The result of the bamboo tensile strength test.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5409",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fertility-oriented Female Reproductive Surgery",title:"Fertility-oriented Female Reproductive Surgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In modern practice, the role of female reproductive surgery is declining apparently due to the widespread availability of assisted reproductive technology as an attractive option for infertile couples. To be more precise, prevention of female infertility should be the ultimate goal of all obstetricians and gynecologists during operating on females in the reproductive age. This book concentrates on different issues of fertility preservation both in obstetrics and gynecology. Not a matter of kindly or courtesy, but the core of obstetricians and gynecologists' work is to restore normal anatomy and to preserve fertility for all women in the reproductive age.",isbn:"978-953-51-2878-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2877-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7332-8",doi:"10.5772/62748",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fertility-oriented-female-reproductive-surgery",numberOfPages:146,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"1a01175c857cd700e350a0145e488e16",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",publishedDate:"January 18th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5409.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22524,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 17th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 15th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 14th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",middleName:"M.M.",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/29304/images/1698_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Atef Darwish graduated from Assiut School of Medicine in 1985 with an excellent grade with first class honors. He got his Master degree in 1989 with Excellent degree. Between 1992-1994, he spent 2 years at the Endoscopic Unit of Ulm University, Germany. Thereafter, he received his Medical Doctorate in 1995 through a combined program between the University of Ulm, Germany and the University of Assiut, Egypt with Excellent degree. He joined the Endoscopy Unit of Villach University Hospital in Austria, the Assisted Reproduction Unit in Düsseldorf University Hospital in Germany and the reproductive biology and minimally invasive surgery unit in the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Clevland, Ohio, USA. Currently, he is a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University since July 2005. Moreover, he is a consultant of Obstetrics and Gynecology in three hospitals and he is the moderator and lecturer of many endoscopic societies. \nHe authored an internationally registered undergraduate book, presented 59 presentations in national and international meetings, delivered a lot of lectures in Egypt, some Arabian countries and the USA and published more than 40 papers in international medical journals, and 7 papers in national journals. He received some congress prizes and awards due to his work in the field of reproductive medicine since 1995. He is a reviewer of many international journals and an associate editor of two of them. \nIn 2009, he got a PhD degree in the reproductive medicine at the University of Utrichet, The Netherlands.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1153",title:"Reproductive Surgery",slug:"reproductive-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"53784",title:"Microsurgical Cesarean Section",doi:"10.5772/67123",slug:"microsurgical-cesarean-section",totalDownloads:1730,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Atef Darwish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53784",authors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],corrections:null},{id:"51944",title:"Hysteroscopic Surgery for Submucosal Fibroids",doi:"10.5772/64861",slug:"hysteroscopic-surgery-for-submucosal-fibroids",totalDownloads:17122,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Rashi Kalra and Roger J Hart",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51944",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51944",authors:[{id:"187858",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger",surname:"Hart",slug:"roger-hart",fullName:"Roger Hart"},{id:"187861",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashi",surname:"Kalra",slug:"rashi-kalra",fullName:"Rashi Kalra"}],corrections:null},{id:"52300",title:"Endometriosis: When and How We Treat",doi:"10.5772/65296",slug:"endometriosis-when-and-how-we-treat",totalDownloads:842,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sidonia Maria Saceanu, Stefan Patrascu, Anca Patrascu and Valeriu\nSurlin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52300",authors:[{id:"158096",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Valeriu",surname:"Surlin",slug:"valeriu-surlin",fullName:"Valeriu Surlin"},{id:"194539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Patrascu",slug:"stefan-patrascu",fullName:"Stefan Patrascu"},{id:"194540",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidonia Maria",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"sidonia-maria-sandulescu",fullName:"Sidonia Maria Sandulescu"},{id:"194541",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",surname:"Patrascu",slug:"anca-patrascu",fullName:"Anca Patrascu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52626",title:"Laparoscopic Surgery in the Treatment of Endometriosis",doi:"10.5772/65544",slug:"laparoscopic-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-endometriosis",totalDownloads:805,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Sonja Pop-Trajkovic Dinic, Jasmina Popovic, Radomir Zivadinovic,\nDejan Mitic, Vladimir Antic and Milan Trenkic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52626",authors:[{id:"69225",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonja",surname:"Pop-Trajkovic",slug:"sonja-pop-trajkovic",fullName:"Sonja Pop-Trajkovic"},{id:"194904",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Antic",slug:"vladimir-antic",fullName:"Vladimir Antic"},{id:"194905",title:"Prof.",name:"Jasmina",surname:"Popovic",slug:"jasmina-popovic",fullName:"Jasmina Popovic"},{id:"194906",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",surname:"Trenkic",slug:"milan-trenkic",fullName:"Milan Trenkic"}],corrections:null},{id:"52107",title:"Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Improves Surgical Conditions During Gynecological Laparoscopy",doi:"10.5772/64934",slug:"deep-neuromuscular-blockade-improves-surgical-conditions-during-gynecological-laparoscopy",totalDownloads:1058,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Christophe Dransart, Laurie Putz, Maria-Laura Marotta and Philippe\nE. Dubois",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52107",authors:[{id:"164978",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Dubois",slug:"philippe-dubois",fullName:"Philippe Dubois"},{id:"194443",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Dransart",slug:"christophe-dransart",fullName:"Christophe Dransart"},{id:"194444",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurie",surname:"Putz",slug:"laurie-putz",fullName:"Laurie Putz"},{id:"194445",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Laura",surname:"Marotta",slug:"maria-laura-marotta",fullName:"Maria-Laura Marotta"}],corrections:null},{id:"52615",title:"Bowel Dysfunction after Hysterectomy for Benign Conditions: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review",doi:"10.5772/65769",slug:"bowel-dysfunction-after-hysterectomy-for-benign-conditions-meta-analysis-and-systematic-review",totalDownloads:971,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Constantina Pitsillides and Hany Lashen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52615",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52615",authors:[{id:"191199",title:"Mr.",name:"Hany",surname:"Lashen",slug:"hany-lashen",fullName:"Hany Lashen"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4499",title:"Contemporary Gynecologic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64c41c45c40504082457d94565dcb68f",slug:"contemporary-gynecologic-practice",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"916",title:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3b5ce6116c6a12bd51e828ecbdf8dab",slug:"advanced-gynecologic-endoscopy",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/916.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5059",title:"Genital Infections and Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ecb5e49241a0c218206e413b562a4909",slug:"genital-infections-and-infertility",bookSignature:"Atef M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1821",title:"Basic Gynecology",subtitle:"Some Related Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a608bf8be6e7033af826c48b0833f86",slug:"basic-gynecology-some-related-issues",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2977",title:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4839b21e329663783593933587485387",slug:"enhancing-success-of-assisted-reproduction",bookSignature:"Atef M.M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5901",title:"Testes and Ovaries",subtitle:"Functional and Clinical Differences and Similarities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a58d754113b9ce21f745d181a689b8e9",slug:"testes-and-ovaries-functional-and-clinical-differences-and-similarities",bookSignature:"Atef M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"57158",slug:"correction-to-chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",title:"Correction to: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Mentha Species",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57158.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57158",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57158",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57158",chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54028",slug:"chemical-composition-and-biological-activities-of-mentha-species",signatures:"Fatiha Brahmi, Madani Khodir, Chibane Mohamed and Duez Pierre",dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2016",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 15th 2017",book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"193281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Brahmi",fullName:"Fatiha Brahmi",slug:"fatiha-brahmi",email:"fatiha.brahmi@univ-bejaia.dz",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Béjaïa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"199693",title:"Prof.",name:"Khodir",middleName:null,surname:"Madani",fullName:"Khodir Madani",slug:"khodir-madani",email:"madani28dz@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"199694",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Duez",fullName:"Pierre Duez",slug:"pierre-duez",email:"pduez@umons.be",position:null,institution:null},{id:"203738",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Chibane",fullName:"Mohamed Chibane",slug:"mohamed-chibane",email:"chibanem@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",fullTitle:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants - Back to Nature",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",publishedDate:"March 15th 2017",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9695",leadTitle:null,title:"Ferns - Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe ferns are vascular plants (with xylem and phloem) that reproduce through spores and having roots, stems and leaves. They are old plants since there is fossil records back from the Carboniferous period. Although ferns are considered the "poor parent" of the plants as not being very interesting, they are diverse in morphology, distribution and habitats (from moist to drier habitats) to their uses as food, as medicinal, removal of toxic compounds not only from water but also from soil and air, as soil biofertilizer or even as ornamental plants. Due to their singularity in the Plant Kingdom they are very important on the evolution tree of plants. Those plants can play an important role in the diversification of food and bioactive compounds sources. This book intends to provide to the reader with a broad overview of the current state-of–the-art in the field of ferns by combining the already established themes with the most recent advances future applications.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59d929ccafc5345eafd37c593c507a91",bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Luisa Pereira",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9695.jpg",keywords:"Morphology, Anatomy, Distribution, Ecology, Conservation, Symbiosis, Conservation, Evolution, Biodiversity, Environmental Biotechnology, Bioactivity of Ferns, Future and Perspectives",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 3rd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 22nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 12th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 11th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"207942",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"ana-luisa-pereira",fullName:"Ana Luisa Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207942/images/system/207942.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ana Luisa Pereira graduated from the Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, in 1996. She obtained her Ph.D. in Biology at the University of Lisbon in 2007 with research using the symbiosis between Azolla and Anabaena azollae. She also made postdoctoral research at CIIMAR (Porto, Portugal) and Centre for Functional Ecology (University of Coimbra). Ana Pereira has experience in microscopy, cellular biology, microbiology, genetics, phylogenetics, proteomics, extraction of compounds and their bioactivity and ecotoxicology. She worked with plant–cyanobacteria symbiosis (Azolla and Cycas), cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins, plant growth promoting bacteria, aromatic plants, wild orchids, microalgae and bacteria from bovines. She participated in several projects as team member, attended many conferences and has several publications.",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56147",title:"Safe, Simple and Comfortable House with Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Structure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68543",slug:"safe-simple-and-comfortable-house-with-bamboo-reinforced-concrete-structure",body:'Housing is one of the human basic needs apart from food and clothing. Everybody has the right to occupy a comfortable house. The reason is that house plays an essential role in human life. Without house humans cannot live comfortably as it importantly contributes to the daily human health, meaning that the indoor and outdoor human activities are also determined that their houses are comfortable [22].
A livable house should be safe, healthy, comfortable, and adequately equipped, as prescribed in the Act of Building Construction Number 28/2002 and the Regulation of the Ministry of Public Works Number 25/PRT/M/2007 dated on August 9, 2007 concerning “Pedoman Sertifikasi Laik Fungsi Bangunan Gedung” (Guideline for Functionally Comfortable Building Construction) [2].
It is highly possible for the natural disasters such as the earthquake and wind to take place in Bali as an island which is densely populated enough [4, 20]. It is recorded that the earthquake referred to as “Gejer Bali” which took place in 1815 cost 1500 lives; the earthquake referred to as “Gempa Buleleng” which took place in 1862; the Negara earthquake took place in 1890, the Gejer Bali earthquake occurred again in 1917 and cost 1500 lives, the Seririt earthquake occurred in 1976 and cost 560 lives, the Karangasem earthquake took place in 1979 and cost 24 lives. Several other earthquakes that were responsible for the material loss have also been recorded.
The bamboo has a high strain force and available almost everywhere in Indonesia, especially in Bali. Therefore, it is necessary to construct simple livable houses with bamboo reinforced concrete structure, which are resistant to the earthquake and wind. The reason is that they can be constructed using the cheap local building materials [5]. In addition, such houses are functionally feasible. However, it was necessary to test them to identify how reliable and comfortable they were and to what extent they could satisfy the dwellers. The test was done by building two types of simple houses; one is the simple traditional Bali age house and the simple modern Balinese house.
The six criteria of the appropriate technology (technical, economic, ergonomic, socio cultural, energy saving, and environmentally friendly) with the systemic, holistic, interdisciplinary and participatory (SHIP) approach are relevantly applied starting from when a house is planned, constructed, and maintained. The design of a house should develop and grow based on what is needed by people; it should not be designed by other parties with particular objectives [1]. The designer should pay attention to the human dimensions (the human ability and limitedness) [25]. A house should be designed based on the user; it should be constructed in such a way that it can reduce the possible negative impact and improve the user’s comfort. If it is designed based on what is needed and expected by the user, it can improve the quality of his/her life [6].
As times go by, an idea has appeared recently that the local wisdom should be applied to overcoming the human problem and environment. The reason is that it is easily accepted by the local people. Exemplifies [18] the concept Tri Hita Karana especially the relationship between the user of a house with his/her ancestors and the relationship between him/her with his/her environment, the concept Tri Mandala which suggests that a compound should be divided into three zones: they are the highest “hulu” zone, the middle “tengah” zone, and the lowest “teben” zone; the concept Tri Angga; the house should be physically divided into three parts: they are the roof, the body (wall), and the foot (foundation).
The test was done by building two types of simple houses: they are the simple traditional Bali age house and the simple modern one. The study was conducted in Bali Province, Indonesia, where different types of bamboo can grow which can be used as concrete reinforcement. This present study gives a new opportunity that bamboo can be used as the reinforced concrete structure of the simple house resistant to the earthquake and wind.
The brick masonry tested was made at Keramas village, Gianyar regency (one of the villages close to Pengotan village). The mortar space was made of Portland cement and sand with the proportion one to four. The testing process is described in Figure 1 [23].
The brick masonry compressive strength test.
The bamboo tensile strength was obtained using the procedure regulated in the prevailing material tensile strength test in the laboratory, as shown in Figure 2 [22]
Standard machine used to test the bamboo tensile strength [22].
Based on the concrete compressive strength and bamboo tensile strength, the nominal moment of the beam could be analyzed. Beam dimensions were 110 mm width and 250 mm height. The bamboo reinforcement area of 400 mm2 was used for beam 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d while for beam 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d was used bamboo reinforcement area of 1200 mm2. Figure 3 [22] shows the process of how the bamboo reinforcement was assembled. Figure 4 [22] shows the loading test of the bamboo reinforced concrete beam.
The bamboo reinforced concrete beam assembled was 120 mm × 250 mm. The reinforcement area were 400 and 1200 mm2 [22].
The loading test of concrete beam which 120 mm × 250 mm with the reinforcement area were 400 and 1200 mm2 [22].
This present study is an experimental one with the treatment by subject design. This method was chosen in order to be able to analyze the four factors of life quality, such as safety, thermal comfort, subjective comfort, and the life satisfaction of the user, after the simple houses with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure were constructed.
The diagram of the house construction to which the six criteria of the appropriate technology with the systemic, holistic, interdisciplinary and participatory (SHIP) approach is applied can be described as follows (Figure 5) [23]. Such a house construction gives emphasis on the local wisdom‐based people’s participation.
Diagram of the house construction using the participatory approach [23]. Note: OJT = on the job training.
The simple house construction using the people’s participatory approach can definitely and gradually improve the people’s capacity due to the following reasons:
Promoting job opportunities: opportunities are made available for people to participate in developing their economy justly and equally, meaning that poverty can be reduced.
Community empowerment: the quality of human resources becomes improved, meaning that people can have access to and participate in the decision making.
Capacity building: the poor people can increase their income by improving their health, education, skill, technology, and information using the on the job training (OJT) method.
Social protection: the poor people become protected and feel safe from the natural disaster, social conflict, and so forth.
The simple house construction using the participatory approach takes the following principles into consideration:
The top‐down way of thinking changes into the bottom‐up way of thinking
Priority is given to the simple technology
The user is made to have the sense of belonging and maintaining
Technologically, people are made to improve their technical and administrative expertise.
No environmental degradation takes place.
The data analyzed to determine whether the simple houses were livable or not are as follows:
The building physical data: the dimension and the material strength were analyzed to know whether the houses were resistant to the earthquake and wind or not. The finite element method assisted with the SAP‐2000 program.
The level of thermal and physical feasibility: it was measured using the environment meter (reliable testing & measuring equipment—KRISBOW‐kw06‐291).
The extent to which the dweller feels satisfied and subjective comfortable was measured through questionnaire.
For, the construction of simple house with either brick or concrete block and the bamboo reinforced concrete structure characteristics of the materials are need be determined. To this end, the characteristics of the materials used were tested in the laboratory. The material tests are as follows: compressive strength of brick masonry, compressive strength of concrete block wall, compressive strength of concrete, tensile strength of bamboo, and flexural test on concrete beam with bamboo reinforcement.
Figure 1 shows the four samples of brick masonry used in the test: the length averaged 470 mm, width averaged 112 mm, and the height averaged 377 mm. The average compressive strength obtained was 2.04 MPa.
The mortar space of concrete block wall was made of Portland cement and sand with the ratio 1 to 4. The compressive strength averaged 4.96 Mpa, which, according to SNI 03‐0348‐1989, can be classified as having the quality of B40. Figure 6 [3] shows a failure/collapse model of concrete block for wall system in Indonesia under compressive test. The concrete block wall used to apply as a typical masonry wall in semimodern residential houses.
Collapse of concrete block wall sample after being tested [3].
The bamboo tensile strength was obtained at the laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering Department of Udayana University, as shown in Figure 7 [22] and Table 1 [22].
The bamboo was tested until it was Fracture [21].
0.2 Y.S. | Yield strength | Rupture strength | Elongation |
---|---|---|---|
(MPa) | (MPa) | (MPa) | (%) |
130.67 | 130.67 | 180.00 | 8.865 |
127.67 | 127.67 | 201.00 | 9.128 |
The result of the bamboo tensile strength test.
It can be seen from Table 1 that the average yield strength was 129.17 MPa and the average elongation was 8.99%. The results were used to analyze the nominal flexural strength or the nominal moment of the bamboo reinforced concrete. Viewed from the tensile strength, it can be stated that bamboo can be used as an alternative concrete reinforcement, especially the light and moderate structure.
Three concrete cylinders were tested in order to identity the concrete strength. The diameter of each cylinder was 150 mm and the height was 300 mm. The results were that the compressive strength of cylinder 1 was 21.07 MPa, cylinder 2 was 20.35 MPa, and cylinder 3 was 21.94 MPa, meaning that the average compressive strength was 21.12 MPa.
Figure 8 shows the crack pattern of the concrete beam after being tested [21].
The crack pattern of the bamboo reinforced concrete beam after being tested [22].
Table 2 [22] presents the result of the nominal moment analysis of the beam and ultimate moment analysis. All the blocks were collapsed beyond to the nominal strength; the average ultimate strength was 22.46% greater than the nominal strength.
No. | Number of tested items | Nominal moment (kNm) | Ultimate moment (kNm) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1a | 10.47 | 13.2 |
2 | 1b | 10.47 | 13.0 |
3 | 1c | 10.47 | 10.8 |
4 | 1d | 10.47 | 19.2 |
5 | 2a | 27.42 | 29.2 |
6 | 2b | 27.42 | 35.2 |
7 | 2c | 27.42 | 30.4 |
8 | 2d | 27.42 | 25.2 |
Presents the nominal moment and the ultimate moment.
Note: The nominal moment was analyzed based on the formulation proposed by Ghavani [5].
The Bali age traditional house and the modern Balinese house constructed for this study used the structural system of bamboo reinforced concrete. The bamboo was splitted in dimension 10 mm × 30 mm. The bamboo was tied to steel stirrup with an 8‐mm diameter, as shown in Figure 9 [24]. The walls of the traditional Bali age house were made of brick masonry which spacing made of mortar with proportion of 1 Portland cement to 4 sand, whereas the walls of the modern Balinese house were made of concrete block.
The bamboo reinforcement was assembled before concrete was casted [24].
The characteristics of the Bali age traditional house used as the sample in this present study included the total area of the building, the area of the room, the area of the terrace, the height of the walls, the number, height, and width of the doors. Four units of the traditional house were used as the sample in the present study with the characteristics presented in Table 3. The componential dimension of one unit was different from that of another, as it should be adjusted to the dweller’s anthropometry. Figure 10 [23] shows a residential house‐1 built by using brick wall and bamboo reinforced concrete structure system.
The simple traditional Bali age house with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure and brick walls [23].
Characteristics | House‐1 | House‐2 | House‐3 | House‐4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
The building area (m2) | 36.00 | 40.95 | 29.00 | 22.50 |
The room area (m2) | 25.80 | 30.87 | 20.30 | 15.00 |
The terrace area (m2) | 10.20 | 9.10 | 8.70 | 7.50 |
The door height (m\') | 1.95 | 2.20 | 2.10 | 1.95 |
The number of doors | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
The door size (W × H) | 1.80 × 0.70 | 1.85 × 0.70 | 1.75 × 0.70 | 1.70 × 0.70 |
The number of widows | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
The door size (W × H) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
The roof material | Tile | Tile | Tile | Tile |
The walls material | Brick | Brick | Brick | Brick |
The floors material | Cement | Cement | Cement | Cement |
The terrace floors material | Ceramic | Ceramic | Ceramic | Ceramic |
The characteristics of the traditional Bali age house.
In order to find out the displacement of the top of the building under seismic load, traditional residential houses were analyzed by using three‐dimensional configuration, as shown in Figure 11 [23]. From the result of the three‐dimensional analysis of the four traditional houses, the average maximum horizontal displacement was 0.193 cm with the building height was 3750 cm, thus displacement ratio was 0.0005 or 0.05%.
Three‐dimensional model of structural system (example of model house 1 [23].
In this present study, the environmental condition included the dry temperature, the relative humidity (RH), the wind speed, illumination, and noise, which contributes to the physical comfort. The environmental condition, after and before the internal and external parts of the house were redesigned, is presented in Table 4.
Nbr. | Description | Time when it was measured | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
06.00 | 12.00 | 18.00 | 24.00 | ||
1 | The temperature in the room (°C) | 21 | 27 | 24 | 22 |
2 | Humidity (%) | 78 | 72 | 79 | 82 |
3 | Noise (dBA) | 39 | 42 | 40 | 35 |
4 | Natural illumination (Lux) | 135 | 245 | 215 | – |
5 | The wind speed (m/second) | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | – |
The physical comfort of the traditional Bali age house.
The temperature within the room ranged from 21 to 27°C or it averaged 23.50 ± 2.65°C. The relative humidity (RH) within the room averaged 77.75 ± 4.19%. The maximum noise during daytime was 42 dBA and at night it was 35 dBA, and averaged 39.00 dBA. The average natural illumination within the room during daytime ranged from 135 to 245 Lux, higher than 115 Lux, the minimum natural illumination required for doing activities within the bed room [7]. The wind speed within the room during daytime ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 m/second. The natural illumination and wind speed within the room were not measured as the window and ventilation were closed.
The characteristics of the modern house used as the sample in this present study included the whole area of the house, the area of the room, the area of the terrace, the height of the wall, the number, height and width of the door. All the componential dimensions were adjusted to the dweller’s anthropometry as presented in Tables 5 and 6 [24]. Figure 12 [24] shows a modern Balinese house which built of concrete block wall with a bamboo‐reinforced concrete system.
The simple modern Balinese house with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure and concrete block wall [24].
Nbr. | The house characteristics | Volume | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Area of the building | 35 | m2 |
2 | Area of the room | 2 × 12.5 | m2 |
3 | Area of the terrace | 1 × 10.5 | m2 |
4 | Height of the wall | 3.1 | m\' |
5 | Number of the doors | 2 | pieces |
6 | Number of the windows | 2 | pieces |
7 | Foundation material | Stone | – |
8 | Wall material | Concrete block | – |
9 | The hood | Hood | – |
10 | Roof material | Pressed tile | – |
11 | Floor material | Ceramic | – |
The house characteristics.
Nbr. | Description | Width (cm) | Height (cm) | Reinforcement area (cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sloof (concrete) | 20 | 25 | 8.40 |
2 | Column (concrete) | 20 | 20 | 11.20 |
3 | Beam (concrete) | 18 | 30 | 7.00 + 2.80 |
4 | Gording (wood) | 6 | 12 | – |
5 | Rafter | 5 | 6 | – |
6 | Lisplank (wood) | 2 | 20 | – |
The characteristics of the house structural component.
The structural performance is defined as a ratio of the most maximum horizontal displacement to the height of the building. The building was analyzed in three‐dimensional model as the consequence of the load assigned. After that the maximum horizontal displacement could be determined.
Figure 13 [24] shows a typically modern three‐dimensional model of simple Balinese houses which has been analyzed to define deformation at the top of the structures under earthquake load. From the result of the three‐dimensional analysis of the house, the maximum horizontal displacement was 1.71 cm with the building height was 5500 cm, thus the displacement ratio was 0.031%.
Model and deformation of house structure [24].
The measured building physical comfort included the temperature, humidity, noise, and the natural illumination. It was measured at 6 a.m., 12 a.m., 6 p.m., and 12 p.m. The results of the measurement are presented in Table 7 [24].
Nbr. | Description | Time of measurement | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
06 a.m. | 12.00 a.m. | 06 p.m. | 12.p.m. | ||
1 | The temperature within the room (°C) | 26 | 32 | 31 | 28 |
2 | Humidity (%) | 79 | 67 | 77 | 80 |
3 | Noise (dBA) | 41 | 41.8 | 44.74 | 41.47 |
4 | Natural illumination (Lux) | 145 | 255 | 235 | – |
5 | Speed of wind (m/second) | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.25 | – |
The physical comfort of the modern Balinese house.
The construction forming materials tested in the laboratory included the compressive strength of the concrete block, the compressive strength of the brick, the compressive strength of the concrete, and the tensile strength of the bamboo. The materials were tested as the data used to analyze the performance of the house structure. The results showed that the compressive strength of the concrete block averaged 4.96 MPa and the compressive strength of the brick averaged 2.04 MPa. The compressive strength of the concrete cylinder with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm averaged 21.12 MPa or equal to K‐260 kg/cm2, meaning that the standard SNI – 213 for concrete was already fulfilled which requires that the minimum strength of the concrete structure in an area which is sensitive to the earthquake such as Bali should be 20.75 MPa and equal to K‐250 kg/cm2.
Bamboo test results show in Table 1, in which the tensile strength of the bamboo averaged 129.17 MPa and the rupture strength averaged 191 MPa, so the over strength was 47.86%. The melting and tensile strength fy = 129 MPa was used to design and analyze the diameter of the item tested. Bamboo can be used as the alternative reinforced concrete structure in the construction of a simple house. In addition, it is cheap and can be found anywhere in Bali. This is supported by the result of the study conducted in Ref. [5], stating that bamboo can be used as an alternative material of construction because it is cheap and saves energy. According to Ref. [9], the tensile strength of the bamboo ranges from 200 to 300 MPa, its flexibility averages 84 MPa and its elastic modulus is 200.000 MPa. Viewed from its tensile strength, it is feasible enough to use as the concrete reinforcement, at least for the light and medium structure. Furthermore, according to Ref. [14], bamboo can be used as the reinforcement of the concrete structure as its rupture strength is high enough [16].
Based on the compressive strength of the concrete and the tensile strength of the bamboo, it can be stated that the bamboo‐reinforced concrete structure with brick walls used to construct the traditional Bali age house is resistant enough to load assigned (dead load, live load, earthquake load, and wind load), and bamboo reinforced concrete structure could be used to construct the simple modern Balinese house. It can be stated that the two types of the houses are safe enough for the dwellers. The bamboo reinforced concrete structure was already applied to constructing two storied houses. It was stated in the study conducted by Virgyan [26] that the multiple bamboo reinforced portal concrete structure that was bridled at the construction location with plastic joints can be used in the construction of a simple house, which is resistant to the earthquake. Based on the result of the three‐dimensional analysis, it can be stated that the performance of the structural system is highly good, making the dwellers feel so safe. The performance of the structural system when planning to construct a building, which is resistant to the earthquake in Indonesia, is highly important as it is highly possible for the earthquake to take place in almost every part of Indonesia [28].
The thermal comfort or the house physical environment is affected by the temperature, relative humidity, speed of the wind, illumination, and noise. The temperature within the room in the traditional Bali age house ranges from 21 to 27°C, and the temperature within the room in the modern Balinese house ranges from 26 to 32°C. At certain hours, it is higher than what is required. In the equatorial region, the comfortable temperature ranges from 22.5 to 29.5°C [12], from 21.37 to 28.37°C (ASHRAE), and from 22.8 to 30.2°C [21].
The relative humidity both within and outside the room is almost the same, namely 60% during daytime and 80% at night. It will be better if the relative humidity is higher than 20% all the year round, and lower than 60% during the summer and lower than 80% during the winter [11]. If the relative humidity is higher than 80%, there will be water vapor on the human skin, making the body uncomfortable [17, 19]. In addition, the dweller will not be in good health and, for example, there will be fungus on the skin.
The speed of the wind within the room ranges from 0.1 to 0.4 m/second during daytime. At night, it is 0 m/second as the window and ventilation are closed. The speed of the wind can contribute to the speed of the missing heat due to convection and evaporation. Therefore, the speed of the wind ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 m/second can fulfill what is required for being comfortable [11, 13]. It should not be faster than 0.2 m/second [10]. As the speed of the wind is in accordance with what is required by the experts mentioned above, the weather within the room circulates well, causing the dweller’s health to improve and the eyes to be less irritated. The front window and the ventilation at the rear wall affect the speed of the wind and cause the cross‐weather circulation to take place. This is supported by the result of the study conducted in Ref. [15], in which it is stated that the cross‐weather circulation can improve the comfort of those who stay at the simple houses located in Cemara Giri area, Dalung, Bali.
The natural illumination within the room ranges from 145 to 255 Lux during daytime, higher than what is required, namely 115 Lux [27]. The intensity of the natural illumination within the room is affected by how wide the window is open and how wide the ventilation is. The window or ventilation is installed at the front and rear walls, causing the fresh weather to circulate from the front window and the dirty weather to get out from the rear ventilation. The dweller becomes comfortable and the electric energy can be saved. The maximum use of the natural illumination does not only positively contribute to the dweller’s health but also saves the electric energy. Before the house was redesigned, the electric lamp was always turned on when there was an activity within the room. The good natural illumination can make the room brighter and healthier. Indra [8] stated that the maximum penetration of the sunlight into the house reduce the lamp use, causing the costs needed to be reduced. It is proved that the sunlight can also kill the bacteria which can grow well in the humid environment. Vitamin D which is obtained from the sunlight is highly useful to the bones and skin [27].
The maximum noise within the room is 44.74 during daytime and 41.47 dBA at night. It is still under the limit determined by the government of Bali province, namely 50 dBA during daytime and 45 dBA at night. The noise taking place in the residential environment is more frequently caused by the agricultural equipment such as tractor. The acoustic safety such as noise cannot be separated from the dweller’s health; however, as its effect cannot be identified at once, the impact cannot be felt at once either. Therefore, the acoustic safety is still neglected. The dweller does not only feel uncomfortable but his/her health will also be indirectly getting worse. As an illustration, he/she cannot take a rest well due to noise. As a consequence, he/she will get tired, angry, cannot concentrate well, and so forth. If this takes place continuously, it is highly possible that his/her health will be getting worse.
The houses that had been constructed were directly occupied by the dwellers. Their subjective response to safety, comfort, and satisfaction was measured using questionnaire. It was measured after the houses were occupied for 30 days. On the average, they felt highly comfortable, safe, and satisfied. The participatory approach to the construction caused the dwellers to feel highly satisfied. They were directly involved from the planning to the construction.
The people’s dynamic human life always interacts with the environment where they live, the facilities and infrastructure they use, the organization they belong to, the activities they do and the houses where they can take a rest. The house that is constructed using the concrete block as the walls with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure can make the environmental condition safe and comfortable for its dwellers. This can improve their health quality as they can do their activities in the healthy, comfortable, and safe environment [1].
The anthropometry that is adjusted to the facilities and infrastructure available leads to an easier access [25]. Similarly, the maximum natural illumination contributes to the dweller’s safety. It saves the electric energy that then can reduce the household costs. In addition, it can also hamper the global warming and delay the natural sources such as the coal from being used up [8].
The SHIP approach, which gives emphasis on the dweller’s participation from the planning, during the construction and in the maintenance of the house can make the dweller more satisfied, as what he/she suggests can be accommodated [1]. In short, the simple house with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure fulfills the requirements of being healthy and safe and this positively contributes to the dweller’s life quality. If a house is constructed based on what is needed and expected by the dweller, it can function as a means of improving his/her life quality [6].
Based on the results of the study, analysis and discussion, several conclusions can be drawn as follows:
The simple house with the bamboo reinforced concrete structure can fulfill the requirement of being safe prevailing in Indonesia.
It can fulfill the requirement of physical comfort, which includes the temperature, humidity, the wind speed, noise, and illumination.
Based on the information obtained through the questionnaire, such a house can also make the dweller feel highly safe, comfortable, and satisfied.
This is suggested that the bamboo reinforced concrete structure should be taken into consideration in the simple house construction.
The advancement of nanotechnologies has made possible the development of new applications in all fields. In particular, the nanostructuring of materials has paved the way toward new concepts. Important efforts have been dedicated to metallic nanoparticles, thanks to their interesting properties in comparison to bulk materials. Specially, they are widely studied to be used for many purposes in various applications: passivation of silicon for photovoltaics [1], plasmonics [2, 3], and bionanotechnology [4]. Metallic nanoparticles are also used as catalyst for silicon nanowires’ (SiNWs) growth by top-down [5, 6] or bottom-up approaches [7]. Silicon nanowires’ properties, especially their diameter, could be tuned by controlling the metallic particles properties. In the literature, many metallic nanoparticles are reported as catalysts, such as Au [8], Ti [9], Al [10], Cu [11], Ga [12], and Pt [13]. During last years, indium is considered a very interesting catalyst because it forms a low temperature eutectic with silicon (157°C) and it induces shallow defects as it acts as a p-type dopant encouraging its use as catalyst. An important issue in SiNWs’ synthesis is the indium catalyst elaboration.
\nIndium nanoparticles could be elaborated by different techniques such as vapor deposition technique [14], electrochemical reduction [15], chemical reduction of salts [16], laser ablation [17], and reduction of indium-tin oxide or indium layers by hydrogen or helium plasma [18, 19, 20]. Iacopi et al. have obtained indium particles with diameter range of 40–80 nm by electrodeposition on silicon substrate from an aqueous solution (InCl3, KCl, and HCl) [21]. Kumar et al. have reported on the growth of indium droplets obtained with an average diameter of 90 nm by indium evaporation followed by annealing at 300°C during 5 min [22]. The obtained particles’ properties are closely related to experimental parameters such as the precursor’s concentration, the plasma flow rate, the exposition duration and the substrate temperature, or the annealing parameters.
\nIn this chapter, we report on an ex situ formation of indium particles to be used as catalyst for SiNWs’ growth using two annealing processes: a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and a conventional process. A comparative study is carried out to investigate the annealing process effect on SiNWs’ properties. In particular, the effect of indium oxide is presented.
\nThe bottom-up approach is presented as an interesting alternative for low-cost nanowires growth. Indeed, it requires few technological steps with the possibility of SiNWs’ growth on any substrate. Several techniques have been reported, mainly chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), laser ablation, and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). PECVD is the technique adopted in this work. It has the same principle as the conventional CVD except that the chemical reactions will take place after the formation of plasma from the reactor gases, offering the possibility to work at low temperatures. The deposited layers’ properties strongly depend on the substrate temperature, the pressure, the growth time, the reactive gases, and the gas flow rates. The principle of SiNWs’ growth by PECVD can be resumed in four main steps:
The deposition of catalytic particles (in situ or ex situ).
The formation of a metal-silicon eutectic by supplying the particles with a precursor gas [the silane (SiH4) in the case of silicon nanowires].
Saturation of metal particle with silicon (Si), nucleation and precipitation of silicon at the substrate–metal particle interface.
The growth of SiNWs.
The SiNWs’ growth is generally explained by the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mode proposed by R. S. Wagner and W. C. Ellis. In this mode, the growth depends on three main elements: the precursor in its gaseous state, and the metal-silicon alloy in the liquid state, the nanowire in the solid state, and hence the nomination vapor–liquid–solid mode.
\nThe SiNWs’ growth in a PECVD reactor is carried out by following the next steps:
At Twork > T eutectic of metal-Si: the metallic particle is in its liquid state.
Introducing the precursor gas (SiH4): The silane molecules in the vapor state are adsorbed on the particle surface according to the following equation:
\n
Incorporation of Si atoms in the droplet, formation of the metal-Si alloy, and the silicon diffusion toward the alloy-substrate interface. The silicon concentration in the droplet will exceed the equilibrium concentration at the working temperature, leading to the droplet saturation and the silicon nucleation.
In the VLS mode, the catalyst surface’s properties play an important role in the SiNWs’ growth. In order to adsorb the maximum of gaseous species, the surface should be rough. For example, silane dissociation and adsorption are better on the gold-silicon (Au-Si) system’s surface than that of silicon. Indeed, the high adsorption and dissociation efficiency of silane at the Au-Si droplet permits the nanowires’ growth with a constant radius. Other parameters influence SiNWs’ growth, such as the surface tension of the catalyst droplet and the solid–liquid interface tension. The choice of the catalyst metal is very important, matching some criteria:
The eutectic temperature of the metal-silicon alloy
Vapor pressure
Silicon solubility in the metal
Technological compatibility with the current semiconductor industry
Metal diffusion in SiNWs and formation of recombination centers
Oxidation, etc.
Gold is the most commonly used metal despite silicon contamination with defects, introducing deep energy levels in the silicon bandgap. Gold, with a simple diagram phase, permits the solubility and nucleation of silicon easily at a relatively low eutectic temperature (363°C). Moreover, gold does not oxidize, increasing its catalytic activity. Gold-catalyzed SiNWs are well controlled and already integrated into prototypes such as transistors [23], biosensors [24], and photo-anodes [25].
\nSince 2001, post-transition metals like aluminum, indium, and bismuth have been studied. All these metals introduce shallow defects (dopants for silicon). Aluminum, for example, has an eutectic temperature (577°C) higher than that of gold and is very chemically reactive, especially with oxygen.
\nBismuth (Bi) is a promising catalyst. The energy level of the impurity introduced by bismuth into the silicon gap is close to the conduction band, so bismuth is an N-type dopant for silicon. Bismuth exhibits a low silicon eutectic temperature (271°C), which allows working at low growth temperatures and using flexible substrates. Despite these advantages, it is difficult to use it as SiNWs catalyst because it has a high vapor pressure, so it can evaporate easily during growth. It has a low surface tension (0.37 N/m), while gold has a higher surface tension (1.14 N/m). Unidirectional growth has been shown to be difficult with low surface tension catalysts.
\nIndium is an interesting metal to be used as catalyst. It presents a simple phase diagram with silicon (Figure 1), forming an eutectic system at 157°C, permitting low growth temperatures and flexible substrates’ use. Indium has a surface tension (0.55 N/m) higher than that of bismuth but lower than gold. However, in the presence of oxygen, indium could be oxidized, reducing thereby its catalytic behavior.
\nPhase diagram of indium-silicon system [26].
\nFigure 2 describes the silicon nanowires growth process [27]. Indium particles (In-Nps) were grown ex situ by annealing indium-coated silicon p-type (100) substrates. Indium layers of 100 nm thickness were deposited on silicon substrates by thermal evaporation. The used annealing procedures are: (1) conventional annealing with a vacuum pressure of 10−2 mbar at 600°C during 45 min, (2) RTA annealing using a home-built RTA furnace with a vacuum pressure of 10−6 mbar at different temperatures (300, 350, 400, and 450°C) during 5 min.
\nSiNWs’ growth process adopted in this work.
To synthesize SiNWs, the samples are introduced to the PECVD reactor with substrate temperature set to 400°C. Prior to precursor (SiH4) introduction, the samples are treated by hydrogen plasma during 10 min with a flow rate of 60 sccm. Then, SiH4 is introduced during 15 min with a flow rate of 10 sccm.
\nThe indium-coated silicon substrate annealed in the conventional furnace during 45 min at 600°C shows elongated and inhomogeneous islands of micrometric sizes (Figure 3). The chosen work temperature is well above the indium melting temperature (157°C), offering sufficient kinetic energy to metallic atoms to form regular particles. The observed morphology could be attributed to the presence of indium oxide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to confirm these observations. In Figure 4, we compare the XRD spectra of the as-deposited indium layer and the annealed sample. The XRD patterns of the as-deposited sample show only the presence of the planes of the tetragonal crystal structure of indium. However, after annealing, the XRD spectrum shows the disappearance of indium peaks except two peaks. These peaks are replaced by peaks attributed to indium oxide planes with the presence of very intense (222) indium oxide peak. Indium oxide can explain the obtained indium particles morphology. This phenomenon is attributed to the high melting temperature (1900°C) of indium oxide compared to the chosen annealing temperature.
\n(a) SEM image of indium-coated silicon substrate annealed under conventional process. Inset: Cross-sectional SEM view of the as-deposited indium-coated silicon substrate.
XRD spectra of as-deposited indium layer and annealed sample.
So, in order to ameliorate the indium particles properties, a hydrogen plasma treatment was performed in a PECVD reactor at a substrate temperature of 400°C during 10 min, with two different flow rates of 60 and 100 sccm. XRD analysis shows the persistence of indium oxide presence after 60 sccm H2 treatment, indicating that this flow rate is not sufficient to eliminate all In2O3. When increasing hydrogen flow, In2O3 peaks have been disappeared and replaced by indium peaks (Figure 5). This result is confirmed by the SEM image of the obtained structures (Figure 6). It is noticed that the indium particles become more homogeneous and regular in size and form. Quasi-spherical particles with average size of 440 nm (Figure 6 (c)) are obtained.
\nXRD spectra of annealed layers and treated by H2 treatment with flow rates of 60 and 100 sccm.
(a-b) SEM images of indium particles obtained after conventional annealing followed by H2 treatment with flow rate of 100 sccm (c) the corresponding histogram indicating the size distribution.
H2 plasma treatment leads to the indium oxide elimination as depicted by Eq. (2) and the indium loss through evaporation leading to particles properties enhancement (density, size, and shape). Moreover, XRD results highlight the fact that the H2 plasma flow rate (100 sccm) was sufficient to eliminate all indium oxide.
\nIn this section, we have noted the indium oxide formation during the conventional annealing that is attributed to the oxygen presence. This observation is explained by the low vacuum pressure in the furnace (10−2 mbar) where the heating is mainly provided by thermal conduction. In order to eliminate the oxygen and form pure indium particles, samples must be annealed in ultra-vacuum atmosphere; however, the thermal conduction will be very slow. In this case, the annealing will occur for long durations consuming thereby much energy.
\nIn order to overcome this problem, RTA annealing based on radiation heating by infrared short waves (400–1400 nm) is used. The heating duration could be decreased, thanks to high silicon absorption in this wavelength range.
\nIndium-coated substrates were annealed at different temperatures (300, 350, 400, and 450°C) during 5 min. It is noticed in Figure 7(a) that for the temperatures 300 and 350°C, the surface morphologies are quite similar. The substrates are covered with inhomogeneous particles in size and shape, with a high surface density. An improvement in the particles shape is obtained at 400°C. At the temperature of 450°C, quasi-spherical and homogeneous particles are obtained. The structures elaborated at 450°C show an average size of 422 nm [Figure 7 (b)]. This amelioration is attributed to the indium oxide absence as confirmed by XRD (Figure 8).
\n(a) SEM image of indium particles obtained after RTA annealing; A: 300°C, B: 350°C, C: 400°C, and D: 450°C and (b) the corresponding histogram indicating the size distribution.
XRD patterns of the sample annealed at 450°C.
To study the indium oxide influence on the grown silicon nanowires, a comparative study is carried on. Silicon nanowires are grown using indium nanoparticles elaborated by the two different annealing processes: the conventional and the RTA annealing. Figure 9(a)and(b)shows the SEM images of the obtained nanowires. The elaborated indium particles have been treated by hydrogen gas with a flow rate of 60 sccm for 10 min before the silane introduction during 15 min.
\nSEM images of (a) indium particles obtained by conventional annealing and the obtained SiNWs and (b) indium particles obtained by RTA annealing and the obtained SiNWs.
As observed, the indium particles elaborated by conventional annealing morphology are enhanced and quasi-spherical particles are obtained. Despite this improvement, the SiNWs’ density is very low due to the persistence of indium oxide after the hydrogen treatment as explained in Section 3. The indium oxide forming a shell around indium is decreasing its catalytic effect. To confirm the persistence of indium oxide, XRD of the obtained SiNWs is performed (Figure 10). In addition to silicon and indium peaks, we notice the presence of In2O3 peaks explaining the obtained low density.
\nXRD spectrum of SiNWs catalyzed by indium particles elaborated by conventional annealing.
Using indium particles elaborated at 450°C by the RTA process, the SiNWs’ density is ameliorated, which is attributed to indium oxide’s absence. The quasi-totality of indium particles is active to catalyze the SiNWs’ growth.
\nIndium particles catalyzing the growth are located on the top of the silicon nanowires confirming the VLS mode. Moreover, we notice that the SiNWs’ morphology does not seem to depend on the annealing process. The obtained SiNWs in both cases are bent and kinked.
\nIn order to study the indium diffusion in the obtained SiNWs, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) is performed on the top and in the middle of a silicon nanowire. Figure 11shows that the wire is consisting of silicon only indicating that indium does not diffuse in the contrary of other catalysts like gold. In addition to that, EDS performed on the catalyst particle shows that the particle is consisting of a indium-silicon alloy as explained by the VLS mode (Table 1).
\nEDS spectra of a wire performed (a) in the middle, (b) on the top, and (c) on the particle catalyst as shown in (d).
Element (atomic %) | \nParticle | \nTop of SiNW | \nMiddle of SiNW | \n
---|---|---|---|
Si | \n51.1 | \n98.8 | \n99.4 | \n
In | \n48.9 | \n1.2 | \n0.6 | \n
Atomic percentage of silicon and indium in a grown silicon wire.
Residual indium could be removed by a simple chemical method consisting of soaking samples in 5% hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (Figure 12). The reaction between In and HCl could potentially produce two types of indium chloride: InCl2 or InCl4. Figure 13 shows the grown silicon nanowires before and after indium catalyst elimination.
\nIllustration of the experimental protocol used.
SEM images of SiNWs (a) before and (b) after catalyst elimination.
In this work, indium is used as catalyst for silicon nanowires’ growth by VLS mode using PECVD. Indium is considered as a promising metal to replace gold as it forms a low-eutectic alloy with silicon and it introduces shallow defects.
\nIndium catalyst is elaborated by annealing indium-coated silicon substrates using two different annealing processes: conventional and RTA annealing. The annealing conditions influence the catalyst morphology and as a consequence the grown SiNWs. In this work, we have shown that the indium oxide presence is affecting the growth, in particular the density.
\nThe author wants to thank Prof. Wissem Dimassi from the Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Systems for Renewable Energy (LaNSER-CRTEn-Tunisia), Prof. Kamel Khirouni from the Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied to Environment (LaPhyMNE—University of Gabès-Tunisia), and Dr. Maroua Yaacoubi Tabassi from the Photovoltaic Laboratory (LPV-CRTEn-Tunisia) for their contributions in this work.
\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5240},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15812}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118381},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10693",title:"Open Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9fcbb8e096da084fb29d8f16aaecb061",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10693.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:202},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5252},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"168",title:"Biomedical Engineering",slug:"medicine-biomedical-engineering",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:23,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:789,numberOfWosCitations:1214,numberOfCrossrefCitations:523,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1310,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-biomedical-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9406",title:"Clinical Implementation of Bone Regeneration and Maintenance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"875a140c01518fa7a9bceebd688b0147",slug:"clinical-implementation-of-bone-regeneration-and-maintenance",bookSignature:"Mike Barbeck, Nahum Rosenberg, Patrick Rider, Željka Perić Kačarević and Ole Jung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9406.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Barbeck",slug:"mike-barbeck",fullName:"Mike Barbeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9477",title:"Muscular Dystrophy",subtitle:"Research Updates and Therapeutic Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd601de843019d51e1769a26cf7e1acc",slug:"muscular-dystrophy-research-updates-and-therapeutic-strategies",bookSignature:"Gisela Gaina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9477.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"242747",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela",middleName:null,surname:"Gaina",slug:"gisela-gaina",fullName:"Gisela Gaina"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8134",title:"Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2189275afd996cab432c0f5f7c5869f3",slug:"regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Mahmood S Choudhery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8134.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187822",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood S",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhery",slug:"mahmood-s-choudhery",fullName:"Mahmood S Choudhery"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8093",title:"Xenotransplantation",subtitle:"Comprehensive Study",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16d2b84272592afd80dd2575eff0546b",slug:"xenotransplantation-comprehensive-study",bookSignature:"Shuji Miyagawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8093.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73965",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuji",middleName:null,surname:"Miyagawa",slug:"shuji-miyagawa",fullName:"Shuji Miyagawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7898",title:"Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb87bdbe93f1269aae5c6c678c598ce7",slug:"cartilage-tissue-engineering-and-regeneration-techniques",bookSignature:"Dimitrios D. Nikolopoulos, George K. Safos and Kalpaxis Dimitrios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7898.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228477",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios D.",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolopoulos",slug:"dimitrios-d.-nikolopoulos",fullName:"Dimitrios D. Nikolopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7926",title:"Biomaterial-supported Tissue Reconstruction or Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a84bfdf7cd30b440b339fc046b155f3",slug:"biomaterial-supported-tissue-reconstruction-or-regeneration",bookSignature:"Mike Barbeck, Ole Jung, Ralf Smeets and Tadas Koržinskas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Barbeck",slug:"mike-barbeck",fullName:"Mike Barbeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6609",title:"Muscle Cell and Tissue",subtitle:"Current Status of Research Field",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522e700080f9e908b6b330587f0f381d",slug:"muscle-cell-and-tissue-current-status-of-research-field",bookSignature:"Kunihiro Sakuma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6609.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6475",title:"Tissue Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5ed06a80f0205146aa90d158facefd1",slug:"tissue-regeneration",bookSignature:"Hussein Abdel hay El-Sayed Kaoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",middleName:null,surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6052",title:"Cartilage Repair and Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4881b3685ffd70f3f4d3d2c49b1d7f6",slug:"cartilage-repair-and-regeneration",bookSignature:"Alessandro R. Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",middleName:null,surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5952",title:"Xenotransplantation",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"903df77921b8704466248d0ff5cbcdd9",slug:"xenotransplantation-new-insights",bookSignature:"Shuji Miyagawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5952.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73965",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuji",middleName:null,surname:"Miyagawa",slug:"shuji-miyagawa",fullName:"Shuji Miyagawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4610",title:"Muscle Cell and Tissue",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2719cb06d2a1327298528772eacec55",slug:"muscle-cell-and-tissue",bookSignature:"Kunihiro Sakuma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173502",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4486",title:"Cells and Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c333e655d47208db36f2a886b49c160",slug:"cells-and-biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:23,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"19013",doi:"10.5772/21983",title:"Cell Responses to Surface and Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:9697,totalCrossrefCites:109,totalDimensionsCites:230,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"9798",doi:"10.5772/8581",title:"Biomaterial Scaffold Fabrication Techniques for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications",slug:"biomaterial-scaffold-fabrication-techniques-for-potential-tissue-engineering-applications",totalDownloads:14411,totalCrossrefCites:49,totalDimensionsCites:114,book:{slug:"tissue-engineering",title:"Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Tissue Engineering"},signatures:"B. Subia, J. Kundu and S. C. Kundu",authors:null},{id:"23660",doi:"10.5772/25476",title:"Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Via Thermally Induced Phase Separation",slug:"scaffolds-for-tissue-engineering-via-thermally-induced-phase-separation",totalDownloads:6212,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:32,book:{slug:"advances-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Advances in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Advances in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Carlos A. Martínez-Pérez, Imelda Olivas-Armendariz, Javier S. Castro-Carmona and Perla E. García-Casillas",authors:[{id:"63450",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Pérez",slug:"carlos-alberto-martinez-perez",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Martínez-Pérez"},{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas"},{id:"138316",title:"Dr.",name:"Imelda",middleName:null,surname:"Olivas-Armendariz",slug:"imelda-olivas-armendariz",fullName:"Imelda Olivas-Armendariz"},{id:"138317",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier S.",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Carmona",slug:"javier-s.-castro-carmona",fullName:"Javier S. Castro-Carmona"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60312",title:"The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Tissue Regeneration",slug:"the-role-of-extracellular-matrix-in-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"tissue-regeneration",title:"Tissue Regeneration",fullTitle:"Tissue Regeneration"},signatures:"Dwi Liliek Kusindarta and Hevi Wihadmadyatami",authors:null},{id:"34830",title:"Augmentation and Preservation of the Alveolar Process and Alveolar Ridge of Bone",slug:"augmentation-and-preservation-of-the-alveolar-process-and-alveolar-ridge-of-bone",totalDownloads:7862,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"bone-regeneration",title:"Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Haim Tal, Zvi Artzi, Roni Kolerman, Ilan Beitlitum and Gal Goshen",authors:[{id:"97351",title:"Prof.",name:"Haim",middleName:null,surname:"Tal",slug:"haim-tal",fullName:"Haim Tal"},{id:"128141",title:"Prof.",name:"Zvi",middleName:null,surname:"Artzi",slug:"zvi-artzi",fullName:"Zvi Artzi"},{id:"129173",title:"Dr.",name:"Roni",middleName:null,surname:"Kolerman",slug:"roni-kolerman",fullName:"Roni Kolerman"},{id:"129175",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilan",middleName:null,surname:"Beitelthum",slug:"ilan-beitelthum",fullName:"Ilan Beitelthum"},{id:"129176",title:"Dr.",name:"Gal",middleName:null,surname:"Goshen",slug:"gal-goshen",fullName:"Gal Goshen"}]},{id:"19013",title:"Cell Responses to Surface and Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:9697,totalCrossrefCites:109,totalDimensionsCites:228,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"47782",title:"Mass Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells — Impact of Bioreactor Design and Flow Conditions on Proliferation and Differentiation",slug:"mass-production-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells-impact-of-bioreactor-design-and-flow-conditions-on-prolife",totalDownloads:4525,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"cells-and-biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Cells and Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Cells and Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Valentin Jossen, Ralf Pörtner, Stephan C. Kaiser, Matthias Kraume,\nDieter Eibl and Regine Eibl",authors:[{id:"52441",title:"Prof.",name:"Dieter",middleName:null,surname:"Eibl",slug:"dieter-eibl",fullName:"Dieter Eibl"},{id:"171203",title:"Prof.",name:"Ralf",middleName:null,surname:"Pörtner",slug:"ralf-portner",fullName:"Ralf Pörtner"},{id:"171347",title:"Prof.",name:"Regine",middleName:null,surname:"Eibl",slug:"regine-eibl",fullName:"Regine Eibl"},{id:"171348",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Valentin",middleName:null,surname:"Jossen",slug:"valentin-jossen",fullName:"Valentin Jossen"}]},{id:"44652",title:"Tissue Engineered Animal Sparing Models for the Study of Joint and Muscle Diseases",slug:"tissue-engineered-animal-sparing-models-for-the-study-of-joint-and-muscle-diseases",totalDownloads:1938,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering"},signatures:"Ali Mobasheri and Mark Lewis",authors:[{id:"53525",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Mobasheri",slug:"ali-mobasheri",fullName:"Ali Mobasheri"},{id:"163371",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",slug:"mark-lewis",fullName:"Mark Lewis"}]},{id:"65513",title:"Innovative Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering",slug:"innovative-biomaterials-for-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:945,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"biomaterial-supported-tissue-reconstruction-or-regeneration",title:"Biomaterial-supported Tissue Reconstruction or Regeneration",fullTitle:"Biomaterial-supported Tissue Reconstruction or Regeneration"},signatures:"Anna Dolcimascolo, Giovanna Calabrese, Sabrina Conoci and Rosalba Parenti",authors:[{id:"272544",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Parenti",slug:"rosalba-parenti",fullName:"Rosalba Parenti"},{id:"273282",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Dolcimascolo",slug:"anna-dolcimascolo",fullName:"Anna Dolcimascolo"},{id:"273283",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Calabrese",slug:"giovanna-calabrese",fullName:"Giovanna Calabrese"},{id:"283275",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Conoci",slug:"sabrina-conoci",fullName:"Sabrina Conoci"}]},{id:"9794",title:"High Resolution X-Ray Tomography - 3D Imaging for Tissue Engineering Applications",slug:"high-resolution-x-ray-tomography-3d-imaging-for-tissue-engineering-applications",totalDownloads:3682,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"tissue-engineering",title:"Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Tissue Engineering"},signatures:"Zehbe Rolf, Haibel Astrid, Schmidt Franziska, Riesemeier Heinrich, Kirkpatrick C. James, Schubert Helmut and Brochhausen Christoph",authors:null},{id:"44120",title:"Naturally Derived Biomaterials: Preparation and Application",slug:"naturally-derived-biomaterials-preparation-and-application",totalDownloads:5588,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering"},signatures:"Tran Le Bao Ha, To Minh Quan, Doan Nguyen Vu and Do Minh Si",authors:[{id:"159197",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tran",middleName:null,surname:"Le Bao Ha",slug:"tran-le-bao-ha",fullName:"Tran Le Bao Ha"},{id:"166753",title:"MSc.",name:"To Minh",middleName:null,surname:"Quan",slug:"to-minh-quan",fullName:"To Minh Quan"},{id:"166757",title:"BSc.",name:"Doan",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen Vu",slug:"doan-nguyen-vu",fullName:"Doan Nguyen Vu"},{id:"166760",title:"Dr.",name:"Do",middleName:null,surname:"Minh Si",slug:"do-minh-si",fullName:"Do Minh Si"}]},{id:"19036",title:"Tunable Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Cell Sheet Engineering",slug:"tunable-stimuli-responsive-polymers-for-cell-sheet-engineering",totalDownloads:2734,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Nithya Joseph, Anil Kumar P R and TV Kumary",authors:[{id:"56551",title:"Dr.",name:"TV",middleName:null,surname:"Kumary",slug:"tv-kumary",fullName:"TV Kumary"},{id:"121843",title:"Dr.",name:"Nithya",middleName:null,surname:"Joseph",slug:"nithya-joseph",fullName:"Nithya Joseph"},{id:"121844",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar PR",slug:"anil-kumar-pr",fullName:"Anil Kumar PR"}]},{id:"61159",title:"Introductory Chapter: Concepts of Tissue Regeneration",slug:"introductory-chapter-concepts-of-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"tissue-regeneration",title:"Tissue Regeneration",fullTitle:"Tissue Regeneration"},signatures:"Hussein Abdelhay El-Sayed Kaoud",authors:[{id:"265070",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein Abdelhay",middleName:null,surname:"Essayed Kaoud",slug:"hussein-abdelhay-essayed-kaoud",fullName:"Hussein Abdelhay Essayed Kaoud"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"medicine-biomedical-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/145126/yutaka-midorikawa",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"145126",slug:"yutaka-midorikawa"},fullPath:"/profiles/145126/yutaka-midorikawa",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()