Usage of energy consumption in Dihua WWTP.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"743",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Neural Stem Cells and Therapy",title:"Neural Stem Cells and Therapy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is a collective work of international experts in the neural stem cell field. The book incorporates the characterization of embryonic and adult neural stem cells in both invertebrates and vertebrates. It highlights the history and the most advanced discoveries in neural stem cells, and summarizes the mechanisms of neural stem cell development. In particular, this book provides strategies and discusses the challenges of utilizing neural stem cells for therapy of neurological disorders and brain and spinal cord injuries. It is suitable for general readers, students, doctors and researchers who are interested in understanding the principles of and new discoveries in neural stem cells and therapy.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-958-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6773-0",doi:"10.5772/1250",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"neural-stem-cells-and-therapy",numberOfPages:454,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fa76ab74329ca44aa40fa5946e572a9b",bookSignature:"Tao Sun",publishedDate:"February 15th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/743.jpg",numberOfDownloads:55198,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:78,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 8th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 5th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 10th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 9th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 7th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"77856",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"tao-sun",fullName:"Tao Sun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/77856/images/3561_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Tao Sun is an Associate Professor of Cell and Development Biology at Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York City, the United States of America (USA). He undertook his PhD studies in Neurobiology at University College London, United Kingdom. After his PhD work, Dr Sun did his postdoctoral training in Neurogenetics at Harvard Medical School in Boston, USA. He became a faculty member at Weill Medical College of Cornell University in 2005. Dr Sun’s research interests include neural stem cell development in embryonic and adult brains and spinal cords, noncoding RNA regulation in neural development and function, molecular control of brain asymmetry and cognitive functions, and genetic causes of neurological disorders.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"990",title:"Stem Cell Research",slug:"medicine-cell-biology-stem-cell-research"}],chapters:[{id:"28348",title:"Neural Stem Cells from Mammalian Brain: Isolation Protocols and Maintenance Conditions",doi:"10.5772/32766",slug:"neural-stem-cells-from-mammalian-brain-isolation-protocols-and-maintenance-conditions",totalDownloads:7662,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jorge Oliver-De la Cruz and Angel Ayuso-Sacido",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28348",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28348",authors:[{id:"92601",title:"Dr",name:"Angel",surname:"Ayuso-Sacido",slug:"angel-ayuso-sacido",fullName:"Angel Ayuso-Sacido"},{id:"93484",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Oliver-De La Cruz",slug:"jorge-oliver-de-la-cruz",fullName:"Jorge Oliver-De La Cruz"}],corrections:null},{id:"28349",title:"Neurogenesis in Adult Hippocampus",doi:"10.5772/29983",slug:"neurogenesis-in-adult-hippocampus",totalDownloads:5237,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xinhua Zhang and Guohua Jin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28349",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28349",authors:[{id:"80218",title:"Prof.",name:"Guohua",surname:"Jin",slug:"guohua-jin",fullName:"Guohua Jin"},{id:"87091",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhua",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xinhua-zhang",fullName:"Xinhua Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"28350",title:"Cellular Organization of the Subventricular Zone in the Adult Human Brain: A Niche of Neural Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/30133",slug:"cellular-organization-of-the-subventricular-zone-in-the-adult-human-brain-a-niche-of-neural-stem-cel",totalDownloads:3460,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Oscar Gonzalez-Perez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28350",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28350",authors:[{id:"35161",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar",surname:"Gonzalez-Perez",slug:"oscar-gonzalez-perez",fullName:"Oscar Gonzalez-Perez"}],corrections:null},{id:"28351",title:"The Spinal Cord Neural Stem Cell Niche",doi:"10.5772/30868",slug:"the-spinal-cord-neural-stem-cell-niche",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jean-Philippe Hugnot",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28351",authors:[{id:"84569",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Philippe",surname:"Hugnot",slug:"jean-philippe-hugnot",fullName:"Jean-Philippe Hugnot"}],corrections:null},{id:"28831",title:"Development of New Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunocytochemical Characterization of Neural Stem and Differentiated Cells",doi:"10.5772/31313",slug:"development-of-new-monoclonal-antibodies-for-immunocytochemical-characterization-of-neural-stem-and-",totalDownloads:1884,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aavo-Valdur Mikelsaar, Alar Sünter, Peeter Toomik, Kalmer Karpson and Erkki Juronen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28831",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28831",authors:[{id:"86576",title:"Prof.",name:"Aavo-Valdur",surname:"Mikelsaar",slug:"aavo-valdur-mikelsaar",fullName:"Aavo-Valdur Mikelsaar"},{id:"87640",title:"Dr.",name:"Alar",surname:"Sünter",slug:"alar-sunter",fullName:"Alar Sünter"},{id:"87641",title:"Dr.",name:"Peeter",surname:"Toomik",slug:"peeter-toomik",fullName:"Peeter Toomik"},{id:"87642",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalmer",surname:"Karpson",slug:"kalmer-karpson",fullName:"Kalmer Karpson"},{id:"87643",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkki",surname:"Juronen",slug:"erkki-juronen",fullName:"Erkki Juronen"}],corrections:null},{id:"28352",title:"Formation of Nervous Systems and Neural Stem Cells in Ascidians",doi:"10.5772/31708",slug:"formation-of-nervous-systems-and-neural-stem-cells-in-ascidians",totalDownloads:2158,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kiyoshi Terakado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28352",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28352",authors:[{id:"88355",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyoshi",surname:"Terakado",slug:"kiyoshi-terakado",fullName:"Kiyoshi Terakado"}],corrections:null},{id:"28353",title:"Regeneration of Brain and Dopaminergic Neurons Utilizing Pluripotent Stem Cells: Lessons from Planarians",doi:"10.5772/31503",slug:"regeneration-of-brain-and-dopaminergic-neurons-utilizing-pluripotent-stem-cells-lessons-from-planari",totalDownloads:2541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kaneyasu Nishimura, Yoshihisa Kitamura\nand Kiyokazu Agata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28353",authors:[{id:"87497",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyokazu",surname:"Agata",slug:"kiyokazu-agata",fullName:"Kiyokazu Agata"},{id:"87506",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaneyasu",surname:"Nishimura",slug:"kaneyasu-nishimura",fullName:"Kaneyasu Nishimura"},{id:"87509",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihisa",surname:"Kitamura",slug:"yoshihisa-kitamura",fullName:"Yoshihisa Kitamura"}],corrections:null},{id:"28354",title:"-Secretase-Regulated Signaling Mechanisms: Notch and Amyloid Precursor Protein",doi:"10.5772/31641",slug:"-secretase-regulated-signaling-mechanisms-notch-and-amyloid-precursor-protein",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kohzo Nakayama, Hisashi Nagase, Chang-Sung Koh and Takeshi Ohkawara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28354",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28354",authors:[{id:"88080",title:"Dr.",name:"Kohzo",surname:"Nakayama",slug:"kohzo-nakayama",fullName:"Kohzo Nakayama"},{id:"124609",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisashi",surname:"Nagase",slug:"hisashi-nagase",fullName:"Hisashi Nagase"},{id:"124610",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang-Sung",surname:"Koh",slug:"chang-sung-koh",fullName:"Chang-Sung Koh"},{id:"124611",title:"Dr.",name:"Takeshi",surname:"Ohkawara",slug:"takeshi-ohkawara",fullName:"Takeshi Ohkawara"}],corrections:null},{id:"28355",title:"Role of Growth Factor Receptors in Neural Stem Cells Differentiation and Dopaminergic Neurons Generation",doi:"10.5772/31099",slug:"role-of-growth-factor-receptors-in-neural-stem-cells-differentiation-and-dopaminergic-neurons-genera",totalDownloads:2458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Lucía Calatrava, Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado, Antonio S. Herranz, Diana Reimers, Maria J. Asensio, Cristina Miranda and Eulalia Bazán",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28355",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28355",authors:[{id:"85570",title:"Dr.",name:"Eulalia",surname:"Bazan",slug:"eulalia-bazan",fullName:"Eulalia Bazan"},{id:"130434",title:"BSc.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Calatrava",slug:"lucia-calatrava",fullName:"Lucia Calatrava"},{id:"130437",title:"BSc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Gonzalo-Gobernado",slug:"rafael-gonzalo-gobernado",fullName:"Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado"},{id:"130439",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio S",surname:"Herranz",slug:"antonio-s-herranz",fullName:"Antonio S Herranz"},{id:"130440",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Reimers",slug:"diana-reimers",fullName:"Diana Reimers"},{id:"130442",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria J",surname:"Asensio",slug:"maria-j-asensio",fullName:"Maria J Asensio"},{id:"130449",title:"Ms.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Miranda",slug:"cristina-miranda",fullName:"Cristina Miranda"}],corrections:null},{id:"28356",title:"Musashi Proteins in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells",doi:"10.5772/31033",slug:"musashi-proteins-in-neural-stem-progenitor-cells",totalDownloads:4047,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kenichi Horisawa and Hiroshi Yanagawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28356",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28356",authors:[{id:"78170",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Yanagawa",slug:"hiroshi-yanagawa",fullName:"Hiroshi Yanagawa"},{id:"126968",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenichi",surname:"Horisawa",slug:"kenichi-horisawa",fullName:"Kenichi Horisawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"28357",title:"Active Expression of Retroelements in Neurons Differentiated from Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/30105",slug:"active-expression-of-retroelements-in-neurons-differentiated-from-adult-hippocampal-neural-stem-cell",totalDownloads:2202,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Slawomir Antoszczyk, Kazuyuki Terashima, Masaki Warashina, Makoto Asashima\nand Tomoko Kuwabara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28357",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28357",authors:[{id:"80865",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoko",surname:"Kuwabara",slug:"tomoko-kuwabara",fullName:"Tomoko Kuwabara"},{id:"85959",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",surname:"Antoszczyk",slug:"slawomir-antoszczyk",fullName:"Slawomir Antoszczyk"},{id:"85960",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazuyuki",surname:"Terashima",slug:"kazuyuki-terashima",fullName:"Kazuyuki Terashima"},{id:"85991",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Warashina",slug:"masaki-warashina",fullName:"Masaki Warashina"},{id:"85992",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",surname:"Asashima",slug:"makoto-asashima",fullName:"Makoto Asashima"}],corrections:null},{id:"28358",title:"Noncoding RNAs in Neural Stem Cell Development",doi:"10.5772/29434",slug:"noncoding-rnas-in-neural-stem-cell-development",totalDownloads:2784,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shan Bian and Tao Sun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28358",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28358",authors:[{id:"77856",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",surname:"Sun",slug:"tao-sun",fullName:"Tao Sun"},{id:"121289",title:"Dr.",name:"Shan",surname:"Bian",slug:"shan-bian",fullName:"Shan Bian"}],corrections:null},{id:"28359",title:"Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Clones as Models for Neural Development and Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/29532",slug:"neural-stem-progenitor-cell-clones-as-models-for-neural-development-and-transplantation",totalDownloads:2438,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hedong Li, He Zhao, Xiaoqiong Shu and Mei Jiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28359",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28359",authors:[{id:"78260",title:"Prof.",name:"Hedong",surname:"Li",slug:"hedong-li",fullName:"Hedong Li"},{id:"123453",title:"Dr.",name:"He",surname:"Zhao",slug:"he-zhao",fullName:"He Zhao"},{id:"123454",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiaoqiong",surname:"Shu",slug:"xiaoqiong-shu",fullName:"Xiaoqiong Shu"},{id:"123455",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mei",surname:"Jiang",slug:"mei-jiang",fullName:"Mei Jiang"}],corrections:null},{id:"28360",title:"Endogenous Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells and Regenerative Responses to Brain Injury",doi:"10.5772/30210",slug:"endogenous-neural-stem-progenitor-cells-and-regenerative-responses-to-brain-injury",totalDownloads:2009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Dizon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28360",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28360",authors:[{id:"81372",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Dizon",slug:"maria-dizon",fullName:"Maria Dizon"}],corrections:null},{id:"28361",title:"Neural Stem Cells: Exogenous and Endogenous Promising Therapies for Stroke",doi:"10.5772/31400",slug:"neural-stem-cells-exogenous-and-endogenous-promising-therapies-for-stroke",totalDownloads:2283,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"M. Guerra-Crespo, A.K. De la Herrán-Arita, A. Boronat-García, G. Maya-Espinosa, J.R. García-Montes, J.H. Fallon and R. Drucker-Colín",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28361",authors:[{id:"51781",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Guerra-Crespo",slug:"magdalena-guerra-crespo",fullName:"Magdalena Guerra-Crespo"},{id:"89453",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"De La Herrán - Arita",slug:"alberto-de-la-herran-arita",fullName:"Alberto De La Herrán - Arita"}],corrections:null},{id:"28362",title:"Ischemia-Induced Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Within the Post-Stroke Cortex in Adult Brains",doi:"10.5772/30328",slug:"ischemia-induced-neural-stem-progenitor-cells-within-the-post-stroke-cortex-in-adult-brains",totalDownloads:2316,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Takayuki Nakagomi and Tomohiro Matsuyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28362",authors:[{id:"81991",title:"Prof.",name:"Takayuki",surname:"Nakagomi",slug:"takayuki-nakagomi",fullName:"Takayuki Nakagomi"},{id:"89200",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomohiro",surname:"Matsuyama",slug:"tomohiro-matsuyama",fullName:"Tomohiro Matsuyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"28363",title:"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Neural Stem Cells Potential for Neural Repair in Spinal Cord Injury and Human Neurodegenerative Disorders",doi:"10.5772/30727",slug:"mesenchymal-stromal-cells-and-neural-stem-cells-potential-for-neural-repair-in-spinal-cord-injury-an",totalDownloads:2459,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dasa Cizkova, Norbert Zilka, Zuzana Kazmerova,\nLucia Slovinska, Ivo Vanicky, Ivana Novotna-Grulova, Viera Cigankova, Milan Cizek and Michal Novak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28363",authors:[{id:"83943",title:"Dr.",name:"Dasa",surname:"Cizkova",slug:"dasa-cizkova",fullName:"Dasa Cizkova"},{id:"90287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Vanicky",slug:"ivo-vanicky",fullName:"Ivo Vanicky"},{id:"90290",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Slovinska",slug:"lucia-slovinska",fullName:"Lucia Slovinska"},{id:"90291",title:"Prof.",name:"Viera",surname:"Cigankova",slug:"viera-cigankova",fullName:"Viera Cigankova"},{id:"90292",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",surname:"Cizek",slug:"milan-cizek",fullName:"Milan Cizek"},{id:"90293",title:"Dr.",name:"Norbert",surname:"Zilka",slug:"norbert-zilka",fullName:"Norbert Zilka"},{id:"90294",title:"Prof.",name:"Michal",surname:"Novak",slug:"michal-novak",fullName:"Michal Novak"},{id:"136780",title:"MSc.",name:"Zuzana",surname:"Kazmerova",slug:"zuzana-kazmerova",fullName:"Zuzana Kazmerova"},{id:"136782",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Novotna - Grulova",slug:"ivana-novotna-grulova",fullName:"Ivana Novotna - Grulova"}],corrections:null},{id:"28364",title:"Assessing the Influence of Neuroinflammation on Neurogenesis: In Vitro Models Using Neural Stem Cells and Microglia as Valuable Research Tools",doi:"10.5772/30723",slug:"assessing-the-influence-of-neuroinflammation-on-neurogenesis-in-vitro-models-using-neural-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bruno P. Carreira, Maria Inês Morte, Caetana M. Carvalho and Inês M. Araújo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28364",authors:[{id:"83926",title:"Dr.",name:"Ines",surname:"Araujo",slug:"ines-araujo",fullName:"Ines Araujo"},{id:"84859",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Carreira",slug:"bruno-carreira",fullName:"Bruno Carreira"},{id:"89222",title:"Prof.",name:"Caetana",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"caetana-carvalho",fullName:"Caetana Carvalho"},{id:"89223",title:"Ms",name:"Ines",surname:"Morte",slug:"ines-morte",fullName:"Ines Morte"}],corrections:null},{id:"28365",title:"Immune System Modulation of Germinal and Parenchymal Neural Progenitor Cells in Physiological and Pathological Conditions",doi:"10.5772/31823",slug:"immune-system-modulation-of-germinal-and-parenchymal-neural-progenitor-cells-in-physiological-and-pa",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chiara Rolando, Enrica Boda and Annalisa Buffo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28365",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28365",authors:[{id:"88849",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",surname:"Buffo",slug:"annalisa-buffo",fullName:"Annalisa Buffo"},{id:"121271",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrica",surname:"Boda",slug:"enrica-boda",fullName:"Enrica Boda"},{id:"121272",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Rolando",slug:"chiara-rolando",fullName:"Chiara Rolando"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"216",title:"Stem Cells in Clinic and Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a31b9aa4ace99ed56f02e53a74d068e",slug:"stem-cells-in-clinic-and-research",bookSignature:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Gholamrezanezhad",slug:"ali-gholamrezanezhad",fullName:"Ali Gholamrezanezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"388",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells",subtitle:"Basic Biology to Bioengineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75fab84c1c8e75f1882393bd48c0e7a5",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-basic-biology-to-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Michael S. Kallos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/388.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62719",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Kallos",slug:"michael-s.-kallos",fullName:"Michael S. Kallos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3263",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e3646a06bb8ba1da33cb5ccb0867062",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells",bookSignature:"Deepa Bhartiya and Nibedita Lenka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3263.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139427",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepa",surname:"Bhartiya",slug:"deepa-bhartiya",fullName:"Deepa Bhartiya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"56",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells",subtitle:"The Hormonal Regulation of Pluripotency and Embryogenesis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2a19ef174e6fb5df273830efe6b72da",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-the-hormonal-regulation-of-pluripotency-and-embryogenesis",bookSignature:"Craig Atwood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/56.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"694",title:"Advances in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8456364ad683155bfd97bb74960d66a",slug:"advances-in-hematopoietic-stem-cell-research",bookSignature:"Rosana Pelayo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74711",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana",surname:"Pelayo",slug:"rosana-pelayo",fullName:"Rosana Pelayo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3427",title:"Neural Stem Cells",subtitle:"New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43e043afc3a3af46076832b4f784dcca",slug:"neural-stem-cells-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Luca Bonfanti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3427.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"154282",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Bonfanti",slug:"luca-bonfanti",fullName:"Luca Bonfanti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5207",title:"Pluripotent Stem Cells",subtitle:"From the Bench to the Clinic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29f98ebea5d3e1789f5fb5db827f40c",slug:"pluripotent-stem-cells-from-the-bench-to-the-clinic",bookSignature:"Minoru Tomizawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156161",title:"Dr.",name:"Minoru",surname:"Tomizawa",slug:"minoru-tomizawa",fullName:"Minoru Tomizawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1706",title:"Methodological Advances in the Culture, Manipulation and Utilization of Embryonic Stem Cells for Basic and Practical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"859182731e564430697a4299a78f0548",slug:"methodological-advances-in-the-culture-manipulation-and-utilization-of-embryonic-stem-cells-for-basic-and-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Craig Atwood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16945",title:"Prof.",name:"Craig",surname:"Atwood",slug:"craig-atwood",fullName:"Craig Atwood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1699",title:"Embryology",subtitle:"Updates and Highlights on Classic Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"286d68a97eec4805184885e4e85f6946",slug:"embryology-updates-and-highlights-on-classic-topics",bookSignature:"Luis Antonio Violin Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1699.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106080",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Violin Pereira",slug:"luis-violin-pereira",fullName:"Luis Violin Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1319",title:"Embryonic Stem Cells",subtitle:"Differentiation and Pluripotent Alternatives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4c71a60be196f817c6cd33ff82e5088",slug:"embryonic-stem-cells-differentiation-and-pluripotent-alternatives",bookSignature:"Michael S. Kallos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1319.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62719",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Kallos",slug:"michael-s.-kallos",fullName:"Michael S. Kallos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-pregnancy-and-graves-disease",title:"Corrigendum: Pregnancy and Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79786.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79786",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79786",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79786",chapter:{id:"75306",slug:"pregnancy-in-women-with-graves-disease-focus-on-fetal-surveillance",signatures:"Anca Maria Panaitescu",dateSubmitted:"December 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2021",datePrePublished:"February 18th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251062",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Panaitescu",fullName:"Anca Panaitescu",slug:"anca-panaitescu",email:"panaitescu.anca@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75306",slug:"pregnancy-in-women-with-graves-disease-focus-on-fetal-surveillance",signatures:"Anca Maria Panaitescu",dateSubmitted:"December 16th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2021",datePrePublished:"February 18th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251062",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Panaitescu",fullName:"Anca Panaitescu",slug:"anca-panaitescu",email:"panaitescu.anca@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12029",leadTitle:null,title:"Temperature Sensors",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dab57974c019f161e2cd3a0c80cae256",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12029.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 28th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 7th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61018",title:"Reused Lithium-Ion Battery Applied in Water Treatment Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76303",slug:"reused-lithium-ion-battery-applied-in-water-treatment-plants",body:'\n
The Dihua wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is between the Tamsui and Keelung Rivers in Taipei. It treats sewage from Taipei City’s household connections and interception stations. The plant, which has a capacity of 500,000 m3/day, is the largest secondary treatment plant in Taiwan. Water Resources Agency (WRA) in Taiwan recently launched several projects to promote energy self-efficient WWTPs. Their action plan is to employ green energy sources in WWTP by collocating with efficient new water treatment processes. Green energy sources refer to well-known renewable energy sources (e.g., biomass, wind energy, solar energy, hydropower, and local waste heat).
\nSome projects in the world originated from the concept of the energy–water nexus, which is the coupling of energy, water, the environment including climate change, and food supply [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Studies conducted on WWTP and in collaboration with local governments and major organizations provide solid evidence of unit electricity for wastewater treatment or neutral energy. Electricity from renewable energy resources, such as wind or solar power, may be used to partially or completely replace electricity from the grid. Moreover, novel wastewater treatment processes have been employed in WWTPs to reduce the energy requirements per unit volume of treated wastewater in comparison with cases that depend on electricity only from renewable energy resources [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Some researchers illustrated that energy cannot be gained at all from aerobic digestion or organic substances at WWTPs and sludge treatment plants. The specific energy demand at these plants is still high, and too much energy is needed for far-reaching aerobic degradation of organic substances. However, biogas from anaerobic treatment from WWTPs or waste management may become a suitable way of improving energy efficiency. For alternative sanitation concepts, sewage and food waste management, or other environmental assessments of urban water systems [16, 17], life cycle assessments should be conducted to explore plant energy balance. Besides renewable energy, one potential candidate for compensating the consumption at WWTPs is wastewater heat recovery. Case studies show that technologies for heat recovery from wastewater also have been successfully implemented. However, heat recovery may harm the wastewater treatment process and reduce the performance of WWTPs [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
\nLithium-ion batteries contain precious metals such as lithium, cobalt, or manganese; therefore, recycling and recuperation of these batteries are highly advantageous. However, these processes use high levels of electricity in traditionally chemical methods [27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. Lithium-ion batteries are suitable as ancillary services or for supporting large-scale solar and wind integration in existing power systems by providing grid stabilization or frequency regulation [50]. Lithium-ion batteries are also classified as dangerous waste. If they are not properly treated, then they will damage the environment and cause harm to humans and the environment. By contrast, abundant electrical capacity remains in discarded lithium-ion batteries. Following an intensive review on advanced smart metering and communication infrastructures, a strategy for integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into the electric grid is presented [51]. Under the vehicle-to-grid phenomenon, the deployment of EV batteries in the energy market can compensate for fluctuations of the electric grid. A previous study [52] presented the optimization of electrical energy storage systems and improved control strategies based on hybrid power source and series.
\nTo achieve energy self-efficient WWTPs, we consider several ways of ensuring positive energy balance of wastewater treatment such as renewable energies. In this study, automotive reused lithium-ion battery (RLIB) is used to accumulate electricity at night to shave peak power in the grid at noon as a prior phase before chemical separation of the RLIB pack. In general, RLIB packs might decay rapidly after being discarded, and the energy management system (EMS) is developed to address this issue. The performance of depth of discharge (DoD), which indicates the life cycle, is used to determine the effectiveness of EMS in bench test. Besides, an online scheme of estimating life cycle sensitized parameters is embedded in EMS for safety and performance guarantee.
\nAfter dividing a portion of effluent from the Dihua Sewage Pumping Station in Taipei, sewage enters the Dihua WWTP at an average of 434,349 m3/day. It then passes through fine bar screens to remove coarse materials. It flows into primary clarifiers to remove the greater part of the suspended solids and a small portion of the organic matter in the sewage. Aeration basins and secondary clarifiers are used to remove organic matter in the sewage. The effluent from the secondary clarifiers is disinfected with sodium hypochlorite to remove pathogens before discharge into the Tamsui River. After sand filtration, 10,000 cubic meters per day of effluent become reused water for the plant. Night solids, combined with primary sludge and secondary sludge, is thickened, anaerobically digested, and dewatered to become sludge cake. It is then disposed in a landfill site or used as fertilizer for inedible vegetation by any organization that requests it. The energy consumption is listed in Table 1.
\nProcess | \n(%) | \nEnergy consumption (kWh/day) | \nEnergy demand unit volume (kWh/m3) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Aerobic digestion | \n25.47 | \n30697.67 | \n0.0706 | \n
Sludge treatment | \n6.15 | \n7416.02 | \n— | \n
Secondary clarifier | \n5.40 | \n6503.03 | \n0.0149 | \n
Wastewater pumping | \n5.12 | \n6167.67 | \n— | \n
Solid dewatering | \n3.28 | \n3954.15 | \n— | \n
Lighting and building | \n3.22 | \n3875.41 | \n— | \n
Disinfection | \n2.28 | \n2750.31 | \n0.0063 | \n
Grit | \n0.67 | \n807.31 | \n0.0018 | \n
Primary clarifier | \n0.47 | \n571.32 | \n0.0013 | \n
Anaerobic digester | \n1.09 | \n1318.28 | \n— | \n
Aeration | \n46.85 | \n56465.37 | \n0.13 | \n
Total | \n100 | \n120526.57 | \n— | \n
Usage of energy consumption in Dihua WWTP.
In the Dihua plant, the entire water treatment process consumes 120,526 kWh of electricity a day. Approximately 0.28kWh/m3 is required for wastewater treatment. This value is much lower than UNESCO’s report (2014) of 0.62–0.87 kWh/m3 excluding pumping to the treatment site and equipment efficiency. The average quantity of energy used varies considerably depending on the level of treatment, type of treatment, and size of plant, but it approximately doubles from primary to secondary and doubles again to tertiary levels of treatment (US EPA Office of Water 2013).
\nIn Dihua’s case, the outcome of biomass occupies 55.69% total unstable renewable energy as listed in Figures 1 and 2. Twenty percent of total area is assumed to be installed solar panel, and the reliable electricity capacity of 943.8 kW is obtained. Hydropower and wind power are not dominant energy resources in this plant.
\nUnsteady renewable energies in Dihua WWTP.
Potential renewable energies in Dihua WWTP.
Demand for urban vehicles focusing on sustainable transportation has prompted a substantial trend towards automotive electrification such as hybrids and EVs. With more than 70% of EVs likely to be introduced in 2015 with Li-ion based battery chemistry, the recycling of Li-ion has become a crucial topic in the automotive industry. When the battery packs in a lithium-ion-powered vehicle are deemed too worn out for driving, they still have up to 80% of their capacity left. Before they ever arrive in a recycling center, these batteries are used to prop up the grid, especially alongside energy sources that may not be quite as steady, such as wind or solar power (Figure 2). Furthermore, the cost of RLIB is roughly cheaper than 1/3 of a new battery. This merit enhances strong competition compared with other cheap flow batteries or NAS batteries.
\nFor instance, two packs of RLIBs are shown in Figure 3. Both of them are originally applied in pure EVs. After working for several years, they are used as experimental targets before cycling and recuperation by chemical method. In this study, two different types of packs are selected. The flowchart in Figure 4 shows that suitable cells are activated and selected based on log file and DC internal resistance, and each new module is assembled with EMS. Subsequently, the module is installed in a test bench to update voltage of open circuit (VOC). In addition to establishing water, energy, and reusing nexus in urban areas, the Dihua WWTP is chosen for its large area of 8 hectares. Thus, an extensive enclosed space is available for placing RLIB between the aeration tank and green park in the ground (Figure 5).
\nReused Lithium-ion battery used in pure electric vehicles (left: LiFePO4, right: LiMnNiCoO2).
Flowchart of RLIB.
About 8 hectares huge space in the second deck of aeration tank in Dihua plant.
Reducing variability in renewable energy is crucial in managing the peaks in WWTP. As a result, this strategy is dispensable for employing energy storage systems charging during off peak times and injecting energy into smart grids during peak times. Benefits can be estimated from the low price at night, cost of basic contract fee of electricity, and effect of frequency regulation.
\nResults of the economic benefit assessment are shown in Table 2. We assume that renewable energy’s purchase price is 0.143 USD. Renewable energy is assumed to be fully fed back to the grid. About 80% of the total RLIB is used as night storage, and the cost of RLIB is 133USD unit kWh. In the case of Dihua plant, the calculation of RLIB demand is 32,106 kWh, which is roughly equivalent to 3200 pure EV battery pack. This value is also about 1/20 of the total number of domestic sales of EVs from 2011 to 2016 in Taiwan. The initial cost of RLIB packs is 4.3 million USD. However, only the sales of renewable energy power into the grid based on feed-in tariff (FIT) are 1.68 million USD. The annual electricity rate difference at noon and night is 140.6 million NTD, and the annual income at noon and night is 4.69 million USD. Therefore, the plant can break even in 2 years and continue to profit each year without considering the installation fee. Other plants also show similar profitable results such as Dihua plant in Table 2.
\nBenefit assessment of 5 WWTPs applying RLIB (NTD; 30NTD = 1USD).
To reduce the peak current in LIB pack, a physical battery is employed in LIB effectively, but range extension is still limited in the case study [33]. The effect of life cycle extension is discussed [34] by the transient supply of physical battery. Given the traditional large DC/DC converter in EMS, a small prototype of DC-DC and simple circuit may be proposed to isolate the battery pack and not harvest energy from random peak power [35, 36]. The scenarios of usage cover the regenerative power supply and charging/discharging between individual and physical batteries. Some studies have focused on the design of levering DC-DC converter [37, 38], but several researchers have introduced a converterless circuit in EVs based on a DC inverter [39, 40]. The literature implies the possibility of EMS with high efficiency and low cost. Specific control strategies including neutral networks are illustrated in [40, 41, 42]. Economic analysis shows that the high price of LIB leads to superior benefits in elongating life cycle. Real-time simulators are a powerful platform before on-board tests [42]. In [43], a simple circuit of elongating life cycle life was reported. Without a complex DC-DC converter, only duty control using a suitable physical battery can narrow DoD of LIB and elongate the life cycle of batteries [44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. Figure 6 shows the relationship between DoD and life cycle. None of the lines in Figure 8 are linear, thereby indicating that DoD plays a major role in gaining life cycle.
\nRelationship between DoD and charge/discharge cycles (life cycles) modified from [
Figure 7 shows a simple, converterless parallel circuit. EMS can achieve active control by switching the discharging ratio between LIB and auxiliary physical battery at unit time. The architecture of EMS is shown in Figure 8. It is modified from battery management system. EMS is disposed as an interface among RLIB, auxiliary physical battery (ultracapacitor, UC), and systematic grid. The control strategy aims to keep the switch periodically close and open by a predetermined duty cycle, namely, the sharing ratio of RLIB’s loading controlled by EMS. In detail, EMS generates a PWM (pulse width modulation) signal to control the on/off time of the lower arm of the switch module.
\nRLIB in parallel connection with auxiliary physical battery (ultracapacitor) controlled by EMS.
Architecture of EMS (symbol B is a safety device for estimating RLIB pack’s insulation resistance).
Real-time simulators have been widely used in developing and verifying control strategies for power systems. Such devices are a powerful platform before on-board tests. Total analytical modules including EMS module is employed in the simulator. Detailed topology can be found in [41, 42]. In the system level, the control strategy from the vehicle side for the powertrain relating to the area electric range is validated [15]. Through the vehicle side, commands of torque and speed are sent out to the demand side of the motor simultaneously. Likewise, commands for gear shifting commands, the auxiliary system, and protection signals are passed from the vehicle side to other control units. It is originally developed in the environment of OPAL-RT®. An imaginary vehicle module is linked with the simulator via an analog/digital I/O interface, CAN bus, and RS-232. The off-line environment connected to real-time simulator provides sufficient capability for the development of EMS to select the optimized current sharing ratio between LIB and UC. The environment and interface model the dynamic response of load, multi-battery pack, and EMS.
\nState of charge and SOH define the most important amounts of charge and rated capacity loss of a battery, respectively. To determine these two parameters instantaneously, VOC and internal resistance (IR) of the battery are indispensable. To guarantee the safety of RLIB, besides the insulation monitoring function shown in Figure 8, a simple, training-free, and easily implemented scheme in EMS is applied. This scheme is capable of estimating VOC and IR, particularly here for RLIB pack [53]. On the basis of an equivalent circuit model (ECM) shown in Figure 9, the electrical performance of the battery can be formulated into state-space representation. An underdetermined model’s parameters can be arranged linearly so that an adaptive control approach can be applied. An algorithm of adaptive control is developed by exploiting the Lyapunov stability criteria as briefly illustrated in Figure 10. VOC and IR can be extracted precisely without limitations of input signals in the system, such as persistent excitation (PE). It enhances the application of this method for power systems. Figure 11 shows one example for examining the algorithm by using adaptive control observer to estimate VOC and IR through the adaptive control approach. Estimation of SOH-sensitized IR can converge into a stable measured value in about 600(s).
\nA generalized ECM for lithium batteries.
A flowchart describes how SoH functions.
Comparison of estimated and measured internal resistances (1st, Rs; 2nd, Rt) and VoC (voltage of open circuit) in test case.
Two packs of RLIB are shown in Figure 3. Both of them are originally applied in pure EVs. After running on board for several years, they are used as experimental targets in this study, assembled with EMS, and installed in a test bench to simulate RLIB at WWTP.
\nTwo types of LIB cells with a large difference in IR are employed in this study, and the specifications are listed in Table 3. An automated test bench with rated voltage and current of 500 V/450 A is utilized for the test. The initial rated voltage of RLIB is 70 V. A power pattern converted from the daily usage of electricity in WWTP is programmed into the machine for discharge/charge operation. In this study, all components are integrated in the laboratory, and the pattern of electricity is chosen for simulating the intermittent charging/discharging cycle of renewable energy and power accumulation due to the lack of in-situ energy consumption data. The duty cycle, current, and voltage of the RLIB terminal are monitored by the EMS. A total of 21 cells of LiFePO4 RLIB and three modules of LiMnNiCoO2 RLIB are modularized into two individual packs. A test case of RLIB connected with EMS is shown in Figure 12.
\nItem | \nUnit | \nEnergy density (Wh/kg) | \nIR(mΩ) | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|
Pack | \nTotal* | \n|||
Molicel Module 10.96 V EME335-I403 (18650AG, 3S35P) | \n3 modules | \n100 | \n3.27 × 3 | \n|
Pishuang Cell 38.4 Ah 3.2 V 400013201 | \n21 cells | \n60 | \n65.75 | \n84.23 | \n
Specification of RLIB.
Total IR is composed of internal resistance + harness resistance + fixture resistance.
Implementation of RLIB with EMS and auxiliary physical battery (left: EMU; Central: LiFePO4 LIB pack; and right: auxiliary physical battery).
To consider a real severe case, the current draw of the pattern of electricity is imposed on the RLIB pack [41, 42]. As shown in Figure 13, the accuracy of simulation with RLIB analytical module is examined by comparing with the measured results. The simulation with assumed linear VOC yields the deviation from the measured voltage curve. Otherwise, the simulation accurately predicts the response of RLIB.
\nComparison of simulation and measured results (upper: current; down: voltage) [
Simulation results regarding voltage drop of a single RLIB pack in 100(s) under random load current is compared with the other case of RLIB pack connected with UC and active controlled by EMS (Figures 14 and 15). Effect of active controlled by EMS represented in DoD is not obvious. However, the energy consumption estimated from I2*IR at both cases is shown in Figures 16 and 17, and EMS decreases 26% heat loss of RLIB.
\nVoltage drop in simulation of 60 V single RLIB pack.
Voltage drop of 60 V RLIB pack which is in parallel connect with UC and active controlled by EMS.
The energy consumption in the case of
The energy consumption in the case of
In the bench test, the first case of LiMnNiCoO2 RLIB pack in Figure 18 shows the comparison of DoD with/without EMS under constant c-rate discharging. RLIB in active control of duty cycle 60% (solid line) shows the more stable and limit DoD than a single RLIB pack (dash line). Through real-time simulation by monitoring DoD, we optimize the best control duty of 60%. Here, IR of the RLIB pack plays an essential role in the distribution of DoD. To examine the control strategy even further, LiFePO4 RLIB is utilized as the DoD results (Figure 19). The effectiveness of EMS (solid line) is realized in comparison with the cases without EMS (point line) and single LiFePO4 RLIB (dash line). To consider the stable DoD distribution of RLIB by using an auxiliary physical battery, individual IR of experimental batteries is listed in Table 3. IR of LiFePO4 RLIB at 65.75 mΩ is much higher than that at 9.81 mΩ of LiMnNiCoO2 RLIB pack and 3 mΩ of auxiliary physical battery (UC) by excluding harness resistance and fixture resistance. The load current provided by the auxiliary physical battery depends on each IR in parallel connection relative to RLIB (i.e., the lower the IR of the auxiliary physical battery, the higher current it can share) [42]. Consequently, a simple circuit converterless EMS in this study shows potential in controlling power flow to avoid the intense loading of RLIB. In particular, EMS with auxiliary high-power battery can increase the life cycle of RLIB [42]. Mass production of EMS has its potential in large-scale application of WWTPs. As Figure 8 shows, average DoD in lifespan is nonlinear, which indicates that LIB can earn useful energy if average DoD is limited [44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. The distribution of DoD is directly related to life cycle as the formulation [48]. We apply this formulation to roughly estimate the benefit of using RLIB with EMS in this study.
\nComparison of DoD in single LiMnNiCoO2 RLIB pack and RLIB with/without control.
Comparison of DoD in single LiFePO4 RLIB pack and RLIB with different PWM duty (upper: original; down: enlargement of dotted line in upper).
In this study of applying RLIB in WWTP, a rough estimation by calculating the range of DoD by using EMS obtains the elongated range of an RLIB’s life cycle up to 45% from 1100 to 1600 cycles at effective capacity of 80% based on the formulation in [48]. Under the consideration of environment, cost, and performance, the possibility of using automotive RLIBs is studied. One simple and converterless EMS is developed to use in a new RLIB pack. The bench test and rough estimation reveal that the EMS shows great potential in elongating life cycle and enhancing electricity charges. Furthermore, a simple, training-free, and easily implemented scheme based on ECM is applied in EMS. It is capable of online estimation of VOC and life cycle-sensitized IR for ensuring the safety of RLIB packs.
\nNext phase, a pilot run to install small-scale RLIB in Dihua plant is launched. For reflecting the best in-situ energy efficiency, remote power monitoring system is used to measure the peak and averaged energy consumption of aeration tank. It will function in the decision of optimized PWM signals for elongating the life cycle of RLIB.
\nThis work was supported by government’s budget, Water Resource Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan under contract no. MOEAWRA1060474.
\nTo be effective, future regulation and organisational policy aimed at achieving trustworthy AI must be supported by some degree of standardisation in processes and technological interoperability. The rapid development of AI technologies and the growth of investment in AI applications presents a pacing problem, wherein the rapid change in characteristics of AI related to policy and regulatory issues outpaces ability of societies to legislate for or regulate the technology. At the same time, the multinational nature of the major commercial developers of AI, plus the expanding access to AI skills and computing resources means that standards must be agreed internationally to be of widespread use in supporting policy and regulations. While there has been an explosion in policy documents from national authorities, international organisations and the private sector on the ethical implications of AI, standards in this area have been slower to emerge. Understanding existing standardised ICT development and organisational management practices offer insight into the extent to which they may provide a basis for standardising practice in governing the development and use of more trustworthy and ethical AI. Standards Developing Organisations (SDOs) vary in their approach to addressing specific ethical issues.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) global initiative on ethically aligned design for autonomous and intelligent systems has spawned the IEEE 7000 standards working group that places ethical issues at its heart [1]. This work was seeded from a set of principles defined in a comprehensive international export review on Ethically Aligned Design [2], which also highlighted the influence of classical ethics, professional ethics and different moral worldviews.
A different approach is taken by the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1). JTC1 which was established by the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) and the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) in 1987 to develop, maintain and promote standards in the fields of Information Technology (IT) and Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Expert contributions are made via national standards bodies and documents (over 3000 to date) are often used as technical interoperability and process guideline standards in national policies and international treaties, as well as being widely adopted by companies worldwide. Statements of relevance to UN Sustainable Development Goals and Social Responsibility Guidelines are an inherent part of all new standardisation projects proposed in JTC 1 [3]. AI standards are addressed together with big data technology standards by the JTC 1 subcommittee (SC) 42 which was first chartered in autumn 2017 and held its inaugural meeting in April 2018. As of the end of 2020 it has published six standards and has active projects addressing 23 others (https://www.iso.org/committee/6794475.html).
This chapter highlights the challenges facing companies and authorities worldwide in advancing from the growing body of work on ethical and trustworthy AI principles to a consensus on organisational practices that can deliver on these principles across the global marketplace for AI-based ICT. We review how SC 42 standardisation efforts benefit from building on established process standards in areas of management systems, IT governance, risk and system engineering. From this analysis, we identify a simple conceptual model that can be used to capture the semantic mapping between different SC 42 standards. An ontology is used as it allows a conceptual model to be defined that links together concepts via association into a network of concepts. This has the potential to establish an open ontology that can map between core concepts from standardisation and pre-standardisation deliverables in varied states development, formal approval, and international community consensus with concepts needed to address trustworthy AI. Such a network allows the definition of terms and concepts from different standards related documents to be interlinked and thereby the consistency of conceptual use between different can be analysed and improvements suggested. While this is not intended to replace the consistency checking that occurs naturally in the JTC1 standards development process, it does allow us to identify some mapping and comparisons between different forms of standard that have been applied to different areas of standardisation in SC 42. We conclude then by suggesting how this approach can be extended to enable similar comparisons with the use of concepts in documents being drafted by other SDO committees and by other bodies, including regulatory proposals, civic society policy proposals and guidelines developed by individual organisations.
Since 2017 there has been an explosion in AI initiatives globally. As of February 2021, the Council of Europe’s tracker (https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/national-initiatives) has identified over 450 such initiatives world wide, primarily from national authorities, international organisations and the private sector. The most frequently discussed address subjects include privacy, human rights, transparency, responsibility, trust, accountability, freedom, fairness and diversity. Influential works such as the IEEE EAD [2], the EU’s High Level Expert Group on AI [4] and the OECD [5] often present these issues under the banner of ethical or trustworthy AI.
Scholars and think tanks have analysed this growing body of documents on ethical and trustworthy AI. One extensive survey identifies an apparent consensus on the importance of ethical principles of transparency, justice, non-maleficence, responsibility, and privacy, whereas other issues of sustainability, dignity, and solidarity in relation to labour impact and distribution garner far less attention across works [6]. Public authority works are identifying gaps in relation to the use of AI by governments and in weapon systems [7]. Private sector outputs have been criticised as instruments to reduce demand for government regulation [8], as potential barriers to new market entrants [9] and failing to address tensions between ethical and commercial imperatives within organisations [10]. A general criticism is a focus on individual rather than collective harms such as loss of social cohesion and harm to democratic systems [11]. The required progression from approaches that propose broad principles, to specific and verifiable practices that can be implemented by organisations and, where deemed necessary, regulated by legislation, implies a focus on governance and management of AI. Appropriate governance, management, and risk management measures can reinforce benefits and mitigate the ethical and societal risks of employing AI technology. Governance approaches can be characterised as [12]: market-based, resulting from value-chain partner pressures, including from consumers; self-organisation, based on an organisation’s internal policies; self-regulation based on industry wide agreement on norms and practices; and co-regulation based on industry compliance with government regulation and legislation. There have been some proposals for possible regulatory structures including: new national [13] and international [14] co-regulatory bodies and internal (self-regulatory) ethics boards that may help organisations implement best practice [15, 16]. However, AI governance through co-regulation presents a number of major challenges [17]. These include: reaching stable consensus on what defines AI; widening access to AI skills and computing infrastructure obscuring developments from regulators; the diffusion of AI development over locations and jurisdictions globally; the emergence of impacts of an AI system only when assembled into a product or service; the opacity of modern subsymbolic machine learning methods and techniques, i.e. their unsuitability for clear human readable explanations; the potential for highly automated AI-driven systems to behave in unforeseeable ways that can escape the visibility or control of those responsible for them. More broadly, co-regulation is challenged by: the pacing problem, as AI technology develops faster than society’s ability to legislate for it; international cooperation needed for common standards being impeded by AI’s perceived role as a strategic economic or military resource; the perceived impediments of legislation to realising the competitive national economic and social benefits of AI; and the power asymmetry in AI capability being concentrated in digital platforms benefiting from network effects [9]. Over all types of works, a wide range of motivation have been identified [18], the incompatibility of some of which can further impede consensus on approaches to implementing trustworthy AI.
Nevertheless, there are multiple parallel standardisation activities ongoing internationally that are attempting to build some level of consensus, including the above-mentioned IEEE P7000 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42 activities and several national activities. This multiplicity of standards development may itself, however, contribute to inconsistencies and incompatibilities in how different organisations govern their AI activities. Reducing ambiguity in how different stakeholders in the AI value chain communicate with each other, and with society in general about their trustworthy AI practices is therefore critical to building trustworthiness of the resulting AI-based products and service. With both individual organisations developing their own AI policies and legislation for AI regulation starting to be considered in major jurisdictions such as the EU, there is a need to support the ongoing mapping of concepts between these different parallel activities so that harmful or expensive inconsistencies can be identified early and hopefully resolved.
The following requirements for semantic interoperability between concepts developed by different bodies can therefore be identified and are depicted in Figure 1:
Consistency between documents being developed within the same standards family.
Comparison between documents produced by parallel standards activities.
Mapping between standards and regulatory/legislative proposal to determine the extent to which a standard can address regulatory requirements (US “safe harbour” or EU’s harmonised standards approach).
Analysing the degree of compliance between a standard and an organisation’s AI policies and procedures, including their documentation outputs.
Assessing organisational policies against regulations.
Comparing different regulatory proposals internationally or comparing revisions to proposals in a single jurisdiction.
Comparing AI policies published by different organisations.
Role of semantic interoperability between bodies involved in governance of trustworthy AI.
Same as other ISO/IEC JTC 1 standardisation activities, SC 42 places a strong emphasis on ensuring consistency with existing process and interoperability standards as well as reuse of existing terms and concepts to provide industry with a consistent body of applicable standards. SC 42 is therefore addressing AI-related gaps within existing standards, including those for management systems, risk management, governance of IT in organisations, IT systems and software quality. Rather than addressing AI ethics directly as a normative issue, SC 42 addresses the broader issues of trustworthy AI, with a technical report that sets out some of the core concepts and issues for standardisation related to Trustworthy AI (ISO/IEC 24028:2020) [19]. In this report, trustworthiness is defined as the ability to meet stakeholders’ expectations in a verifiable way. When applied to AI, trustworthiness can be attributed to services, products, technology, data and information as well as organisations when considering their governance and management. This view considers trustworthy AI as realisable as part of a broader set of engineering, management, and governance process standards that can be employed together by organisations involved in AI and that can support mechanisms for conformity assessment including 3rd party certification and external oversight.
The Trustworthiness Working Group (WG 3) within SC 42 has a strong pipeline of pre-standardisation and standardisation activities. The road mapping activities within the group are driven by gap analyses of prior art as well as current policy documents (including the IEEE EAD [2], HLEG [4], and OECD [5]). WG 3 builds on foundational terminology and high-level life cycle notions elaborated within SC 42/WG 1 foundational deliverables ISO/IEC CD 22989 [20] on AI Concepts and Terminology and ISO/IEC CD 23053 [21] on a Framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems Using Machine Learning. WG 3 primarily looks at Trustworthiness high level characteristics and addresses them through elaboration of new project proposals of either pre-standardisation informative deliverables, surveying the state of the art in an area (before proceeding to normative coverage at a later stage) or of normative deliverables.
The fully fledged normative deliverable type within the ISO/IEC ecosystem is an International Standard (IS), however, not many areas in AI are mature enough to be addressed in international standards. This includes non-normative technical reports on current approaches to addressing societal and ethical aspects of AI [22] and bias in AI [23]. Thus WG 3 currently works only on three IS deliverables.
ISO/IEC CD 23894 Information Technology — Artificial Intelligence — Risk Management [24] is a specialisation of ISO 31000 Risk Management [25]. This is an example of SC 42’s respect for prior art and application of existing frameworks such as quality, risk management, or management systems framework in the newly standardised area of AI and ML.
Another IS deliverable within the group is ISO/IEC WD 25059 Software engineering — Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) — Quality model for AI-based systems [26]. This IS is an extension to the influential Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) series owned by JTC 1/SC 7. Quality and trustworthiness are in a sense competing paradigms as they are looking at similar sets of high-level characteristics such as robustness, reliability, safety, security, transparency, explainability etc. but the distinctive difference is in the need for quality stakeholders to take explicit part in actively defining quality requirements, while trustworthiness stakeholders do not have to explicitly state their expectations in order to influence objective trustworthiness criteria. At any rate, the SQuaRE4AI standard sets a quality model that profiles the traditional quality and trustworthiness top level characteristics and their sub-characteristics for other normative deliverables in the area that are aiming at setting method and process requirements and recommendations.
The third IS in the making in WG 3 is ISO/IEC WD 24029–2 Artificial intelligence (AI) — Assessment of the robustness of neural networks — Part 2: Methodology for the use of formal methods [27]. This series aims to address the technical robustness pillar of AI trustworthiness, Part 2 specifically by looking at formally provable robustness and performance related properties of neural networks. While machine learning and neural networks in particular are an extremely active R&D field, the formal mathematical theory in which neural networks are based is well academically researched and stable. Therefore, it is possible to benefit from known and provable properties of neural networks in current and upcoming industrial applications.
Technical Specification is a normative deliverable that has a less rigorous approval process, essentially there is only one round of national bodies approval for a TS compared to two distinct (and repeatable) stages for an IS approval. While it is easier to approve and publish a TS, a TS needs to be transformed into an IS or withdrawn 3 years after its publication. TS are sometimes called experimental standards. This type of deliverable is used in areas that are in urgent need of normative standardisation as demonstrated by industry or societal demand, while the area to be standardised is still in flux from the research and development point of view. This is why WG 3 decided to ask SC 42 national bodies to approve development of ISO/IEC NP TS 6254 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Objectives and methods for explainability of ML models and AI systems.
To develop an understanding of how these trustworthy AI standards relate to policies and processes defined by individual organisations and emerging as regulations in different jurisdictions requires an understanding of other aspects of AI standardisation under development in the other working groups of SC 42.
Working group 1 (WG 1) addresses foundational standards including the above-referenced AI Concepts and Terminology [20], which aims to provide consistency across the use of terms and concepts in other SC 42 documents and a Framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems Using Machine Learning [21] which reflects the central position of the machine learning area of AI in industry interoperability requirements.
Of importance to the mapping of AI standards to industry practice and regulation was the approval in August 2020, after a justification study, to develop an AI Management System (AIMS) Standard [28]. Management System Standards have a distinct role on the ISO ecosystem of standards types, as they provide the basis for certifying organisational processes. This provides a basis for organisations to demonstrate their conformance to specific standardised behaviour for management and related technical operations processes. Regulatory authorities also can make reference to such standards in specifying compliance regimes in complex technical domains. This allows authorities to manage the complexity and risk of technological change in regulations and to do so in a way that aligns with international industry and society consensus established through international standards. In contrast with industry consortia active in standardisation, standards produced by ISO and IEC are driven by national bodies (ISO and IEC members) who are typically mandated by their governments to represent a wider range of societal stakeholders than just industry. The overarching goal of these member organisations is to ease doing business according to the United Nations World Trade Organisation’s charter, as well as achieving United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs).
In recognition that big data plays a central role in the development of modern AI systems, Working Group 2 (WG 2) of SC 42 has developed a series of big data standards. This includes a Big Data Reference Architecture (BDRA) [29] that provides a structured set of functional areas related to Big Data processing. Currently, WG 2 is developing a process management framework for big data analytics [30].
Finally, SC 42 also hosts and leads a joint working group (JWG 1) with JTC 1/SC 40 which addresses IT service management and IT governance in a specification for governance implications of the use of artificial intelligence by organisations [31]. This builds on the existing SC 40 standard providing guidance and principles for the effective, efficient, and acceptable governance of IT in an organisation [32].
The formalisation of terminology is already a key element of international standards development [33], Section 16. However, the use of ontologies to improve the consistency and coordination in international standards is not so well established, though it has been proposed [34]. There are some ambitious proposals to drive standards development together with implementation and verification from machine readable standards, with machine readable semantics of ontologies at its core [35], annex 11.4. The proposed application of ontologies to automated assistance in standards management and compliance, however, is outside the scope of this chapter.
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 has established requirements for ontologies to support semantic interoperability between information systems developed by different organisations and consortia across different application domains. These requirements address ontology definitions in a hierarchical manner with a top-level ontology that provides core concepts that can be used in defining more specialised domain-specific ontologies [36]. Such ontologies are expressed through a combination of natural language definitions and a machine-readable representation in a combination of description logic captured in the OWL2 language standard by the W3C [37] and Common Logic (CL) [38]. While CL is a full First Order Logic and therefore more expressive than OWL2, the latter offers the advantage of decidability by automated reasoners, therefore better supporting automated checking of specifications. For the top-level ontology, the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is used [39]. To support the mapping between different domain models, the BFO adopts a realist design philosophy that aims to capture the objective reality in a domain rather than existing data representations. The BFO places a strong emphasis on representing temporal and spatial characteristics of concepts. For example, at the highest level it distinguishes between conceptual hierarchies for continuant entities that persist over time, and occurrent entities that are time bound. Separate to its inclusion in ISO/IEC standardisation’s use of ontologies, the BFO has been used for a set of biomedical ontologies [40] and for a collection of general common core ontologies addressing both horizontal concepts, known as mid-level ontologies, e.g., on event, information, currency, and domain-specific ontologies such as spacecraft and ethnicity [41].
While the BFO provides a precise conceptual structure for modelling a wide range of concepts, its realist approach to ontology engineering implies a need for a centrally controlled programme of ontology development to ensure consistent use of top-level concepts. While this would suit the objective of checking for and resolving consistency between a set of documents being developed under a common authority e.g. within SC 42, the requirements for checking consistency between regulatory and organisation policy drafts raises the needs to support a broad cohort of conceptual modellers who can operate without a common coordinating authority. An ontological approach that will be accessible for analysis and development by this wider range of conceptual modellers points therefore to demand less stringent conceptual modelling skills and is more accommodating to decentralised, domain-specific, and parallel development than BFO would enable.
The World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) Data Activity (https://www.w3.org/2013/data/)buildson its earlier Semantic Web activity in developing industry standards for semantic interoperability that works to the scale and decentralised nature of the WWW. Grounded in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) [42] which allows an unlimited knowledge graph of nodes and links to exist as online resources on the WWW. Nodes and associations in this knowledge graph are typed according to ontologies, also known as data vocabularies, that can be developed independently and published to a distinct namespace on the WWW. This name-spaced typing allows the free combination of types and associated conceptual knowledge from any published vocabulary. This has enabled the development and integration of a global network of over 1200 open and interlinked data sets, known as the linked open data cloud [43]. Further logical axioms can be introduced to a vocabulary by including constructs from the Web Ontology Language (OWL) [37]. The W3C restricts its ontology standardisation activities to those vocabularies that support the development, location, interlinking and use of datasets on the web and to application areas that are well aligned to decentralised data publishing e.g. geospatial data. Organisations and consortia that develop vocabularies that address specific domains are free to publish them under their own name space, reusing aspects of other ontologies as needed. This highly decentralised approach therefore aligns well with the goal of promoting participation of those generating standards, organisational policies and regulations as well as those with an interest in how these documents develop and map to each other.
There is extensive research conducted on the use of ontologies in assessing compliance of organisational policies and practices with regulation [44]. Such assessment can be categorised as ex-ante compliance activities conducted before the regulated activity is performed or as ex-post compliance which is conducted after the regulated activities have occurred. The Provenance Ontology (PROV-O) is a W3C standard for the representation of provenance information using semantics provided by RDF and OWL [45]. PROV-O provides classes, properties, and restrictions to represent and interchange provenance information within different contexts. Its conceptual model is focussed on provenance of activities, the entities that those activities use and generate, and the actors associated with those entities or to whom activities are attributed. PROV-O can be specialised to create new classes and properties to model provenance information for different applications and domains. This has been utilised to extend its conceptual model to specify ‘plans’ for ex-ante representations, scientific workflows, and domain-specific requirements for activities. An example of its usefulness is the representation of ex-ante and ex-post activities for evaluating compliance with EU’s General Data Protection Regulation [46], which is one of the more relevant extant regulations for AI. This existing capability, coupled with the decentralised conceptual modelling enables by the underlying RDF/OWL-based approach, leads us to adopt PROV-O, and its modelling of activities in particular, as the basis for conceptual modelling to support semantic interoperability between different sources of trustworthy AI concepts outline in Section 2.
The approach therefore taken in this chapter combines elements of BFO and PROV-O to provide a minimal and easy to understand ontology for mapping between different standard, regulations and organisational policies. Specifically, we retain the distinction from BFO between continuant and occurrent entities. For the continuant concept we adopt the PROV-O concept of
In addressing these core concepts and relationships, we express a scope related to the activities of an organisation that relate to the trustworthiness of AI. Trustworthiness can be manifested through
Trustworthiness can also be manifested through the
To date, SC 42 has focussed on developing process-oriented standards, which is in line with the approach to developing Management Systems Standards (MSS) [53] annex SL. This approach is now being applied by SC 42 to develop a standard for an AI Management Systems (AIMS) [28]. A Management System is defined as a set of interrelated or interacting elements of an organisation to establish policies and objectives and processes to achieve those objectives. An MSS aims to provide organisations with guidance on standards activities in a manner that may be subject to independent certification. Such certification can also play an important role in establishing trust in an organisation’s implementation of complex technical processes as part of a regulatory framework. Therefore, the following concepts from [28] are added to the model as subclasses of
As
In considering the trustworthiness of an AIMS we would be focussed on the
To capture to different responsibilities within an Organisation operating an AIMS, additional semantics for the relationships between Activities (beyond dependencies via the use and generation of Entities and the
Within the context of an AIMS, and its mapping to regulations and policies of specific organisations, it is also important to capture some sense of different levels of responsibility and corresponding accountability. SC40 distinguishes between an organisation’s governance function and its management function as part of guidelines the governance of IT [32]. The governance function is responsible for understanding the external pressures in forming an organisation’s direction, strategy, objectives and policy in adopting IT, including customer, competitive, stakeholder expectation and regulatory pressures. The management function is then responsible for planning and achieving those objectives within the constraints of the strategy and policy. The governance function is structured into three activities, which are elaborated in the governance of IT implementation guide standards [54], Evaluate, Direct and Monitor. The evaluate activity addresses internal and external considerations in assessing plans and proposals from the management function. The direct activity sets direction through strategy and policy and assigns responsibilities for their realisation by the management function. The monitor activity assesses the performance of the realisation of governance direction on a regular basis, triggering further evaluation and direction if deficiencies are identified. Management functions are responsible for the control of technical operations activities and may do so through delegation between appropriate levels of control. To capture the relationship between governance and management activities and between different levels of control between management activities, the following relationships between Activities in the ontology are defined:
Figure 2 captures the above concepts and relationships into a core ontology that is intended to support the mapping of concepts between different emerging AI standards in SC 42 and between those standards and emerging organisational policies or governmental regulations as indicated in Figure 1. By restricting these concepts to a small core that is already established in existing standards, upon which some of the SC 42 standards are based, we anticipate this ontology will provide a robust basis for identifying the relationships between such concepts in different specifications.
Core concepts and relationship for semantic interoperability for trustworthy AI.
SC 42 has already identified characteristics that a trustworthy AI system or organisation involved in their implementation could exhibit [22]. These include technical characteristics such as reliability, robustness, verifiability, availability, resilience, quality, bias and robustness; stakeholder-related characteristics such as ethics, fairness and privacy; as well as management- and governance-related characteristics such as transparency, explainability, accountability and certification. However, the definition of many of these characteristics are still not yet well defined in relation to AI. By focussing on Activities, Entities and Agents we aim to identify mappings between concepts in different standards and therefore any gaps that can directly inform more consistent and comprehensive standards. In this way we hope to assist in the progression from broad statements of principles and areas of concern by the private sector, international bodies and governments, towards the develop of commonly understood process framework for the governance and management of Trustworthy AI, the ontology aims to do this is a way that accommodates the current range of definitions and interpretation of many of these characteristics and supports their convergence over time into concrete and internationally recognised governance and management processes and policies. In the following sections we show how this process can be undertaken by using this ontology to map between activities in the core anticipated AIMs and other relevant SC 42 specifications.
In 2020, SC 42 completed a justification study for a Management System Standard for AI. This was accepted in August and led to the initiation of a project to develop as AI Management System (AIMS) Standard [28], following the guidelines set out in the ISO/IEC Directive 1 [53]. All MSS should follow a consistent high-level structure which includes common text and terminology as presented in Annex SL of this Directive. This is to allow different MSS addressing different horizontal and domain-specific areas to be integrated into the same overall management system within an organisation that implements these MSS. It is intended that MSS should be developed in a manner open to different stakeholders, including accreditation bodies, certification bodies, enterprises and the user community. The high-level structure for MSS therefore provides a well-defined source of concepts that are likely to be reflected in the MSS being developed for AI, which must also address management aspects of trustworthiness. The use of MSS for organisational process certification means it is also a suitable source of concepts that will be useful to track against those being developed for public and organisational policy and processes.
Table 1 presents a mapping of the MSS high level structure as a set of 17 AIMS activities, with each concept given an identifier, a label attribute, and a ‘see also’ attribute referencing the relevant section in the AI MSS draft, the numbering for which is mandated in the MSS high level structure. Each of these AIMS activities is attributed to either the organisation overall (O) or top management (TM) as defined in the MSS high level structure, where the former attribution implies that activity spans governance and management levels. Relationship between these activities is captured by generates and uses attributes referencing 21 AIMS entities derived from the text in the MSS high level structure.
Activity ID | label | See also “42001-*” | attributedTo | generates (type Entity) | uses (type Entity, “aims*”) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
aimsA1 | Understanding organisation and its concepts | 4.1 | O | aimsE1 - External and internal issues affecting AIMS outcomes | |
aimsA2 | Understanding stakeholder needs and expectation | 4.2 | O | aimsE2 - AIMS Stakeholders; aimsE3 - Stakeholder requirements | E1 |
aimsA3 | Determine AIMS scope | 4.3 | O | aimsE4 - AIMS Scope | E1, E2, E3 |
aimsA4 | Establish AIMS policy | 5.2 | TM | aimsE5- AI Policy | E1, E2, E3 |
aimsA5 | Assign roles, responsibilities and authorities | 5.3 | TM | aimsE6- Roles, responsibilities & authority assignments | E3, E4, E5 |
aimsA6 | Address risks and opportunities | 6.1 | O | aimsE7- AI risk management plan | E1, E2, E3 |
aimsA7 | Establish and plan to achieve AI objectives | 6.2 | O | aimsE8- AI objectives; aimsE9- Plan to achieve AI objectives | E3, E4, E5, E6 |
aimsA8 | Determine and allocate resources for AIMS | 7.1 | O | aimsE10- AI resource allocation | E9 |
aimsA9 | Determine and ensure competence of people affecting AI performance | 7.2 | O | aimsE11- AI competence plan | E9 |
aimsA10 | Promote awareness | 7.3 | O | aimsE12 - AI awareness plan | E3, E5, E6, E9 |
aimsA11 | Determine AIMS communication | 7.4 | O | aimsE13 - AI communication plan | E3, E9 |
aimsA12 | Plan and control AI processes | 8.1 | O | aimsE14 - AI operational process control plan | E6-E9 |
aimsA13 | Monitor, measure, analyse and evaluate AI | 9.1 | O | aimsE15 -AI & AIMS evaluation plan; aimsE16 - AI & AIMS evaluation results | E3-E8 |
aimsA14 | Internal audit | 9.2 | O | aimsE17 - AIMS audit plan; aimsE18 - AIMS audit results | E3-E6, E15, E16 |
aimsA15 | Undertake management review | 9.3 | TM | aimsE19 - AIMS change and improvement report | E1-E19 |
aimsA16 | Detect non conformance and take corrective action | 10.1 | O | aimsE20 - AIMS non conformity and corrective action report; aimsE21 - AIMS corrective action evaluation | E5, E8, E7 |
aimsA17 | AIMS Continual improvement | 10.2 | O | aimsE1 - aimsE15; aimsE17; aimsE20; aimsE21 | E1-E15 |
Activity and entities identified for an AIMS.
* = wildcard representing row value(s) in the column.
The foundational standard on AI terms on concepts [20] entered its second committee draft ballot review towards the end of 2020 and is therefore still under development. However, Section 6 of the draft does provide an outline of the lifecycle for an AI system made up of activities: inception; design and development, verification and validation; deployment; operation and monitoring; continuous validation; re-evaluation; and retirement. Table 2 shows a partially expanded breakdown of sub-activities that are part of these activities, exemplifying how the partOf attribute of these activities are used to identify the constituent activities. It also identifies certain sub-activities as also part of specific AIMS activities from Table 1. Sub-activities under the Inception activity are identified as part of specific AIMS activities which would form part of the governance and management activities. The operations and monitoring activity (OM in Table 2) of the AI lifecycle also contains some sub-activities that are part of AIMS activities, related to monitoring (aimsA13), communication (aimsA13) and risk (aimsA6). Further, all the AI lifecycle activities except Inception, are classified as technical operations activities, meaning within the AIMS they are directed by activity aimsA3 and aimsA4, evaluated by activities aimsA8 and aimsA9, monitored by activities aimsA13, aimsA14, aimsA15, aimsA16 and aimsA17 and controlled by activities aimsA12 (plan and control AI processes). The transitive nature of the partOf relationship therefore implies that the sub-activities of these AI lifecycle activities are also classed as technical operation activities with the same directedBy/evaluatedBy/monitoredBy/controlledBy relationship to the corresponding AIMS activities. As AIMS activities can operate at different levels of management delegation, technical operations activities such as operations and monitoring (OM) therefore both play a part in conducting AIMS activities, but at a much narrower level of abstraction, as well as being subject to direction, evaluation and monitoring of other AIMS activities. It is notable that all the top layer activities in this lifecycle model, apart from retirement activities (RT) are part of the AIMS activity address risk (aimsA6).
ID 22989* | CD2 22989 - AI terms and concepts | partOf |
---|---|---|
IC v | Inception | |
IC1 | Determine stakeholders’ objectives | IC; aimsA1 |
IC2 | Determine stakeholders’ requirements | IC; aimsA2 |
IC3 | Risk assessment and treatment planning | IC; aimsA6 |
IC4 | Policies and compliance planning | IC; aimsA4 |
DD ^* | Design and development | |
VV ^* | Verification and validation | |
DE ^* | Deployment | |
OM v* | Operation and monitoring | |
OM1 | Monitor AI system | OM; aimsA13 |
OM2 | Repair AI system | OM |
OM3 | Update AI system | OM |
OM4 | Support AI system users | OM; aimsA11 |
OM5 | OM5: Risk monitoring and review | OM; aimsA6 |
CV ^* | CV: Continuous validation | |
RE ^* | RE: Re-evaluation | |
RT ^* | RT:: Retirement |
Partially expanded view of AI lifecycle activities and sub-activities from CD22989 [20]: Activity ID key: v = constituent activities expanded, ^ = constituent activities collapsed, * = AI technological operation activities.
Though this lifecycle model from [20] is still a draft, it is being used in other SC 42 drafting activities, specifically the technical report on AI bias [23], which in Section 9 breaks down bias treatment at each of the top levels activities of the lifecycle model, and a new work item on AI system life cycle processes to support their definition, control and improvement within an organisation or project [55].
As well supporting the mapping of AIMS activities into standards that explicitly define processes that we can model as activities, the ontology from Figure 2 can also be used to map AIMS into role-based frameworks. Specifically, SC 42 Big Data Reference Architecture [29], which is structured into big data provider roles of: application provider, framework provider, service provider, data provider and consumer. These roles further are subdivided into sub-roles for which constituent activities are defined. This conforms with the notion of a role being a set of activities, so again this containment structure can be expressed as partOf relationship between the different levels of activity sets corresponds to those roles. All these are categories as technical operations activities in relation to the AIMS activities, though some also map to specific AIMs activities, with roles-based activities related to auditing (aimsA14) and requirements capture (aimsA7).
This mapping of activities reveals that while different standards developed under SC 42 are broadly consistent with the high-level structure of AIMS, they vary in which areas of AIMS they focus on. While this may be arguably appropriate for the projects concerned, it does indicate that AIMS activities are not comprehensively mapping into other SC 42 standards as a matter of course. The ontology therefore provides a way of tracking these mapping and identifying gaps that may need to be addressed as the AIMS is specified or as changes to the other standards as they develop or are reviewed over time.
The mapping of role-oriented activity processes from the Big Data Reference Architecture to AIMS activities also indicates how groupings of activities expressed as a role, e.g. Big Data Application Provider or Big Data Consumer, can also be used to model a stakeholder. The draft foundational terms and concepts standard from SC 42 [20] has similarly identified stakeholder in relation to similar types of value-chain role, but SC 42 has not yet attempted a more detailed characterisation of the activities that such stakeholders would undertake, and which would therefore define such stakeholder roles.
However, many aspects of AI ethics and their impact on the trustworthiness of AI, relate to the impact on stakeholders who are not directly involved in the AI value chain, even as customers or consumers, e.g., pedestrians injured by an automated vehicle, local communities blighted by automated routing of commercial traffic through their neighbourhood, or people denied access to financial, health or social security services due to bias in algorithmic decision-making. In addition, such indirectly affected stakeholders may be difficult for organisations to identify and consult, so appropriate representation may be needed. Such representation could take the form of NGOs concerns with rights of certain groups, labour unions, professional bodies, local community groups, up to and including democratic forms of representation in the form of local and national governments. These issues are addressed however in the ISO Guidelines for Social Responsibility ISO26000 [56]. Its guidance is based on the fundamental practices of recognising social responsibility within an organisation and undertaking stakeholder identification and engagement. The guidance is based on the principles similar to those identified in the growing literature on AI ethics [6], including accountability, transparency and ethical behaviour as well as respect for the rule of law, international norms of behaviour and human rights. Social responsibility guidance is provided in terms of 37 issues, each with suggested actions to address them and associated behavioural exceptions. These issues are each grouped under one of the following social responsibility core subjects: Human Rights; Labour practices; the Environment; Fair operating practices; Consumer issues; and Community involvement and development. The fact that these core subjects map onto different areas of legislation in many jurisdictions internally also eases the mapping of guidelines using this structure onto regulatory or other legal obligations that must be complied with by an organisation’s management system. ISO26000 does not specifically address the use of AI, however these issues are sufficiently broad to provide a basis for mapping out specific ethical and societal issues associated with AI as shown through a comparison [57] with the normative language on trustworthy AI principles established in [2, 4, 5]. ISO already provides guidance in [58] on how to map principles and issues from ISO 26000 to the high level structure of MSS. SC 42 also recognises the importance of ISO 26000 guidance in handling stakeholder issues in the draft standards on AI governance [31] and AI risk management [24], with the draft technical report on ethical and societal concerns of AI [22] including a high level mapping of ISO26000 core issues onto AI risks and treatments.
This chapter has highlighted the multiplicity of parallel activities being undertaken in developing international standards, regulations and individual organisational policies related to AI and its trustworthiness characteristics. The current lack of mappings between these activities presents the danger of a highly fragmented global landscape emerging in AI trustworthiness. This could present society, government and industry with competing standards, regulations and organisational practices that will then serve to undermine rather than build trust in AI. This chapter presents an overview of AI standardisation currently being undertaken in ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42 and identifies its work to define an AI management system standard as the starting point for establishing conceptual mapping between different initiatives. A minimal, high level ontology for the support of conceptual mapping between different standardisation, regulatory and organisational policy documents is presented. We show how this can help map out the overlaps and gaps between AI governance, management and technical operations activities present in some of the SC 42 standards currently under development.
Further work is required to develop and maintain a mapping between the ontological concepts and relationships identified from the emerging set of SC 42 AI standards and the emerging trustworthy AI regulations and policies from different organisations. The mapping of such standards to the ontology could be made publicly available in a findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable form, using linked open data principles [43], and updated as the referenced specifications evolve. This will assist in identifying gaps and inconsistencies between evolving drafts, especially in developing the AIMS standard [20]. The set of trustworthy AI characteristics could be captured in the ontology, based in the first instance on the AI engineering quality characteristic being developed in [26]. Similarly, the ontology can be extended to express sets of AI risks and treatments so concepts developed in AI risk [24] and bias [23] will also be captured.
The use of this ontology-based approach for comparing the guidance between standards could also be applied between SC 42 and the largely orthogonal set of standards being developed under P7000. These include ethical design processes, transparency for autonomous systems, algorithmic bias, children, student and employee data governance, AI impact on human well-being, and trustworthiness rating for news sources.
Draft legislations for AI such as [59] will need to be analysed in terms of activities, actors, entities, characteristics and risks so that a mapping to the equivalent concepts from the SC 42 specifications family can be assembled and maintained. Similar analyses will be undertaken on publicly available policies from international bodies such as the EU High Level Expert Group on AI’s checklist for trustworthy AI [60] and the proposals emerging from the private sector for assigning trustworthiness declaration to products and services [47, 48, 49, 50, 51].
This work was conducted by the ADAPT Centre with support of SFI, by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Gran Grant Agreement No. 813497 and by the Irish Research Council Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant GOIPD/2020/790. The ADAPT SFI Centre for Digital Content Technology is funded by Science Foundation Ireland through the SFI Research Centres Programme and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through Grant # 13/RC/2106_P2.
David Filip is the convener of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42/WG3 and Dave Lewis is a contributor to several of the SC 42 standardisation projects covered in this chapter.
Thanks to Delaram Golpayegani, Arthit Suriyawongkul and PJ Wall of the ADAPT Centre for their pertinent discussion and comments on the subject of this chapter.
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links.
",metaTitle:"List of Institutions by Country",metaDescription:"If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. However, if your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"open-access-funding-institutions-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Book Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Book Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13404},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11681},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4213},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22423},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2020},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33699}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135704},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11857",title:"Updates on Excitons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8a2fd9bbbbae283bf115881d9d5cc47a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11857.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11861",title:"Redefining Standard Model Particle Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"085d4f6e00016fdad598675f825d6775",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Brian Albert Robson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11861.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"102886",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian Albert",surname:"Robson",slug:"brian-albert-robson",fullName:"Brian Albert Robson"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12013",title:"Plasma Science - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0261ac62d10563bf93735982748e3a2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sukhmander Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12013.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12014",title:"Aerodynamics of Sports",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a15f5d35a75d3dfee7d27e19238306b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rakhab Mehta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12014.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"56358",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakhab",surname:"Mehta",slug:"rakhab-mehta",fullName:"Rakhab Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12270",title:"Laser Ablation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"998af2dd3ea1e28f4db7451a65010272",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Masoud Harooni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12270.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"184282",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",surname:"Harooni",slug:"masoud-harooni",fullName:"Masoud Harooni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:"terahertz-technology",bookSignature:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a2d81fa4893fcf74e7b3823a3e4f385",slug:"liquid-crystals",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury and Abdel-Baset M.A. Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg",editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d13718b2d986d058d55cf91e69bf21c0",slug:"information-extraction-and-object-tracking-in-digital-video",bookSignature:"Antonio José Ribeiro Neves and Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10728",title:"Blood Groups",subtitle:"More than Inheritance of Antigenic Substances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5e79b54a382651f3130c9ee5ab862b4",slug:"blood-groups-more-than-inheritance-of-antigenic-substances",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10728.jpg",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4802},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2310,editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2095,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2079,editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1987,editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10206",title:"Terahertz Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cdb79bf6297623f1d6202ef11f099c4",slug:"terahertz-technology",bookSignature:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10206.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1528,editors:[{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:932,editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:700,editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10957",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a2d81fa4893fcf74e7b3823a3e4f385",slug:"liquid-crystals",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury and Abdel-Baset M.A. Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10957.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:676,editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7215,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d13718b2d986d058d55cf91e69bf21c0",slug:"information-extraction-and-object-tracking-in-digital-video",bookSignature:"Antonio José Ribeiro Neves and Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",numberOfDownloads:602,editors:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"206",title:"Composite Materials",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-composite-materials",parent:{id:"17",title:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials"},numberOfBooks:15,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:713,numberOfWosCitations:2278,numberOfCrossrefCitations:939,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2301,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"206",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6854",title:"Nanocomposites",subtitle:"Recent Evolutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fed595e75f84d3ab7e0817721acca1bd",slug:"nanocomposites-recent-evolutions",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",middleName:null,surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6233",title:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3bdc5c86f24513451093c4484320aa8a",slug:"natural-and-artificial-fiber-reinforced-composites-as-renewable-sources",bookSignature:"Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186402",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ezgi",middleName:null,surname:"Günay",slug:"ezgi-gunay",fullName:"Ezgi Günay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5167",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Current Progress of their Polymer Composites",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3551c28c8054c6ff0ca06ee3f3a3db7",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-current-progress-of-their-polymer-composites",bookSignature:"Mohamed Reda Berber and Inas Hazzaa Hafez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5167.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41703",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"R.",surname:"Berber",slug:"mohamed-berber",fullName:"Mohamed Berber"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4753",title:"Graphene",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a2a89285055016ae39942309f30c4b5",slug:"graphene-new-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4753.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"20062",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3087",title:"Nanocomposites",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"418833096f70a3aa12b5cbd6c8734d86",slug:"nanocomposites-new-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3087.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71997",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1275",title:"Graphene",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fddb872d37abf20533e73c030b55566",slug:"graphene-synthesis-characterization-properties-and-applications",bookSignature:"Jian Ru Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1275.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61172",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian Ru",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"jian-ru-gong",fullName:"Jian Ru Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"180",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Growth and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32865140876c21193ac4e9b1f5d95d2d",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-growth-and-applications",bookSignature:"Dr. Mohammad Naraghi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/180.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67361",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Naraghi",slug:"mohammad-naraghi",fullName:"Mohammad Naraghi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"328",title:"Graphene Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26044659f984fbaeac93a996ab1d4995",slug:"graphene-simulation",bookSignature:"Jian Ru Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61172",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian Ru",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"jian-ru-gong",fullName:"Jian Ru Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"465",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Applications on Electron Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-applications-on-electron-devices",bookSignature:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9142",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Marulanda",slug:"jose-mauricio-marulanda",fullName:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"466",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization, Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-synthesis-characterization-applications",bookSignature:"Siva Yellampalli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/466.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62863",title:"Dr.",name:"Siva",middleName:null,surname:"Yellampalli",slug:"siva-yellampalli",fullName:"Siva Yellampalli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"469",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"From Research to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"carbon-nanotubes-from-research-to-applications",bookSignature:"Stefano Bianco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32081",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Bianco",slug:"stefano-bianco",fullName:"Stefano Bianco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:15,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"15270",doi:"10.5772/14156",title:"Thermal Reduction of Graphene Oxide",slug:"thermal-reduction-of-graphene-oxide",totalDownloads:21126,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:163,abstract:null,book:{id:"57",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",fullTitle:"Physics and Applications of Graphene - Experiments"},signatures:"Seung Hun Huh",authors:[{id:"17002",title:"Dr.",name:"Seung Hun",middleName:null,surname:"Huh",slug:"seung-hun-huh",fullName:"Seung Hun Huh"}]},{id:"50950",doi:"10.5772/62497",title:"Carbon Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications",slug:"carbon-nanotube-based-polymer-composites-synthesis-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:4847,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:"The present chapter covers the designing, development, properties and applications of carbon nanotube-loaded polymer composites. The first section will provide a brief overview of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their synthesis, properties and functionalization routes. The second section will shed light on the CNT/polymer composites, their types, synthesis routes and characterization. The last section will illustrate the various applications of CNT/polymer composites; important properties, parameters and performance indices backed by comprehensive literature account of the same. The chapter concludes with the current challenges and future aspects.",book:{id:"5167",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-current-progress-of-their-polymer-composites",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",fullTitle:"Carbon Nanotubes - Current Progress of their Polymer Composites"},signatures:"Waseem Khan, Rahul Sharma and Parveen Saini",authors:[{id:"149897",title:"Dr.",name:"Parveen",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"parveen-saini",fullName:"Parveen Saini"}]},{id:"16802",doi:"10.5772/19331",title:"Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Growth Mechanism",slug:"carbon-nanotube-synthesis-and-growth-mechanism",totalDownloads:18052,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"466",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-synthesis-characterization-applications",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",fullTitle:"Carbon Nanotubes - Synthesis, Characterization, Applications"},signatures:"Mukul Kumar",authors:[{id:"34559",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukul",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"mukul-kumar",fullName:"Mukul Kumar"}]},{id:"64843",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81329",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites with Different Types of Nanofiller",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-with-different-types-of-nanofiller",totalDownloads:4209,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:65,abstract:"The development of polymer nanocomposites has been an area of high scientific and industrial interest in the recent years, due to several improvements achieved in these materials, as a result of the combination of a polymeric matrix and, usually, an inorganic nanomaterial. The improved performance of those materials can include mechanical strength, toughness and stiffness, electrical and thermal conductivity, superior flame retardancy and higher barrier to moisture and gases. Nanocomposites can also show unique design possibilities, which offer excellent advantages in creating functional materials with desired properties for specific applications. The possibility of using natural resources and the fact of being environmentally friendly have also offered new opportunities for applications. This chapter aims to review the main topics and recent progresses related to polymer nanocomposites, such as techniques of characterization, methods of production, structures, compatibilization and applications. First, the most important concepts about nanocomposites will be presented. Additionally, an approach on the different types of filler that can be used as reinforcement in polymeric matrices will be made. After that, sections about methods of production and structures of nanocomposites will be detailed. Finally, some properties and potential applications that have been achieved in polymer nanocomposites will be highlighted.",book:{id:"6854",slug:"nanocomposites-recent-evolutions",title:"Nanocomposites",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites - Recent Evolutions"},signatures:"Amanda Dantas de Oliveira and Cesar Augusto Gonçalves Beatrice",authors:[{id:"249768",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"amanda-oliveira",fullName:"Amanda Oliveira"},{id:"254512",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cesar",middleName:"Augusto Gonçalves",surname:"Beatrice",slug:"cesar-beatrice",fullName:"Cesar Beatrice"}]},{id:"16834",doi:"10.5772/18009",title:"Syntheses of Carbon Nanotube-Metal Oxides Composites; Adsorption and Photo-degradation",slug:"syntheses-of-carbon-nanotube-metal-oxides-composites-adsorption-and-photo-degradation",totalDownloads:11386,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"469",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-from-research-to-applications",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",fullTitle:"Carbon Nanotubes - From Research to Applications"},signatures:"Vinod Gupta and Tawfik A. Saleh",authors:[{id:"30105",title:"Prof.",name:"Vinod",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Gupta",slug:"vinod-gupta",fullName:"Vinod Gupta"},{id:"30752",title:"Dr.",name:"Tawfik A.",middleName:"Abdo",surname:"Saleh",slug:"tawfik-a.-saleh",fullName:"Tawfik A. Saleh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64843",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites with Different Types of Nanofiller",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-with-different-types-of-nanofiller",totalDownloads:4209,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:65,abstract:"The development of polymer nanocomposites has been an area of high scientific and industrial interest in the recent years, due to several improvements achieved in these materials, as a result of the combination of a polymeric matrix and, usually, an inorganic nanomaterial. The improved performance of those materials can include mechanical strength, toughness and stiffness, electrical and thermal conductivity, superior flame retardancy and higher barrier to moisture and gases. Nanocomposites can also show unique design possibilities, which offer excellent advantages in creating functional materials with desired properties for specific applications. The possibility of using natural resources and the fact of being environmentally friendly have also offered new opportunities for applications. This chapter aims to review the main topics and recent progresses related to polymer nanocomposites, such as techniques of characterization, methods of production, structures, compatibilization and applications. First, the most important concepts about nanocomposites will be presented. Additionally, an approach on the different types of filler that can be used as reinforcement in polymeric matrices will be made. After that, sections about methods of production and structures of nanocomposites will be detailed. Finally, some properties and potential applications that have been achieved in polymer nanocomposites will be highlighted.",book:{id:"6854",slug:"nanocomposites-recent-evolutions",title:"Nanocomposites",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites - Recent Evolutions"},signatures:"Amanda Dantas de Oliveira and Cesar Augusto Gonçalves Beatrice",authors:[{id:"249768",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"amanda-oliveira",fullName:"Amanda Oliveira"},{id:"254512",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cesar",middleName:"Augusto Gonçalves",surname:"Beatrice",slug:"cesar-beatrice",fullName:"Cesar Beatrice"}]},{id:"57267",title:"Natural Fibers for Sustainable Bio-Composites",slug:"natural-fibers-for-sustainable-bio-composites",totalDownloads:2449,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Over the past decade, the concept of utilizing green materials has become more mainstream. With considerable awareness of preserving the environment, sincere efforts across the globe can be cited in looking for bio-degradable and bio-based sources. Applications of bio-based materials from renewable and bio-degradable sources for preparation of higher valued green chemicals and bio-based products have forced many scientists to investigate the potential use of natural fibers as reinforcement materials for green bio-composites. Cellulosic fibers are becoming very interesting for bio-based material development as they possess advantages with their mechanical properties, low density, environmental benefits, renewability, and economic feasibility. Recently, natural-fiber polymer composites have received much attention for different industrial applications because of their low density and renewability. The bio-composites with natural fiber components are derivatives of depleting resources and can be considered to have substantial environmental and economic benefits. This chapter addresses the potential utilization of natural fiber for the development of green polymer composite materials, with the objective to elucidate the possibility of using these bio-based materials for various industrial applications.",book:{id:"6233",slug:"natural-and-artificial-fiber-reinforced-composites-as-renewable-sources",title:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources",fullTitle:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources"},signatures:"Tri-Dung Ngo",authors:[{id:"208798",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tri-Dung",middleName:null,surname:"Ngo",slug:"tri-dung-ngo",fullName:"Tri-Dung Ngo"}]},{id:"57169",title:"Development of Hemp Fibers: The Key Components of Hemp Plastic Composites",slug:"development-of-hemp-fibers-the-key-components-of-hemp-plastic-composites",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Plant fibers in general and hemp fibers in particular have great prospects for their use in various innovative applications such as ecological, biodegradable, and renewable resources with unique properties. Such properties together with the increased strength due to high-cellulose content and specific morphological parameters are widely used to produce plant fiber–based plastic composites. The properties of plant fibers that may influence the properties of composites depend on crop processing, but the basis for them is provided during fiber development in planta. It is known that two types of bast fibers are developed in the hemp stem: primary fibers formed from procambium cells and secondary fibers that originate as a result of cambium activity. Both types of fibers may significantly vary in their yield and quality depending on the variety and growth conditions. Differences in the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the two types of hemp fibers, together with peculiarities in the composition and architecture of cell wall, influence the technical parameters of the raw material quality. Based on our study of both primary and secondary fiber development in hemp stem that was focused on the two key stages, intrusive elongation and deposition of thick cell wall layers, we suggest the set of parameters that can influence the quality of the mature fibers and trace their biological origin.",book:{id:"6233",slug:"natural-and-artificial-fiber-reinforced-composites-as-renewable-sources",title:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources",fullTitle:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources"},signatures:"Chernova Tatyana, Mikshina Polina, Salnikov Vadim, Ageeva\nMarina, Ibragimova Nadezda, Sautkina Olga and Gorshkova\nTatyana",authors:[{id:"158372",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatyana",middleName:null,surname:"Chernova",slug:"tatyana-chernova",fullName:"Tatyana Chernova"},{id:"209953",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",middleName:null,surname:"Gorshkova",slug:"tatyana-gorshkova",fullName:"Tatyana Gorshkova"},{id:"209955",title:"Dr.",name:"Polina",middleName:null,surname:"Mikshina",slug:"polina-mikshina",fullName:"Polina Mikshina"},{id:"209956",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Ageeva",slug:"marina-ageeva",fullName:"Marina Ageeva"},{id:"209957",title:"MSc.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Sautkina",slug:"olga-sautkina",fullName:"Olga Sautkina"}]},{id:"50950",title:"Carbon Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications",slug:"carbon-nanotube-based-polymer-composites-synthesis-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:4847,totalCrossrefCites:45,totalDimensionsCites:85,abstract:"The present chapter covers the designing, development, properties and applications of carbon nanotube-loaded polymer composites. The first section will provide a brief overview of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their synthesis, properties and functionalization routes. The second section will shed light on the CNT/polymer composites, their types, synthesis routes and characterization. The last section will illustrate the various applications of CNT/polymer composites; important properties, parameters and performance indices backed by comprehensive literature account of the same. The chapter concludes with the current challenges and future aspects.",book:{id:"5167",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-current-progress-of-their-polymer-composites",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",fullTitle:"Carbon Nanotubes - Current Progress of their Polymer Composites"},signatures:"Waseem Khan, Rahul Sharma and Parveen Saini",authors:[{id:"149897",title:"Dr.",name:"Parveen",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"parveen-saini",fullName:"Parveen Saini"}]},{id:"56947",title:"Waste and Recycled Textiles as Reinforcements of Building Materials",slug:"waste-and-recycled-textiles-as-reinforcements-of-building-materials",totalDownloads:1599,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Currently, the use of composite materials in the construction areas has had a great impact on the society; mainly, those related with sustainability and environment aspects. Daily proposals aimed at overcoming the properties of traditional materials that arise, which include emergent materials either from waste or recycled products. One of them is related to the textile materials, which include fibers such as wool, hemp, linen, and cotton. In the past decade, special attention has been focused on the used clothes, which represent a source of raw materials environmentally responsible and economically profitable. Textile materials are discarded daily around the world, representing approximately 1.5% of the generated waste. Blue jeans are the most used clothing in the world, and they are elaborated by one of the most commonly used natural textile fibers—cotton. Textile materials have been reused in different applications, for example, in the production of poor-quality wires, crushed to manufacture noise and temperature insulation materials, and as fillers or reinforcements of concrete. In this chapter, different topics are described that include: (a) environmental impact of textile waste—a result of massive consumption of clothing, (b) recycling and reuse of textile waste, and (c) waste and recycled textile materials used as building materials.",book:{id:"6233",slug:"natural-and-artificial-fiber-reinforced-composites-as-renewable-sources",title:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources",fullTitle:"Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources"},signatures:"Patricia Peña Pichardo, Gonzalo Martínez-Barrera, Miguel Martínez-\nLópez, Fernando Ureña-Núñez and Liliana I. Ávila-Córdoba",authors:[{id:"102080",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Barrera",slug:"gonzalo-martinez-barrera",fullName:"Gonzalo Martínez-Barrera"},{id:"110214",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ureña-Nuñez",slug:"fernando-urena-nunez",fullName:"Fernando Ureña-Nuñez"},{id:"177864",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana Ivette",middleName:null,surname:"Ávila-Córdoba",slug:"liliana-ivette-avila-cordoba",fullName:"Liliana Ivette Ávila-Córdoba"},{id:"177865",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-López",slug:"miguel-martinez-lopez",fullName:"Miguel Martínez-López"},{id:"217120",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Pichardo",slug:"patricia-pena-pichardo",fullName:"Patricia Peña-Pichardo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"206",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"83122",title:"New Perspectives on the Application of Chito-Oligosaccharides Derived from Chitin and Chitosan: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106501",signatures:"Paul Edgardo Regalado-Infante, Norma Gabriela Rojas-Avelizapa, Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana, Daniel Tapia-Maruri, Andrea Margarita Rivas-Castillo, Régulo Carlos Llarena-Hernández and Luz Irene Rojas-Avelizapa",slug:"new-perspectives-on-the-application-of-chito-oligosaccharides-derived-from-chitin-and-chitosan-a-rev",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83015",title:"Acute Changes in Lipoprotein-Associated Oxidative Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106489",signatures:"Ngoc-Anh Le",slug:"acute-changes-in-lipoprotein-associated-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Anh",surname:"Le"}],book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83041",title:"Responses of Endoplasmic Reticulum to Plant Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106590",signatures:"Vishwa Jyoti Baruah, Bhaswati Sarmah, Manny Saluja and Elizabeth H. Mahood",slug:"responses-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-to-plant-stress",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:755,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"83117",title:"Endothelial Secretome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106550",signatures:"Luiza Rusu",slug:"endothelial-secretome",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Luiza",surname:"Rusu"}],book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"78064",title:"The Salivary Secretome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98278",signatures:"Luís Perpétuo, Rita Ferreira, Sofia Guedes, Francisco Amado and Rui Vitorino",slug:"the-salivary-secretome",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"65334",title:"Introductory Chapter: Some Important Aspects of Root Canal Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83653",signatures:"Ana Luiza de Carvalho Felippini",slug:"introductory-chapter-some-important-aspects-of-root-canal-treatment",totalDownloads:852,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ana Luiza",surname:"De Carvalho Felippini"}],book:{title:"Root Canal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7133.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10794",title:"Potassium in Human Health",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",slug:"potassium-in-human-health",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jie Tang",hash:"0fbab5c7b5baa903a6426e7bbd9f99ab",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Potassium in Human Health",editors:[{id:"181267",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"jie-tang",fullName:"Jie Tang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181267/images/system/181267.png",institutionString:"Brown University",institution:{name:"Brown University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10835",title:"Autonomic Nervous System",subtitle:"Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",slug:"autonomic-nervous-system-special-interest-topics",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Theodoros Aslanidis and Christos Nouris",hash:"48ac242dc6c5073b2590a509c44628e2",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",editors:[{id:"200252",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:null,surname:"Aslanidis",slug:"theodoros-aslanidis",fullName:"Theodoros Aslanidis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200252/images/system/200252.png",institutionString:"Saint Paul General Hospital of Thessaloniki",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"