help generate positive emotions in adverse situations. In other words, resilience has been found to facilitate positive affect and alleviate negative affect.
There is also support, however, for a relationship in the opposite direction, with positive emotional states leading to higher levels of resilience in the future [44]. This means that resilience is partly due also to the appearance of positive emotions, since when faced with a stressful event, the balance between positive and negative emotions has an impact on how the individual copes with adversity [38]. In the review conducted by Salovey et al. [45] on the effects of positive emotions, one of the aspects analyzed was related to the immune system, since being optimistic and having positive emotions provides the body with resources for coping with health problems, fosters the development of resilience and may motivate healthy behavior. In other words, positive emotional states may facilitate healthy behavioral practices, providing individuals with the resilient capacity they need to cope with the possibility of having or developing serious health problems. These same authors point out the existence of empirical findings that are consistent with the association between positive emotional states and an increase in the availability of psychological resources such as resilience.
Tugade et al. [16] argue along the same lines when they state that positive emotions are not simply a product of resilient traits but also play a very important role in resilient people’s capacity to recover from stressful events. Positive emotions broaden cognitive and behavioral repertoires, playing a reparatory role in situations which generate negative emotions. This theoretical perspective suggests that the ability to feel positive emotions constitutes an essential part of the mechanisms which protect against adversity. Moving further along in this direction, the theoretical work carried out by Greco et al. [46] suggests that positive emotions are a resource which fosters the development of a resilient process during childhood.
Finally, the research conducted by Ong et al. [47] suggests that resilience generates other adaptive assets, catalyzing or triggering a cascade of positive experiences. In comparison with people who have low resilience levels, highly resilient individuals have a greater capacity to react to situations and are more disposed to view daily events in a positive light. These authors later added the observation that positive emotions constitute a basic building block for resilience [47]. The results of their research indicate that feeling positive emotions fosters the ability to adequately recover from circumstances of daily stress. Swaminath and Rao [48] argue something similar in their theoretical review of studies which have contributed to identifying the tangible effects of positive emotions, highlighting the influence of positive affect on cognitive flexibility and the construction of psychological resources such as resilience, optimism and creativity.
In any case, the findings of the aforementioned studies suggest a relationship between the aspects of resilience and the positive dimension of emotionality. As for the direction of this relationship, it is clear that resilient people are characterized by their ability to feel positive emotions when faced with situations of risk or adversity. Equally, positive affect has been identified by empirical studies as one of the factors, which fosters resilience. In short, one may assume that resilience is a good indicator of affective balance, which implies feeling more positive and fewer negative emotions, although this relationship has hardly been explored at all to date.
Although the usefulness of resilience in school contexts has been widely recognized [49], the application of a resilience-based approach within educational research is unusual [50]. Consequently, prior research analyzing the relationship between resilience and school engagement is scarce [51], although with the emergence of positive psychology a number of studies have linked resilience to other educational factors and variables such as the presence of a motivational climate in the classroom [52], the use of diverse motivational and emotion regulation strategies and academic performance among adolescents [53]. Therefore, and although it has not yet been fully established that resilience is indeed a stable predictor of a higher level of school engagement, a positive correlation can be hypothesized between the two variables, with students who respond in a more resilient manner to stressors in the school context being more likely to react in an adaptive fashion to the school itself and their academic work. They are also more likely to participate more in school life and dedicate more time to learning tasks than their non-resilient counterparts.
We found only two studies which refer to the effect of resilience on school engagement. The first one was conducted from a community perspective and reports that certain contextual factors associated with resilience (cultural adherence and commitment to the community) affect school engagement, suggesting that greater school engagement may be the result of efforts by the school to improve certain resilient aspects of the environment [54]. The second study is a recent publication that links resilience with school engagement [51] and aims to identify the external and internal factors that predict resilience in a sample of students in a socially disadvantaged situation, observing a positive relationship between the two study variables. It has also been found that non-resilient students are more impacted by contextual risk variables (neighborhood, school climate or risky friendships), with resilience softening the negative effect of said contextual factors on academic performance [53]. Other authors have observed too that students with better academic results score higher for certain characteristics associated with resilience [55]. Similarly, it is worth highlighting the existence of a large body of research that, when studying “academic resilience,” defines the construct as performance, with resilient students being seen as those who achieve good academic results [56].
Finally, and from the perspective of psychopedagogic guidance rather than scientific research, Skinner and Pitzer [57] propose a perspective on school engagement that emphasizes its role in organizing the daily school experiences of children and youth, as well as their cumulative learning, long-term achievement and eventual academic success. The proposed intervention is enriched by the inclusion of concepts such as “daily resilience,” which focuses on the analysis of how students respond to mistakes, difficulties or failures at school. The authors conclude that the same personal and interpersonal resources that promote engagement may shape students’ reactions to challenges and obstacles, with academic coping being an especially important bridge back to reengagement.
Only a few studies to date have focused on the impact of satisfaction with life and emotions on indicators of school adjustment, and there is a pressing need for more empirical evidence regarding the relationship between the indicators of personal well-being and educational variables [58]. Nevertheless, it is a well-accepted fact that students’ perception of their own well-being is better the more engaged they are with their school [59]. In this sense, prior research suggests that subjective well-being is a strength related to adaptive results during adolescence, including positive school experiences [60]. Based on the importance of simultaneously analyzing all three components of subjective well-being [61], Heffner and Antaramian’s study [62] demonstrated that both satisfaction with life and affective states predict adaptive functioning and even flourishing at school, represented by the following indexes: school engagement and academic performance.
If we look at the cognitive component of subjective well-being separately, we see that it has been consistently linked to school adaptation indicators such as perceived academic ability, positive attitudes toward school, school engagement and the value of the importance of school [63]. There are also theoretical approaches which support the connection between academic performance and satisfaction with life [64]. As regards the affective component of subjective well-being, longitudinal studies have linked negative emotions with non-adaptive results at school and school failure [65]. In relation to the positive affect indicator of subjective well-being, evidence exists, which points to positive emotions being associated with school success [62].
In addition to the information reported regarding each of the study variables and their interrelations, evidence also exists of the indirect effect of contextual variables on satisfaction with life, with school engagement as a mediating variable of the said effect [66].
Most prior research has focused on analyzing the relationship between these variables, either in a bivariate fashion or in short-reaching descriptive methodologies. More advanced research methods are required that are capable of establishing relationships of influence between the different variables in order to enable the testing of predefined explanatory theoretical models. One such research method is structural equation modeling (SEM). Taking all the relationships between all the variables outlined above into consideration, a hypothesized theoretical model was developed according to which resilience directly predicts subjective well-being and indirectly predicts school engagement and perceived academic performance levels through subjective well-being (see Figure 1).
Proposed theoretical structural model.
Participants were chosen from among secondary school students attending schools in the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country (ARBC). The sample group comprised 945 adolescent students (425 boys and 520 girls; Mage = 14.50, SD = 1.82; range 12–17) from a mid-level socio-cultural context. The students were distributed throughout the different school years as follows: Year 1 of Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE) (25.2%); Year 2 of CSE (18.7%); Year 3 of CSE (18.7%); Year 4 of CSE (16.1%); and the 2-year Spanish Baccalaureate (21.9%).
Resilience was evaluated using the CD-RISC 10 Resilience Scale [67]. The 10 items of this abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale [12] are scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale (higher scores reflecting greater resilience until 40). The reliability and validity of the CD-RISC 10 to be adequate in one large sample of adolescents were found [69]. In this study, the internal consistency coefficient obtained was α = 0.75.
The Spanish version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin [28, 68] was used to evaluate satisfaction with life. This scale measures global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one’s life on a 7-point Likert-type scale. The internal consistency coefficient obtained for the sample used in the present study was α = 0.82. The minimum score is set at 5, while the maximum score is 35 points. The authors have also established the following rating ranges for a better interpretation of their results: from 31 to 25 = extremely satisfied; from 26 to 30 = satisfied; from 21 to 25 = slightly satisfied; 20 = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied; from 15 to 19 = slightly dissatisfied; from 10 to 14 = dissatisfied; from 4 to 9 = extremely dissatisfied. This questionnaire has been implemented successfully in various studies with populations of adolescents [66, 69].
Affect balance was measured using Bradburn’s Affect Balance Scale [29]. The scale comprises 18 items to which responses are given on a 4-point Likert-type scale. The scale has shown adequate reliability and validity in a population of adolescents [24]. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients obtained with our sample were positive affect (0.78) and negative affect (0.78). The score obtained by a subject is within a theoretical range between 9 and 36 points for each positive or negative scale.
School engagement was evaluated using the School Engagement Measure (SEM) by Fredericks, Blumenfeld, Friedel and Paris [70, 71]. The measure consists of 19 items to which participants respond on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Based on these 19 items, the authors obtain 3 factors which measure behavioral (with 4 items), emotional (5 items) and cognitive engagement (7 items), which are the 3 measures used for this study. The reliability assessment resulted in adequate internal consistency indexes for all three factors. With the sample group used in this study, the internal consistency for the scale was α = 0.72 for behavioral engagement, α = 0.70 for emotional engagement and α = 0.78 for cognitive engagement. The possible score in the behavioral dimension ranges from 4 to 20, in the emotional dimension from 5 to 25 and in the cognitive one from 7 to 35 [71].
Perceived academic performance was evaluated using the Brief School Adjustment Scale (EBAE-10) by Moral de la Rubia et al. [72]. This multidimensional questionnaire comprises 10 items with 6 response options, grouped into 3 indicators of school adjustment: problems with school integration, academic performance and academic expectations. For the purposes of this study, only the academic performance subscale was used, referring to participants’ perceptions of their own performance as students. The subscale comprises three items, including “I get good grades” and “I think I’m a good student.” The internal consistency of the subscale was α = 0.77. The total score ranges from 3 to 18 and a higher score indicates a higher level of academic performance.
A number of schools were randomly chosen from a list of all schools in the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country (ARBC), and different year groups within each school were selected in accordance with the interests of the study. The battery of questionnaires was administered to participants class by class during school hours. Throughout the process, care was taken to ensure that all participation was strictly voluntary, and the anonymity of the responses given was protected in order to reduce the social desirability bias. The single blind criterion was used, with students being unaware of the purpose of the study. The study complied with the ethical values established for psychological research and assessment and respected the basic principles laid out in the American Psychology Association’s (APA’s) ethics code and in current regulations (informed consent and the right to information, protection of personal data and confidentiality guarantees, non-discrimination, non-remuneration and the right to withdraw from the study at any time).
Missing values (2.1%) were inferred using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm and the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), offered by the LISREL 8.8 program. Extreme values (1.3%) were eliminated using the SAS program. To ensure normality, the bootstrap method was applied, as offered by the AMOS 24 program.
A Pearson correlation analysis was conducted between the study variables with the aim of determining any possible connections between them and to verify the non-existence of multicollinearity. A descriptive analysis was also carried out of the means and standard deviations of all the study variables. Both the descriptive statistics and the correlation coefficients were calculated using the SPSS 22 program. To test the structural regression model we used the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique, provided by the AMOS 24 program. In the first step, the measurement model is analyzed to check that each of the latent variables is represented by its indicators. In the second step, the analyses for testing the structural model are carried out using the maximum likelihood (ML) procedure.
The measurement model included four latent variables (resilience, subjective well-being, school engagement and perceived academic performance) whose indicators, in the case of resilience and perceived academic performance, were the items on the questionnaire administered. As for the variables subjective well-being (satisfaction with life, positive affect and negative affect) and school engagement (cognitive engagement, behavioral engagement and emotional engagement), the indicators were the parcels of the different scales. The analysis of the measurement model (see Table 1) revealed an acceptable fit: χ2(129) = 491.471, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.921; TLI = 0.906; SRMR = 0.050; RMSEA = 0.054 (90% CI = 0.049–0.060). All factor loadings of the latent variable indicators were significant (p < 0.01), which implies that all latent factors are represented by their corresponding indicators.
Model | χ2(df) | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA(CI) | ECVI(CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 665.196 (131) | 0.883 | 0.864 | 0.057 | 0.066(0.049–0.060) | 0.608(0.540–0.683) |
Goodness of fit parameters for the complete mediation model (M1).
Note: CFI and TLI > 0.90 (acceptable fit); RMSEA and SRMR 0.05 ≥ 0.08 (acceptable fit).
Once the measurement model had been analyzed, the global fit of the proposed theoretical model (Figure 1) was estimated. This model proposes that resilience is positively related to subjective well-being which, in turn, has predictive power for school engagement and perceived academic performance, thus playing a mediator role between resilience and the two indicators of school adjustment.
The complete mediation model (Figure 2) postulates that resilience is positively related to subjective well-being, which has predictive power for both indicators of school adjustment, thus playing a mediator role between resilience and school engagement and perceived academic performance. An initial analysis of the resulting parameters revealed that the model fit the empirical data in an acceptable manner, (χ2(131) = 665.196, p < 0.001; GFI = 0.928; CFI = 0.883; TLI = 0.864; SRMR = 0.057; RMSEA = 0.066; RMSEA confidence interval 90% = 0.049–0.060).
Standardized solution of the complete mediation model.
When the regression coefficients of the proposed model were analyzed separately, it was found that all the direct pathways proposed were significant at a level of p < 0.01, with the exception of the subjective well-being-perceived academic performance pair (β = 0.080, p > 0.0). Specifically, resilience was found to have a predictive power of 65% for subjective well-being. As regards the indicators of school adjustment, subjective well-being was found to directly determine school engagement (β = 0.510, p > 0.01), which in turn predicted perceived academic performance (β = 0.697, p > 0.01).
As regards the indirect effects on both indicators of school adjustment (school engagement and perceived academic performance), for which the proportion of variance explained was 26% for school engagement and 55% for perceived academic performance, the results indicate that resilience has an indirect effect on school engagement, mediated by the level of subjective well-being. Furthermore, if perceived academic performance is added to this last pathway, then subjective well-being and school engagement act simultaneously as mediator variables between perceived academic performance and resilience (β = 0.355, p > 0.01).
As we had hypothesized, during compulsory secondary education, resilience predicts subjective well-being directly and school engagement and perceived academic performance indirectly. It is therefore clear that perceiving oneself as being able to cope successfully with adverse situations has a significant impact on young people’s personal and school-related adaptation. Thus, the results of this study confirm that postulated by prior research [16]. The idea that subjective well-being is present in people who are capable of successfully coping with the challenges and problems of life are a reasonable one. However, it was necessary to demonstrate this idea among the adolescent population and indeed, the results obtained here do just that.
The findings reported by studies focusing on the satisfaction with life construct support both the formulation of the hypothesis regarding its dependence on resilience and the results obtained in this regard here. Empirical evidence exists of the role played by resilience as a predictor variable which has a positive effect on the cognitive component of subjective well-being [36]. Similarly, it has been suggested that resilience catalyzes or triggers a cascade of positive emotions in situations of stress [38], and it is therefore likely that there is also a dependent relationship between resilience and the affective component of subjective well-being.
Consequently, the results of this present study demonstrate that, as we expected, resilience has a direct, positive influence on subjective well-being, measured through satisfaction with life and emotional experience. It is important to highlight the fact that, as found in other studies also [73], resilience has a strong predictive power for positive affect, followed by satisfaction with life and, finally, negative affect. Consistently with that reported by previous studies, we can therefore confirm the idea that people’s perceptions of their own capacity to overcome adversity are one of the key aspects which determine their feeling of personal well-being [33]. Thus, it can be concluded that a stronger perception of one’s ability to cope with challenges and risks leads to a more positive assessment of one’s life so far and prompts more positive and fewer negative emotions. As such, resilience influences personal adaptation during adolescence.
The relationship between resilience and school engagement has been analyzed by only a few studies, all of which coincide in identifying a positive relationship between the two variables [54]. At the same time, other studies confirm the close links between resilience and other educational variables which, like school engagement, are indicators of school adjustment [52]. However, no studies exist which focus on the influence of resilience on school engagement from the three-dimensional perspective adopted here. In this sense, the relationships analyzed in the regression model and the results obtained therefore make a novel contribution to this particular field of study. The results reported here show that the indirect predictive power of resilience for school engagement is significant, with high levels of resilience prompting individuals to become more engaged in school activities, probably because they see themselves as being more capable of coping with the adverse situations that may arise in the school context, thanks to their higher level of resilience [65] and their greater degree of subjective well-being. When adolescent students feel more able to cope with adversity, they feel happier and more satisfied with life, and both of these facets prompt them to engage more in school activities (behavioral engagement), identify more with the school (emotional engagement) and invest more in the learning process (cognitive engagement).
Another finding worth highlighting is the direct influence of psychological well-being on school engagement. This finding partly confirms that reported in previous studies, such as the one by Heffner and Antaramian [62], in which the authors argue that components of subjective psychological well-being (satisfaction with life and affective states) predict adaptive functioning at school, represented by the school engagement and school performance indexes. While the structural model tested in this study highlights the direct influence of subjective well-being, it only does so in relation to school engagement, not perceived academic performance, which it influences indirectly through school engagement. In other words, students with higher levels of psychological well-being also feel more engaged at school and consequently have a better perception of their academic performance as a result of this engagement.
The structural model that was empirically tested in this study revealed resilience and subjective well-being to be decisive psychological variables for predicting both school engagement and perceived academic performance. The fact that students’ resilience and subjective well-being are factors which explain part of the variation observed in school engagement (indirectly in the first case and directly in the second) reaffirms the importance of focusing on these variables in educational contexts [69]. However, it also provides important insights into how to act: for students who feel less engaged at school, preventive education and psychological intervention in the school environment should focus on fostering resilience, the achievement of greater satisfaction with life and actions designed to increase positive affect. Only in this way will we help students become more engaged in the school context, which will in turn undoubtedly help improve their academic results.
The present study was carried out within the Consolidated Research Group IT934-16 of the Basque University System and within the research projects EHUA 15/15 and PPG1761 of the University of the Basque Country and EDU2017-83949P from MINECO of Spain.
The density functional theory (DFT) is commonly used to study the crystal structure, lattice energy, the equation of state, the electronic bandgap, and vibration spectra properties [1]. Based on the kinetic energy density functional of Thomas [2] and the exchange-correlation effects of Dirac [3], DFT has been greatly developed by Kohn and Sham (KS) [4], who have established the fundamental approximation theorem on the functional status to describe real systems by electronic structure calculations. The eigenvalues of KS equations have no physical meaning, and the ionization energy is in the opposite state direction [5]. Moreover, one proposed approach is to introduce the eigenstates to calculate multi-body (many-body calculation) on the basis of Monte Carlo calculations [6] and perturbation theory [7]. The calculation of elastic constants is preceded by full geometry optimization and the stress tensor calculation of a number of distorted structures at the atomic scale. Polycrystalline structure constituted by a single crystal structure contains a variety of information (e.g., orientation) and the properties of a single crystal, such as anisotropy. Within the mechanics of typical crystals structures, the transition from the micro- to the meso-scale (homogenization) and vice versa (localization) can be estimated. Homogenization is an idealized description of a statistical distribution inside the actual heterogeneous material. Once the continuity model is admitted, the concept of homogeneity is deduced from it [8]. For quasi brittle materials, Zhu et al. [9] have formulated the anisotropic model in the framework of Eshelby-based homogenization methods. X-rays diffraction measurement is one of the stress assay test methods in physics field, of which the stress is actually determined by the strain [10]. Diffraction-based stress analysis depends critically on the use of the correct diffraction elastic constants [11]. X-ray method to test the material stress and to obtain elastic constants [12] is commonly based on the Reuss model [13]. Elasticity of single crystal and mechanical properties of polycrystalline material have been closely integrated. Various calculations methods are compared to determine homogenized moduli of the polycrystalline material composed of a single crystal, for example, the certain stress of Reuss model [13] and the certain strain of Voigt model [14].
DFT as a first-principles theory and a solid band theory in quantum mechanics has own a great success in linking physical properties and molecular structure, the calculation with exact accuracy but for low computational efficiency for macromolecular structure, which can be used to calculate elastic constants of anisotropic crystals, the monoclinic gypsum, and tobermorite crystals, for example. The chemical formula of gypsum is CaSO4•2H2O, which is an evaporite mineral and a kind of hydration product of anhydrite (chemical formula: CaSO4). Moreover, the 11 Å tobermorite model (chemical formula: Ca4Si6O14(OH)4·2H2O) as an initial configuration of C-S-H structure is commonly used. Since Young’s modulus parameters of gypsum and C-S-H are important to the multi-scale model [15], elastic constants of the gypsum crystal are investigated. The crystal is monoclinic, with 13 independent constants. For the homogenization of elastic deformation, especially for polycrystalline structures, the traditional Reuss-Voigt-Hill method is used to calculate the elastic moduli of monoclinic structures. Based on the ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory method mentioned earlier, we focus on the monoclinic crystals to estimate their homogenized elastic moduli.
Despite the above advantages of DFT, however, the resolution of a system by Kohn-Sham equations involves difficulties due to an infinite number of electrons. These electrons maybe changed under an effective potential generated by an infinite number of cores or ions.
From a microscopic point of view, Schrödinger equation describing a periodic crystal system composed of atomic nuclei n in mutual interaction and electron spin σi is positioned
Hamiltonian, in simple cases, consists of five terms: the kinetic energy of the electrons and nuclei, and the various interactions between them.
The possible analytical representation and resolution of such a problem become a difficult task due to the limited memory of the computer tools. However, it is possible to reformulate the problem using appropriate theorems and approximations.
The fundamental principle approaches of mean field theory, in particular the DFT, are that any properties of an interacting particle system can be considered as a functional density in the ground state of the system n0(r). Besides, the scalar function of the position n0(r) essentially determines the wave functions of the system at the ground state and the excited states. Electronic and mechanical properties of a periodic crystal refer to solid state physics, quantum mechanics, and crystallography.
The crystalline ion movement of the electron is as
According to the Born-Oppenheimer or adiabatic approximation [16], the dynamics of the system (electrons and nuclei) is described. The electrons are assumed to react instantly to ionic motion. In electronic coordinates, the nucleus positions are considered as immobile external parameters.
where the last term of the Hamiltonian is constant and has been introduced in order to preserve the neutrality of the system and avoid the divergence of the eigenvalues. Clean the ground state of the system for fixed nuclear positions, total energy is given by the formula:
This energy has a surface in the space coordinates that is said to be ionic Born-Oppenheimer surface. The ions move according to the effective potential energy, including Coulomb repulsion and the anchoring effect of the electron, which are as follows:
The dissociation degrees of freedom of electrons from those of nucleons, obtained through the adiabatic approximation, are very important, because if the electrons must be treated by quantum mechanics, degrees of freedom of ions in most cases are processed in a conventional manner.
This theorem/approach of Hohenberg and Kohn tries to make an exact DFT theory for many-body systems. This formulation applies to any system of mutually interacting particles in an external potential
DFT and its founding principle are summarized in two theorems, first introduced by Hohenberg and Kohn [17], which refer to the set of potential
The total energy of the ground state of a system for interacting electrons is functional (unknown) of the single electron density
As a result, the density n0(r) minimizing the energy associated with the Hamiltonian (9) is obtained and used to evaluate the energy of the ground state of the system.
The principle established in the second theorem of Hohenberg and Kohn specifies that the density that minimizes the energy is the energy of the ground state
Because the ground state is concerned, it is possible to replace the wave system function by the electron charge density, which therefore becomes the fundamental quantity of the problem. In principle, the problem boils down to minimize the total energy of the system in accordance with the variations in the density governed by the constraint on the number of particles
The approach of Kohn-Sham system substitutes the interacting particles, which obeys the Hamiltonian in Eq. (3), by a less complex system easily solved. This approach assumes that the density in the ground state of the system is equal to that in some systems composed of non-interacting particles. This involves independent particle equations for the non-interacting system, gathering all the terms complicated and difficult to assess, in a functional exchange-correlation
T is the kinetic energy of a system of particles (electrons) independently (non-interacting) embedded in an effective potential which is no other than the real system,
The Hartree energy or energy of interaction is associated with the Coulomb interaction of the self-defined electron density.
Solving the auxiliary Kohn and Sham system for the ground state can be seen as a minimization problem while respecting the density n(r). Apart from orbital function TS, all other terms depend on the density. Therefore, it is possible to vary the functions of the wave and to derive the variational equation:
With the constraint of orthonormalization
Eqs. (16)–(18) are known equations of Kohn-Sham, the density n(r) and the resulting total energy EKS. These equations are independent of any approximation on the functional EXC(n), resolution provides the exact values of the density and the energy of the ground state of the interacting system, provided that EXC(n) is exactly known. The latter can be described in terms of Hohenberg Kohn function in Eq. (8)
or more precisely,
This energy is related to potential exchange-correlation
For the exchange-correlation functional, the only ambiguity in the approach of Kohn and Sham (KS) is the exchange-correlation term. It is subject to functional approximations of local or near local order of density that said energy EKS can be written as
where εxc([n], r) is the exchange-correlation energy per electron at point r, it depends on n(r) in the vicinity of r. These approximations have made enormous progress in the field.
The approximation of the local density (LDA)
The use of the local density approximation (LDA) in which the exchange-correlation energy
The exchange term
This approximation has been particularly checked to deal with non-homogeneous systems.
The generalized gradient approximation (GGA)
The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) involves the local density approximation providing a substantial improvement and better adaptation to the systems. This approximation is equal to the exchange-correlation term only as a function of the density. A first approach (GEA) was introduced by Kohn and Sham then used by the authors of Herman et al. [20].
This notion of GGA is the choice of functions, which allows us a better adaptation to wide variations so as to maintain the desired properties. The energy is written in its general form [21]:
where
Different states of the Schrödinger equation for an independent particle in a system. By Kohn and Sham equations, responding to eigenvalue equation is as:
where the electrons are immersed in an effective potential
The effective potential has the periodicity of the crystal and may be expressed using Fourier series, in a periodic system:
Gm is the reciprocal lattice vector:
where
As the translational symmetry, it is that states are orthogonal and conditioned by the limits of the crystal (infinite volume). In this case, the Eigen functions of KS are governed by the Bloch theorem: they have two quantum numbers: the wave vector k in the Brillouin zone (BZ) and the band index i, and this can be expressed by a product of a plane wave exp.(ik, r) and a periodic function:
where R is the vector of direct space defined by ai with
Solving Eq. (24) is equivalent to increase the periodic function
where
where each point is a set of k eigenstates, the label having i = 1, 2, … obtained by diagonalization of the Hamiltonian in Eq. (29).
It is necessary to integrate the points k in the Brillouin zone. For a function fi(k) where i defines the band index, the average value is
According to the crystal theory [28], any crystal lattice system contains six independent variables, namely the cell side length a, b, and c; unit cell angle α, β, and γ. Generally, the crystal under a certain deformation, temperature, and pressure can be described by the corresponding six-dimensional deformation tensor. The temperature and pressure will cause cell-deformed configuration tensor as
where
A multi-particle electronic structure satisfies the Schrödinger equation. As in [29], Kohn-Sham equation as an approximation to simplify Schrödinger equation is described. For crystal composed by vibrator with the vibration frequency wi, the total Helmholtz free energy is
Helmholtz free energy can be calculated for all the thermodynamic quantities. DFT-QHA (quasi-harmonic approximation) is a precise calculation method to calculate thermodynamic properties of solid materials elastic constants and Debye temperature with the accurate predictions.
According to the theory of elasticity, under the isothermal strain, the elastic modulus of Helmholtz free energy can be described by the form of the Taylor expansion, of which the coefficients of the polynomial are the elastic coefficient:
where
The components of the stress tensor can be extracted by
The second-order elastic coefficients can be obtained by the coefficient of the second-order Taylor expansion of Helmholtz free energy with the strain,
Here, strain and thermodynamics deformation are symmetric. There is only six independent deformation tensor in the nine-dimensional deformation tensor. LCEC is a second-order linear combination of independent elastic coefficients corresponding to Helmholtz free energy coefficient under some deformation mode [30, 31]. For all directions under monoclinic crystals, if a strain is added, the corresponding simultaneous equations can be solved to determine all elastic coefficients.
Deformation tensors to calculate independent Cij constants of monoclinic crystal are listed in Table 1.
Deformation tensor | ΔE-V relation of LCEC | LCEC |
---|---|---|
c11+ c22 + 2c12 | ||
c22 + c33 + 2c23 | ||
c11 + c33 + 2c13 | ||
c44 + c55 + 2c45 | ||
c11 + c66 + 2c16 | ||
c22 + c66 + 2c26 | ||
c33 + c66 + 2c36 | ||
c11 + c22 + c33 + 2c12 + 2c13 + 2c23 | ||
c11 + c22 − 2c12 | ||
c11 + c33 − 2c13 | ||
c22 + c33 − 2c23 | ||
4c44 | ||
c11 + 4c55 + 4c15 | ||
c11 + 4c55 − 4c15 | ||
c22 + 4c55 + 4c25 | ||
c33 + 4c55 + 4c35 |
For monoclinic crystal, elastic constants include C11, C22, C33, Cl2, C13, C23, C44, C55, C66 Cl5, C25, C35, and C46; the strain energy-volume relation and elastic moduli of monoclinic symmetry based on E-V method can be obtained. The calculated E-δ points are fitted to second-order polynomials E(V, δ). For all strains, different strain forms δ are taken to calculate the total energies E for the strained crystal structure. By applying a series of δ strain amplitude, the independent elastic constants of monoclinic crystal by these simultaneous ΔE-δ equations can be obtained.
Stress-strain relation in an orthotropic monoclinic crystal can be defined by the independent elastic stiffness parameters [32]:
where σ represents the normal stress and shear stress in each direction (unit: nN/nm2); ε and γ are the normal strain and shear strain in each direction, respectively.
The homogenized elastic properties of polycrystals can be calculated, of which elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio can be obtained by calculating Voigt and Reuss bounds and averaging term as [32]
For monoclinic crystal structure, elastic constants include C11, C22, C33, Cl2, C13, C23, C44, C55, C66 Cl5, C25, C35, and C46. The criteria for mechanical stability are given by Wu [32]:
Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio can be rewritten based on the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximation [33]. In terms of the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximations [34], MH = (1/2)(MR + MV), M refers to B or G. Thus, Young’s modulus E and Possion’s ratio μ are obtained as
Then, Voigt-Reuss-Hill average [32] will be determined, and Young’s modulus can be calculated.
The gypsum morphology is monoclinic, and the initial lattice is as a = 5.677Å, b = 15.207Å, c = 6.528Å, α = β = 90°, and γ = 118.49°, its structure is monoclinic with space group I 2/a [35].
In Figure 1, the gypsum crystal can be summarized as follows: (1) the two hydrogen atoms of water molecules formed weak hydrogen bonds with the O atoms of Ca and S polyhedra; (2) a stacking sequence of CaO8 and SO4 chains in the (010) plane alternates with water layers along the b-axis; and (3) in (010) plane, the sulfate tetrahedra and CaO8 polyhedra alternate to form edge-sharing chains along [100] and zigzag chains along [001] direction [36] (Table 2).
Modeling of gypsum crystal. (a) Gypsum structure [36] along [001]; (b) the real cell; (c) in x-direction; (d) in y-direction; and (e) in z-direction.
Atom | x | y | z | Occupancy rate | Uiso or Ueq |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | 0.5000 | 0.0786 | 0.2500 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
S | 0.0000 | 0.0787 | 0.7500 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
O1 | −0.0384 | 0.1326 | 0.5512 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
O2 | 0.2429 | 0.0215 | 0.8347 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ow | 0.3784 | 0.1825 | 0.4554 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
H1 | 0.2504 | 0.1615 | 0.5009 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
H2 | 0.4022 | 0.2435 | 0.4900 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters of gypsum [36].
Hamid model [37] as the 11 Å tobermorite (formula: Ca4Si6O14(OH)4·2H2O) as an initial configuration is commonly used. The morphology is monoclinic, and the initial lattice is [37]: a = 6.69 Å, b = 7.39 Å, c = 22.779 Å, α = β = 90°, and γ = 123.49°, space group P21. Modeling of 11 Å tobermorite is shown in Figure 2.
Modeling of 11 Å tobermorite crystal. Silicate chains, calcium octahedral, and oxygen atoms are shown as yellow tetrahedra, green spheres, and red spheres. (a) 11 Å Tob monoclinic crystal; (b) in x-direction; (c) in y-direction; and (d) in z-direction.
In Figure 2(a), the 11 Å tobermorite crystal can be summarized as follows: (1) the structure is basically a layered structure. (2) The central part is a Ca-O sheet (with an empirical formula: CaO2, of which the oxygen in CaO2 also includes that of the silicate tetrahedron part). (3) Silicate chains envelope the Ca-O sheet on both sides. (4) Ca2+ and H2O are filled between individual layers to balance the charges. The infinite layers of calcium polyhedra are parallel to (001), with tetrahedral chains of wollastonite-type along b and the composite layers stacked along c and connected through the formation of double tetrahedral chains [38]. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters are seen in Table 3.
Atomic species | X | Y | Z | Occupancy rate | Uiso or Ueq | Atomic species | X | Y | Z | Occupancy rate | Uiso or Ueq |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si1 | 0.7710 | 0.3830 | 0.1578 | 1 | 0.031 | O8 | 0.7690 | 0.8430 | 0.0953 | 1 | 0.027 |
Si2 | 0.9250 | 0.7500 | 0.0721 | 1 | 0.030 | O9 | 0.5370 | 0.7980 | 0.1968 | 1 | 0.036 |
Si3 | 0.7720 | 0.9620 | 0.1596 | 1 | 0.015 | O10 | 0.0040 | 0.0420 | 0.2008 | 1 | 0.034 |
O1 | 0.7740 | 0.4950 | 0.0932 | 1 | 0.039 | O11 | 0.4330 | 0.2230 | −0.0250 | 0.5 | 0.072 |
O2 | 0.7620 | 0.1690 | 0.1305 | 1 | 0.019 | O12 | 0.9490 | 0.2560 | 0.0000 | 1 | 0.080 |
O3 | 0.0020 | 0.5270 | 0.2000 | 1 | 0.032 | O13 | 0.4300 | 0.7700 | −0.0220 | 0.5 | 0.090 |
O4 | 0.5360 | 0.3040 | 0.1926 | 1 | 0.035 | Cal | 0.2770 | 0.4257 | 0.2083 | 1 | 0.024 |
O5 | 0.9100 | 0.7470 | 0.0000 | 1 | 0.034 | Ca2 | 0.7630 | 0.9160 | 0.2951 | 1 | 0.027 |
O6 | 0.2020 | 0.8870 | 0.0942 | 1 | 0.053 | Ca3 | 0.5620 | 0.0640 | 0.0450 | 0.25 | 0.038 |
O7 | 0.2890 | 0.4360 | 0.0940 | 1 | 0.076 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters of 11 Å tobermorite [38].
The initial conditions are as follows: the pressure region of 0–1 GPa is used. Besides, a plane-wave basis set and ultrasoft pseudopotentials using GGA are used with a plane-wave cutoff energy of 400 eV. Brillouin zone is 6 × 6 × 4. Self-consistent convergence of the total energy per atom is chosen as 10−4 eV. Elastic constants of monoclinic gypsum crystal under 0–1.0 GPa are shown in Figure 3.
Gypsum monoclinic crystal under pressure 0–1.0 GPa by DFT. (a) Relative change of a, b, c, and V and (b) elastic constants.
From Figure 3, elastic constants at 0 GPa are given as c11 = 82.464 GPa, c12 = 34.751 GPa, c13 = 33.643 GPa, c15 = −1.987 GPa, c22 = 63.046 GPa, c23 = 34.920 GPa, c25 = −8.071 GPa, c33 = 57.549 GPa, c35 = −3.054 GPa, c44 = 20.863 GPa, c46 = −4.688 GPa, c55 = 28.062 GPa, and c66 = 28.556 GPa. It is found that the oxygen atom of the water molecule did not change its position or occupancy under pressure conditions. A simple pressure increase at an ambient temperature cannot induce dehydration because of the unchange of water molecular in the gypsum structure within pressure range [36].
Elastic constants of gypsum crystal model based on DFT are calculated, and parameters are detailed in Table 4.
P | C11 | C12 | C13 | C15 | C22 | C23 | C25 | C33 | C35 | C44 | C46 | C55 | C66 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10–4[36] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
0.0 | 82.46 | 34.75 | 33.64 | −1.99 | 63.05 | 34.92 | −8.07 | 57.55 | −3.05 | 20.86 | −4.69 | 28.06 | 28.56 |
0.1 | 79.82 | 32.64 | 29.2 | 1.8 | 71.04 | 29.61 | −7.54 | 61.88 | −3.22 | 20.13 | −3.06 | 26.19 | 27.7 |
0.2 | 82.93 | 37.75 | 34.59 | 1.09 | 63.62 | 32.42 | −7.35 | 50.64 | −4.37 | 21.32 | −1.1 | 25.8 | 17.8 |
0.3 | 82.82 | 39.77 | 32.81 | 0.17 | 65.64 | 29.61 | −7.23 | 57.31 | −4.45 | 26.43 | −5.57 | 23.17 | 23.39 |
0.4 | 84.47 | 38.6 | 32.25 | 1.27 | 69.03 | 32.31 | −8.51 | 53.41 | −2.21 | 20.8 | −2.03 | 28.41 | 22.34 |
0.5 | 75.84 | 43.68 | 29.39 | 0.57 | 68.7 | 33.18 | −8.36 | 56.08 | −2.52 | 29.7 | −3.88 | 27.35 | 22.4 |
0.6 | 74.22 | 43.11 | 28.77 | 2.22 | 69.52 | 28.87 | −7.81 | 53.19 | −2.68 | 28.97 | −1.49 | 23.24 | 15.53 |
0.7 | 88.37 | 41.74 | 32.85 | 2.25 | 70.09 | 32.28 | −9.14 | 55.48 | −4.28 | 24.66 | −2.76 | 27.25 | 22.58 |
0.8 | 88.53 | 39.65 | 35.29 | 2.96 | 73.28 | 33.84 | −8.02 | 62.22 | −3.73 | 24.73 | −3.44 | 26.37 | 24.39 |
0.9 | 88.7 | 45.09 | 37.97 | 4.54 | 66.78 | 36.02 | −10.4 | 61.98 | −1.2 | 25.15 | −4.92 | 28.93 | 26.82 |
1.0 | 90.12 | 39.79 | 34.63 | 2.7 | 75.99 | 34.92 | −8.74 | 68.31 | −3.46 | 26.32 | −5.83 | 28.15 | 30.19 |
Elastic coefficient Cij (GPa) of gypsum by DFT.
Initial conditions of tobermorite are quite the same with that of gypsum crystal. Elastic constants of 11 Å tobermorite crystal under 0–1.0 GPa are shown in Figure 4. Elastic constants are shown in Table 5.
11 Å tobermorite monoclinic crystal under pressure 0–1.0 GPa by DFT. (a) Relative change of a, b, c, and V and (b) elastic constants.
P/GPa | C11 | C12 | C13 | C15 | C22 | C23 | C25 | C33 | C35 | C44 | C46 | C55 | C66 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHA[39] | 102.65 | 41.68 | 27.70 | 1.25 | 125.05 | 18.83 | −4.10 | 83.80 | −3.38 | 22.90 | −11.93 | 23.25 | 50.20 |
0.0 | 106.63 | 50.37 | 41.09 | −3.50 | 131.67 | 22.78 | −0.78 | 71.45 | −0.83 | 26.03 | −0.02 | 27.61 | 45.26 |
0.1 | 118.37 | 45.40 | 35.91 | −3.52 | 129.18 | 17.19 | 0.11 | 67.84 | −0.55 | 32.51 | 3.90 | 32.74 | 40.07 |
0.2 | 109.13 | 45.84 | 35.63 | −3.22 | 136.79 | 23.05 | 0.03 | 82.75 | 0.06 | 28.88 | 1.21 | 22.40 | 45.69 |
0.3 | 115.53 | 46.36 | 40.17 | −4.46 | 142.59 | 27.65 | −0.04 | 95.03 | 0.02 | 31.08 | 0.49 | 32.38 | 50.57 |
0.4 | 102.65 | 35.38 | 38.73 | −6.32 | 123.43 | 18.11 | −1.92 | 74.28 | 0.05 | 18.14 | −0.83 | 22.38 | 40.44 |
0.5 | 100.08 | 42.58 | 36.10 | −4.52 | 137.56 | 21.68 | −0.26 | 90.87 | 0.36 | 29.92 | −0.46 | 29.66 | 51.82 |
0.6 | 97.87 | 44.09 | 28.76 | −5.85 | 162.17 | 25.77 | 0.19 | 93.71 | −0.14 | 24.89 | −1.20 | 26.63 | 40.26 |
0.7 | 108.73 | 48.60 | 34.07 | −4.55 | 147.09 | 26.78 | −0.14 | 92.64 | −0.01 | 21.56 | 2.06 | 44.25 | 41.23 |
0.8 | 122.87 | 55.30 | 40.62 | −4.05 | 155.75 | 29.54 | −0.25 | 103.3 | −0.57 | 24.90 | 0.72 | 33.31 | 42.67 |
0.9 | 120.77 | 44.19 | 45.41 | −4.82 | 139.59 | 13.68 | 0.09 | 88.25 | −0.19 | 27.18 | −0.35 | 26.85 | 53.22 |
1.0 | 127.01 | 41.78 | 45.00 | −4.47 | 143.72 | 23.65 | −0.02 | 98.30 | −0.12 | 29.98 | 0.71 | 32.08 | 45.68 |
Elastic coefficient Cij (GPa) of 11 Å tobermorite by DFT.
A comparisonal results of Shahsavari [39] are provided. Elastic constants at 0 GPa are as follows: c11 = 106.63 GPa, c12 = 50.37 GPa, c13 = 41.09 GPa, c15 = −3.50 GPa, c22 = 131.67 GPa, c23 = 22.78 GPa, c25 = −0.78 GPa, c33 = 71.45 GPa, c35 = −0.83 GPa, c44 = 26.03 GPa, c46 = −0.02 GPa, c55 = 27.61 GPa, and c66 = 45.26 GPa. Thus, elastic modulus can be homogenized to compare with the results of LD C-S-H phase in nano-indentation test by Vandamme and Ulm [40].
Based on elastic constants, the elastic moduli of gypsum at 0 GPa are verified and averaged in Figure 5.
Elastic moduli of gypsum crystal under pressure 0–1.0 GPa.
As gypsum shows anisotropic compressibility along three crystallographic axes with b > c > a below 5 GPa [44], the pressure region of 0–1.0 GPa is used to verify whether the performance of model under low pressure is stable. Mechanical moduli of gypsum polycrystalline are listed in Table 6.
Pressure (GPa) | Gv (GPa) | Bv (GPa) | Gr (GPa) | Br (GPa) | B (GPa) | G (GPa) | E (GPa) | μ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference [43] | 26.5333 | 39.2556 | 24.8077 | 39.2381 | 25.6705 | 39.2469 | 63.2265 | 0.2315 |
0.0 | 22.1459 | 45.5208 | 19.7054 | 43.8224 | 20.9257 | 44.6716 | 54.2985 | 0.2974 |
0.1 | 22.8896 | 43.9624 | 21.7569 | 42.9250 | 22.3233 | 43.4437 | 57.1766 | 0.2806 |
0.2 | 19.1472 | 45.1906 | 17.4395 | 41.9064 | 18.2934 | 43.5485 | 48.1394 | 0.3158 |
0.3 | 21.5041 | 45.5718 | 19.3501 | 43.6675 | 20.4271 | 44.6197 | 53.1678 | 0.3014 |
0.4 | 21.2263 | 45.9146 | 19.5324 | 43.2463 | 20.3794 | 44.5805 | 53.0537 | 0.3017 |
0.5 | 22.1809 | 45.9026 | 19.4980 | 43.7566 | 20.8395 | 44.8296 | 54.1306 | 0.2988 |
0.6 | 19.9615 | 44.2709 | 17.7554 | 41.5818 | 18.8585 | 42.9264 | 49.3486 | 0.3084 |
0.7 | 22.0356 | 47.5189 | 20.1833 | 44.0623 | 21.1095 | 45.7906 | 54.8931 | 0.3002 |
0.8 | 22.7817 | 49.0659 | 21.3745 | 47.0681 | 22.0781 | 48.0670 | 57.4399 | 0.3008 |
0.9 | 22.7399 | 50.6242 | 19.4094 | 48.1542 | 21.0747 | 49.3892 | 55.3510 | 0.3132 |
1.0 | 25.2707 | 50.3430 | 23.4785 | 48.9327 | 24.3746 | 49.6379 | 62.8382 | 0.2890 |
Mechanical moduli of gypsum polycrystalline by different methods.
As an acoustic method [41] and mechanical properties [42] have been investigated, according to elastic constants of gypsum crystal [43], elastic moduli by experiment can be calculated, as shown in Table 6. Elastic moduli are as follows: Gv = 22.146 GPa, Gr = 19.705 GPa, Bv = 45.521 GPa, Br = 43.822 GPa, B = 44.672 GPa, G = 20.926 GPa, E = 54.299 GPa, and μ = 0.2974. These results are close to the plane-strain value of Young’s modulus by reference [44] E = 50 GPa, μ = 0.45. By comparison of gypsum crystal and CH crystal, axial moduli of gypsum in x, y, and z directions are 57.75, 37.22, and 34.91 GPa, while axial moduli of Ca(OH)2 in x, y, and z directions are 93.75, 93.75, and 42.39 GPa, showing that gypsum crystal is much less anisotropic than hydrogen-bonded layered Ca(OH)2 structure [42].
Based on elastic constants of 11 Å tobermorite crystal using GGA calculation method by DFT, bulk modulus B and shear modulus G are separately calculated by Eqs. (37)–(50) (Figure 6).
Elastic moduli of 11 Å tobermorite crystal under pressure 0–1.0 GPa.
Elastic moduli at 0 GPa are verified and averaged as Gv = 32.815 GPa, Bv = 59.803 GPa, Gr = 29.908 GPa, Br = 54.276 GPa, E = 79.512 GPa, and μ = 0.268. Young’s modulus is about 79.512 GPa by Reuss-Voigt-Hill estimation, which is close to the simulation result of 89 GPa [45] by Pellenq and result of 78.939 GPa [39] by Shahsavari. Mechanical moduli by different methods are listed in Table 7.
Pressure (GPa) | Bv (GPa) | Br (GPa) | Gv (GPa) | Gr (GPa) | B (GPa) | G (GPa) | E (GPa) | μ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference [191] | 54.2133 | 51.6976 | 34.1560 | 28.9168 | 52.9555 | 31.5364 | 78.9391 | 0.2516 |
0.0 | 59.8066 | 54.2778 | 32.8140 | 29.9063 | 57.0399 | 31.3615 | 79.5121 | 0.2677 |
0.1 | 56.9306 | 50.1535 | 35.5205 | 33.4468 | 53.5438 | 34.4843 | 85.1689 | 0.2349 |
0.2 | 59.7454 | 56.4236 | 34.3364 | 31.4164 | 58.0846 | 32.8763 | 82.9743 | 0.2619 |
0.3 | 64.6138 | 62.4671 | 38.7385 | 36.7029 | 63.5388 | 37.7202 | 94.4669 | 0.2522 |
0.4 | 53.8665 | 50.9999 | 30.0678 | 26.1841 | 52.4333 | 28.1257 | 71.5786 | 0.2725 |
0.5 | 58.8039 | 56.9635 | 37.4898 | 34.7400 | 57.8831 | 36.1145 | 89.6903 | 0.2417 |
0.6 | 61.2236 | 57.0694 | 35.3648 | 32.2837 | 59.1442 | 33.8242 | 85.2259 | 0.2598 |
0.7 | 63.0391 | 60.0785 | 37.3432 | 34.0050 | 61.5598 | 35.6744 | 89.6966 | 0.2572 |
0.8 | 70.3213 | 67.4998 | 37.2739 | 34.9015 | 68.9022 | 36.0849 | 92.1653 | 0.2771 |
0.9 | 61.6837 | 57.8325 | 37.8067 | 33.5164 | 59.7599 | 35.6606 | 89.2325 | 0.2511 |
1.0 | 65.5442 | 63.4872 | 38.6855 | 36.6712 | 64.5147 | 37.7292 | 94.7226 | 0.2553 |
Mechanical moduli of 11Å tobermorite polycrystalline by different methods.
However, these values considering the ordered Si-chain at a long range are far away from the nano-indentation experiment performed on the C-S-H phase [40, 46]. It confirms the absence of order at a long range in this phase and that the up-scaling to polycrystals cannot be done with the tobermorite model. Modeling of C-S-H structure with disordered Si chain should be fairly considered.
Elastic constants of gypsum and tobermorite structures under a certain pressure region are calculated by DFT method, which has a certain value for both application and reference. Results are as follows:
For monoclinic gypsum and tobermorite crystals, elastic coefficients are obtained in 0–1-GPa pressure range to verify the reliability of the model by comparing other literatures.
Elastic constants of gypsum single crystal at 0 GPa are given as follows: c11 = 82.464 GPa, c12 = 34.751 GPa, c13 = 33.643 GPa, c15 = −1.987 GPa, c22 = 63.046 GPa, c23 = 34.920 GPa, c25 = −8.071 GPa, c33 = 57.549 GPa, c35 = −3.054 GPa, c44 = 20.863 GPa, c46 = −4.688 GPa, c55 = 28.062 GPa, and c66 = 28.556 GPa.
Elastic constants of 11Å tobermorite single crystal at 0 GPa are as follows: c11 = 106.63 GPa, c12 = 50.37 GPa, c13 = 41.09 GPa, c15 = −3.50 GPa, c22 = 131.67 GPa, c23 = 22.78 GPa, c25 = −0.78 GPa, c33 = 71.45 GPa, c35 = −0.83 GPa, c44 = 26.03 GPa, c46 = −0.02 GPa, c55 = 27.61 GPa, and c66 = 45.26 GPa.
Young’s modulus of gypsum is about 54.299 GPa. Elastic moduli at 0 GPa are as follows: Gv = 22.146 GPa, Gr = 19.705 GPa, Bv = 45.521 GPa, Br = 43.822 GPa, E = 54.299 GPa, and μ = 0.297.
Young’s modulus of 11Å tobermorite is about 79.512 GPa. Elastic moduli at 0 GPa are as follows: Gv = 32.815 GPa, Bv = 59.803 GPa, Gr = 29.908 GPa, Br = 54.276 GPa, E = 79.512 GPa, and μ = 0.268.
Structural, elastic properties of monoclinic crystals are investigated, and Cij determination is given by DFT method. Reuss-Voigt-Hill estimation has been used for polycrystal structures and can be seen as an intermediate step in the homogenization of elastic properties.
The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support for this work provided by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) and the support of start-up foundation of Xi’an Shiyou University. Thanks to Qiufeng Wang for her proofreading.
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\n\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) | \\n\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t 5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\n\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t 5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118377},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:81},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"189",title:"Obstetrics and Gynecology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:55,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1287,numberOfWosCitations:460,numberOfCrossrefCitations:294,numberOfDimensionsCitations:750,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9507",title:"Family Planning and Reproductive Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a51ae8a0488480238f4cbbbe425058f2",slug:"family-planning-and-reproductive-health",bookSignature:"Zouhair Amarin and Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101551",title:"Prof.",name:"Zouhair",middleName:null,surname:"Amarin",slug:"zouhair-amarin",fullName:"Zouhair Amarin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7725",title:"Innovations In Assisted Reproduction Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24289d13780a3e4215f5a085923990f7",slug:"innovations-in-assisted-reproduction-technology",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma, Sudakshina Chakrabarti, Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7961",title:"Induced Abortion and Spontaneous Early Pregnancy Loss",subtitle:"Focus on Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02cfa65d8d630b8cacd78aafa3f2f42e",slug:"induced-abortion-and-spontaneous-early-pregnancy-loss-focus-on-management",bookSignature:"Igor Lakhno",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8454",title:"Recent Advances in Cesarean Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cf497986f3bacb156aa16c955b83ff2",slug:"recent-advances-in-cesarean-delivery",bookSignature:"Georg Schmölzer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8454.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179622",title:"Dr.",name:"Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Schmolzer",slug:"georg-schmolzer",fullName:"Georg Schmolzer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9165",title:"Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b802d11709666bd2574b2bb487c8376",slug:"polycystic-ovarian-syndrome",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8484",title:"Non-tubal Ectopic Pregnancy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3168b3b6a134f1664b6dfa5e15368e2",slug:"non-tubal-ectopic-pregnancy",bookSignature:"Julio Elito Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8484.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35132",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Elito Jr.",slug:"julio-elito-jr.",fullName:"Julio Elito Jr."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9160",title:"Childbirth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a7e8e48791d2155bf6ef4c5c1c0075c",slug:"childbirth",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric and Svetlana J. Milenkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7969",title:"Leiomyoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"659a9fef0f90168b2184c86af85d3a42",slug:"leiomyoma",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"S",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7143",title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"An Overview with Some Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfca671469ec9093b41cd7a144b2a6a9",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-an-overview-with-some-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Amita Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7143.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"amita-ray",fullName:"Amita Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8471",title:"Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327257ae2f4783050d327cd524bf2a3e",slug:"prediction-of-maternal-and-fetal-syndrome-of-preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8584",title:"Molecular Bases of Endometriosis",subtitle:"The Integration Between Research and Clinical Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9cc793fe99169a1dc09ad735d5d0955f",slug:"molecular-bases-of-endometriosis-the-integration-between-research-and-clinical-practice",bookSignature:"Giovana Aparecida Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:55,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30747",doi:"10.5772/27200",title:"Cervical Cancer in Sub Sahara Africa",slug:"cervical-cancer-in-sub-sahara-africa",totalDownloads:7543,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:28,book:{slug:"topics-on-cervical-cancer-with-an-advocacy-for-prevention",title:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention",fullTitle:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention"},signatures:"Atara Ntekim",authors:[{id:"69178",title:"Dr.",name:"Atara",middleName:"I",surname:"Ntekim",slug:"atara-ntekim",fullName:"Atara Ntekim"}]},{id:"43348",doi:"10.5772/55562",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-platinum-resistance-in-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:3603,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:18,book:{slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",title:"Ovarian Cancer",fullTitle:"Ovarian Cancer - A Clinical and Translational Update"},signatures:"Gonzalo Tapia and Ivan Diaz-Padilla",authors:[{id:"157073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz-Padilla",slug:"ivan-diaz-padilla",fullName:"Ivan Diaz-Padilla"},{id:"166871",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia Rico",slug:"gonzalo-tapia-rico",fullName:"Gonzalo Tapia Rico"}]},{id:"37219",doi:"10.5772/47914",title:"Determining Factors of Cesarean Delivery Trends in Developing Countries: Lessons from Point G National Hospital (Bamako - Mali)",slug:"determining-factors-of-cesarean-delivery-trends-in-developing-countries-lessons-from-point-g-nat",totalDownloads:2530,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"cesarean-delivery",title:"Cesarean Delivery",fullTitle:"Cesarean Delivery"},signatures:"I. Teguete, Y. Traore, A. Sissoko, M. Y. Djire, A. Thera, T. Dolo, N. Mounkoro, M. Traore and A. Dolo",authors:[{id:"87496",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahima",middleName:null,surname:"Teguete",slug:"ibrahima-teguete",fullName:"Ibrahima Teguete"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41087",title:"Endoscopy versus IVF: The Way to Go",slug:"endoscopy-versus-ivf-the-way-to-go",totalDownloads:3849,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"enhancing-success-of-assisted-reproduction",title:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction",fullTitle:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction"},signatures:"Atef Darwish",authors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",middleName:"M.M.",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}]},{id:"60402",title:"Abnormalities of the Placenta",slug:"abnormalities-of-the-placenta",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"congenital-anomalies-from-the-embryo-to-the-neonate",title:"Congenital Anomalies",fullTitle:"Congenital Anomalies - From the Embryo to the Neonate"},signatures:"Roxana Cristina Drăgușin, Maria Șorop-Florea, Ciprian Laurențiu\nPătru, Lucian Zorilă, Cristian Marinaș, Bogdan Virgiliu Șorop, Răzvan\nCăpitănescu and Dominic Gabriel Iliescu",authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"212490",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragusin",middleName:null,surname:"Roxana",slug:"dragusin-roxana",fullName:"Dragusin Roxana"},{id:"212493",title:"Dr.",name:"Pătru",middleName:null,surname:"Ciprian",slug:"patru-ciprian",fullName:"Pătru Ciprian"},{id:"212494",title:"Dr.",name:"Șorop-Florea",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",slug:"sorop-florea-maria",fullName:"Șorop-Florea Maria"},{id:"222056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Marinaș",slug:"cristian-marinas",fullName:"Cristian Marinaș"},{id:"222057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian George",middleName:null,surname:"Zorila",slug:"lucian-george-zorila",fullName:"Lucian George Zorila"},{id:"222058",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan Virgiliu",middleName:null,surname:"Sorop",slug:"bogdan-virgiliu-sorop",fullName:"Bogdan Virgiliu Sorop"},{id:"246816",title:"Dr.",name:"Capitanescu",middleName:null,surname:"Razvan",slug:"capitanescu-razvan",fullName:"Capitanescu Razvan"}]},{id:"56365",title:"Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage: Protocol and Red Code",slug:"massive-postpartum-hemorrhage-protocol-and-red-code",totalDownloads:1761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"obstetrics",title:"Obstetrics",fullTitle:"Obstetrics"},signatures:"Jaume Miñano Masip, Laura Almeida Toledano, Sílvia Ferrero\nMartínez and María Dolores Gómez Roig",authors:[{id:"202446",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez Roig",slug:"maria-dolores-gomez-roig",fullName:"Maria Dolores Gómez Roig"},{id:"202447",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaume",middleName:null,surname:"Miñano Masip",slug:"jaume-minano-masip",fullName:"Jaume Miñano Masip"},{id:"202448",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"laura-almeida",fullName:"Laura Almeida"},{id:"202449",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrero",slug:"silvia-ferrero",fullName:"Silvia Ferrero"}]},{id:"62854",title:"The Surgical Technique of Caesarean Section: What is Evidence Based?",slug:"the-surgical-technique-of-caesarean-section-what-is-evidence-based-",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"caesarean-section",title:"Caesarean Section",fullTitle:"Caesarean Section"},signatures:"Jan-Simon Lanowski and Constantin S. von Kaisenberg",authors:[{id:"100660",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:"Sylvius",surname:"Von Kaisenberg",slug:"constantin-von-kaisenberg",fullName:"Constantin Von Kaisenberg"},{id:"240353",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan-Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Lanowski",slug:"jan-simon-lanowski",fullName:"Jan-Simon Lanowski"}]},{id:"64704",title:"Normal Menstrual Cycle",slug:"normal-menstrual-cycle",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"menstrual-cycle",title:"Menstrual Cycle",fullTitle:"Menstrual Cycle"},signatures:"Barriga-Pooley Patricio and Brantes-Glavic Sergio",authors:[{id:"250273",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Patricio",middleName:null,surname:"Barriga",slug:"patricio-barriga",fullName:"Patricio Barriga"}]},{id:"62277",title:"Basic Antenatal Care Approach to Antenatal Care Service Provision",slug:"basic-antenatal-care-approach-to-antenatal-care-service-provision",totalDownloads:1968,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"selected-topics-in-midwifery-care",title:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Midwifery Care"},signatures:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo",authors:[{id:"243711",title:"Dr.",name:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience",middleName:null,surname:"Ngxongo",slug:"thembelihle-sylvia-patience-ngxongo",fullName:"Thembelihle Sylvia Patience Ngxongo"}]},{id:"61034",title:"Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse",slug:"recurrent-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1007,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders"},signatures:"Nidhi Sharma and Sudakshina Chakrabarti",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}]},{id:"58770",title:"Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Face",slug:"congenital-abnormalities-of-the-fetal-face",totalDownloads:1329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"congenital-anomalies-from-the-embryo-to-the-neonate",title:"Congenital Anomalies",fullTitle:"Congenital Anomalies - From the Embryo to the Neonate"},signatures:"Maria Șorop-Florea, Roxana-Cristina Dragușin, Ciprian Laurențiu\nPătru, Lucian George Zorilă, Cristian Marinaș, Virgiliu-Bogdan\nȘorop, Cristian Neamțu, Alina Veduța, Dominic Gabriel Iliescu and\nNicolae Cernea",authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"212490",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragusin",middleName:null,surname:"Roxana",slug:"dragusin-roxana",fullName:"Dragusin Roxana"},{id:"212493",title:"Dr.",name:"Pătru",middleName:null,surname:"Ciprian",slug:"patru-ciprian",fullName:"Pătru Ciprian"},{id:"212494",title:"Dr.",name:"Șorop-Florea",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",slug:"sorop-florea-maria",fullName:"Șorop-Florea Maria"},{id:"222056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Marinaș",slug:"cristian-marinas",fullName:"Cristian Marinaș"},{id:"222057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian George",middleName:null,surname:"Zorila",slug:"lucian-george-zorila",fullName:"Lucian George Zorila"},{id:"222058",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan Virgiliu",middleName:null,surname:"Sorop",slug:"bogdan-virgiliu-sorop",fullName:"Bogdan Virgiliu Sorop"},{id:"222526",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Neamțu",slug:"cristian-neamtu",fullName:"Cristian Neamțu"},{id:"222699",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",middleName:null,surname:"Cernea",slug:"nicolae-cernea",fullName:"Nicolae Cernea"}]},{id:"18348",title:"Anaesthetic Considerations during Laparoscopic Surgery",slug:"anaesthetic-considerations-during-laparoscopic-surgery",totalDownloads:27890,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"advanced-gynecologic-endoscopy",title:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy",fullTitle:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy"},signatures:"Maria F. Martín-Cancho, Diego Celdrán, Juan R. Lima, Maria S. Carrasco-Jimenez, Francisco M. Sánchez-Margallo and Jesús Usón-Gargallo",authors:[{id:"14715",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Margallo",slug:"francisco-miguel-sanchez-margallo",fullName:"Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo"},{id:"29449",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Martín-Cancho",slug:"maria-fernanda-martin-cancho",fullName:"Maria Fernanda Martín-Cancho"},{id:"39772",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan R.",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"juan-r.-lima",fullName:"Juan R. Lima"},{id:"39773",title:"Mr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Celdran",slug:"diego-celdran",fullName:"Diego Celdran"},{id:"39774",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Usón-Gargallo",slug:"jesus-uson-gargallo",fullName:"Jesus Usón-Gargallo"},{id:"62320",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Sol",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco-Jiménez",slug:"maria-sol-carrasco-jimenez",fullName:"Maria Sol Carrasco-Jiménez"}]},{id:"41721",title:"Artificial Insemination in Poultry",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-poultry",totalDownloads:8356,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"success-in-artificial-insemination-quality-of-semen-and-diagnostics-employed",title:"Success in Artificial Insemination",fullTitle:"Success in Artificial Insemination - Quality of Semen and Diagnostics Employed"},signatures:"M.R. Bakst and J.S. Dymond",authors:[{id:"155683",title:"Dr.",name:"Murray R.",middleName:null,surname:"Bakst",slug:"murray-r.-bakst",fullName:"Murray R. Bakst"},{id:"167852",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Dymond",slug:"jessica-dymond",fullName:"Jessica Dymond"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"75256",title:"Bleeding and Hysteroscopy in Uterine Myomatosis",slug:"bleeding-and-hysteroscopy-in-uterine-myomatosis",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94174",book:{title:"Fibroids"},signatures:"Sergio Rosales-Ortiz, Tammy Na Shieli Barrón Martínez, Diana Sulvaran Victoria, Jocelyn Arias Alarcon, Janeth Márquez-Acosta and José Fugarolas Marín"},{id:"74376",title:"Extra-Uterine Fibroids",slug:"extra-uterine-fibroids",totalDownloads:44,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95127",book:{title:"Fibroids"},signatures:"Rakesh Kumar Gupta and Poonam Wasnik"},{id:"73825",title:"Physiopathology and Management of Uterine Fibroids",slug:"physiopathology-and-management-of-uterine-fibroids",totalDownloads:47,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94162",book:{title:"Fibroids"},signatures:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie, Gaelle Therese Badjang, Gregory Ayissi and Julius Sama Dohbit"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/145870/abdalla-bowirrat",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"145870",slug:"abdalla-bowirrat"},fullPath:"/profiles/145870/abdalla-bowirrat",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()