Gaseous emissions of boilers of textile industries operating with different fuels [70].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8798",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cells of the Immune System",title:"Cells of the Immune System",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The cells of the immune system are lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells and NK (natural killer) cells), neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages. This book is an overview of some types of these cells and their role in recognizing and/or reacting against foreign material. The immune system is characterized by collaboration between cells and proteins. The development of all cells of the immune system begins in the bone marrow with a hematopoietic stem cell. Two chapters deal with neutrophils, three chapters with T-cells, four chapters with eosinophils, and other chapters review the immunomodulation of macrophages, the role of transcription factor KLF4 in regulating plasticity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and role of sorption detoxification in the therapy of acute radiation sickness.",isbn:"978-1-78985-584-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-583-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-430-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80249",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cells-of-the-immune-system",numberOfPages:246,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4e8acf20a4e80bc7c97cb34d1672e53d",bookSignature:"Ota Fuchs and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",publishedDate:"May 13th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8798.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10572,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:28,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 21st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 20th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36468/images/system/36468.jpeg",biography:"Ota Fuchs graduated from the Chemical Technological University, Prague, Czech Republic, in 1971. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, in 1981. He is employed as a Senior Scientist at the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague. He undertook as visiting scientist short-term affiliations at the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in St Peterburg, Russia; and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada. Dr. Fuchs was the principal investigator of five projects of the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic and one grant project of the Grant Agency of Czech Republic.",institutionString:"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",middleName:null,surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/139889/images/system/139889.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, MPH, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He completed postdocs in allergy and asthma toxicology and, asthma management and controlling a network fellowship. He has published more than 30 books and 110 papers in international journals in immunology, allergy, and asthma. He is also on the editorial board of more than seventy journals. He has several scientific inventions to his credit and has recorded gene sequences in a gene bank. Dr. Athari has been invited as a top speaker at more than forty international congresses and symposiums. He is a recipient of several top researcher and young scientist awards.",institutionString:"Zanjan University of Medical Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Zanjan University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1034",title:"Classical Immunology",slug:"classical-immunology"}],chapters:[{id:"71229",title:"Introductory Chapter: Development of Neutrophils and Their Role in Hematopoietic Microenvironment Regulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91269",slug:"introductory-chapter-development-of-neutrophils-and-their-role-in-hematopoietic-microenvironment-reg",totalDownloads:809,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ota Fuchs",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71229",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71229",authors:[{id:"36468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ota",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"ota-fuchs",fullName:"Ota Fuchs"}],corrections:null},{id:"67756",title:"Neutrophil Function Impairment Is a Host Susceptibility Factor to Bacterial Infection in Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86600",slug:"neutrophil-function-impairment-is-a-host-susceptibility-factor-to-bacterial-infection-in-diabetes",totalDownloads:1052,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent noncommunicable disease globally. One of the main complications of diabetes is the increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Neutrophils play a crucial role in inflammatory response against bacterial infections, once they are the first cells recruited to the sites of injury. In diabetes, there is a failure in the neutrophil functions, including migration, ROS production, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing, which are associated with the high incidence of bacterial infections. Herein, we point out pieces of evidence revealing the primary molecular mechanisms involved with impairment of neutrophil functions in diabetes, with relationship with high susceptibility to bacterial infections.",signatures:"Daniella Insuela, Diego Coutinho, Marco Martins, Maximiliano Ferrero and Vinicius Carvalho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67756",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67756",authors:[{id:"296748",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinicius",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"vinicius-carvalho",fullName:"Vinicius Carvalho"},{id:"303254",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniella",surname:"Insuela",slug:"daniella-insuela",fullName:"Daniella Insuela"},{id:"303255",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Coutinho",slug:"diego-coutinho",fullName:"Diego Coutinho"},{id:"303256",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximiliano",surname:"Ferrero",slug:"maximiliano-ferrero",fullName:"Maximiliano Ferrero"},{id:"303257",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Aurelio",surname:"Martins",slug:"marco-aurelio-martins",fullName:"Marco Aurelio Martins"}],corrections:null},{id:"69166",title:"Immune-Mediated Inflammation: Human T CD4 Helper Lymphocyte Diversity and Plasticity in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89230",slug:"immune-mediated-inflammation-human-t-cd4-helper-lymphocyte-diversity-and-plasticity-in-health-and-di",totalDownloads:785,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The CD4+ T helper (Th) cells have a critical role in organizing the adaptive immune response. The emerging cells of the differentiation after the immune synapse produce helper T cell subpopulations that activate, suppress, or regulate the immune response upon interaction with varying immune cells. There are two main Th cell functional categories: the “effector cells” and the “regulatory T cells.” Classic T helper lymphocytes can also be distinguished by their lineage according to the developmental microenvironment, the expression of cell adhesion-homing receptors, the profile of cytokines they are exposed to, and the involved transcription factors. Traditionally, the CD4+ and CD8+ phenotypes have been considered as helper and cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes, respectively. Currently, the distinction is little rigorous. The immune response is exceedingly complex beyond the classic Th1 and Th2 effector cells’ involvement, and other populations of helper T lymphocytes like the Th17, Tfh, Th22, and Th9 lymphocytes have been phenotypically characterized. These lymphocytes also participate in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. Here, we revisit and discuss the essential aspects of the state of the art regarding phenotypic diversity and plasticity of TCD4 cells in the T lymphocyte repertoire frame and their potential implication in human inflammatory diseases.",signatures:"Rodolfo Alberto Kölliker Frers, Matilde Otero-Losada, María Inés Herrera, Sabrina Porta, Vanesa Cosentino, Eduardo Kerzberg, Lucas Udovin and Francisco Capani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69166",authors:[{id:"120703",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Capani",slug:"francisco-capani",fullName:"Francisco Capani"},{id:"193560",title:null,name:"Matilde",surname:"Otero-Losada",slug:"matilde-otero-losada",fullName:"Matilde Otero-Losada"},{id:"205589",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo Alberto",surname:"Kölliker Frers",slug:"rodolfo-alberto-kolliker-frers",fullName:"Rodolfo Alberto Kölliker Frers"},{id:"306018",title:"BSc.",name:"Sabrina",surname:"Porta",slug:"sabrina-porta",fullName:"Sabrina Porta"},{id:"306019",title:"MSc.",name:"Vanesa",surname:"Cosentino",slug:"vanesa-cosentino",fullName:"Vanesa Cosentino"},{id:"306020",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Kersberg",slug:"eduardo-kersberg",fullName:"Eduardo Kersberg"},{id:"306021",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucas",surname:"Udovin",slug:"lucas-udovin",fullName:"Lucas Udovin"},{id:"306022",title:"Dr.",name:"María Inés",surname:"Herrera",slug:"maria-ines-herrera",fullName:"María Inés Herrera"}],corrections:null},{id:"70362",title:"Resident Memory T Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90334",slug:"resident-memory-t-cells",totalDownloads:970,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Until recently, T cells were thought to remain in circulation until recruitment of the inflammation and only a small number of T cells remained in the peripheral tissues without inflammation. However, studies have found that a group of T cells settled in the tissues and remained there for a long time. Those cells are named as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). TRM cells are transcriptionally, phenotypically, and functionally distinct from other T cells, which recirculate between blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and non-lymphoid tissues. They undergo a distinct proliferation that discriminates them from circulating T cells and their main cell surface markers are CD69, CD103, and CD49a. Upon exposure to the same or similar diseases, TRM cells provide a first line of adaptive cellular defense against infection in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, such as skin, lungs, digestive, and urogenital tracts. This approach forms the basis of a novel vaccination strategy called “prime and pull”, which ensures long-term local immunity. On the other hand, abnormal activated and malignant TRM may contribute to numerous human inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and vitiligo. Here in this chapter, we aimed to emphasize TRM cell location, migration, phenotypic structure, maintenance, and diseases associated with TRM cells.",signatures:"Hasan Akbaba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70362",authors:[{id:"260489",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Akbaba",slug:"hasan-akbaba",fullName:"Hasan Akbaba"}],corrections:null},{id:"67340",title:"Modulating the T Lymphocyte Immune Response via Secretome Produced miRNA: From Tolerance Induction to the Enhancement of the Anticancer Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86598",slug:"modulating-the-t-lymphocyte-immune-response-via-secretome-produced-mirna-from-tolerance-induction-to",totalDownloads:866,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"T cells are key mediators of graft tolerance/rejection, development of autoimmunity, and the anticancer response. Consequently, differentially modifying the T cell response is a major therapeutic target. Most immunomodulatory approaches have focused on cytotoxic agents, cytokine modulation, monoclonal antibodies, mitogen activation, adoptive cell therapies (including CAR-T cells). However, these approaches do not persistently reorient the systemic immune response thus necessitating continual therapy. Previous murine studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of polymer-grafted (PEGylated) allogeneic leukocytes resulted in the induction of a persistent and systemic tolerogenic state. Further analyses demonstrated that miRNA isolated from the secretome of polymer-modified or control allogeneic responses effectively induced either a tolerogenic (TA1 miRNA) or proinflammatory (IA1 miRNA) response both in vitro and in vivo that was both systemic and persistent. In a murine Type 1 diabetes autoimmune model, the tolerogenic TA1 therapeutic effectively attenuated the disease process via the systemic upregulation of regulatory T cells while simultaneously downregulating T effector cells. In contrast, the proinflammatory IA1 therapeutic enhanced the anticancer efficacy of naïve PBMC by increasing inflammatory T cells and decreasing regulatory T cells. The successful development of this secretome miRNA approach may prove useful treating both autoimmune diseases and cancer.",signatures:"Mark D. Scott, Duncheng Wang, Wendy M. Toyofuku and Xining Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67340",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67340",authors:[{id:"202243",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Scott",slug:"mark-scott",fullName:"Mark Scott"},{id:"205640",title:"BSc.",name:"Wendy",surname:"Toyofuku",slug:"wendy-toyofuku",fullName:"Wendy Toyofuku"},{id:"205641",title:"BSc.",name:"Xining",surname:"Yang",slug:"xining-yang",fullName:"Xining Yang"},{id:"296981",title:"Dr.",name:"Duncheng",surname:"Wang",slug:"duncheng-wang",fullName:"Duncheng Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"67337",title:"Mucosal Macrophage Polarization Role in the Immune Modulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86609",slug:"mucosal-macrophage-polarization-role-in-the-immune-modulation",totalDownloads:837,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Immunotherapy has advantages including few side effects and low probability of abuse by patients. Recently, functional materials with immunomodulatory functions, which act through reduction of free radicals, have been developed for cancer and anti-inflammatory therapy. However, the therapeutic application of natural functional materials involves a complex mechanism along with various organic factors. These substances, including polysaccharides and triterpenoids, have immunomodulatory effects. However, to our knowledge, the mechanism underlying the action of such substances in the physiological immunity of animals remains unclear. Immune cells, particularly macrophages, are crucial in the modulation of immune response. Macrophages polarise into two types, namely, M1 and M2, from the M0 form, based on the physiological microenvironment factors. M1 macrophages have functions in pathogen elimination through phagocytosis, oxidative damage, and complement system activation. M2 macrophages are involved in tissue recovery and tumour tissues containing ample M2 macrophages that release growth factors, which promote angiogenesis. In this study, we focus on the immunomodulation of the macrophage to further understand the effects of the physiological microenvironment factors on macrophage polarisation.",signatures:"Tsung-Meng Wu, Shiu-Nan Chen and Yu-Sheng Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67337",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67337",authors:[{id:"116110",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiu-Nan",surname:"Chen",slug:"shiu-nan-chen",fullName:"Shiu-Nan Chen"},{id:"274564",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu-Sheng",surname:"Wu",slug:"yu-sheng-wu",fullName:"Yu-Sheng Wu"},{id:"276936",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsung-Meng",surname:"Wu",slug:"tsung-meng-wu",fullName:"Tsung-Meng Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"69417",title:"KLF4-Mediated Plasticity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89151",slug:"klf4-mediated-plasticity-of-myeloid-derived-suppressor-cells-mdscs-",totalDownloads:710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Robustness of tissues refers to their capability to maintain normal functions despite perturbation such as injuries. Recent studies suggest a key role of the immune system in injury repair. In this process, several immune cell lineages exhibit considerable plasticity as they migrate toward the site of damage and contribute to repair. For example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immature cells and possess phenotypic plasticity in cancer, a pathological status that is considered as “wounds that do not heal.” They are characterized by their potent ability to suppress immune responses. In cutaneous wound healing, MDSCs not only execute their immunosuppressive function to inhibit inflammation but also stimulate cell proliferation once they adopt a fate of a totally different cell type. At a molecular level, we found that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor with multiple roles in homeostasis and disease development plays a critical role in regulating MDSCs. In this review, KLF4-mediated plasticity of MDSCs and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.",signatures:"Daping Fan, Samir Raychoudhury and Walden Ai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69417",authors:[{id:"306954",title:"Dr.",name:"Walden",surname:"Ai",slug:"walden-ai",fullName:"Walden Ai"},{id:"309713",title:"Dr.",name:"Daping",surname:"Fan",slug:"daping-fan",fullName:"Daping Fan"},{id:"312803",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Raychoudhury",slug:"samir-raychoudhury",fullName:"Samir Raychoudhury"}],corrections:null},{id:"71836",title:"Eosinophilic Phenotype: The Lesson from Research Models to Severe Asthma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92123",slug:"eosinophilic-phenotype-the-lesson-from-research-models-to-severe-asthma",totalDownloads:655,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eosinophilic airway inflammation is a hallmark in the pathophysiological and clinical definition of asthma. In the last decades, asthma evolved in the recognition of different phenotypes identified by natural history, clinical and physiological characteristics, and the underlying immune mechanisms. Among these phenotypes, many have been associated with eosinophilic-driven inflammation. This is the case of either early-onset allergic Th2 asthma or late-onset persistent eosinophilic asthma. Both animal models and analysis from human samples have contributed to elucidate the role of eosinophils in the asthmatic inflammatory response and the synergic role of Th2 cytokines. In severe asthma, high numbers of eosinophils can persist despite treatment with inhaled and oral corticosteroids leading to the definition of severe refractory eosinophilic asthma. The combined role of IL-4-, IL-13- and IL-5-associated pathways has focused the view over the T2-type endotypes, wherein a specific biological pathway explains the observable properties of different phenotypes and the identifiable biomarkers can predict response to monoclonal antibodies directed against a selected immune target. In the era of precision medicine and personalized therapy, both the identification of Th2 molecules and eosinophils as targets and biomarkers have become the best clue for treating and monitoring severe asthma.",signatures:"Guida Giuseppe and Antonelli Andrea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71836",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71836",authors:[{id:"50973",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Guida",slug:"giuseppe-guida",fullName:"Giuseppe Guida"},{id:"319970",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Antonelli",slug:"andrea-antonelli",fullName:"Andrea Antonelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"69136",title:"Eosinophilic Disorders: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Immune Response, New Diagnostic Perspectives, and Therapeutic Alternatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89229",slug:"eosinophilic-disorders-extrinsic-and-intrinsic-immune-response-new-diagnostic-perspectives-and-thera",totalDownloads:909,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eosinophils are immune response cells located in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, among others; an increase in the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood above 5000/mm3 is associated with conditions ranging from infections (bacterial and parasitic) and allergy (asthma, rhinitis, or drugs), even neoplasms. Various study groups have classified them according to their etiology, thus facilitating their diagnosis and treatment. The WHO divides them as primary and secondary and also considers the number of eosinophils/mm3 and the involvement of white organs, while others have divided them into intrinsic and extrinsic. The former include mutations in the pluripotential hematopoietic cells, which lead to chronic myeloid leukemias with clonal expansion of eosinophils and extrinsic ones where the changes are related to a TH2 response activated by different cytosines such as IL-5. Current treatments are specifically aimed at modifying the clonal expansion of eosinophils with corticosteroids, hydroxyurea, interferon (peg) alpha, imatinib, among others, and bone marrow transplantation, while in extrinsic alterations corticosteroids and IL inhibitors are used −5 (mepolizumab).",signatures:"Maria-de-Lourdes Irigoyen-Coria, Vilma-Carolina Bekker-Mendez, Maria-Isabel Leyva-Carmona, Cecilia Rosel-Pech, Samuel Moreno-Olivares and David Solis-Hernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69136",authors:[{id:"74720",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilma-Carolina",surname:"Bekker-Mendez",slug:"vilma-carolina-bekker-mendez",fullName:"Vilma-Carolina Bekker-Mendez"},{id:"306444",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Maria-de-Lourdes",surname:"Irigoyen-Coria",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-irigoyen-coria",fullName:"Maria-de-Lourdes Irigoyen-Coria"},{id:"306967",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Isabel",surname:"Leyva-Carmona",slug:"maria-isabel-leyva-carmona",fullName:"Maria-Isabel Leyva-Carmona"},{id:"306968",title:"B.Sc.",name:"David",surname:"Solís-Hernandez",slug:"david-solis-hernandez",fullName:"David Solís-Hernandez"},{id:"306977",title:"MSc.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Rosel-Pech",slug:"cecilia-rosel-pech",fullName:"Cecilia Rosel-Pech"},{id:"309508",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Moreno-Olivares",slug:"samuel-moreno-olivares",fullName:"Samuel Moreno-Olivares"}],corrections:null},{id:"68409",title:"Eosinophilic Cholangitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86004",slug:"eosinophilic-cholangitis",totalDownloads:540,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A variety of benign etiologies of biliary stricture may initially be mistaken for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Consequently, many patients undergo surgery for a benign disease that could have been treated medically. Eosinophilic cholangitis (EC) is an uncommon, benign, self-limiting disease that should be considered when approaching a case of obstructive jaundice since it causes biliary stricture formation. Transmural eosinophilic infiltration of the biliary tree is characteristic of EC. It may initially be indistinguishable from hilar cholangiocarcinoma. We worked on a case of a patient who was referred to our hospital for jaundice and abdominal mass investigation with the provisional diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. During the workup, the index of suspicion for malignancy remained high as the typical laboratory and radiological findings for benign causes of biliary stricture were not present. Hence, the patient underwent left hepatectomy with caudate lobe resection and received a retrograde diagnosis of EC. The case demonstrates that EC could present in the elderly with cardinal signs of cancer and absence of the typical findings of EC which was not previously reported. Furthermore, this disorder has been reported to respond well to steroid therapy, hence, diagnostic criteria for EC would provide another treatment option for elderly and/or those who are not fit for surgery.",signatures:"Gilles Jadd Hoilat, Judie Noemie Hoilat, Mohamad Fekredeen Ayas, Sana Riaz and Divey Manocha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68409",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68409",authors:[{id:"294042",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilles Jadd",surname:"Hoilat",slug:"gilles-jadd-hoilat",fullName:"Gilles Jadd Hoilat"},{id:"298929",title:"Dr.",name:"Judie Noemie",surname:"Hoilat",slug:"judie-noemie-hoilat",fullName:"Judie Noemie Hoilat"},{id:"298930",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad Fekredeen",surname:"Ayas",slug:"mohamad-fekredeen-ayas",fullName:"Mohamad Fekredeen Ayas"},{id:"310025",title:"Dr.",name:"Sana",surname:"Riaz",slug:"sana-riaz",fullName:"Sana Riaz"},{id:"312685",title:"Dr.",name:"Divey",surname:"Manocha",slug:"divey-manocha",fullName:"Divey Manocha"}],corrections:null},{id:"68968",title:"Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: The Beginning of a New Era",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89054",slug:"eosinophilic-granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis-the-beginning-of-a-new-era",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare type of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) with unique features, such as involvement of eosinophils in the pathogenesis, which requires different therapies from those used for other AAV. Conventional treatment includes glucocorticoids (GC) and immunosuppressants. GC are the cornerstone of the initial treatment of EGPA, but relapses are frequent. Cyclophosphamide is typically used in combination with GC for patients with life- and/or organ-threatening disease manifestations. Azathioprine and methotrexate are recommended to maintain remission after induction with cyclophosphamide or as a GC-sparing agent. Nowadays, a better comprehension of the physiopathology of EGPA has opened new therapeutic targets, such as interleukin-5, which has a key role in the refractory disease, relapses, and GC dependence, especially for asthma manifestations. Mepolizumab is the first anti-IL5 antibody approved to treat EGPA. Another anti-IL5 monoclonal antibody, reslizumab, and an anti-IL5 receptor monoclonal antibody, benralizumab, are now being investigated for EGPA.",signatures:"Carlos Melero Moreno, Marta Corral Blanco and Rocío Magdalena Díaz Campos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68968",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68968",authors:[{id:"178740",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Melero Moreno",slug:"carlos-melero-moreno",fullName:"Carlos Melero Moreno"},{id:"306316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío Magdalena",surname:"Díaz Campos",slug:"rocio-magdalena-diaz-campos",fullName:"Rocío Magdalena Díaz Campos"},{id:"306317",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Corral Blanco",slug:"marta-corral-blanco",fullName:"Marta Corral Blanco"}],corrections:null},{id:"69097",title:"Assessment of Immune Reconstitution Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89198",slug:"assessment-of-immune-reconstitution-following-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation",totalDownloads:1026,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potential curative treatment for both congenital and hematological malignancies. Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is implicated in successful transplant outcomes such as overall survival and relapse-free survival. The reconstitution of immune cell subsets after HSCT occurs in different phases at different time points encompassing pre-engraftment, engraftment, and post-engraftment. The recovery of innate cellular immunity with the appearance of monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells in peripheral blood correlates with initiation of cellular engraftment. The cellular adaptive immunity is characterized by both thymic-independent expansion of T cells infused with graft and thymus-dependent expansion of naïve T cells derived from donor stem cells. The humoral immunity consists of B-cell reconstitution, which consists primarily of transitional and naïve subsets with the recovery of memory B cells that occur much later. In this review, we highlight the factors affecting immune reconstitution, the reconstitution of innate and adaptive immunity, techniques to assess immune reconstitution, and ways to enhance it.",signatures:"Meenakshi Singh, Selma Z. D’Silva and Abhishweta Saxena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69097",authors:[{id:"217471",title:"Dr.",name:"Selma",surname:"D\\'Silva",slug:"selma-d'silva",fullName:"Selma D\\'Silva"},{id:"267032",title:"Dr.",name:"Meenakshi",surname:"Singh",slug:"meenakshi-singh",fullName:"Meenakshi Singh"},{id:"310438",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhishweta",surname:"Saxena",slug:"abhishweta-saxena",fullName:"Abhishweta Saxena"}],corrections:null},{id:"66927",title:"Sorption Detoxification as an Addition to Conventional Therapy of Acute Radiation Sickness and Iatrogenic Leukopenia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85690",slug:"sorption-detoxification-as-an-addition-to-conventional-therapy-of-acute-radiation-sickness-and-iatro",totalDownloads:866,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leukopenia is an essential part of the clinical course of acute radiation sickness and is a side effect of anti-cancer treatment. In both situations, the main factors which determine the survival are the degree of bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal tract damage due to the presence of a large pool of fast-dividing cells. Leuko- and neutropenia are main limiting factors which may contribute to chemotherapy failure. Hematopoietic cytokines the part of conventional therapy in this field, but their effects require boosting. That is why the use of means and methods of adsorption therapy is considered promising. Sorption therapy creates a basis for sorption detoxification, a doctrine of curative measures directed to the removal of toxic endogenous or exogenous compounds from body fluids. The most widely used types are the purification of blood or its components (hemosorption), oral administration of sorption materials (enterosorption) and application-sorption therapy of wounds and burns. In this chapter, the results of early and recent research and prospects for the use of carbon adsorption therapy for the treatment of acute radiation sickness and cytostatic myelosuppression are discussed.",signatures:"Oksana O. Shevchuk, Elisaveta A. Snezhkova, Anatoliy G. Bilous, Veronika V. Sarnatskaya, Kvitoslava I. Badakhivska, Larysa A. Sakhno, Vasyl F. Chekhun and Volodymyr G. Nikolaev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66927",authors:[{id:"141767",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatolii",surname:"Belous",slug:"anatolii-belous",fullName:"Anatolii Belous"},{id:"296488",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",surname:"Shevchuk",slug:"oksana-shevchuk",fullName:"Oksana Shevchuk"},{id:"296490",title:"Dr.",name:"E.A.",surname:"Snezhkova",slug:"e.a.-snezhkova",fullName:"E.A. Snezhkova"},{id:"296491",title:"Dr.",name:"V.V.",surname:"Sarnatska",slug:"v.v.-sarnatska",fullName:"V.V. 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After two millennia of recorded civilization, consideration of ethics and social values in all that we strive for is a long-overdue phenomenon. Therefore this is a journey that we’ve just embarked on thanks to the emergence of ADM/ALS and should not be treated as a destination in line with many other facets and emergent properties of products, services, and systems. This book informs policymakers and practitioners about best practices in technology ethics pertinent to many disciplines and sectors.",isbn:"978-1-83969-161-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-160-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-162-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92952",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"factoring-ethics-in-technology-policy-making-regulation-and-ai",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"eff20787f4c5417ea12367e8a6d72e92",bookSignature:"Ali G. Hessami and Patricia Shaw",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10576.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2092,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 21st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Prof. Hessami is leading the articulation, modeling, and specification of suites of ethical criteria for global assurance and certification of "autonomous decision making" (ADM) and "algorithmic learning systems" (ALS) through the world\'s largest technical professional institution, IEEE. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), a fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), and a senior member of IEEE.',coeditorOneBiosketch:"Patricia Shaw is a non-practicing solicitor, public speaker, and writer in the area of AI and data ethics, and CEO and founder of Beyond Reach Consulting Limited, UK, a tech ethics (policy, governance, and legal) consultancy.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",middleName:null,surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. Hessami",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108303/images/system/108303.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Ali G. Hessami is Director of R&D and Innovation at Vega Systems with extensive experience in the design and development of control systems for business and safety-critical industrial applications. \r\nUK representative on CENELEC & IEC safety and security systems standards committees and chairing IEEE Systems Council Chapter and SIGHT group in the UK and Ireland Section.\r\nTechnical Editor and Chair of the landmark IEEE 7000 standard on “Addressing Ethical Concerns in System Design”. \r\nThe VC and Process Architect of the IEEE‘s global Ethics Certification Programme for Autonomous & Intelligent Systems (ECPAIS). \r\nVisiting Professor at London City University and at Beijing Jiaotong University, also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), Fellow of the UK Institution of Engineering & Technology (IET), and a Life Senior Member of IEEE.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"City, University of London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"330450",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Shaw",slug:"patricia-shaw",fullName:"Patricia Shaw",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/330450/images/system/330450.jpg",biography:"With twenty years of experience as a solicitor in technology, regulatory/government affairs, and risk management, Patricia Shaw advises on artificial intelligence (AI) and data ethics, policy, and governance, including ethics advisory boards. She is a public speaker and author, with contributions in The AI Book,1 The Law of AI,2 and Responsible AI: A Global Policy Framework Update 2021.3 She also chairs the UK Society for Computers and Law, sits on the board of and is vice-chair of the AI Committee for iTechLaw, and is an advocate for responsible AI through her work with ForHumanity, Women Leading in AI, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).",institutionString:"Beyond Reach Consulting Limited",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"267",title:"Ethics",slug:"ethics"}],chapters:[{id:"78545",title:"Introductory Chapter: AI’s Very Unlevel Playing Field",slug:"introductory-chapter-ai-s-very-unlevel-playing-field",totalDownloads:245,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"108303",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali G.",surname:"Hessami",slug:"ali-g.-hessami",fullName:"Ali G. 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Murali Krishna"}]},{id:"76436",title:"An Ontology for Standardising Trustworthy AI",slug:"an-ontology-for-standardising-trustworthy-ai",totalDownloads:351,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"340280",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dave",surname:"Lewis",slug:"dave-lewis",fullName:"Dave Lewis"},{id:"340285",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Filip",slug:"david-filip",fullName:"David Filip"}]},{id:"77478",title:"How Factoring Ethics Encourages and Stimulates Innovative Development of IT Systems Responsive to Stakeholder Needs and Requirements",slug:"how-factoring-ethics-encourages-and-stimulates-innovative-development-of-it-systems-responsive-to-st",totalDownloads:231,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"344124",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Zvikomborero",surname:"Murahwi",slug:"zvikomborero-murahwi",fullName:"Zvikomborero Murahwi"}]},{id:"75584",title:"A Social Platform for Fostering Ethical Education through Role-Playing",slug:"a-social-platform-for-fostering-ethical-education-through-role-playing",totalDownloads:295,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"337763",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Alvarez",slug:"claudio-alvarez",fullName:"Claudio Alvarez"},{id:"340266",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Zurita",slug:"gustavo-zurita",fullName:"Gustavo Zurita"},{id:"340268",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Hasbun",slug:"beatriz-hasbun",fullName:"Beatriz Hasbun"},{id:"340269",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Peñafiel",slug:"sergio-penafiel",fullName:"Sergio Peñafiel"},{id:"346075",title:"BSc.",name:"Alvaro",surname:"Pezoa",slug:"alvaro-pezoa",fullName:"Alvaro Pezoa"}]},{id:"76979",title:"The Rise of Virtual Reality in Online Courses: Ethical Issues and Policy Recommendations",slug:"the-rise-of-virtual-reality-in-online-courses-ethical-issues-and-policy-recommendations",totalDownloads:227,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"337499",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Clement",surname:"Longondjo Etambakonga",slug:"clement-longondjo-etambakonga",fullName:"Clement Longondjo Etambakonga"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"287827",firstName:"Gordan",lastName:"Tot",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/287827/images/8493_n.png",email:"gordan@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Rapid industrialization is becoming serious concern for fresh air and healthy life [1, 2, 3]. Abundant discharge of industrial toxin making natural environment harmful, unstable, and uncomfortable for physical and also for biological environment and it leads to pollution by energy sources and chemical substances. Physical and biological environment are damage by the heat and pollutants in the air. These pollutants including vapors, aerosols, solid particles, toxic gases and smoke drive from industrial processes. Emission of air pollutants is also because of many human actions. List of six air pollutants presented by World health organization (WHO) which known as classic air pollutants in industrialized countries as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and suspended particulate matter [4]. A number of industrial sources are responsible for the emission of carbon monoxide along with, fuel-fired boilers, internal combustion gas boilers and gas stoves [5]. The quality of the combustion process is primary indicated by carbon dioxide. Emissions of CO2, as a result of combustion of fuels, are creating consequences on environment [6]. For the industrial combustion system carbon dioxide was also examined a major greenhouse gas [7]. For the emission of carbon dioxide from any type of combustion source a prescribed national standard was present but it is important to check that carbon dioxide emission enter into air at steep rate. Oxides of nitrogen as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) produce from thermal power plants, vehicles, industrial process and, coal burning processes [8]. Oxides of nitrogen are produced by the reaction of free oxygen and nitrogen of air which achieved at high temperature during combustion process. Fuels, rich in sulfur contents produce sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas when used for the energy. Bennett [9] reported sulfur dioxide lifetime is about 10 days in air. Industrial stacks emitting sulfur dioxide because fuels contain a standards higher concentration of sulfur. Generally, in Pakistan the electric power supply is not adequate and consistent for supporting employments; consequently, to overcome electric energy shortage all business sectors still extensively use their private generator (Figure 1).
\nPresentation of energy sources based upon hydrocarbon fuels: (A) domestic generator; (B) power houses; (C) industrial generators; and (D) energy production.
These generators mostly installed next to their services or along the road which is not an appropriate location. Therefore, by importing exhaust gases into the air they create many complications to the people who are traveling on the roads and the resident. Smoke opacity of industrial gas is also a parameter which has considerable potential to enhance environmental air pollution by smoke particles emission. Industrial stack points were also analyzed with reference to clean air for smoke opacity (%). It was noticed that boilers operating on furnace oil have larger value of smoke than on natural gas. According to an estimate, at least 3000 different chemicals have been identified in air through sampling of various nature. A term commonly used to describe any harmful chemical or other substance that pollutes the air we breathe, thereby reducing its life-sustaining quality is called air pollutant. In principle, air pollutants refer to any chemical substance that exceeds the concentration or characteristics identified as safe for the natural ingredients in the air both by nature or anthropogenically. More strictly, pollutants can be defined a substance which is potentially unsafe to the well-being or health of humans, plant and animal life, or ecosystems. Air pollution is characterized as “the presence of substances in the atmosphere that may adversely affect humans and the environment.” It may be a single chemical that is initially produced, or chemicals that are formed by subsequent reactions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), poor outdoor air caused 4.2 million premature deaths in 2016, of which about 90% were in third world countries. Indoor smoke poses a health threat to 3.0 billion people through heating system and burning biomass, kerosene and coal [10, 11]. Air pollution is linked to a high incidence of respiratory diseases such as cancer, heart disease, stroke and asthma [12]. According to estimates from the American Lung Association, nearly 134 million people are at risk due to air pollution [13]. Although these effects come from long-term exposure, air pollution can also cause acute problems such as sneezing and coughing, eye discomfort, headache, and dizziness [14]. Particles smaller than 10 microns (classified as PM10 or PM2.5 even smaller) pose higher health risks because they can be breathed deeply into the lungs and can enter the bloodstream where air pollutants and nanoparticles have the direct impact on our health [15].
\nPollutants are commonly classified into solid, liquid, or gaseous substances that are discharged into the air from a fixed or mobile source, then transmit through air, and contribute in chemo physical transformation, and eventually return to the ground. It is impossible to describe the full range of potential sources and actual damage caused by various sources of air pollution but few which are more vulnerable are discussed below:
\nFossil fuels as coal and oil for electricity production and road transportation, add huge amount of air pollutants like carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and fly ash are produced as main pollutants if coal is used as a fuel. Major pollutants during combustion of oil are oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, whereas coal emits particulate air pollution to the atmosphere. Similarly, important air pollutants emitted from power station are particulate matter (fly ash and soot) oxides of nitrogen (NO2 and NO) and sulfur oxides (SO3 and SO2) [16, 17]. These pollutants and other closely related chemicals are primarily source for acid rain. When PM is released into the atmosphere due to traffic and industries, these PM scatter the visible part of the sunlight radiation, but the other part of the spectrum particularly inferred and far-infrared, cause the internal heating effect of the air atmosphere below the PM surface. The Sun radiation is heating our air from outside and the traffic and industries from inside. And the PM surface is like a shield or barrier, through the heat diffusion cannot penetrate bidirectional ways.
\nVolcanic eruption disperses an enormous amount of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere along with ash and smoke particle sometimes causes the temperature to rise up over the years. Particles in the air, based on their chemical composition, can also have a direct impact of being separated from climate change. They either change the composition or size and may deplete the nutrients biosphere, damage crops, and forests and destroy cultural monuments such as monuments and statues. Many living and non-living sources emit carbon dioxide that contribute largely as pollutant. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas, among many others which traps heat into the atmosphere via infrared radiation matching vibrations and causes climate change through global warming. Over the past 150 years, humans have driven enough CO2 into the atmosphere to make its levels higher than they have been for hundreds of thousands of years. Air pollution in many cases prevents photosynthesis, which has a significant impact on the plants evolution, which has serious consequences for purifying the air we breathe. It also results to form acid rain, atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain, snow or fog, frost, which is released at the time of fossil fuels burning and converted by contact with water vapor in the atmosphere.
\nIndustrial process emits huge amounts of organic compounds carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and chemicals into the air. A high quantity of carbon dioxide is the reasons for the greenhouse effect in the air. As the greenhouse gases absorbs infrared radiation from the surface of the planet so its presence is good for the planet. The recent climate change is due to excessive quantity of these gases as well as PM into the atmosphere [18, 19]. Different greenhouse gases contribute differently in global warming due to their unique physical and chemical properties, molecular weight and the lifetime in the atmosphere. A simple working method can calculate the relative contribution of the unit emissions of each gas relative to the cumulative CO2 unit emissions over a fixed period of time [20, 21]. Therefore, global warming potential (GWP) can be defined as the warming effect of any greenhouse gas relative to CO2 over a certain period of time. Greenhouse gas emissions from various sources have led to climate change, which has been accompanied by an increase in greenhouse gases [22, 23]. Greenhouse gas emissions change the Climate that is a global issue having significantly negative impacts on economic growth humans, and natural resources [24, 25, 26]. The main greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their relative quantities are carbon dioxide, (9–26%), water vapor, H2O (36–70%), nitrous oxide (3–7%), methane, (4–9%), and other trace gases [27]. Among all the greenhouse gases, CO2 and CH4 cause major global surface temperature increase [28]. These gases are emitted by natural and anthropogenically. After carbon dioxide, methane is the second gas that contributes to global warming. Methane has larger impacts as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, with global warming potential (GWP)s 21–25 times higher than CO2 [29, 30, 31, 32].
\nAgriculture activities often release harmful chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers [33]. Organic matter gradually reduces the water and oxygen in soil during flooding of rice fields; as a result, methane is produce by anaerobic decomposition [34, 35]. Globally methane emission is much lower than CO2 emissions annually. The concentration of CH4 in the air is 200 times lesser than carbon dioxide [36] but approximately 20% effects of global warming, because of methane [37, 38]. Naturally it is emitted by marshland [39], termites, wildfires [36], grasslands [36], coal seams [40] and lakes [41]. Human sources of methane include public solid waste landfills coal mine paddy fields oil and gas drilling, pastures rising main sewers, wastewater treatment plants, manure management and agricultural products. Its emission through agriculture sector increased by 11–24% from 2000 to 2010 [33, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50].
\nNatural sources are particulate matter (PM) includes dust produced from the earth’s crustal surface, coastal sea salt, form pollens of plant and animal debris [51]. Volcanic eruptions also contribute huge quantities of particles into the environment. Majorly an amount of 3.0 thousand tons of sulfur dioxide emits every day while episodes of great activity. Forest fires of rural areas produce large amounts of all kind of particulate matter including carbon black. Among other sources of natural pollution of air includes lighting in the sky that generate significant quantities of oxides of nitrogen (NOx); hydrogen sulphide produced from oceans algae and marshy methane. Additionally, concentrations of ozone at ground level, formed because of reaction of nitrogen gases and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. As far as the human sources are concerned in urban areas, air pollutants come from human-activities, such as cars, trucks, air planes, marine engines, etc. and factories, electric power plants, etc. Nowadays, vehicles on the road constitute the major source of air pollution in the populated areas of countries. Carbon constituted fossil fuels produces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons whereas NOx a combination of nitrogen and oxygen gases produced at high temperature. Another very significant thing that road transport accounts a major source of air pollution [52]. It is specified that road transport is the second source of air emissions up to 28.6% after the industrial use of solvents which is 41.4%.
\nCountries, departments and researchers all over the world are dealing for several forms of mitigations for air pollution. In order to restrict global warming, there is a need to take different measures. Important is the addition of more renewable energy sources, substituting gasoline vehicles with zero-emission vehicles as electric vehicles. As an example rapid industrial expansion is China. In china the government is supporting coal-fired power plant. Similarly, in the United States, emission standards setting has improved the air quality, especially in places of worth importance. Contrarily by adding ventilation, using air purifiers, purifying radon gas, running exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens and avoiding smoking people can avoid indoor air pollution. While working on a home project, use paint and other products with less volatile compounds. Countries all over the globe have commitments to limit carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases in the light of Paris Agreement [53, 54] banning hydrophobic hydrocarbons (HFCs) other than chlorofluorocarbon CFCs [55].
\nIn this method carbon dioxide is extracted from the air using a solid or liquid adsorbent. Examples of mostly used solid adsorbents include, activated carbon, zeolite, or activated alumina whereas liquid sorbents include, high pH solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide some organic solvents such as monoethanolamine [56, 57]. A method for capturing carbon dioxide from the air includes a number of steps including exposing CO2 in air to a solution containing an alkali to obtain an alkaline solution that absorbs the carbon dioxide [56].
\nIncomplete combustion of biomass results into production of hazardous gases. The main sources of such emissions are burning of wood, domestic waste, agricultural residues, waste, and charcoal. In developing economies combustion of biomass generally refers to the biofuels combustion for heating, lighting purposes and cooking in small combustion equipment. Because the conditions of burning and types of these fuels vary widely, measures for this category are highly difficult and uncertain to predict.
\nProduced of methane by coalification process, and vegetation is transformed into coal by many environmental conditions [58]. The amount of methane gas evolved by mining operations is a function of two main factors: coal depth and coal level [59]. From coal mining, there are four main sources of methane emissions, which are underground coal mines and surface coal mines. These processes account for most of the global emissions of methane from mining. Surface coal mines emit much lower methane as compare to underground coal mines because generally coal mines are at lower rank and capture methane into methane during post-mining operations. Activities of coal mining and processing, continues after operations which emit the methane [60].
\nMethane emissions through rice production and cultivation can be decreased by selecting proper rice varieties, fertilizers, and water systems. It has been proved that larger total weight rice varieties emit less methane [61, 62]. Fresh straw in the 3 months before transplantation and combined with straw fertilizers before transplantation, plus methane emissions, intermittent irrigation were reduced by 23 and 49%, respectively [63]. Application of potassium fertilizer during flowering period drainage reduce methane emissions.
\nFor the production of liquid natural gas and to run leachate evaporators landfill gas can be directly used as fuel. In industrial processes such as kiln operations, boilers, drying operations, and asphalt and cement production landfill methane gas can be used and transported. Natural gas collected from landfills can be transported to local industries directly and use as an alternative or supplementary fuel [64].
\nShifting to low-carbon fuels from high-carbon can be comparatively cost-effective principle to reduce the emissions of gaseous because this enhance the efficiency of combustion and reduce the amount of pollutants. In addition, briquette coal and carbon burnout techniques are used in fuel based power plants to minimize the production of pollutants. This pre-combustion method requires almost no hardware changes to the facility and therefore has a lower investment cost. Fuel conversion application to industrial sectors such as the steel, cement and chemical CO2 emissions can be reduced by 10–20%. There are some essential interrogations about the opportunities that exist for converting fuels in a cost-effective manner. Fuel choices are usually industry dependent, so cost-effective alternatives are limited however, some special opportunities to replace coal-fired boilers with natural gas fired gas-driven steam production; and use natural gas instead of coal to burn blast furnaces [65]. For example, briquette alternative fuels result in a 9–16% increase in fuel costs, although an estimated 26% CO2 emissions are reduced. Improved fuel efficiency and reduced standard pollutant emissions depends on variable fuel costs which cannot be completely estimated. According to an estimate carbon depletion can save 1.5% of fuel costs. Carbon reductions achieved from ash, by replacing the production of Portland cement is estimated to reduce 144,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually [66].
\nImprovement in the current combustion systems have the potential to gear up the energy efficiency. The average thermal performance of current combustion is 32–33% [67]. Control of wasted heat into electricity may result into efficiencies of 45–55%. According to the Department of Energy, the combined energy projects are the main source of greenhouse gases reduction. Technologies like the natural gas combined cycle and combined cycle gas turbine proved for the improving of combustion efficiency and proportionally reduced greenhouse gas emissions and standard pollutant emissions. Additionally, integrated gasification combined cycle system is a step forward to reduce the costs associated with capturing and separating CO2 from the exhaust stream. Increased operating and fuel costs may be offset by the combined benefits of increased efficiency, reduced pollutants, and credits for emission reductions. An ample evidence that industrial upgradation can reduce greenhouse gas emission, pollutants, and lower operating costs, and current environmental regulations have hindered the adoption of this technology [68]. Air quality regulations determine the operational fuel input rather than power output emission to upgrade of thermal efficiency. However, the environmental agencies provide a guidance document on energy efficiency which begun to address regulatory barriers to improving thermal efficiency [69]. Another source of energy efficiency that can be achieved in the industrial sector is the use of direct fossil fuels. Manufacturing is a major candidate for improving energy efficiency, both of which are achieved through many technological upgrades. Overall, process control and energy management systems for all industries can better control combustion efficiency and fuel use; combined heat and power systems can use waste heat as additional energy; high-efficiency, low-friction motors and drive systems improved the overall efficiency of successfully generating power. In addition to these general categories, various manufacturing industries also have opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Specific industrial sectors with greenhouse gas mitigation potential include cement manufacturing, metal production, refineries, pulp and paper mills, and chemical manufacturing [68].
\nCombustion efficiency of combustion systems depends on the factors such as type of combustion system, fuel, burner and air fuel ratio for combustion. Significant amount of air pollutants depending on nature of fuel enter into the environment. World health organization (WHO) has provided six listed air pollutants known as classic air pollutants [4]. If coal is used as a fuel, fly ash, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are the major pollutant. Combustion of coal produces particulate air pollution whereas in case of oil, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are major pollutants emitted to the atmosphere. Similarly, three major air pollutants, particulate matter (fly ash and soot) sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3) and oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emitted from power station.
\nMethod for calculating efficiency:
\nLosses are as:
Temperature flue gas.
Moisture in fuel.
Combustion of hydrogen.
Un-measured losses.
In one of our research work different textile units were examined for stack emissions from boilers and generators. Table 1 illustrates the results of emissions from boilers. Values of carbon monoxide (CO) were in the range of 0 mg/Nm3 in CT-Tex to 4903 mg/Nm3 in HS-Tex. Most of the industries were in compliance of national quality standards of Pakistan, i.e., 800 mg/Nm3. HS-Tex was exceeding the limit of standards for CO emission. Similarly, Table 2 represents the gaseous emission of diesel generators. A massive amount of gaseous emissions are produced from generators along with heating which affect the climatic condition at the large scale [4].
\nIndustries | \nFuel | \nCO | \nCO2\n | \nNO + NO2\n | \nSO2\n | \nH2\n | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3\n | \nmg/Nm3\n | \nNOx g/Nm3\n | \nmg/Nm3\n | \nmg/Nm3\n | \n||
IP-Tex | \nFurnace oil | \n12 | \n221,964 | \n437 | \n3363 | \n0.09 | \n
CT-Tex | \nNatural gas | \n0 | \n125,321 | \n227 | \n0 | \n0.18 | \n
BR-Tex | \nNatural gas | \n20 | \n139,857 | \n213 | \n0 | \n1.34 | \n
KH-Tex | \nNatural gas | \n35 | \n207,428 | \n256 | \n0 | \n1.07 | \n
NF-Tex | \nNatural gas | \n20 | \n207,625 | \n187 | \n0 | \n1.52 | \n
HS-Tex | \nNatural gas | \n4903 | \n58,732 | \n121 | \n0 | \n174.2 | \n
Gaseous emissions of boilers of textile industries operating with different fuels [70].
Industries | \nCO | \nCO2\n | \nNO + NO2\n | \nSO2\n | \nH2\n | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/Nm3\n | \nmg/Nm3\n | \nmg/Nm3\n | \nmg/Nm3\n | \nmg/Nm3\n | \n|
IP-Tex | \n975 | \n21,714 | \n542 | \n80 | \n3 | \n
CT-Tex | \n655 | \n90,000 | \n1342 | \n175 | \n2 | \n
BR-Tex | \n874 | \n131,429 | \n2297 | \n211 | \n2 | \n
KH-Tex | \n572 | \n94,286 | \n2445 | \n265 | \n0.7 | \n
NF-Tex | \n981 | \n86,000 | \n2144 | \n145 | \n3 | \n
HS-Tex | \n1927 | \n76,143 | \n315 | \n65 | \n4 | \n
Gaseous emissions diesel generators operation in different industries [70].
Quality of life (air) in cities is getting worse as the industrialization, population, energy use and traffic increase. Some air pollutants in larger amount crossing WHO standards, mainly in cities of industrialized countries permitting meaningful statistical trends to air pollutants. The complexity of air pollutants, particularly related to the health impacts in cities, has improved indicators to analyze the accessible monitoring data sufficient for decision making and reporting. Our assessment illustrates that the economic costs of the environmental clash proceeding from sources of combustion in industries tested is potentially excessive. Regarding to the living quality it will be serious concern if no additional control measures were implemented in future. For industrial air pollution there is an immediate need to improve the evaluation and monitoring systems. In cities where strategic planning is not-existing or weak, to improve the quality of air there should be an implementation of environmental management system.
\nAuthors are highly thankful to the IntechOpen publishing organization for open invitation to publish a chapter regarding the serious concern of the human atmosphere. Moreover, our especial thanks to Sara Debeuc, who sincerely coordinated to accomplish this chapter. Authors are obliged to Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Pakistan, for providing support of facilities for completing this manuscript.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
Emotions are essential in our daily lives, with an enormous repercussion on perception, cognition, learning and rational decision-making processes [1]. As a result, the affective neuroscience has emerged with the purpose of studying the influence of emotions on areas like psychology, philosophy or neurobiology, among many others [1]. The emotional states defined in the literature range from a few basic emotions [2] to several complex emotions created as combinations of the basics [3]. These emotional states can be classified according to different models, being the circumplex model of Russell one of the most widely used [4]. This bidimensional model distributes all the existing emotional states according to two emotional parameters, namely valence and arousal. Valence represents the degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness produced by an emotional stimulus, whereas arousal measures the activation or deactivation that a stimulus provokes. The location of each emotional state in the circumplex model is determined by its level of both dimensions, as shown in Figure 1.
Circumplex model of Russell for classification of emotions based on their level of valence and arousal.
Emotions also play a key role in human communication and interaction processes. Nevertheless, the human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are still not able to identify human emotional states. In a digital society in which those systems are daily introduced in multiple ordinary scenarios, it becomes crucial to supplement this lack of emotional intelligence of HMIs. In this sense, the aim of the Affective Computing science is to endow those systems with the capability to automatically detect and interpret human emotions and decide which actions to execute accordingly, thus improving the interactions between people and machines [5, 6].
The detection of emotional states can be conducted by means of the assessment of bodily reactions to emotional stimuli, for which different physiological variables can be measured and analyzed. One of the most widely studied in the last years is the electroencephalography (EEG), which represents the electrical activity generated in the brain due to neural connections [7]. The selection of EEG recordings instead of other physiological signals is justified by the fact that the brain generates the first impulse against any stimulus, and then it is spread to the rest of peripheral systems through the central nervous system. In this sense, EEG signals represent the activity of the source of the emotional response, whereas the rest of physiological variables can be considered as secondary effects of the brain’s performance [8]. As a consequence, the number of works focused on the analysis of EEG time series for emotions detection has notably increased in the last years [9].
The evaluation of EEG recordings has been traditionally conducted from a linear perspective, especially in the frequency domain, studying features such as the spectral power or the asymmetry between the two brain hemispheres in different frequency bands [10]. However, the brain activity is far from being considered linear. Contrarily, neural processes follow a completely heterogeneous and nonstationary performance even at both cellular and global level [11]. With this respect, the application of linear algorithms may not report a complete description of the brain’s behavior [12]. For this reason, nonlinear methodologies have been widely applied for discovering underlying information unrevealed by traditional linear techniques [13]. Indeed, nonlinear indices have already outperformed the results derived from the application of those linear algorithms for the evaluation of various mental processes, including the recognition of emotions [13].
Among the different nonlinear methodologies that can be found in the literature, entropy indices have been widely applied in the context of emotions recognition with EEG recordings [14]. Entropy represents the rate of information reported by a time series, describing the nonlinear characteristics of a nonstationary system [15]. Hence, entropy metrics become promising tools for the assessment of the chaotic dynamics of a nonstationary system such as the brain. Indeed, in the literature many studies have applied these nonlinear methodologies for the identification of emotional states from EEG recordings. The present manuscript summarizes the main discoverings of the last years in the scientific field of emotions recognition from EEG signals with entropy indices.
Entropy was firstly defined in thermodynamics, referring to the distribution probability of molecules in a fluid system [15]. In information theory and signals analysis, this concept was adapted by Shannon, who defined entropy as a measure of the information provided by a time series, describing its complexity, irregularity or unpredictability [16]. With respect to the EEG analysis, many entropy indices have been introduced and successfully applied for the study of various physical and mental disorders, like epilepsy [17], Alzheimer [18], autism [19] or depression [20], among others. As a result of the valuable outcomes, entropy metrics have also been introduced in the research field of emotions recognition from EEG recordings [14]. The following subsections give a brief mathematical description of the entropy metrics mainly applied for emotions detection.
The irregularity of a signal represents the rate of repetitiveness of patterns, reaching higher values for non-repetitive and disordered time series, and lower for sequences with a high rate of occurrence [21]. One of the regularity-based entropy metrics widely used is the approximate entropy (ApEn), which evaluates the probability of having repetitive patterns and assigns a non-negative number to each sequence in terms of its repetitiveness, with lower values for more recurrent patterns [22]. Mathematically, ApEn is computed as
where
Moreover, quadratic sample entropy (QSampEn) emerged as an improvement of SampEn to make it insensitive to the value of the threshold
The predictability of a nonstationary system is related to its stable and deterministic evolution in time. Most of the entropy metrics for predictability measurement are symbolic indices that convert the original signal into a sequence of discrete symbols to form sequences [25]. After this symbolization, the evaluation of the predictability of a time series can be carried out with multiple techniques. The most commonly used is the Shannon entropy (ShEn), which quantifies the predictability of a signal in terms of the probability distribution of its amplitudes [16]. The mathematical expression of ShEn is
being
The Rényi entropy (REn) is a generalization of ShEn that is also widely used for the quantification of underlying dynamics in symbolized signals [26]. Concretely, REn provides a better characterization of some rare and frequent ordinal sequences, and it is defined as
being
The version of ShEn for continuous random variables, called differential entropy (DEn), has received growing interest in the last years [27]. This entropy index can be expressed as
where
As EEG signals follow a Gaussian distribution after the application of a band-pass filtering approach, the DEn of each sub-frequency band previously obtained by a Fast Fourier transform can be obtained according to the aforementioned equation [27].
Another widely used predictability-based entropy metric is permutation entropy (PerEn), which is a fast and insensitive to noise metric that evaluates the order of the symbols within a pattern [28]. Briefly, the original time series is symbolized to obtain ordinal sequences
One of the limitations of PerEn is that it only considers the order of the symbols in a pattern, without taking into account their amplitudes. This limitation has been recently solved by means of the introduction of amplitude-aware permutation entropy (AAPE) [29]. This improvement of PerEn computes the probability
Another option for the assessment of predictability of a time series is the spectral entropy (SpEn) [30]. In this case, the spectral power of a determined frequency is computed and normalized with respect to the total power, which gives a probability density function
The time series generated by nonlinear and nonstationary systems like the brain usually present highly complex dynamics derived from different simultaneous mechanisms that operate in multiple time scales [31]. As a result, the brain behavior cannot be completely described by means of single-scale methods. Therefore, multiscale variations of the aforementioned entropy metrics have been introduced with the purpose of revealing undiscovered information related to the multiscale nature of the EEG recordings. For the computation of multiscale entropy (MSE), the original signal
Therefore, all the previously defined entropy indices can be computed in a multiscale form for the coarse-grained series as defined above.
Another multiscale option is the wavelet entropy (WEn), which makes use of the decomposition of the original signal in different scales by means of the wavelet transform [32]. After the decomposition of the time series, the probability distribution
On the other hand, the characteristics of the autocorrelation function of some signals require the consideration of a lag or time delay
Finally, PerMin is obtained in the limit
In the literature, there are various studies that have applied regularity-based entropy measures for emotions detection with EEG recordings. A brief summary of those works is presented in Table 1, with information about the year of publication, the experimental design (including the number of emotions detected, subjects, EEG channels and type of stimulus), the features extracted, the classification models implemented, and the results obtained in each case. As can be observed, the interest in these metrics started growing in 2014, especially computing ApEn and SampEn for the detection of a number of emotions ranging between 2 and 4. In many cases, the signals analyzed were extracted from the publicly available Database for Emotion Analysis using Physiological Signals (DEAP), which consisted on a total of 32 healthy subjects watching emotional videoclips during the registration of their EEG with 32 channels [47]. Hence, different studies tested their methods on the same EEG recordings, thus allowing a direct comparison of the results obtained [37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 48]. The rest of works had different experimental designs. In terms of the classification models, support vector machines (SVM) were selected in most of the cases [35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45]. The outcomes derived from these studies presented a classification accuracy (Acc) ranging between 73% and 95%, being the frontal and parietal brain regions the most relevant for the detection of emotional states with these regularity-based entropies.
Ref. (Year) | Experimental design | Features | Classifier | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
[35] (2011) | 2 emotions, 15 subjects, 5 EEG channels, images | ApEn + others | SVM1 | Acc = 73.25% |
[36] (2014) | Depression, 60 subjects, 24 EEG channels, eyes open/closed, no stimuli | ApEn + others | — | Higher irregularity for healthy than for depressed |
[37] (2014) | 4 emotions, DEAP2 | SampEn | SVM | Acc = 80.43% |
[38] (2016) | 4 emotions, DEAP | SampEn + others | SVM | Acc = 94.98% (two classes) and 93.20% (four classes) |
[39] (2016) | 2 emotions, DEAP | SampEn, QSampEn + others | DT3 | Acc = 75.29% |
[40] (2017) | 3 emotions, 44 subjects, 31 EEG channels, images | ApEn + others | SVM | Acc = 75.5% |
[41] (2018) | Valence and arousal, DEAP | SampEn + others | MLP4, DST5 | Acc = 87.43% (arousal) and 88.74% (valence) |
[42] (2018) | 4 emotions, DEAP | SampEn + others | PSAE6 | Acc = 93.6% |
[43] (2018) | 4 emotions, 10 subjects, 14 EEG channels, film clips | ApEn + others | SVM, DBN7 | Acc = 87.32% |
[44] (2019) | 4 emotions, 8 subjects, 12 EEG channels, music | ApEn, SampEn + others | SVM, C4.5, LDA8 | Acc = 84.91% (valence) and 89.65% (arousal) |
[45] (2020) | 3 emotions, SEED9 | DySampEn10 | SVM | Acc = 84.67% |
[46] (2021) | 2 emotions, DEAP | CSampEn11 | — | More coordination in parietal and occipital |
Studies of emotions recognition from EEG recordings with regularity-based entropy indices.
SVM: Support vector machine.
DEAP: Database for emotion analysis using physiological signals.
DT: Decision tree.
MLP: Multi-layer perceptron.
DST: Dempster-Shafer theory.
PSAE: Parallel stacked autoencoders.
DBN: Deep belief networks.
LDA: Linear discriminant analysis.
SEED: SJTU emotion EEG database.
DySampEn: Dynamic SampEn.
CSampEn: Cross-sample entropy.
On the other hand, the predictability-based entropy indices have been the most applied for the assessment of different emotional states from EEG recordings. The main studies that have used these entropy metrics for that purpose are included in Tables 2 and 3. It can be observed that only a few works studied these indices between 2011 and 2015 [49, 50, 51, 52, 63]. Nevertheless, the interest in these predictability measures has notably increased since 2017 until nowadays. More precisely, DEn is the predictability-based metric that has gained a considerable visibility since 2018, thus Table 3 only includes studies based on the application of DEn. The rest of predictability-based entropy metrics, i.e. ShEn, REn, SpEn, and permutation indices, are contained in Table 2. It is interesting to note that the majority of these works in Table 2 analyzed the EEG signals contained in the DEAP database, whereas only a few tested those metrics with different experiments. As for the regularity-based indices, the number of emotions identified in works in Table 2 ranged from 2 to 4, and only one study recognized 5 emotional states [49]. In terms of the classifiers implemented, SVM approaches were preferred over other models in the majority of the studies. The results obtained presented inconsistent Acc values, ranging from 65–99%, being the frontal and parietal/occipital lobes the most relevant in emotional processes. With respect to the studies in Table 3, it can be noticed that the majority of them followed the same experimental procedure, but in this case, another public dataset different from DEAP was selected. Indeed, recordings from the SJTU Emotion EEG Dataset (SEED) were chosen and assessed for the detection of three emotional states, namely positive, neutral and negative [63]. This database contained EEG recordings with 62 channels from 15 subjects during the visualization of film clips with emotional content [63]. The selection of the classification approaches was quite inconsistent across the different studies. However, it can be observed that deep learning approaches like convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been progressively introduced in the literature for their application in emotion recognition researches. The accuracy results reported in these works were between 68% and 99%. Furthermore, some of them demonstrated that DEn was more suitable than some linear metrics for the identification of emotions [63, 68].
Ref. (Year) | Experimental design | Features | Classifier | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
[49] (2011) | 5 emotions, 20 subjects, 24 and 62 EEG channels, videos | ShEn, SP1 | LDA, KNN2 | Entropy better than linear. Acc = 83.04% with 62 channels |
[50] (2013) | Stress, 13 subjects, 3 EEG channels, eyes closed, no stimuli | REn + others | ANOVA3 | Lower complexity in stress than in calmness |
[51] (2015) | 4 emotions, 8 subjects, 20 EEG channels, audiovisual stimuli | ShEn, REn | MC-LSSVM4 | Acc = 84.79% |
[52] (2015) | 4 emotions, 25 subjects, 3 EEG channels, music | SpEn | SVM, KNN, CFNN5 | Acc = 93.66% (valence) and 93.29% (arousal) |
[53] (2017) | 2 emotions, DEAP | PerEn, AAPE, QSampEn | SVM | Acc = 81.31% |
[54] (2017) | Valence and arousal, DEAP | SpEn, ShEn | LSSVM6, D-RFE7 | Acc = 78.96% (arousal) and 71.43% (valence) |
[55] (2017) | 4 emotions, DEAP | SpEn, ShEn + others | Three-stage decision method | Acc = 86.67% |
[56] (2018) | Arousal and valence, DEAP | SpEn, spectral and statistics | SVM, KNN, NB8 | Spectral and statistics better than SpEn |
[57] (2018) | 2, 3, 4 and 5 emotions, DEAP | REn + others | SVM | Acc = 73.8–86.2% |
[58] (2018) | Depression, 213 subjects, 3 EEG channels, sounds | ShEn, SpEn + others | KNN | Acc = 79.27% |
[59] (2019) | 4 emotions, DEAP | ShEn, SpEn + others | LSSVM | Acc = 65.13% |
[60] (2019) | 4 emotions, DEAP | ShEn, PerEn + others | SVM | Best results with PerEn |
[61] (2020) | 2 emotions, DEAP | CEn9, QSampEn | SVM | Acc = 80.31% |
[62] (2020) | 4 emotions, DEAP | SpEn, ShEn + others | SVM, NB, ANN10 | Acc = 98.7% with ANN |
[48] (2021) | 4 emotions, DEAP | AAPE, PerMin + others | SVM | Acc = 96.39% |
Studies of emotions recognition from EEG recordings with predictability-based entropy indices (ShEn, SpEn, REn, PerEn, AAPE.
SP: Spectral power.
KNN: K-nearest neightbor.
ANOVA: Analysis of variance.
MC-LSSVM: Multiclass least-square support vector machine.
CFNN: Cascade-forward neural network.
LSSVM: Least-square support vector machine.
D-RFE: Dynamical recursive feature elimination.
NB: Naive Bayes.
CEn: Conditional entropy.
ANN: Artificial neural network.
Ref. (Year) | Experimental design | Features | Classifier | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
[63] (2015) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn, SP, statistics | DBN | DEn better than SP and statistics. Acc = 85% |
[64] (2018) | 4 emotions, two experiments: DEAP and SEED | DEn + others | GELM1 | Acc = 69.67% (DEAP) and 91.07% (SEED) |
[65] (2018) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn | HCNN2 | Best results in |
[66] (2018) | 3 emotions, 14 subjects, 64 EEG channels, film clips | DEn + others | GRSLR3 | Acc = 80.27% |
[67] (2018) | 3 emotions, two experiments: DEAP and SEED | DEn | — | Best results with SEED database |
[68] (2018) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn, SP, statistics | DGCNN4 | DEn better than SP and statistics. Acc = 90% |
[69] (2019) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn | LDA | Acc = 68% |
[70] (2019) | 2 emotions in patients with disorder of conciousness, 18 subjects, 32 EEG channels, videos | DEn | SVM | Acc = 91.5% |
[71] (2019) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn | STNN5 | Acc = 84.16% |
[72] (2019) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn | LR6 | Acc = 86% |
[73] (2020) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn | MTL7 | Acc = 88.92% |
[74] (2020) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn | CNN | Acc = 90.63% |
[75] (2020) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn | CNN | Acc = 90.41% |
[76] (2020) | High-low valence and arousal, DEAP | DEn + others | LORSAL8 | Acc = 77.17% |
[77] (2020) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn + others | CNN | Acc = 99.7% |
[78] (2020) | 3 emotions, SEED | DEn + others | SRU9 | Acc = 83.13% |
[79] (2021) | Valence and arousal, DEAP | DEn | CNN | Acc = 90.45% (valence) and 90.6% (arousal) |
Studies of emotions recognition from EEG recordings with predictability-based entropy indices (DEn).
GELM: Graph-regularized extreme learning machine.
HCNN: Hierarchical convolutional neural network.
GRSLR: Graph regularized sparse linear regression.
DGCNN: Dynamical graph convolutional neural network.
STNN: Spatial–temporal neural network.
LR: Linear regression.
MTL: Multisource transfer learning.
LORSAL: Logistic regression via variable splitting and augmented Lagragian.
SRU: Simple recurrent unit network.
Finally, Table 4 shows the main works focused on the application of multiscale and multilag entropy approaches for detecting emotions with EEG recordings. As can be observed, the study of these indices has emerged in the last few years, especially since 2019 until nowadays. In these works, the number of emotional states studied ranged from 2 to 5, which is in line with the rest of entropy metrics evaluated. Furthermore, the signals from the DEAP database were also chosen by some of the studies included in the table. It can be noticed that the selection of the classification models was slightly inconsistent among the different studies, although SVM and deep learning approaches were the most selected. As in the previous cases, the final outcomes obtained presented accuracy values with a high variability, ranging from 73–98%.
Ref. (Year) | Experimental design | Features | Classifier | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
[80] (2016) | 5 emotions, 30 subjects, 6 EEG channels, video clips | MMSampEn1 | — | Higher irregularity for higher arousal levels |
[81] (2019) | 2 emotions, DEAP | CMQSampEn2, CMAAPE3 | SVM, DT | Acc = 86.35% |
[82] (2019) | 4 emotions, DEAP | WEn | SVM, FCM4 | Acc = 73.32% |
[83] (2019) | 2 emotions, DEAP | PerMin, DPerEn5 | KNN | Acc = 92.32% |
[84] (2020) | 3 emotions, 10 subjects, 14 EEG channels, video clips | WEn | ANN | Acc = 98% |
[85] (2021) | 3 emotions, SEED | MSpEn6 + others | ARF7 | Acc = 94.4% |
[86] (2021) | Enjoyment, 28 subjects, 8 EEG channels, art pieces | MSampEn | SVM, RVM8 | Acc = 91.18% |
Studies of emotions recognition from EEG recordings with multiscale and multilag entropy indices.
MMSampEn: Multivariate-multiscale SampEn.
CMQSampEn: Composite multiscale QSampEn.
CMAAPE: Composite multiscale AAPE.
FCM: Fuzzy cognitive map.
DPerEn: Delayed PerEn.
MSpEn: Multiscale SpEn.
ARF: Autoencoder based random forest.
RVM: Relevance vector machine.
The application of entropy metrics for the recognition of emotions from EEG signals has received increasing attention in the last years, reporting valuable insights about the brain’s performance under different emotional conditions. However, the high variability of the results obtained could be justified by various aspects. On the one hand, the experimentation is different for each study, since there are no gold standards of experimental procedures. In this sense, the number of participants and their gender, age, or cultural characteristics, are very incosistent among studies, thus the results may not be representative of the whole population. In addition, the type of stimulus used for emotions elicitation (images, sounds, videos, etc.) is also inconsistent, since there is no consensus about which is the optimum option for triggering a strong emotional response [87]. The duration of the stimulus is another unclear point, thus different criteria are followed by each research group. Finally, although the locations of EEG electrodes are standardized, the number of EEG channels recorded is different in each experiment, ranging from 3 to 64. Moreover, some works assessed the signals corresponding to only one brain area, thus discarding the information that could be reported by the rest of regions.
All those experimental differences could bias the possibility of obtaining universal results that could be generalized to the whole population. As a consequence of all those discrepancies between experimental procedures, the studies presented in this manuscript should be carefully interpreted and compared. In addition, as not all the publications give a thorough description of their methodology, their experiments could not be reproduced by other research groups. Therefore, the assessment of signals extracted from publicly available databases, like DEAP or SEED, could eliminate this limitation, since the experimental procedure would be the same for different authors. In this sense, the reproducibility and comparability of the results obtained would be guaranteed, and the differences in the outcomes would directly appear due to the diversity of analysis methods and classification approaches.
The variability of the results could also be a consequence of the intrinsic differences of the entropy metrics evaluated. Indeed, regularity-based, predictability-based, and multiscale/multilag approaches evaluate the complexity of time series from different perspectives. Therefore, the application of either one or other type of entropy index on the same problem could report completely divergent outcomes. Nevertheless, instead of considering these inequalities as contradictory, it should be regarded as a sign of complementarity between the different entropy metrics. For instance, some characteristics of a nonlinear signal could be properly assessed with regularity-based entropies, and other dynamics would be better described by predictability and symbolic entropy measures. Consequently, the selection of either one or other type of entropy index should be done taking into account the information that is wanted to be extracted from a nonstationary time series, also considering that the combination of different entropies would report a more complete description of the nonlinear processes.
The promising outcomes presented in these studies make the entropy metrics a useful tool for the recognition of emotions from EEG recordings. However, the majority of the works are mainly focused on obtaining great classification accuracy values, for which advanced classification models with hundreds of input features are implemented. Despite providing notable numerical results in many cases, the combination of such a large amount of data in complex classification schemes derives in a total loss of clinical interpretation of the results. In this regard, information about which are the most relevant brain regions, or which EEG channels do a higher contribution to the classification model, cannot be obtained. Thus, it becomes impossible to make a thorough analysis of the brain’s behavior under the emotional states detected. As a result, it would be interesting to modify some methodological aspects in this kind of studies in order to ensure the clinical interpretation of the results and reveal new insights about mental processes under emotional conditions.
Given the nonlinear and nonstationary nature of the brain, entropy indices are suitable tools for a complete description of the brain dynamics in different scenarios, including the recognition of emotional states. This chapter summarizes the main recent contributions to the research field of emotions detection through the application of entropy indices for the analysis of EEG recordings. In this sense, regularity-based, predictability-based, and multiscale/multilag entropy approaches have demonstrated their capability to discern between different emotional states and discover new insights about the brain dynamics in emotional processes. Taking into account the valuable results obtained in the studies presented in this chapter, entropy metrics could become one of the first options to be considered in systems for automatic emotions identification from EEG signals.
This work was partially supported by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) /European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, UE) under EQC2019-006063-P, PID2020-115220RB-C21, and 2018/11744 grants, and by Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health (CIBERSAM) of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Beatriz García-Martínez holds FPU16/03740 scholarship from Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. 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The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ozioma-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10456,totalCrossrefCites:107,totalDimensionsCites:242,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"77607",title:"Mentorship in Postgraduate Medical Education",slug:"mentorship-in-postgraduate-medical-education",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98612",abstract:"Mentorship is critical to the development and professional growth of graduate medical education (GME) trainees. It is a bidirectional relationship between a mentor and a mentee. Mentorship has consistently been shown to be beneficial for both the mentor and mentee, with the mentee gaining valuable skills in education, personal growth, and professional support, and the mentor attaining higher career satisfaction and potentially greater productivity. Yet, there is a lack of research and in-depth analysis of effective mentorship and its role in postgraduate medical education. This chapter outlines different approaches toward mentorship and provides the reader with basic concepts relevant to the effective and competent practice of mentorship. The authors discuss the challenges that physician mentors and mentees face, the organizational models of mentorship, the approaches and techniques for mentorship, and the deleterious effects of mentorship malpractice. Our general discussion touches on best practices for both the mentor and mentee to allow for self-improvement and lifelong learning. The variety of applicable models makes it difficult to measure effectiveness of mentorship in GME, but there is an ongoing need for expanded research on the benefits of mentorship, as greater amount of supporting evidence will likely incentivize organizations to create mentorship-friendly policies and support corresponding institutional changes.",book:{id:"6947",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6947.jpg"},signatures:"Lena Deb, Shanaya Desai, Kaitlyn McGinley, Elisabeth Paul, Tamam Habib, Asim Ali and Stanislaw Stawicki"},{id:"81585",title:"Self-Management Strategies in Outpatients with Hypertension Under Treatment in Rural Communities",slug:"self-management-strategies-in-outpatients-with-hypertension-under-treatment-in-rural-communities",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104447",abstract:"Hypertension is already a problem faced by South African urban populations, but little is known about the predominance, chance factors, and self-management strategies of hypertension in rural areas. Hypertension has an increased mortality and morbidity rate, thus has been identified as the killer disease in rural communities as its prevalence is increasing year by year. Non-attendance of hypertensive patients in rural communities has been identified as one of the most pressing issues in chronic illness, including hypertension, management and results into uncontrolled illnesses. Hypertensive patients lack self-management strategies to maintain their quality of life when diagnosed. Therefore, this book chapter is aimed at exploring the knowledge of self-management and strategies used in outpatients with hypertension under treatment in rural communities. Seven major themes were identified: paradoxical description; adherence to treatment and medication instructions, medical follow-up visits at the health facility, healthy lifestyle; management of emotions; defense mechanisms and religious interventions. Patients faced obstacles such as not eating a healthy diet since they are not the ones cooking, and children are always generating problems for them, leading their blood pressure and blood glucose levels to rise. Additional efforts are needed in rural communities to promote hypertension and self-management measures through educational programs.",book:{id:"11292",title:"Hypertension",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11292.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Modupi Mphekgwana, Tebogo Maria Mothiba and Nancy Kgatla"},{id:"83117",title:"Endothelial Secretome",slug:"endothelial-secretome",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106550",abstract:"Endothelial cells produce huge proteomes from a relatively small total number of ECs. The ECs’ complex intercellular communication is possible through well-stored, classified, and compartmentalized secretory pathways, intermediated by the secretory vesicles and granules, with the purpose to maintain vascular homeostasis and integrity. Secreted proteins are involved in a myriad of cell communication processes. The local vascular microenvironment dynamically and constantly modifies the ECs’ secretome. We focus on the biological significance of secretome proteins in a healthy vascular microenvironment and under cardiovascular conditions. Vascular ECs crosstalk with other ECs, and other blood cells at a distance, with the circulating hematopoietic stem cells permitting adequate reactions to vascular injury, systemic or local inflammation, and viral or parasitic infections. Here, we overview current secretome biomarkers in vascular diseases, with a focus on their roles in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutics. Also, we highlighted some important pathological effects of exosome on cardiovascular disease. This chapter discusses current research directions characterizing vascular pathology conditioned secretomes, their regulation, and therapeutic pursuit. The overall aim of this chapter is to review current literature updates on endothelial secretome roles in endothelial homeostasis and in vascular disorders.",book:{id:"11566",title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg"},signatures:"Luiza Rusu"},{id:"82673",title:"Utilising Proteomics and Organoid Cultures for Predicting Treatment Response in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"utilising-proteomics-and-organoid-cultures-for-predicting-treatment-response-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106028",abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours worldwide. Despite advances in surgical intervention and therapeutics, development of chemoresistance remains a challenge to treating CRC. Predicting treatment response in CRC has strongly relied on genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics, combined with different cancer staging and classification systems. Despite being beneficial, these omics technologies fail to provide any assessment at a protein level. Thus, having high-throughput tools that assess tumour response to therapy at a protein level will definitely complement the current approaches. In this regard, the field of proteomics holds promise to understand treatment response in tumours. Additionally, patient-derived tumour organoids are replacing the traditional cell lines and xenograft models as the preferred in vitro models for predicting clinical response due to being a better representative model of typical tumour characteristics in vivo. Combining proteomics and tumour organoids can provide more personalised and optimal treatments for CRC in the coming years. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the progress made in proteomic research and use of organoids for understanding CRC treatment response, together with discussing the strengths and limitations of these two approaches when linked together. This overview will then be used to propose future perspectives.",book:{id:"11595",title:"Recent Understanding of Colorectal Cancer Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11595.jpg"},signatures:"Isaac Micallef and Byron Baron"},{id:"83008",title:"Recent Advances in Classification and Histopathological Diagnosis of Ovarian Epithelial Malignant Tumours",slug:"recent-advances-in-classification-and-histopathological-diagnosis-of-ovarian-epithelial-malignant-tu",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106545",abstract:"Ovarian tumours are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms classified based on histopathologic type and grade of differentiation. They comprise a broad range of tumours from benign and borderline to malignant histotypes characterised by different histopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular features. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the recent advances in the ovarian epithelial malignant tumours classification along with the histopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular diagnostic criteria highlighting areas of terminology discrepancies or changes and diagnostic challenges. These changes provide a better understanding of the ovarian tumours nature and lead to a more efficient therapeutic management of these pathological entities.",book:{id:"11598",title:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11598.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela-Monica Stanc, Efthymia Souka and Christos Valavanis"},{id:"81897",title:"Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Stroke Prevention",slug:"left-atrial-appendage-closure-for-stroke-prevention",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105140",abstract:"Atrial fibrillation is the most common chronic arrhythmia worldwide, and stroke is its most common complication. Approximately 20% of all ischemic strokes attributed to atrial fibrillation. Left atrial appendage thrombi are 90% responsible for embolic strokes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. In patients with atrial fibrillation, systemic anticoagulation is highly effective in lowering the risk of stroke. Bleeding problems and non-adherence hamper adequate anticoagulation therapy. As an alternative to stroke prevention with medical treatment, left atrial appendage closure is feasible and has proven to be an alternative to anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. Various left atrial appendage closure methods and devices have been defined and applied surgically and percutaneously. Exclusion of the left atrial appendage potentially minimizes the risk of embolic stroke and may eliminate chronic anticoagulation requirements. 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He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. 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