Anthropometric characteristics of the sample.
Overweight and obesity are both specific causes of premature death in adulthood [1]. The progressive reduction of physical activity levels (PAL) in children and adolescents, together with the increase of sedentary habits, promote the development of non-communicable and chronic—cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic—degenerative diseases [2, 3], bone demineralization and osteoporosis [4], but also sarcopenia, loss of strength and muscle tone [5].
The international guidelines and recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) provide for children and adolescents—aged between 5 and 17 years old—the daily practice of at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), together with muscular strength activities [5].
However, several studies showed that a large percentage of children and adolescents do not respect these guidelines and recommendations, preferring sedentary activities. According to a recent report—including 298 schools from 146 countries around the world—about 81% of students aged 11–17 years old did not regularly engage in physical activity in 2016 [6]. Furthermore, the socio-economic status was not a determining variable in predicting PAL: in low-income countries and high-income countries, the percentage of inactive children and adolescents was about 85 and 79%, respectively [6].
Sedentary habits during childhood and adolescence can generate a non-virtuous circular process, in which reduced levels of physical activity contribute to further reducing opportunities for motor practice (i.e., sports activities, recreational activities, group games, unstructured physical activity, free play, etc.), with consequent negative effects on physical literacy and motor development [7].
The latest data of the HBSC study—Health Behavior in School-aged Children—Health-related behaviors in school-age children [8]—aimed at monitoring the health and related factors of children in about 50 countries in Europe and North America, highlighted that (data referred to 2018):
since 2014 there has been a global progressive decline in levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children and adolescents;
only 20% of children and adolescents practiced daily physical activity;
the percentage of children/adolescents who regularly practice physical activity decrease progressively as age increase;
a high proportion of young people regularly consume alcoholic beverages;
one in five teenagers is overweight/obese.
In Italy, the results of the HBSC report showed low levels of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables (about 27% of young people), low levels of daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (similar results were found in Portugal and France) and high levels of digital communication (smartphones, tablets, notebooks, etc.), especially in girls aged 15 years old (about 63%).
These results are supported by the latest ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica) report referred to 2017–2018, according to which more than 2 million children and adolescents in Italy are overweight (25.5% of children aged 3–17), with a significant prevalence in boys (27.8%) than in girls (22.4%) [9]. Despite the slight decrease in the percentage of overweight/obese children and adolescents—28.5% in 2010–2011 and 25.2% in 2017–2018—the percentage of inactive and sedentary young people still remains very high: 1 million 925 thousand children and adolescents, equal to about 23% of the Italian population aged 3–17 years [9]. Italy together with Cyprus, Spain, Greece and Malta is the country with the highest proportion of overweight/obese children in the 7–8 years range [9].
Furthermore, the latest Okkio alla SALUTE report—the Italian national surveillance system on overweight, obesity and related risk factors in primary school children (6–10 years)—coordinated by the National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion showed that the percentage of overweight and obese children was 20.4 and 9.4%, respectively (data referred to 2019) [10].
Healthy lifestyles promote better body composition preventing overweight and obesity [11], improving muscle strength development and a better functionality of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system [12, 13]. Regarding the psychological and cognitive domain, physical activity in childhood and adolescence involves personal well-being [14], and a better cognitive and emotional development [15, 16].
Recent findings revealed changes in body size, body circumferences and the percentage of body fat in adolescents aged 16–17 years [17].
A recent systematic review analyzed the evolution of motor skills in children aged 6–18 years from 1972 to 2015, highlighted a progressive decline in aerobic fitness and muscle power between 1986 and 2010–2012, and a moderate development of muscle strength and speed in the same period [18]. Other studies associated the increasing BMI (Body Mass Index) to decline in physical fitness related to 20 m shuttle run test [19], standing long jump test, sit-and-reach test, 50 m sprint and aerobic fitness [20]. Low physical activity and higher levels of BMI were also associated with reduced motor performance more significant in boys than girls [21, 22, 23] and especially in the 13–14 years group [24].
Previous studies, based on the monitoring of physical fitness in Apulia Region (Southern Italy), showed lower motor performance (strength, speed and aerobic fitness) in overweight/obese children aged 9–10 years, associated with lower levels of self-perception and enjoyment compared to normal weight peers [25, 26].
The assessment of physical fitness in adolescents allows the acquisition of transversal and longitudinal information on the development and evolution of motor skills as health indicators. Furthermore, it is possible to infer the evolution of the educational process during adolescence by combining anthropometric and physical fitness data (BMI, strength, speed, aerobic fitness) with psychological factors related to physical activity (e.g., intrinsic motivation, physical self-efficacy, enjoyment).
These data can be used to carry out surveillance studies necessary and unavoidable to program and to put into practice multi-component and interdisciplinary interventions, allowing dialog and synergies between the professionals dealing with health promotion.
In Southern Italy, a large percentage of children and adolescents are overweight-obese (about 32.7%) children and adolescents are very high [9]. In Apulia only 10% of children and adolescents carry out daily physical activity for 1 hour, with 1 out of 5 teenagers overweight or obese; at the same time, there are high levels of consumption of soda and sugars and low consumption of fruits and vegetables (lower than the recommendation of at least 5 servings per day) [8]. Moreover, in addition to the analysis of nutritional status highlighting alarming levels of overweight-obesity, there is a growing feeling of malaise that teenagers live in the relationship with their body image [8].
Health status of children and adolescents were behind the development of the Regional Observatory of Motor Development and Health Prevention in Apulia (Italy), a regional project—included in the Triennial Apulia Guidelines 2019/2021 on Sport [27]—for secondary schools of first and second grade and coordinated by the University of Foggia, afferent to the Laboratory of Didactics Motor Activities, aiming at: (a) assess health status and physical fitness in children and adolescents; (b) create a regional database on motor development and levels of physical activity accessible and shared by different health professionals; (c) create and achieve regional reference values about physical fitness and PAL; (d) compare PAL and motor development of pupils in different ages; (e) disseminate results in different contexts (school, university, healthcare system, sport, local administrators) by orienting institutional resources and educational interventions; (f) develop and collect good practices, didactic guidelines and methodological implications in physical education (PE) for the promotion of healthy lifestyles. In addition, it allows to acquire and periodically compare quanti-qualitative data on the evolution of physical fitness and motor abilities in different geographical areas, evaluating the effectiveness of school, institutional and sports interventions for health promotion.
In the light of this evidence, this study aims to assess the evolution (development or decline) of strength levels in young adolescents aged 11–12 years, comparing motor performance in 1990 and in 2020 in the same Apulia province (Lecce).
The present study used cross-sectional data from the “Regional Observatory of Motor Development and Health Prevention” project in Apulia Region, coordinated by the University of Foggia—Laboratory of Didactics of Motor Activities—aimed at assessing levels of physical fitness and health in young children and adolescents. The sample consisted of 107 and 118 children aged 11–12 years (first grade of the secondary school) attending the same school in Lecce, respectively in 1990 and in 2020.
The data from the 1990 sample were retrieved from physical education teacher’s assessment during the monitoring carried out by the University of Foggia in the ‘90s, while data from 2020 sample were collected as part of the Motor Development and Health Prevention project. Written informed consent was obtained from all children’s parents/guardians, both in 1990 and 2020 and stored at school institute.
The assessment in 2020 involved anthropometric characteristics and a physical fitness test. Standing height and body weight were measured using a calibrated stadiometer and a balance scale (nearest 0.1 cm), respectively. BMI was obtained by dividing the body weight (kg) by the body height squared (m2) [28].
After collecting and analyzing the sample’s anthropometric characteristics (weight, height and BMI), participants were classified as normal weight (Nw) or overweight-obese (Ow-Ob) according to Cole’s standard definition for child overweight and obesity [29].
Starting from BMI, Cole’s Scale used cutoff points—based on centiles BMI curves adjusted by age and sex—to define child’s normal weight, overweight or obese status [29].
The motor assessment involved the standing long jump—as a part of the Eurofit Fitness Testing Battery [30]—and the medicine ball throw test [31] to evaluate the strength and explosive power of the lower and upper limbs, respectively.
The assessment protocol was the same in 1990 and in 2020, as follows:
Standing long jump (SLJ) [30]:
student behind the starting line, previously traced in the gym;
from here—with the lower limbs slightly apart on the front plane—perform a long jump with a semi-bend on the lower limbs, slandering the arms forward, falling back on the mattress on equal feet;
measure jump distance in meters, from the starting line to the nearest sign left by the feet or from the other part of the body on the mattress;
Medicine ball throw 2 kg (MBT) [31]:
student positioned with his feet slightly apart on the front plane behind a line drawn on the floor—frontal to the throw direction—with his arms high and grabbing a 2 kg medical ball;
from this position, after performing a semi-bending on the lower limbs, the throws the medical ball forward-up as far as possible;
measure throw distance in meters.
For both physical fitness test, three trials were carried out. Only the best result was considered.
After recovering data from the PE teachers monitoring in 1990, a group of Graduates in Preventive and Adapted Motor Sciences conducted the assessment in the same school in Lecce (Apulia) in 2020. For better reliability of the results, five secondary school classes were randomly recruited and involved in the study, together with their respective physical education teachers (
Sample characteristics—in terms of age and educational attainment—were the same in 1990 and 2020, while PE teacher’s characteristics were not considered relevant variables in this study.
The monitoring activities were carried out by agreement with the school manager and the physical education teachers involved.
Three Graduates in Preventive and Adapted Motor Sciences were recruited by the Laboratory of Didactics of Motor Activities and trained to standardize the assessment protocol.
The assessment was conducted during curricular physical education lessons in January 2020 by Graduates in Preventive and Adapted Motor Sciences and PE teachers.
After verifying the normal distribution of data with the Saphiro-Wilk test (abnormal and minimum/maximum values were excluded), the results of the descriptive analyses were reported in terms of mean and standard deviation (
Table 1 summarizes the anthropometric characteristics (age, weight, height and BMI) according to gender and BMI (normal weight and overweight-obese).
Sample | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Weight | Height | BMI | |||
1990 | ||||||
Male | Nw | 54 | 11.17 ± 0.50 | 40.38 ± 7.32 | 1.50 ± 0.07 | 17.69 ± 2.17 |
Ow-Ob | 3 | 11.67 ± 1.15 | 54.33 ± 1.52 | 1.52 ± 0.07 | 23.57 ± 1.49 | |
Female | Nw | 45 | 11.02 ± 0.33 | 40.60 ± 7.46 | 1.49 ± 0.05 | 17.96 ± 2.55 |
Ow-Ob | 5 | 11.20 ± 0.45 | 60.20 ± 9.98 | 1.51 ± 0.05 | 26.28 ± 3.04 | |
2020 | ||||||
Male | Nw | 42 | 11.60 ± 0.49 | 40.32 ± 7.84 | 1.50 ± 0.08 | 17.73 ± 2.14 |
Ow-Ob | 21 | 11.62 ± 0.49 | 58.54 ± 10.47 | 1.52 ± 0.06 | 24.98 ± 3.29 | |
Female | Nw | 29 | 11.24 ± 0.43 | 40.64 ± 7.75 | 1.51 ± 0.08 | 17.45 ± 1.89 |
Ow-Ob | 26 | 11.62 ± 0.50 | 59.38 ± 8.19 | 1.53 ± 0.05 | 25.04 ± 2.90 |
Anthropometric characteristics of the sample.
Nw = normal weight, Ow-Ob = overweight-obese.
The analysis related to the prevalence of overweight-obesity (Table 2) showed that:
Percentage of normal weight and overweight-obese adolescents | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2020 | |||||||
% | % | |||||||
Male | Nw | 54 | 94.7 | 42 | 66.7 | 1.500 | 1 | 0.221 |
Ow | 3 | 5.3 | 13 | 20.6 | 6.250 | 1 | 0.012 | |
Ob | 8 | 12.7 | / | / | / | |||
Female | Nw | 45 | 90 | 29 | 52.7 | 3.459 | 1 | 0.063 |
Ow | 2 | 4.0 | 19 | 34.5 | 13.762 | 1 | 0.000 | |
Ob | 3 | 6.0 | 7 | 12.7 | 1.600 | 1 | 0.206 | |
Total | Nw | 99 | 92.5 | 71 | 60.2 | 4.612 | 1 | 0.032 |
Ow | 5 | 4.7 | 32 | 27.1 | 19.703 | 1 | 0.000 | |
Ob | 3 | 2.8 | 15 | 12.7 | 8.000 | 1 | 0.005 |
Sample distribution about BMI.
Table 3 and Figures 1 and 2 summarize the results of the physical fitness tests according to gender and BMI (Male/Female and Nw/Ow-Ob). Results showed better motor performance in the SLJ test in 1990 compared to 2020, regardless of gender and/or BMI (male normal weight
Physical fitness test | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2020 | |||||||
Male | SLJ | Nw | 1.57 ± 0.23 | 1.46 ± 0.24 | 6.015 | 1 | 0.016 | 0.060 |
Ow-Ob | 1.23 ± 0.22 | 1.20 ± 0.20 | 4.253 | 0.1 | 0.049 | 0.162 | ||
MBT | Nw | 4.88 ± 0.87 | 4.24 ± 1.05 | 10.591 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.101 | |
Ow-Ob | 4.70 ± 1.15 | 4.10 ± 0.76 | 1.408 | 1 | 0.248 | 0.060 | ||
Female | SLJ | Nw | 1.43 ± 0.18 | 1.21 ± 0.18 | 24.828 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.256 |
Ow-Ob | 1.38 ± 0.24 | 1.10 ± 0.22 | 4.171 | 1 | 0.049 | 0.134 | ||
MBT | Nw | 4.31 ± 0.72 | 3.64 ± 0.48 | 18.737 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.206 | |
Ow-Ob | 5.01 ± 0.75 | 3.83 ± 0.63 | 13.560 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.319 | ||
Total | SLJ | Nw | 1.51 ± 0.21 | 1.36 ± 0.25 | 17.699 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.095 |
Ow-Ob | 1.42 ± 0.22 | 1.15 ± 0.21 | 8.599 | 1 | 0.005 | 0.144 | ||
MBT | Nw | 4.62 ± 0.85 | 4.00 ± 0.91 | 20.792 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.110 | |
Ow-Ob | 4.89 ± 0.85 | 3.95 ± 0.70 | 11.439 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.178 |
Motor performance about gender and BMI.
Performance in SLJ:1990 vs 2020.
Performance in MBT: 1990 vs 2020.
The same results were obtained in the MBT test: all groups showed higher motor performances in 1990 compared to 2020 (male normal weight
Data analysis revealed better results in the 1990 sample, suggesting a decline in lower and upper limb strength levels. The effect size values were relatively low, except in female overweight/obese group (
Regression analysis (Table 4) highlighted the relation between BMI and motor performance: in 1990 BMI was significantly related to MBT (
Linear regression between BMI and physical fitness test | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI in 1990 | BMI in 2020 | |||||||||
SLJ | −0.190 | 0.036 | 3.971 | 1 | 0.052 | 0.108 | 14.092 | 1 | ||
MBT | 0.046 | 5.006 | 1 | 0.118 | 0.014 | 1.141 | 1 | 0.202 |
Relationship between BMI and motor performance.
This study aimed to assess and compare the evolution of physical fitness in adolescents attending the first year of secondary school in 1990 and in 2020.
The first statistically significant (and alarming) data was related to the sample’s distribution: the percentage of overweight and obese male adolescents increased from 5.3% in 1990 to 33.3% in 2020, and from 10.0 to 47.2% in females. This data, in addition to soliciting the interest of coaches, PE teachers, parents and institutional policies (
Results showed a reduction and decline in motor performance from 1990 to 2020, both in boys and girls regardless of the BMI. In addition, this study showed more significant differences in girls than boys. The interpretation of the physical fitness test underlined a key concept: adolescents in 1990 were stronger than those in 2020, and this result cannot be considered separately from the increase in the percentage of overweight-obesity.
BMI was related to MBT in 1990 and no relation was found SLJ in the same year. In 2020 BMI was negatively associated with the SLJ, without significant effects on MBT. These results lead to the following (possible) considerations:
in 1990 the low percentage of overweight-obese children did not allow to define the BMI a variable significantly associated with the strength of the lower limbs (SLJ). At the same time, overweight-obese children in 1990 had higher upper limb strength (MBT). The BMI helped to explain only 4.6% of variance of MBT in 1990: a small percentage, although statistically significant, that put the BMI in second plane in explaining these differences, considering that the sample was almost exclusively normal weight (92.5%);
in 2020 the BMI was inversely related to SLJ, so as the BMI increases, the motor performance in the SLJ progressively reduced. Only BMI explains about 11% of the total variance in the SLJ.
Contrary to findings evidenced by other studies [24, 33], according to which the BMI increase it corresponds an increase of the upper limbs strength in the MBT, this study did not provide a significant relation between BMI and MBT. This could imply a flattening of motor performance and upper limb strength levels, regardless of BMI levels. BMI did not determine, in this case, a greater strength expression in tasks that require moving and/or moving an object (e.g., throwing), but it influences significantly the SLJ, that is, a task requiring the horizontal movement of the entire body, stressing the need to define physical fitness sex-specific and age-specific normative values for children and adolescents [34].
The results of this study were partly confirmed by previous studies. A recent systematic review, analyzed the evolution of motor abilities (strength, speed, flexibility and coordination) from 2006 to 2019 in children and adolescents aged 4–18 years, showing the decline in physical fitness over the past decade, especially in terms of aerobic fitness, strength and flexibility [35].
A further review analyzed the evolution of motor performance in children and adolescents (6–18 years) from 1972 to 2015, considering aerobic fitness, strength, muscle power and speed as health indicators [18]. The results of the 22 studies included in the systematic review can be summarized as follows:
development of aerobic fitness from 1972 to 1986, and a subsequent decline until 2010–2012, then stabilized until 2015;
slight increase in muscle strength (stable since 2006);
progressive reduction and loss of muscle power (expression of strength in the shortest time possible) with a slight increase in speed (especially in the 3 years 2012–2015).
Contrary to the trends highlighted so far, positive trends of improvement of motor abilities (from 1989 to 2019) were reported in Slovenian children aged 7–10 years, especially in girls [36].
A further Slovenian study showed, however, a negative trend between the increase in anthropometric factors (especially BMI) and the decline in motor abilities, emphasizing a significant reduction in lower and upper limb strength levels, with peaks (in terms of involution) observed in the years 1993/1994–2003/2004 [37].
What has been highlighted so far is even more worrying and is an important wake-up call considering that the development of physical fitness—especially the standing long jump—is an important health indicator in children and adolescents [38].
These results suggest that the progressive reduction of health-related components and physical fitness was more oriented towards overweight-obese children showing worse motor performances in aerobic fitness, muscular endurance and explosive muscular power [39].
The strength development also has important effects and implications for the prevention of numerous non-communicable diseases and premature death. A recent study analyzed the evolution of the muscular strength of the American population—assessed through Hand Grip (grip strength)—in the years 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 on 12295 participants aged 6–85 years. Although, the results did not reveal significant differences over the years (based on age, gender, and ethnicity), they stressed and reiterated the importance of assessing and monitoring the strength development of the entire population, as an important indicator of the general health status [40].
Other studies, in addition to highlighting significant lower physical fitness measures (grip strength, standing long jump, 20-meter shuttle run) and motor competence (throwing and catching skills) in schoolchildren aged 13–14 years from 2014 to 2019, reported the reduction of the 16% of the hours spent in physical education between 2010 and 2019 [40]. Data revealed that the normal-weight group has highlighted the most important decline in fitness levels and motor competence compared to the overweight-obese peers [41].
Furthermore, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of physical education interventions carried out on curricular time, based on quanti-qualitative intervention protocols, in terms of motor development and motor skills learning [42]. Results suggest that quanti-qualitative interventions are associated with an increase in aerobic fitness, strength and, at the same time, allows to enhance end improve motor learning [42].
The learning of motor skills is guaranteed by the interaction of the child with the environments, spaces, tools, objects, classmates, and is mediated by the circular relation between the executive variants (spatial-temporal-qualitative-quantitative) applied to one or more fundamental motor skills (e.g., jump + long-forward), and sense-perceptual, coordinative and conditional abilities functional to a specific motor task (e.g., jump long-forward = rapid strength of lower limbs).
This study captured BMI and physical fitness in two-time points highlighting moderate changes in physical strength in children in Apulia.
Despite the randomization of the sample in the same school in 1990 and the involvement of the same protocols in performing SLJ and MBT, some limitations of the study that would have increased the magnitude and the generalization of the results emerged.
Socio-economic status, levels of motor competence, behaviors, diet, eating habits and maturation, as well as factors related to the practice of physical activity (e.g., enjoyment, self-perception, intrinsic motivation, etc.), were not available at both time points (1990 and 2020), so the conclusions are based only on objective measures (BMI and muscular strength).
The present study provides several considerations regarding the decline in muscular strength in adolescents according to (a) the increase in BMI and sedentary lifestyles, (b) general lower health status and (c) motor learning processes. The progressive decline in motor performance and the corresponding increase in BMI, therefore, affects not only physical education teachers, graduates in motor science, coaches, etc. but the entire public health system, requiring a convergence of intentions and interventions by educational, political, cultural, social and health Apulia institutions. The analysis and interpretation of the data show the need to monitor and, consequently, intervene through the implementation of good practices in the younger populations.
Despite the undoubted positive effects linked to a physical education based on quanti-qualitative interventions, further opportunities are also needed to encourage and expand the time spent in physical activity (e.g., through active breaks, active lessons and active transport).
Future research should be oriented at monitoring health status, anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness (in terms of strength, speed, aerobic fitness and flexibility) in children and adolescents involving more factors, such as socio-economic status, ethnic group, urban or rural environment, etc. to obtain results that are as representative as possible of a specific target sample.
We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of PE teachers, Experts in Sciences of Preventive and Adapted Motor Activities, and the Laboratory of Didactics Motor Activities staff.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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L. Motta, C. C. P. Andrade and M. H. A. 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Chandel, Silvio Silvério da Silva and Om V. Singh",authors:[{id:"25160",title:"Prof.",name:"Om",middleName:"V",surname:"Singh",slug:"om-singh",fullName:"Om Singh"},{id:"51540",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"silvio-silva",fullName:"Silvio Silva"},{id:"76898",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuj",middleName:null,surname:"Chandel",slug:"anuj-chandel",fullName:"Anuj Chandel"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59269",title:"Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste",slug:"gasification-of-municipal-solid-waste",totalDownloads:3635,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an attractive alternative fuel production process for the treatment of solid waste as it has several potential benefits over traditional combustion of MSW. Syngas produced from the gasification of MSW can be utilized as a gas fuel being combusted in a conventional burner or in a gas engine to utilize the heat or produce electricity. Also, it can be used as a building block for producing valuable products such as chemicals and other forms of fuel energy. This book chapter covers the properties of MSW, gasification mechanism, chemistry, operating conditions, gasification technologies, processes, recovery system, and most importantly by reviewing the environmental impacts of MSW gasification. As one of recent advanced technologies, a case study of pilot-scale MSW gasification is introduced, which could be one of the most efficient pathways to utilize the technology to produce electricity with a newly developed gasification process by reducing tar and pollutant emission.",book:{id:"6349",slug:"gasification-for-low-grade-feedstock",title:"Gasification for Low-grade Feedstock",fullTitle:"Gasification for Low-grade Feedstock"},signatures:"Yong-Chil Seo, Md Tanvir Alam and Won-Seok Yang",authors:[{id:"213854",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong-Chil",middleName:null,surname:"Seo",slug:"yong-chil-seo",fullName:"Yong-Chil Seo"},{id:"213857",title:"Mr.",name:"Md Tanvir",middleName:null,surname:"Alam",slug:"md-tanvir-alam",fullName:"Md Tanvir Alam"},{id:"222321",title:"Dr.",name:"Won-Seok",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"won-seok-yang",fullName:"Won-Seok Yang"}]},{id:"52687",title:"Methods of Estimating Forest Biomass: A Review",slug:"methods-of-estimating-forest-biomass-a-review",totalDownloads:3440,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Forest plays a special role in carbon sequestration and thus mitigating climate change. However, the large uncertainty in biomass estimation is unable to meet the requirement of the accurate carbon accounting. The use of a suitable and rigor method to accurately estimate forest biomass is significant. Moreover, the world is increasingly facing the conflicting pressures of economic growth and environmental protection. Improving energy structure and vigorously developing biomass energy has become the development trend of energy utilization in the future. As energy plant is characterized by a large net accumulation of biomass. Therefore, the scientific evaluation of the size and potential of energy from plant also requires a suitable method for estimating biomass. Here, we reviewed the estimate methods, including allometric equation, mean biomass density, biomass expansion factor, geostatistics, etc. For each method, we will present background, rational, applicability, as well as estimation procedure by exemplifying a case. In this chapter, we argued that the new developed technique such as geo-statistics and remote sensing technique (e.g. LIDAR) would be the key tools to improve forest biomass estimation accuracy. However, prior to this, spatial variation of forest biomass at various levels should be explored using multi-source data and multi-approaches.",book:{id:"5393",slug:"biomass-volume-estimation-and-valorization-for-energy",title:"Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy",fullTitle:"Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy"},signatures:"Lei Shi and Shirong Liu",authors:[{id:"187616",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",slug:"lei-shi",fullName:"Lei Shi"},{id:"194544",title:"Prof.",name:"Shirong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"shirong-liu",fullName:"Shirong Liu"}]},{id:"52751",title:"Biomass Compositional Analysis for Conversion to Renewable Fuels and Chemicals",slug:"biomass-compositional-analysis-for-conversion-to-renewable-fuels-and-chemicals",totalDownloads:2871,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"As the world continues to deplete its nonrenewable resources, there has begun a shift toward using renewable materials for the production of fuels and chemicals. Terrestrial biomass, as well as municipal solid wastes, provides renewable feedstocks for fuel and chemical production. However, one of the major challenges to using biomass as a feedstock for fuel and chemical production is the great amount of innate variability between different biomass types and within individual biomass species. This inconsistency arises from varied growth and harvesting conditions and presents challenges for conversion processes, which frequently require physically and chemically uniform materials. This chapter will examine intrinsic biomass compositional characteristics including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives/volatiles, and ash for a wide array of biomass types. Additionally, extrinsic properties, such as moisture content and particle grind size, will be examined for their effect on biomass conversion to fuels using four major conversion processes: direct combustion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and fermentation. A brief discussion on recent research for the production of building block chemicals from biomass will also be presented.",book:{id:"5393",slug:"biomass-volume-estimation-and-valorization-for-energy",title:"Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy",fullTitle:"Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy"},signatures:"C. Luke Williams, Rachel M. Emerson and Jaya Shankar Tumuluru",authors:[{id:"95803",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya Shankar",middleName:null,surname:"Tumuluru",slug:"jaya-shankar-tumuluru",fullName:"Jaya Shankar Tumuluru"},{id:"187715",title:"Dr.",name:"C. Luke",middleName:null,surname:"Williams",slug:"c.-luke-williams",fullName:"C. Luke Williams"},{id:"194456",title:"MSc.",name:"Rachel M.",middleName:null,surname:"Emerson",slug:"rachel-m.-emerson",fullName:"Rachel M. 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From studies focused on biodiesel, bioethanol, biomass and biofuel in general, different spectroscopic techniques have also been applied in the area. The focus of this chapter is to elucidate what has been published in the last few decades over the subject, detailing the basic concepts of the main spectroscopic techniques applied and showing the results and developments over biofuel. The aim of the chapter is to achieve a set of information that can be used as a bigger compile of information of the state of the art regarding the theme.",book:{id:"5509",slug:"frontiers-in-bioenergy-and-biofuels",title:"Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Bioenergy and Biofuels"},signatures:"João Cajaiba Da Silva, Alex Queiroz, Alline Oliveira and Vinícius\nKartnaller",authors:[{id:"107106",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cajaiba Da Silva",slug:"joao-cajaiba-da-silva",fullName:"João Cajaiba Da Silva"},{id:"192636",title:"MSc.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz",slug:"alex-queiroz",fullName:"Alex Queiroz"},{id:"192637",title:"MSc.",name:"Alline",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"alline-oliveira",fullName:"Alline Oliveira"},{id:"192638",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Vinicius",middleName:null,surname:"Kartnaller",slug:"vinicius-kartnaller",fullName:"Vinicius Kartnaller"}]},{id:"62959",title:"Biogas for Clean Energy",slug:"biogas-for-clean-energy",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter demonstrates a biogas renewable energy resource potential study for electric power generation from easily available biogas feedstock materials in four selected case study sites. Under this study, the site used in the model is a rural Kebele in Jama Woreda at 10.548° N, 39.33° E. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/145158",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"145158"},fullPath:"/profiles/145158",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()