Proportion of the cultivated area affected by drought in different regions and for different crops (source: [12]).
\r\n\t
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"00966677a4a87b99e172bbadbb494d12",bookSignature:"Dr. Valter Silva and Dr. João Cardoso",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",keywords:"Pascal's Law, Pressure Management, Floating Bodies, Hydrostatic Equilibrium, Resultant Forces, Capillarity, Molecular Forces, Pressure Sensor, the Vapor Pressure Curve, Water Levels Lock, Drain Traps in the Sewer, Centre of Gravity",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 14th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 23rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 12th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 11th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in Computational Fluid Dynamics, with over 100 scientific works and author of one book in Computational Fluid Dynamics. In the last 5 years, Dr. Silva gained the FCT grant and has been heading and co-heading several national and international projects. He has been leading several international cooperation projects with recognized institutions such as MIT, the University of Carnegie Mellon, the University of Texas at Austin, and UNESP.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"187136",title:"Dr.",name:"Valter",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"valter-silva",fullName:"Valter Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187136/images/system/187136.jpg",biography:"Valter Silva is a senior researcher in the area of environment and energy at the Portuguese Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management and Senior Collaborator Researcher at the Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portugal He graduated in Chemical Engineering from the University of Porto, Portugal, in 2004, obtained his Ph.D. in Chemical and Biological Engineering at the same university in 2009, and his degree as Specialist in Numerical Simulation (combustion and fluid dynamics) at Technical University of Madrid and Ansys, Inc., in 2017. Since 2012, he has led a research team devoted to the application of experimental and numerical solutions on the environment and energy topics (gasification, combustion, fuel cells, techno-economic analysis, LCA, CFD, and optimization). In the last five years, he coordinated national and international projects with leading universities across the world (e.g., MIT and Carnegie Mellon) raising approximately $2.5 million in funds. He has supervised more than thirty students (postdoc, Ph.D., master, and diploma students). 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Despite its broad academic background, João Cardoso has devoted his research work to numerical fluid mechanics applications set to describe industrial energy processes targeting sustainability. His main research interests comprise ammonia-powered internal combustion engines, and combustion and gasification processes. To date, João Cardoso holds an h-index of 7 and sums 20 peer-review papers in high impact factor energy-related international journals (average impact factor of 5). Recently, João Cardoso coauthored a comprehensive book on the field of fluid mechanics entitled Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to Waste-to-Energy Processes: A Hands-On Approach. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"70350",title:"Canopy Temperature Depression as an Effective Physiological Trait for Drought Screening",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85966",slug:"canopy-temperature-depression-as-an-effective-physiological-trait-for-drought-screening",body:'\nThe world is currently experiencing the combined effect of population growth and climate change leading to an unsustainable use of food and water resources. The population is going to touch 9.8 billion, and demand for food and feed crops is expected to almost double by 2050 [1]. Climate change models predict an increase in temperatures and increased frequency of severe events such as droughts and floods [2]. Higher temperatures may increase precipitation but also increase evaporation from crops, land, and surface water. An increase in the frequency of droughts and floods that invariably lead to crop failures can have a devastating effect on food availability and consequently accessibility. As per the current IPCC projections, the 20-year extreme annual daily maximum temperature will likely increase by about 1–3°C by the mid-twenty-first century and by about 2–5°C by the late twenty-first century, depending on the region and emission scenario [3]. Based on historical data collected in Africa on more than 20,000 trials between 1999 and 2007, each “degree day” spent above 30° is likely to reduce crop yields by 1% under optimal conditions and that penalty is going to increase up to 1.7% under water-limited conditions [4]. The impact of a climate change is not only about the projected increase in temperature, but it also affects the magnitude and distribution of rainfall, as well as availability of water at critical times of the crop growth [5]. While as the total amount of rain has recorded an increase in Africa over the last few years, the erratic and unpredictable nature of the drought and floods cycle has also increased [6].
\nGlobally, rainfed agriculture is practiced in 80% of the total agricultural area and generates 62% of the world’s staple food (FAOSTAT, 2011). In view of the current global water scarcity scenarios, climate change implications, and increases in demand for nonagricultural water use, the expansion of the area under irrigation, especially in developing countries, does not seem to be a realistic proposition to address food security challenges. Drought is one of the major production constraints in agriculture worldwide. It principally affects crops cultivated under rainfed conditions, which represent 80% of the total cultivated area worldwide. It is estimated that cultivation on the earth is only possible on 16% of the potentially arable area due to limited availability of water [7, 8]. Africa is strongly affected by drought almost every 12 years, but drought intensified during the years 2009–2011, during which, the wheat yields reduced by 45% in Kenya [9]. Similar trends have also been reported from Australia where drought reduced wheat yields by 46% in 2006 [10]. Around 17% of the global cultivated area was affected by drought during the period 1980–2006 [11]. Tables 1 and 2 depict the proportion of cultivated areas implicated by drought stress and estimated yield reductions reported in various crops.
\nRegion | \nCrop species | \nProportion of the cultivated area affected by drought | \n
---|---|---|
Africa | \nWheat | \n80% | \n
Eastern Asia | \nMaize | \n50% | \n
Europe | \nMaize | \n60% | \n
North America | \nWheat | \n47% | \n
Oceania | \nBarley | \n70% | \n
South America | \nMaize | \n50% | \n
South Asia | \nWheat | \n65% | \n
Southeast Asia | \nRice | \n65% | \n
Proportion of the cultivated area affected by drought in different regions and for different crops (source: [12]).
Crop | \nYield reduction | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|
Barley | \n49–57% | \n[13] | \n
Chickpea | \n78% | \n[14] | \n
Groundnut | \n55–72% | \n[15] | \n
Maize | \n43–80% | \n[16] | \n
Oat | \n79% | \n[17] | \n
Potato | \n89% | \n[17] | \n
Rice | \n42–66% | \n[18] | \n
Brassica | \n39% | \n[17] | \n
Rye | \n52% | \n[17] | \n
Bread wheat | \n57% | \n[17] | \n
Durum wheat | \n74% | \n[19] | \n
Pigeon pea | \n42% | \n[20] | \n
Green gram | \n71% | \n[20] | \n
Black gram | \n74% | \n[20] | \n
Impact of drought stress on yield reduction in different crops.
Breeding for drought tolerance is a sustainable option to reduce the risk of crop failure by improving the ability of crop plants to extract water from the deeper soil strata through better root architecture, by decreasing the amount of crop water demands (improving water use efficiency), or by improving a crop’s ability to survive longer periods without water, thereby ultimately increasing yields in rainfed environments. However, breeding for drought tolerance is complex because it involves quantitative inheritance and environmental influence [21]. Efforts to breed for drought tolerance are invariably hampered by the amount of time required to phenotype a large number of individuals and poor or inconsistent correlation between a phenotype and yield under drought conditions due, in part, to multiple mechanisms involved. Various authors have investigated the genetic basis of drought tolerance in common bean and reported that both additive and nonadditive gene actions are involved in drought tolerance [22, 23]. Schneider et al. [24] reported a strong genotype x environment interaction in the expression of identified quantitative trait locus (QTL), such that potential for marker-assisted selection in breeding for drought tolerance was also inconclusive. Selection based solely on yield performance confounds the complexity of breeding for drought as yield is a highly complex trait with low heritability especially under stress conditions. Therefore, it is imperative to identify less complex traits related to the drought that will improve upon selection for drought tolerance and separate these traits into major components which may help further understanding of the genetic basis.
\nA better understanding of the relationship between below- and aboveground traits will contribute to improved productivity under drought stress. Root traits including structure and their spatial distribution of root system in different soil horizons are essential for yield improvement because of its high heritability under drought stress [25, 26, 27] and high correlation with yield traits [28]. However, extensive use of roots as the target traits for developing climate resilience suffers from the difficulties associated with studying roots, especially under field conditions. The shoot traits are easy to measure and quantify; however, it has to be linked with root traits with the perspective of improving drought tolerance. In the following sections, we discuss some of the potential aboveground traits that have been shown to be correlated with improved drought tolerance as well as better grain yield under stress. Currently, there is a huge shopping list of relatively unranked traits that have been proposed to be used as surrogates for drought tolerance response. Canopy temperature depression has emerged as a potential surrogate in view of substantial natural variation in crops as well as its correlation with yield under both stress and nonstress conditions [29].
\nPlant water balance is a direct measure of drought response of crops. In fact, the transpiration is the main cause of changes in leaf temperature, and there is a direct relationship between leaf temperature, transpiration rate, leaf porosity, and stomatal conductance [30]. As long as the plants continue to transpire through open stomata, the canopy temperatures could be maintained at metabolically comfortable range; otherwise, higher temperature would slow or retard the vital enzymatic activities and consequently the overall metabolism. The closure of stomata for a considerable period of time, especially during the periods of higher evaporative demands driven by high temperature and vapor pressure deficit, is known to increase the leaf temperature [31] and hamper plant’s ability to maintain a relatively cooler canopy during grain filling period as an important physiological adaptation for stress [22]. Canopy temperature differences have been shown to correlate well with the transpiration status in rice, potatoes, wheat, and sugar beet. Deviation of temperature of plant canopies from the ambient temperature, also known as canopy temperature depression = air temperature (Ta) − canopy temperature, has been recognized as an indicator of overall plant water status [33] and facilitates in evaluation of plant response to stresses like high temperature [34] and drought [35, 36]. CTD is positive when the canopy is cooler than the air, and this value has been associated with yield increase in different crops [37, 38]. The thermal imagery system is a powerful tool as it can capture the temperature difference of plant canopies quite rapidly.
\nThermal infrared imaging and infrared thermography (IRT), to measure the canopy or leaf temperature, are the twin approaches that measure the extent of evaporative cooling occurring in a crop canopy and allow a remote sensing of the plant water balance. Between these two approaches, thermal infrared imaging through an infrared camera offers several benefits compared with temperature sensors, most importantly the facility for spatial resolution and the ability to sample larger area. Most infrared cameras currently have arrays of 320 × 240 sensor elements, which mean that >75,000 individual temperature readings are recorded in a single image. This allows more precise measurements in a fraction of the time needed to perform several replicate readings per plot, which is also prone to error due to changing environmental conditions between measurements. Canopy temperature is one such integrative trait that reflects the plant water status or the resultant equilibrium between root water uptake and shoot transpiration [39]. Canopy temperature has been used successfully as selection criteria in breeding for drought-prone environments [33, 37, 40].
\nAt ambient temperature, all objects emit far-infrared light of approximately 10 μm wavelength [41]. Detectors sensitive in the 8–14 μm wavelength bands convert this radiation into a temperature reading. Such detectors are the basis of non-imaging infrared thermometers, which yield an average temperature measurement of all objects within the field of view. Applications of these simple and affordable instruments include forest canopy studies and irrigation scheduling in field crops [42]. There are yet other thermometers based on infrared imaging that can capture images by adding a scanning system, and each point of measurement is a temperature value based on a pseudo-color value that depends on the radiation captured. The radiation is converted to visual pseudo-color images representing different temperature levels. Both the non-imaging and scanning image thermometers are now being routinely used to measure the temperatures of leaves or canopy in controlled and field conditions. In case of greenhouse or growth chamber experiments where only one or two plants are used per replication, leaf temperatures are used, whereas in case of field experiments where comparatively larger plots are used, canopy temperature is mostly used. Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or robotic equipments fitted with sensors and cameras can be used for monitoring stress advancement in greenhouses and field trials.
\nInfrared thermometry was first used for scheduling crop irrigation in the 1970s [43], while the use of canopy temperature in drought screening began in the early 1980s [44]. The use of canopy temperature in Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo or International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) breeding research began in the early 1990s for hot, irrigated environments [45] and has also been used as a selection criterion for isolating drought-tolerant parental lines for initiating strategic crossing as well as for early generation selection under drought (i.e., from F3 generation onward). Canopy temperature measured by non-imaging IR thermometer can markedly accelerate selection of drought-tolerant genotypes given on high operational speed (≈10 seconds per plot), simplicity, and relatively economically friendly measurements. It is also integrative of the whole canopy due to scoring many plants at once, thus reducing error associated with plant-to-plant variation [46]. In addition, measurements of CT on plants do not interfere with the sensitive stomata, in comparison with other methods that estimate leaf conductance such as porometry and other gas exchange approaches. These may include accurate estimation of the temperatures of different organs of a single plant or the simultaneous capture of CT of all plots in a large trial [47, 48]. Besides, canopy temperature may be related directly to the genetic potential of the root’s capacity to explore soil moisture [49]; however, factors such as microelement deficiency or soil-borne disease that affect root growth may confound the relationship.
\nGrant et al. [50] investigated the robustness and sensitivity of thermal imaging for detecting changes in stomatal conductance and leaf water status in a range of plant species (grapevine, bean, and lupin) under greenhouse or controlled environment conditions. In particular, they compared absolute leaf temperatures and thermal indices of plant stress with stomatal conductance and water potential. Thermal imaging is successfully distinguished between irrigated and nonirrigated plants of different species, with strong correlations between thermal indices and stomatal conductance as measured with a leaf pyrometer. Factors such as leaf angle are important and should be given due consideration when using thermal imaging for indirect measurement of the level of drought stress of the tested materials (Figure 1).
\nInfrared camera images of bean leaves (source: P. A. Sofi).
Canopy temperature is one of the many physiological traits that may help to identify drought-tolerant cultivars. Canopy temperature depression is the difference between air temperature and plant canopy temperature [51]. Under drought conditions, stomatal conductance decreases when soil moisture is not adequate to keep up with evaporative demands; and this, in turn, increases canopy temperature [52]. Plant morphological trait such as canopy architecture also influences canopy temperature not only through the angle of leaves to the light source but also through the degree of mutual shading in the canopy . Canopy temperature can provide plant-based information on the water status of the crop [53]. Under both greenhouse and field conditions, genotypes with a cooler canopy temperature (higher CTD) under drought stress use more available soil moisture to cool the canopy by transpiration to avoid excessive dehydration [54, 55]. In a large number of experiments in diverse crops, CTD has been found to have significant correlation with grain yield (Table 3).
\nCrop | \nTrait relationship with yield | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|
Wheat | \nPositive association ( | \nAmani et al. [60]; Fischer et al. [37]; Balota et al. [33] | \n
Chickpea | \nPositive association ( | \nPurushothaman et al. [59] | \n
Common bean | \nPositive association ( | \nAsfaw et al. [25] and Polania et al. [28] | \n
Groundnut | \nPositive association ( | \nSingh et al. [67] | \n
Sorghum | \nPositive association ( | \nMutawa [58] | \n
Triticale and barley | \nPositive association ( | \nRoohi et al. [68] | \n
Correlation of CTD with grain yield in various crops.
Canopy temperature is also related directly to the genetic potential of the root’s capacity to explore soil moisture [32, 56]. Canopy temperature depression can be used as effective proxy traits for the analysis of root development and biomass partitioning under drought stress [57]. Cool canopy temperatures are reported to be associated with enhanced plant access to water by virtue of deeper roots [49], and the common bean genotypes with cooler canopy temperatures reported 30% more yield associated with an increase of 40% in root dry weight at 60–120 cm. Canopy temperature depression has been shown to be correlated with yield under drought stress ([32, 35, 58, 59]; Table 3) and hot irrigated conditions [32, 60]. Canopy temperatures under well-watered conditions also indicate potential yield performance during drought and could effectively be used as a technique to assess genotypic response to drought [61]. Blum et al. [62] used canopy temperatures of drought stress wheat genotypes to characterize yield stability under various moisture conditions. A positive correlation was found between a drought susceptibility index and canopy temperature in stressed environments. Drought-susceptible genotypes which suffered relatively greater yield loss under drought stress tended to have warmer canopies at midday.
\nCTD can be affected by biological and environmental factors like water status of soil, wind, evapotranspiration, cloudiness, conduction systems, plant metabolism, air temperature, relative humidity, and continuous radiation [63] and has preferably been measured in high air temperature and low relative humidity because of high vapor pressure deficit conditions [60]. At the end of the 1980s, CIMMYT began CTD measurements on different irrigated experiments in Northwest Mexico. Phenotypic correlations of CTD with grain yield were occasionally positive [37]. CTD has been used as selection criteria for tolerance to drought and high temperature stress in wheat breeding, and the used breeding method is generally mass selection in early generations like F3. According to this method, firstly, bulks which show high CTD value (have cool canopy) are selected in F3 generation. Later, single plants which show high stomata conductance (g) among bulks also show cool canopy at the same selection generation; thus, both of these traits are used at the same breeding program [63].
\nCTD can be a reliable indicator of crop performance under both irrigated and drought stress conditions. Under irrigated conditions there was a linear trend of higher yield with CTD; however, under drought stress, both negative CTD and positive CTD could be identified, and in both classes, high-yielding genotypes were identified. The water savers probably could sense drought stress in early phases of growth and could trigger conservative water use that could be used in later stages of growth [30]. However, the reduction in water use is generally achieved by plant traits and environmental responses that could also reduce yield potential [64]. Under optimum experimental conditions provided that data are collected when the canopy is sufficiently expanded to cover the soil, CTD can be a good predictor of crop yield (
Blum has proposed ideotypes of crop plants based on canopy temperature depression for use in plant breeding as per the drought types such as the isohydric (“water saving”) model and the anisohydric (“water spending”) model. The water saving model has a distinct advantage in the harsher environments, whereas the water spending model is expected to perform relatively better under more moderate/mild drought situations. Polania et al. [28] have proposed that the water spender genotypes can be used for cultivation in areas exposed to intermittent drought stress with soils that can store greater amount of available water deep in the soil profile. However, water savers can be more suitable in semiarid to dry environments dominated by the terminal drought stress. The water savers or isohydric genotypes are characterized by a shallow root system with intermediate root growth and penetration ability and thin roots. Such genotypes are early and have high water use efficiency, reduced transpiration and limited leaf area and canopy biomass development, reduced sink strength, and superior photosynthate remobilization to pod and grain formation. Contrary to this, water spenders or anisohydric genotypes have a vigorous and deep rooting system with rapid root growth rate and penetration ability and a thicker root system. Such genotypes are early and have highly effective water use, moderate transpiration and fast leaf area and canopy biomass development, moderate sink strength, and superior photosynthate remobilization to pod and grain formation.
\nOur studies in beans and cowpea have also revealed that CTD measurements can be used to build a crop ideotype for water stress response. In our studies with beans and cowpea, we found that CTD values across stages decreased progressively on account of rapid depletion of moisture (Figure 2). The genotypes could be grouped into water savers and water spenders using the sign of CTD values (Figures 3 and 4). The water spenders have higher stomatal conductance and lose water through transpiration, whereas water savers have conservative water use on account of lower stomatal conductance or early closure of stomata and as such have hotter canopies. Under irrigated conditions also, we found a linear relationship with genotypes having higher CTD values showing better yields, whereas under water-stressed conditions, high-yielding genotypes could be found in both groups.
\nMean CTD across genotypes at the second, third, and fourth week of stress imposition.
Variation for CTD averaged over 3 stages in 20 genotypes of cowpea under irrigated conditions.
Variation for CTD averaged over 3 stages in 20 genotypes of cowpea under drought stress.
Canopy temperature can be related to the genetic potential of the root’s capacity to explore soil moisture [32, 56] and as such can be used as effective surrogate trait for the analysis of root development and biomass partitioning under drought stress [57]. Cool canopies (+CTD) are reported to be associated with enhanced plant access to water by virtue of deeper roots (Lopes and Reynolds 2010), and the genotypes with cooler canopies have been reported to yield 30% more, with a concomitant increase of 40% in root dry weight. CTD has been reported to be correlated with yield under both drought stress [32, 35, 59] and hot irrigated conditions [32]. Drought-susceptible genotypes which suffered relatively greater yield loss under drought stress tended to have warmer canopies at midday. Our studies have revealed that CTD can be a reliable indicator of crop performance under both irrigated and drought stress conditions. Under irrigated conditions, there was a linear trend of higher yield with CTD; however, under drought stress, both negative CTD and positive CTD could be identified, and in both classes, high-yielding genotypes were identified. The water savers probably could sense drought stress in early phases of growth and could trigger conservative water use that could be used in later stages of growth [30]. However, the reduction in water use is generally achieved by plant traits and environmental responses that could also reduce yield potential [64].
\nIn recent years, with the availability of high-throughput phenotyping platforms, canopy temperature depression has been widely used to study genotypic response to drought. Blum et al. [62] used canopy temperatures of drought stress wheat genotypes to characterize yield stability under various moisture conditions. In most of the studies using CTD, a positive correlation has been found between drought susceptibility index and canopy temperature in stressed environments. Drought-susceptible genotypes which suffered relatively greater yield loss under stress tended to have warmer canopies at midday. Under well-watered conditions also, CTD provides a fair indication of potential yield performance during drought and could effectively be used as a technique to assess genotypic response to drought. Rashid et al. [35] reported that significant correlation between canopy temperature and yield under moisture-stress conditions and stress susceptibility index values indicated the potential for screening wheat genotypes for drought response. Canopy temperature depression is positive when the canopy is cooler than the air (CTD = Ta – Tc). It has been used in various practical applications including evaluation of plant response to environmental stress [66] and irrigation scheduling [69], to evaluate cultivars for water use [70], tolerance to heat [71], and drought [35, 62]. In general, CTD has been used to assess plant water status because it represents an overall, integrated physiological response to drought and high temperature [60]. Overall, the existing literature suggests that dominant mechanisms that increase CTD vary with environment and crop species .
\nCanopy temperature is a useful indicator of crop water status [43] and has the potential as a tool for indirect selection of genotypes tolerant to drought and heat-stressed environments [55]. For field experiments in wheat, CT data is most commonly measured on a whole-plot basis using a handheld infrared thermometer [71], although more rapid assessment using thermal imaging [72] is growing in popularity. CT is influenced by a number of environmental factors including the amount of solar radiation hitting the canopy, soil moisture, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity [73]. Genetic differences in CT result from variation in the plant’s ability to move water through the vascular system, differences in stomata aperture driving transpiration, root biomass and depth, metabolism, and source sink balance [74]. As such, CT has been shown to correlate with these physiological traits under field conditions and integrates them into a single low-cost diagnostic measurement that has a potential for selection of tolerant parental genotypes or early generation breeding lines [55]. CT has moderate heritability across environments in both diverse sets of germplasm [49] and in related material such as recombinant inbred populations [73]. Lopes and Reynolds [49] found similar broad-sense heritability for a diverse set of 294 spring wheat lines (H2 = 0.38) and a set of 169 sister lines (H2 = 0.34) across well-watered, drought-stressed, and heat-stressed environments in Northwest Mexico. Genetically, CT is a quantitative trait. Pierre et al. [74] determined the gene action for CT to be mainly additive by additive in five wheat populations with some dominant effects. Genetic mapping shows CT to be controlled mostly by small effect loci that are pleiotropic with variation in other traits, such as days to heading and plant height [20]. The correlation between CT and yield is consistently negative in the literature in both drought and heat environments such that a cooler canopy provides a yield benefit under stress [73]. Exceptions have been shown in both bread wheat [75], where CT measurements taken in Mexico were positively correlated with yield at international sites, and in durum wheat [76], where CT was found to increase with date of cultivar release and increasing yield. Experiments investigating CT are often conducted with sets of lines preselected for variation in canopy temperature or other tolerance traits [49], international trials of elite drought and heat tolerant lines [45], or using historical germplasm [9, 19, 21] and may not be representative of variation present in the early stages of yield testing in a breeding program. Reynolds et al. [55] demonstrated that advanced lines derived from “physiological crosses” targeted at one or more adaptive traits had a definite yield advantage over “conventional crosses” where physiological traits including CTD were not considered in parental selection. However, there is a need to investigate the ability of CT to select high-yielding lines within the germplasm flow of a breeding program where very little preselection for stress tolerance per se has been done.
\nBoth empirical breeding and analytical approaches are used for improving crop performance under changing climate (drought, high temperature, etc.). However, there is a strong argument evolving in support of the analytical approaches based on indirect selection approaches using efficient surrogate traits to enhance the scale and reliability of phenotyping. Infrared thermometry can detect small differences in leaf temperature in both field and greenhouse conditions, measurements are fast and nondestructive, and the trait has a moderate to high heritability and shows positive correlation with yield [44]. Measurements should however be made well before the crop maturity and due consideration should be given to biological and environmental factors such as water status of soil, wind, evapotranspiration, cloudiness, conduction systems, plant metabolism, air temperature, relative humidity, and continuous radiation [55]. In light of substantial experimental evidence that a fairly positive relationship exists between yield and CTD under both stressed and nonstressed conditions, it is essential to incorporate CTD as effective complementary trait in selection programs aimed at developing climate resilient varieties.
\nThe facilities provided by the Faculty of Agriculture are gratefully acknowledged.
\nThe role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition and public health is taken into account in most nutritional recommendations. Fruit and vegetables contain an abundance of various natural compounds that have been associated with the protection and treatment of many ailments.
Terpenes are a huge and diverse category of natural compounds, obtained from a variety of plants, especially conifers, which are characteristic smelling and, in this manner, might have had a defensive function. They are the significant parts of resin and turpentine obtained from the resin. Terpenes are major biosynthetic basic compounds inside every living being. At the point when terpenes are altered chemically, i.e., by oxidation or reframing of the carbon skeleton, the subsequent mixtures are by and large alluded to as terpenoids [1].
As natural substances, terpenoids are broadly consumed in food, pharmaceuticals, and beauty care products ventures. Indeed, terpenoids are used for the counteraction and treatment of different diseases. Likewise, many investigations have additionally found that terpenoids have numerous expected applications to uncover [2]. This chapter contains updated information about the structure and diverse effects of terpenes and terpenoids.
Plant biomass is a major potential sustainable source of organic carbon. Terpenes, terpenoids and resin acids are a group of non-polar molecules and share a building block, isoprene or isoprenoid [3], as a common elementary unit (Figure 1).
Structure of isoprene unit [
Isoprene, the epitomic terpene substance, is one of the most plentifully ethereal hydrocarbon compounds on Earth attributable to the worldwide plenitude of terpenoid biosynthesis, not the other way around. Around 40% of the biogenic volatile natural compounds transmitted by plants are isoprene, and isoprene is the key hydrocarbon distinguished in human breath. Film crowds breathe out more isoprene when watching scenes of anticipation [5].
Based on ancient scientifically verified data, it is found that the expressions “isoprenoid” and “terpenoid” are applied conversely and that there is still no worldwide accord on terminology.
For instance, a few researchers have named “terpene” to allude just to hydrocarbons dependent on an indispensable number of C5 units, and “terpenoid” or “isoprenoid” to assign the entire class of compound dependent on an intrinsic number of C5 units [6].
Such compounds can be in every way called “terpenes,” and the expression “terpenoid” ought to be held for compounds, for example, the steroids, which have differing quantities of carbon molecules, however, are originated from a (C5)n structure [7]. Ruzicka considered this multitude of compounds aggregately to be “terpenic.” [8] Nes and McKean employed the expression “isoprenoid” to portray the entire group [9].
Different classes along with carbon units of terpenes and terpenoids are depicted in Figure 2.
Classification of terpenes and terpenoids.
Terpenes are significant elements of natural oils, which are secondary metabolites synthesized for battling infectious or secreted because of stress conditions. These are extricated from different fragrant plants commonly limited in mild to warm climatic regions like the Mediterranean and tropical nations where they represent a significant piece of the conventional pharmacopeia. They are ethereal, fluid, transparent, and seldom colored, lipid-dissolvable, and dissolvable in natural solvents with a by and large lower thickness than water. They can be isolated from all plant organs, for example, blossoms, buds, leaves, twigs, stems, seeds, roots, wood, fruits or bark, and are accumulated in secretory cells, holes, trenches, glandular trichomes, or epidermic cells [10].
The smallest of terpenes are monoterpenes (Figure 3). They contain the compound C10H16, come from different flowers, fruits and leaves and are known as the main component of essential oils, fragrances and many structural isomers [11]. Monoterpenes are found in natural scents for example α-pinene, which imparts scent to pine trees [12], and limonene from citrus plants [13]. One of the main purposes of monoterpenes is to attract pollinators or to serve the purpose of repelling other organisms from feeding off of plants [14].
Sub-classes of monoterpenes with structural example.
Sesquiterpenes, containing the chemical formula C15H24 (Figure 4), are much larger compounds than monoterpenes and are much more stable in comparison [15]. Sesquiterpenes are naturally occurring and found in plants, fungi, and insects and act as a defensive mechanism or attract mates with pheromones in insects [16].
Classification of sesquiterpenes with structural example.
Gossypol is a sesquiterpene that is present in cotton plants. It has anti-neoplastic properties and might hinder fertility in male people that is the reason it should be taken out from natural oils and different items before human application [17]. Avarol, a sesquiterpenoid that has been displayed to have antifungal and antimicrobial effects, is compelling against AIDS infection [18].
Diterpenes are natural substances that contain the atomic skeleton, C20H32 (Figure 5) [19]. Diterpenes have physiologically dynamic compounds, for example, plant development chemicals that manage germination, blooming, switch regenerative cycles (from abiogenetic to sexual multiplication) of plants, and vitamin A activity [20]. Cafestol and kahweol are diterpene alcohols that are found in the oil derived from coffee beans [21].
Sub-classes of diterpenes with structural example.
Triterpenes are composed of three or six isoprene units and have the chemical formula C30H48 (Figure 6) which includes steroids and sterols with squalene being the biological precursor of all Triterpenes [22]. Triterpenes are produced by animals, plants, and fungi. They play a role as precursors to steroids in animal and plant organisms, and are derived from mevalonic acid [5].
Classification of Triterpenes.
Their properties have been studied for anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-atherosclerotic activities [23]. Although, the medicinal uses of tri-terpenes are not quite as recognized as other different types of terpenes but their uses are being continuously investigated by researchers.
Tetraterpenes are also known as carotenoids (Figure 7) that have the molecular formula C40H56 and can be in the category of terpenes because they are made from isoprene units [24]. They are found in all different types of fungi, bacteria, and plants and are mainly responsible for red, yellow, or orange fat-soluble plant and animal pigments [25]. One of the most crucial and common tetraterpenes is beta-carotene [26].
Structural example of tetraterpene.
Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are isoprene-based compounds with major jobs in the digestion of all living beings [27]. Varieties of terpenoids are particularly high in plants where many can be viewed as secondary metabolites. Such specific plant terpenoids underlie numerous natural co-operations between plants, creatures, and microorganisms (Tables 1-4) [38], going about as allele-synthetics to repulse herbivores, tempt pollinators, or allure herbivore hunters [39]. The development of terpenoids in plants started with the enrollment of genes from primary metabolism and sped up because of the multiplication of cytochrome P450 and terpene synthase gene families in the genomes of plants [40].
Class | Plant source |
---|---|
Monoterpenes | Mentha genus, Cannabis spp. |
Sesquiterpenes | Artemisia annua L., Thapsia garganica, |
Diterpenes | Taxus brevifolia, Ricinus communis, Euphorbia peplus, |
Triterpenes | Azadirachta indica, Khaya grandifolia, Trichilia emetic, Citrus reticulate |
Tetraterpenes | Mauritia flexuosa, Brassica oleracea, Crocus sativum L. |
Class | Insect source |
---|---|
Monoterpene | |
Sesquiterpene |
Class | Fungal source |
---|---|
Monoterpenes | |
Sesquiterpenes | |
Diterpenes | |
Triterpenes |
Class | Bacterial source |
---|---|
Sesquiterpenoids | |
Diterpenoids | |
Meroterpenoids | Actinomycete isolates CNH- 099, Erythrobacter sp. strain SNB- 035, Saccharomonos pora sp. CNQ- 490 |
Terpenoid compounds partly mirrors a characteristic history set apart by herbivory stress and other particular tensions forced by creatures, bringing about a wide cluster of functionalized terpenoids in the plant realm pre-chosen for their strong organic activities towards animals [41]. This specific cycle might have been brought about by the overall closeness of protein structures and amino acid sequence among plant and creature proteins, bringing about planting auxiliary metabolites with a natural resemblance for creature proteins by ethicalness of having been delivered by plant bio-catalyst made out of similar amino acids [32].
Terpenoids are dependent on the tetracyclic 6–6–6-5 lanostane carbon skeleton structure a subsection of the terpenome known as the sterolome. The sterolome is assessed to contain about 1000 biogenic derivatives obtained from lanosterol and related particles that do fundamental organic functions across all areas of life on Earth [42].
Many plant terpenoids have been tracked down coincidentally uses in medication and the terpenoids family has been an important wellspring of clinical revelations. However, the testing system is meticulous and asset concentrated. The genuine number of plants terpenoids in nature that might be evaluated for therapeutic applications is obscure however is possibly more than 105, including more than 12,000 from the diterpenoid specifically [43]. While this number is little contrasted with current combinatorial techniques, the lead compound disclosure rate might be altogether higher for plant-based compounds. It is due to a crucial role in chemical, and metabolic processes, many are produced in limited quantities, only in response to a stimulus, or amass solely in particular tissues, requiring microbial multiplication or significant advances by plant rearing and hereditary improvement to get adequate amounts to research clinical benefits [44, 45].
Terpenoids have an expansive group of clinical activities (Figure 8) and are spread everywhere, they have been utilized in conventional medications for ancient times. Numerous compounds can be found commercially, majorly as dietary enhancements; nonetheless, some of them are enrolled as medications.
Reported and traditional therapeutic application of terpenes and terpenoids.
Human wellbeing and crop cultivation are mainly affected by insects, and trying to control these bugs the application of chemical bug sprays has become broad. Notwithstanding, this has brought about the improvement of obstruction in these living creatures, human infections, tainting of food, and contamination of the climate. Herbs and medicinal oils like terpenes and terpenoids have been displayed to have a huge potential for bug control like carvacrol, limonene, linalool, 1, 8 cineole, eugenol, and β-ionone; especially against three insects namely lice, cockroaches, and Triatominae bugs [46, 47, 48].
Antimicrobial properties or the capacity to kill or stop the development of a microorganism in terpenes are normally utilized in customary and current day medication. The accompanying plants produce terpenes that have antimicrobial potential: Pinusponderosa (Pinaceae), flavors (cumin, rosemary, thyme, caraway, clove, and sage), Cretan propolis, Helichrysumitalicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, etc. [49].
There are 52 anti-microbial terpenoids, including hydrocarbons of the oil; aromadendrene (4.4%), limonene (3.8%), α-cedrene (9.6%), β-caryophyllene (4.2%), and α-pinene (10.2%), geranyl acetic acid derivation (4.7%), 2-methylcyclohexyl pentanoate (8.3%), 2-methylcyclohexyl octanoate (4.8%), and neryl acetic acid derivation (11.5%) etc. [50, 51].
Terpenes have been shown to have a favorable anti-plasmodial activity. With the rising malarial infections and drug resistance, terpenes have gained more attention towards it through anti-plasmodial activity. Terpenes have been shown to have a favorable anti-plasmodial activity. With the rising malarial infections and drug resistance, terpenes have gained more attention towards it through anti-plasmodial activity. Different kinds of terpenes show different effects on the parasites. The most common terpenes with anti-plasmodial potential are Beta-myrcene limonene, pinene, caryophyllene, etc. Thus, terpenes could be a safer and a cost-effective alternative for malarial treatment [52, 53].
Cancer-related observational studies propose that dietary monoterpenes might be useful in the anticipation and treatment of malignant growths. Among dietary monoterpenes, D-limonene and perillyl alcohol have been displayed to have chemo-preventive and health beneficial properties against numerous human malignant growths. At present they are professed to inhibit fraction-dependent proliferation of skin, lung, mammary, liver, colon, prostate, pancreatic, and stomach carcinomas [54, 55].
Presently, the antiviral potential of terpenoids is somewhat ineffectively perceived. Consequently, there is a ton of exploration pointed towards finding agents, likewise from natural sources, which could have intense antiviral potential. The new antiviral compounds ought to explicitly restrain the virus and ought not to affect the healthy biological environment of the cell. The quest for natural antiviral moieties has paved the way for the extraction of isoborneol. Potent anti- herpes simplex virus −1 (anti-HSV-1) activities have also been reported for monoterpenes such as cineol and borneol [56, 57].
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that results from reduced first-phase insulin secretion. Stevioside is a diterpene steviol glycoside extracted from leaves of the plant Stevia rebaudiana, which possesses insulinotropic, glucagonostatic, and anti-hyperglycemic effects [58, 59].
(−)-linalool, a naturally occurring enantiomer, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, (−)-linalool and its ester, linalyl acetate, demonstrated analgesic and edema reducing effects [60, 61, 62].
Artemisinin (sesquiterpene lactone) is secluded from
Finding a powerful boon for treating the cardiovascular problems is a pressing objective for researchers. Tanshinone IIA (TS) is a functioning moiety separated from the rhizome of Chinese home-grown medication
Tuberculosis is a very fatal disease to mankind and still the treatment regimen and new drug discovery attract the researchers to reveal a new paradigm in medical science. For the first time, diterpenoid of isosteviol, its binuclear derivatives, tri-terpenoid betulinic, oleanolic, and ursolic acids have been reported to possess anti-tubercular activity, manifested by the molecular docking method. Other natural constituents of the class are Geranylgeraniol, phytanol, escobarine A, escobarine B, furanoditerpenes, salasol A, germacrane, alantolactone, etc. [67, 68].
As of now, the clinically evident method of therapeutic activity of numerous terpenoids has not still been clarified. Besides, a relationship of “omics” technology and sub-atomic network pharmacology can be utilized to further affirm the mechanism and structural activity relationship (SAR) of terpenoids. Such study will be a promising step in the development of new medication substances thusly; the compounds with higher interest might be swiftly advanced into new medications, or structurally modified as lead compounds. It is a significant method for the innovative work and development of the medication, and it is additionally a hot spot in the subject of natural product studies. At present, reported terpenoids are about 50,000 inescapable among living beings and major fractions of them are obtained from plants. A few terpenoids are industrially notable for their dietary or therapeutic significance. The new dosage type of terpenoids might be advanced in a blend with the new techniques of pharmaceutics to expand its pharmacological activity. As more terpenoid-based clinical medications will open up, they will assume a vital part in human ailment therapy in forthcoming years. Or terpenoids might be acquainted as additives substances with wellness care items and beauty care products, which has immense market possibilities and money-related benefits. We are completely persuaded that it is the beginning stage for the fate of new green science, in light of terpenes and medicinal oils between scientists, industry, and academics.
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May 18, 2022 | 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM CEST
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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The main pollutants can be poisons, chemical compounds, toxic gases, and bacterial toxins. These can be found in different places and their effects depend on the dose and exposure time. Furthermore, foodborne diseases (FBDs) can cause disability; these diseases can be caused by toxins produced by bacteria or other toxic substances in the food, which can cause severe diarrhea, toxic shock syndrome, debilitating infections such as meningitis and even death. FBDs are transmitted through food contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms that have multiple factors of virulence, which gives them the ability to cause an infection; some bacterial genres can produce toxins directly in the food, but other genres can produce them once they have colonized the intestine. Among the pathogens involved in FBDs that are also considered to be toxigenic are Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne diseases can be prevented and acute diarrhea syndromes, fever and even death from dehydration can be avoided, especially in children under the age of 5 and in immunocompromised people.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez, Ingrid Palma-Martínez, Luis Uriel\nGonzalez-Avila, Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano, Raúl Colmenero Solís\nand Graciela Castro-Escarpulli",authors:[{id:"204160",title:"Prof.",name:"Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Escarpulli",slug:"graciela-castro-escarpulli",fullName:"Graciela Castro-Escarpulli"},{id:"204162",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Cortez",slug:"cecilia-hernandez-cortez",fullName:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez"},{id:"204163",title:"MSc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Palma-Martinez",slug:"ingrid-palma-martinez",fullName:"Ingrid Palma-Martinez"},{id:"204164",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis Uriel",middleName:null,surname:"González-Avila",slug:"luis-uriel-gonzalez-avila",fullName:"Luis Uriel González-Avila"},{id:"204165",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Mandujano",slug:"andrea-guerrero-mandujano",fullName:"Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano"}]},{id:"44713",doi:"10.5772/52208",title:"Local Hyperthermia in Oncology – To Choose or not to Choose?",slug:"local-hyperthermia-in-oncology-to-choose-or-not-to-choose-",totalDownloads:3814,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"2621",slug:"hyperthermia",title:"Hyperthermia",fullTitle:"Hyperthermia"},signatures:"Andras Szasz, Nora Iluri and Oliver Szasz",authors:[{id:"141192",title:"Prof.",name:"Andras",middleName:null,surname:"Szasz",slug:"andras-szasz",fullName:"Andras Szasz"}]},{id:"51450",doi:"10.5772/63888",title:"ECMO Biocompatibility: Surface Coatings, Anticoagulation, and Coagulation Monitoring",slug:"ecmo-biocompatibility-surface-coatings-anticoagulation-and-coagulation-monitoring",totalDownloads:4482,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The interaction between the patient and the ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) circuit initiates a significant coagulation and inflammatory response due to the large surface area of foreign material contained within the circuit. This response can be blunted with the appropriate mix of biocompatible materials and anticoagulation therapy. The use of anticoagulants, in turn, requires appropriate laboratory testing to determine whether the patient is appropriately anticoagulated. Physicians must balance the risks of bleeding with the risks of thrombosis; the proper interpretation of these tests is often shrouded in mystery. It is the purpose of this chapter to help demystify the coagulation system, anticoagulants, biocompatible surfaces, and coagulation testing so that ECMO practitioners can make informed decisions about their patients and to spur coordinated efforts for future research to improve our understanding of these complex processes.",book:{id:"5202",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-advances-in-therapy",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Advances in Therapy"},signatures:"Timothy M. Maul, M Patricia Massicotte and Peter D. Wearden",authors:[{id:"182691",title:"Dr.",name:"Timothy",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Maul",slug:"timothy-maul",fullName:"Timothy Maul"},{id:"187110",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Wearden",slug:"peter-wearden",fullName:"Peter Wearden"},{id:"187112",title:"Dr.",name:"Patti",middleName:null,surname:"Massicotte",slug:"patti-massicotte",fullName:"Patti Massicotte"}]},{id:"56530",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69955",title:"Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Humans and Animals: Causes and Consequences",slug:"poisoning-by-anticoagulant-rodenticides-in-humans-and-animals-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:1871,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are a keystone of the management of rodent populations in the world. The widespread use of these molecules raises questions on exposure and intoxication risks, which define the safety of these products. Exposures and intoxications can affect humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Consequences are different for each group, from the simple issue of intoxication in humans to public health concern if farm animals are exposed. After a rapid presentation of the mechanism of action and the use of anticoagulant rodenticides, this chapter assesses the prominence of poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides in humans, domestic animals and wildlife.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Sébastien Lefebvre, Isabelle Fourel, Stéphane Queffélec, Dominique\nVodovar, Bruno Mégarbane, Etienne Benoit, Virginie Siguret and\nVirginie Lattard",authors:[{id:"180156",title:"Dr.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Lattard",slug:"virginie-lattard",fullName:"Virginie Lattard"},{id:"185579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sébastien",middleName:null,surname:"Lefebvre",slug:"sebastien-lefebvre",fullName:"Sébastien Lefebvre"},{id:"185580",title:"Prof.",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"Benoit",slug:"etienne-benoit",fullName:"Etienne Benoit"},{id:"209023",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Fourel",slug:"isabelle-fourel",fullName:"Isabelle Fourel"},{id:"209031",title:"Mr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Queffélec",slug:"stephane-queffelec",fullName:"Stéphane Queffélec"},{id:"209032",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Megarbane",slug:"bruno-megarbane",fullName:"Bruno Megarbane"},{id:"209033",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Vodovar",slug:"dominique-vodovar",fullName:"Dominique Vodovar"},{id:"209034",title:"Prof.",name:"Virginie",middleName:null,surname:"Siguret",slug:"virginie-siguret",fullName:"Virginie Siguret"}]},{id:"57431",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71330",title:"The Role of the Inflammatory Response in Burn Injury",slug:"the-role-of-the-inflammatory-response-in-burn-injury",totalDownloads:2020,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Burns are characterised by significant local swelling and redness around the site of injury, indicative of acute inflammation. Whilst the inflammatory response is fundamental to the healing process, triggering a cascade of cytokines and growth factors to protect against the risk of infection, it is clear that prolonged inflammation can be detrimental and lead to scarring and fibrosis. Severe burns may display chronic, persistent inflammation long after the initial burn injury and may even result in multiple organ failure (MOF) due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Excessive inflammation in the early stages of healing has been identified as a causative factor in the formation of scars which can be disfiguring, functionally restrictive and may require revisionary surgeries. Therefore, it is imperative that inflammation is effectively managed following burn injuries in order to optimise the benefits it provides whilst actively preventing the complications of inflammation including SIRS, multiple organ failure (MOF) and the development of scarring and fibrosis. Reviewing the current knowledge about the role of the inflammatory response in burns and the treatments available for the management of inflammation during wound healing, highlights the importance of continued research into understanding and developing new approaches to regulate inflammatory responses post-burn injuries.",book:{id:"6288",slug:"hot-topics-in-burn-injuries",title:"Hot Topics in Burn Injuries",fullTitle:"Hot Topics in Burn Injuries"},signatures:"Xanthe L. Strudwick and Allison J. Cowin",authors:[{id:"182005",title:"Prof.",name:"Allison",middleName:null,surname:"Cowin",slug:"allison-cowin",fullName:"Allison Cowin"},{id:"222173",title:"Dr.",name:"Xanthe",middleName:null,surname:"Strudwick",slug:"xanthe-strudwick",fullName:"Xanthe Strudwick"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56521",title:"Food Poisoning Caused by Bacteria (Food Toxins)",slug:"food-poisoning-caused-by-bacteria-food-toxins-",totalDownloads:5960,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"In the environment, there are polluting substances that can cause adverse reactions in human beings when entering the body through different ways (ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption). The main pollutants can be poisons, chemical compounds, toxic gases, and bacterial toxins. These can be found in different places and their effects depend on the dose and exposure time. Furthermore, foodborne diseases (FBDs) can cause disability; these diseases can be caused by toxins produced by bacteria or other toxic substances in the food, which can cause severe diarrhea, toxic shock syndrome, debilitating infections such as meningitis and even death. FBDs are transmitted through food contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms that have multiple factors of virulence, which gives them the ability to cause an infection; some bacterial genres can produce toxins directly in the food, but other genres can produce them once they have colonized the intestine. Among the pathogens involved in FBDs that are also considered to be toxigenic are Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne diseases can be prevented and acute diarrhea syndromes, fever and even death from dehydration can be avoided, especially in children under the age of 5 and in immunocompromised people.",book:{id:"5873",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",title:"Poisoning",fullTitle:"Poisoning - From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis"},signatures:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez, Ingrid Palma-Martínez, Luis Uriel\nGonzalez-Avila, Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano, Raúl Colmenero Solís\nand Graciela Castro-Escarpulli",authors:[{id:"204160",title:"Prof.",name:"Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Escarpulli",slug:"graciela-castro-escarpulli",fullName:"Graciela Castro-Escarpulli"},{id:"204162",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Cortez",slug:"cecilia-hernandez-cortez",fullName:"Cecilia Hernández-Cortez"},{id:"204163",title:"MSc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Palma-Martinez",slug:"ingrid-palma-martinez",fullName:"Ingrid Palma-Martinez"},{id:"204164",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis Uriel",middleName:null,surname:"González-Avila",slug:"luis-uriel-gonzalez-avila",fullName:"Luis Uriel González-Avila"},{id:"204165",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Mandujano",slug:"andrea-guerrero-mandujano",fullName:"Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano"}]},{id:"64561",title:"Musculoskeletal Injuries: Types and Management Protocols for Emergency Care",slug:"musculoskeletal-injuries-types-and-management-protocols-for-emergency-care",totalDownloads:2539,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"These are a common type of human injuries which can result from the damage of muscular or skeletal systems (i.e., bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, etc.); they usually occur due to a strenuous and/or repetitive activity and can result into variety of complaints, complications, and deformities causing a big burden on the financial and health system in all societies. They are among the largest category of work-related injuries and are responsible for almost 30% of all worker’s compensation costs worldwide. Injuries to the musculoskeletal system occur in 85% of patients who sustain blunt trauma; they often appear dramatic, but rarely cause an immediate life-threatening situation, although these injuries must be assessed and managed accurately so life or limb are not jeopardized. The doctor must be familiar with the anatomy and the injury site to protect his patients from further disability and prevent complications. Major musculoskeletal trauma such as crushed injuries that can cause release of myoglobin resulting in renal tubular injury (acute kidney injury), or can be associated with internal torso injuries like acute compartment syndrome. soft tissue and skeletal system traumas may not be initially recognized, so continued reassessment and evaluation are necessary to identify all injuries.",book:{id:"6616",slug:"essentials-of-accident-and-emergency-medicine",title:"Essentials of Accident and Emergency Medicine",fullTitle:"Essentials of Accident and Emergency Medicine"},signatures:"Ahmad Subhy Alsheikhly and Mazin Subhy Alsheikhly",authors:[{id:"144628",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmad Subhy",middleName:"Humadi",surname:"Alsheikhly",slug:"ahmad-subhy-alsheikhly",fullName:"Ahmad Subhy Alsheikhly"}]},{id:"59641",title:"Problem of Burns in Children: Opportunities for Health Improvement",slug:"problem-of-burns-in-children-opportunities-for-health-improvement",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Burns are one of the most devastating types of trauma in medicine. Children under 5 years of age are a high-risk group to burns. The most common type is thermal burn caused by hot fluids (scald). Most childhood burns occur at home under parental supervision. These are preventable injuries. The chapter presents results of my studies about risk factors of burns in children and possibilities of health improvement. Simple changes in children’s environment and increasing awareness of caregivers can lead to a decrease in the number of this type of injuries. Moreover, the first aid given to burnt children soon after the injury usually is not adequate (no cooling thermal burns and no analgesia). Health improvement can be obtained by reducing the number of burns, the correct first aid given after the injury, and the organization of specialized health-care centers and rehabilitation services for victims of burns.",book:{id:"6616",slug:"essentials-of-accident-and-emergency-medicine",title:"Essentials of Accident and Emergency Medicine",fullTitle:"Essentials of Accident and Emergency Medicine"},signatures:"Agata Maria Kawalec",authors:null},{id:"51795",title:"ECMO Cannulation Techniques",slug:"ecmo-cannulation-techniques",totalDownloads:4372,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"An extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit consists of a pump and a membrane oxygenator. This circuit can interface with the human body in a variety of cannulation strategies to provide different forms and levels of support. These various support techniques can be divided into two broad categories: those designed to support the body’s respiratory functions (lungs) and those designed to support the body’s blood circulation (heart). In this chapter we discuss various cannulation techniques used.",book:{id:"5202",slug:"extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-advances-in-therapy",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Advances in Therapy"},signatures:"Chand Ramaiah and Ashok Babu",authors:[{id:"183646",title:"Dr.",name:"Chand",middleName:null,surname:"Ramaiah",slug:"chand-ramaiah",fullName:"Chand Ramaiah"},{id:"189073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",slug:"ashok-babu",fullName:"Ashok Babu"}]},{id:"27955",title:"Transfusion-Associated Bacterial Sepsis",slug:"transfusion-associated-sepsis",totalDownloads:8288,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"802",slug:"severe-sepsis-and-septic-shock-understanding-a-serious-killer",title:"Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock",fullTitle:"Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock - Understanding a Serious Killer"},signatures:"Jolanta Korsak",authors:[{id:"72828",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Korsak",slug:"jolanta-korsak",fullName:"Jolanta Korsak"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"177",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. 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Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. 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