3-way ANOVA for rice grain yield in the Northern region
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7523",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"The Future of Internal Combustion Engines",title:"The Future of Internal Combustion Engines",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Based on previsions, the reciprocating internal combustion engine will continue to be widely used in all sectors: transport, industry, and energy production. Therefore, its development, while complying with the limitations of pollutants as well as CO2 emission levels and maintaining or increasing performance, will certainly continue for the next few decades.In the last three decades, a significant effort has been made to reduce pollutant emission levels. More recently, attention has been given to CO2 emission levels too.It is widely recognized that one single technology will not completely solve the problem of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Rather, the different technologies already available will have to be integrated, and new technologies developed, to obtain substantial CO2 abatement.",isbn:"978-1-83881-931-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-930-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-932-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76548",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"the-future-of-internal-combustion-engines",numberOfPages:86,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e1199c4848ca0d91d1002e9f775c218f",bookSignature:"Antonio Paolo Carlucci",publishedDate:"September 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7523.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6964,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 31st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 18th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"209343",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Carlucci",slug:"antonio-paolo-carlucci",fullName:"Antonio Paolo Carlucci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209343/images/system/209343.png",biography:"A. Paolo Carlucci, PhD, is Associate Professor of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Power Generation at University of Salento (Italy). He is currently responsible of “Internal Combustion Engines” laboratories, active in conventional and alternative ignition and combustion analysis in internal combustion engines fed with liquid and gaseous alternative fuels.\nA. Paolo Carlucci took part to different national and international research projects mainly on the following subjects: alternative fuels and alternative combustion in internal combustion engines, diesel engine and powertrain architectures for aircraft propulsion, distributed cogeneration based on internal combustion engines, alternative ignition strategies for air/gaseous fuel mixtures based on carbon nanotubes.\nA. Paolo Carlucci coauthored 2 book chapters, more than 30 journal papers and 60 contributions in proceedings of international and national conferences.",institutionString:"University of Salento",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"812",title:"Automobile Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering-automobile-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"65248",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Challenges of Future Internal Combustion Engines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83755",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-challenges-of-future-internal-combustion-engines",totalDownloads:890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Antonio Paolo Carlucci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65248",authors:[{id:"209343",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio Paolo",surname:"Carlucci",slug:"antonio-paolo-carlucci",fullName:"Antonio Paolo Carlucci"}],corrections:null},{id:"63305",title:"Dual-Fuel Combustion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80570",slug:"dual-fuel-combustion",totalDownloads:1394,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The implementation of a dual-fuel combustion strategy has recently been explored as a means to improve the thermal efficiencies of internal combustion engines while simultaneously reducing their emissions. Dual-fuel combustion is utilized in compression ignition (CI) engines to promote the use of more readily available gaseous fuels or more efficient, advanced combustion modes. Implementing dual-fuel injection technologies on these engines also allows (1) for improved control of the combustion timing by varying the proportion of two simultaneously injected fuels, and (2) for the use of more advanced combustion modes at high load since the two injected fuels ignite in succession reducing the high peak pressures that generally act as a limiting factor. In spark-ignited (SI) engines, the implementation of a dual-fuel combustion strategy serves as an alternative approach to avoid engine knock. The dual-fuel SI engine relies on the simultaneous injection of a low knock resistance and high knock resistance fuel to dynamically adjust the fuel mixture’s resistance to knock as required. The dual-fuel SI engine thereby successfully suppresses knock without compromising the engine efficiency. This chapter discusses the technological advancements associated to dual-fuel combustion and the respective gains in fuel efficiency and emissions reductions that have been achieved.",signatures:"Mateos Kassa and Carrie Hall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63305",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63305",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66638",title:"Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85446",slug:"alternative-fuels-for-internal-combustion-engines",totalDownloads:3339,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Researchers have studied on alternative fuels that can be used with gasoline and diesel fuels. Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, acetylene, natural gas, ethanol and biofuels also uses in internal combustion engines. Hydrogen in the gas phase is about 14 times lighter than the air. Moreover, it is the cleanest fuel in the world. On the other hand because of its high ignition limit (4–75%), low ignition energy, needs special design to use as pure hydrogen in internal combustion engines. It is proved that hydrogen improves the combustion, emissions and performance, when is added as 20% to fuels. Natural gas is generally consisting of methane (85–96%) and it can be used in both petrol and diesel engines. Ethanol can be used as pure fuel or mixed with different fuels in internal combustion engines. In this section, the effects of natural gas, hydrogen, natural gas + hydrogen (HCNG), ethanol, ethanol + gasoline, ethanol + hydrogen, acetylene, acetylene + gasoline mixtures on engine performance and emissions have been examined.",signatures:"Mehmet Ilhan Ilhak, Selim Tangoz, Selahaddin Orhan Akansu and Nafiz Kahraman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66638",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64806",title:"A New Lightweight Material for Possible Engine Parts Manufacture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82268",slug:"a-new-lightweight-material-for-possible-engine-parts-manufacture",totalDownloads:1341,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the current drive for cleaner energy use, the application of lightweight materials in internal combustion engines becomes imperative as it makes for greater fuel efficiency which results in pollution reduction. This chapter reviews the materials being developed in this direction and then discusses a particularly new lightweight hybrid composite material made of palm kernel shell (PKS) and periwinkle shell (PS) particles as reinforcements in commercially pure aluminium matrix. The fabricated composite had significantly improved properties over the commercially pure aluminium and was used to produce a lightweight engine block. Preliminary performance test results show that the hybrid aluminium composite may be suitable for some engine parts manufacture such as an engine block. Weight analysis carried out on an existing engine shows that the use of this new material in the manufacture of the engine block, cylinder head, piston and connecting rod could give a potential weight reduction of over 25% when used in place of conventional materials. Also, the results show that potential energy cost saving of over 62% could be achieved when this new material is used. However, further work is needed to properly ascertain its areas of specific application.",signatures:"Akaehomen O. Akii Ibhadode and Raphael S. Ebhojiaye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64806",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2447",title:"Progress in Gas Turbine Performance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"21ce1f2a2a32946eeb6425c684304ed2",slug:"progress-in-gas-turbine-performance",bookSignature:"Ernesto Benini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11393",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Benini",slug:"ernesto-benini",fullName:"Ernesto Benini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3680",title:"Magnetic Bearings",subtitle:"Theory and 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\r\n\tElectrodeposition has been an active research field of vast technological significance for many decades and continues to be an area of active discovery and development. Under electrochemical control, it is possible to create coatings of alloys, metals, colloids, magnetic materials, pigments, and nanoparticles or nanostructures of precise composition, thickness, and ordering. Electrodeposited coatings and thin films have served many both protective and decorative functions in commercial products. Electrodeposited films and coating are also essential for microelectronics, biomedical devices, corrosion and wear protection, batteries, photovoltaics, other energy devices, and the development of chemical and biochemical sensors. The long investigated and commercially applied fields of electroplating, electrophoretic deposition, and electroless plating will also be the focus of this book. The more recent area of electrodeposition of nanoparticles has resulted in the formation of surfaces covered by nanoparticles of controlled composition, size, and morphology that have enhanced electrochemical and optical, and plasmonic properties for use in catalysis and sensing. Electrodeposition under precisely controlled conditions has also been used to produce other structures on substrates having unique electrochemical and optical properties. The field of patterned surfaces generated by combining electrodeposition and lithographic methods is also a leading area of basic research and technological development.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-900-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-899-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-901-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dd7b08197c3dcfef54b5e636795a67f7",bookSignature:"Prof. Keith J. Stine",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11764.jpg",keywords:"Nanoparticle, Nanostructure, Electrode, Plasmon, Monolayer, Electrodeposition, Metal, Alloy, Coating, Electroless, Electroforming, Plating Bath",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 23rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Keith J. Stine (h-index 25) is a productive researcher in the fields of nanostructures formed and studied using electrochemical methods, and a member of the Center for Nanoscience at the University of Missouri - Saint Louis. Professor Stine received his BS from Fairleigh Dickinson University and his Ph.D. from MIT. He was a postdoctoral fellow at UCLA and joined the UMSL faculty in 1990. He served as Chair of the Faculty Senate and University Assembly for two years and was appointed department chair.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"192643",title:"Prof.",name:"Keith J.",middleName:null,surname:"Stine",slug:"keith-j.-stine",fullName:"Keith J. Stine",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192643/images/system/192643.jpg",biography:"Keith J. Stine was born in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1962 and grew up in New Jersey. He received his BS from Fairleigh Dickinson University in 1984 and his Ph.D. in 1988 from MIT under the direction of Carl W. Garland. He was a postdoctoral fellow at UCLA in the lab of Charles M. Knobler. He joined the UMSL faculty in 1990. He served as Chair of the Faculty Senate and University Assembly for two years and was appointed department chair in August 2019. Dr. Stine's research effort involves studies of modified surfaces and nanostructures. The surface modification of nanostructures is pursued with a focus on their prospective applications in bioanalytical chemistry such as in immunoassays, sensors, or in separations. Other projects concern the study of lipid monolayers and bilayers as models of processes occurring at the surface of cell membranes, and the use of these monolayers in molecular recognition studies. Collaborative efforts related to the automated synthesis of carbohydrates are also a focus.",institutionString:"University of Missouri–St. Louis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Missouri–St. Louis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. 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Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6851",title:"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e0ab8961c52c159da40dd3ec039be0",slug:"new-uses-of-micro-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero and Andres Guillermo Marrugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112233",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcelo Rubén",surname:"Pagnola",slug:"marcelo-ruben-pagnola",fullName:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7360",title:"Fillers",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4cb5f0dcdfc23d6ec4c1d5f72f726ab4",slug:"fillers-synthesis-characterization-and-industrial-application",bookSignature:"Amar Patnaik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43660",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amar",surname:"Patnaik",slug:"amar-patnaik",fullName:"Amar Patnaik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9360",title:"Perovskite Materials, Devices and Integration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4068d570500b274823e17413e3547ff8",slug:"perovskite-materials-devices-and-integration",bookSignature:"He Tian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259466",title:"Prof.",name:"He",surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"41129",title:"Improvement of Soil Fertility with Use of Indigenous Resources in Lowland Rice Systems",doi:"10.5772/53209",slug:"improvement-of-soil-fertility-with-use-of-indigenous-resources-in-lowland-rice-systems",body:'Low inherent soil fertility has been identified as a major cause for low rice yield in Sub-Saharan Africa (Buri et al., 2004; Senayah, et al., 2008; Buri et al., 2009; Issaka et al., 2009; Abe et al., 2010). The problem is compounded because farmers are not able to purchase fertilizer due to relatively high cost and therefore rely mostly on natural soil fertility which is low and declining. However, there are various organic materials that have the potential and can effectively contribute to improving soil fertility within the region. JIRCAS (2010) reported the quantity, quality and distribution of various organic materials that are available and suitable for supplementing soil fertility in Ghana. In this report, Rice straw (RS), Cow dung (CD), and Human excreta (HE) were evaluated in the Northern region which is located within the Guinea savanna zone and found them effective materials that can contribute in reducing chemical fertilizer application, and to improve soil fertility. RS, Poultry manure (PM), and Saw dust (SD) were evaluated in the Ashanti region located within the Equatorial forest zone. These two climate zones are common agricultural zones where lowland rice is cultivated in Africa.
RS, the commonest material within the two regions, is one of the most accessible materials to resource poor peasant farmers, because RS is produced in rice fields itself and therefore does not need to be transported. Therefore, the development of proper and improved management techniques of this material is essential for Ghanaian rice production.
In the Northern region, CD and HE were selected as regional materials for agricultural use. These materials have been evaluated and used in some Asian countries as having high fertilizer effects (e.g. Austin et al., 2005, Matsui, 1997). However, in Ghana, these materials are considered as non-accessible resource because of lack of proper management technology, and psychological reasons (Coffie et al., 2005). In Ghana, it seems that gathering plant materials in the Northern region is more difficult than in the Ashanti region. Human and/or animal resource could be collected in settlement ecosystem through some life style or system innovations.
In the Ashanti region, PM and SD were selected. These materials are considered as having high agronomical potential especially in the Ashanti region. Commercial poultry farmers are generally concentrated in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions hence almost 50% of poultry manure is produced in these two regions (Quarcoo, 1996). So poultry manure is particularly accessible and available for rice production in the Ashanti region. SD is a byproduct material of lumbering industry which is popular in Ghana. Hence, its disposal has lately become a major problem for the government and timber industry.
This study therefore investigated the application effect of these selected organic materials on rice yield, and their proper processing methods for each organic matter application. The various processing (referred here as pre-treatment) include the following four treatments i.e. (i) ashing, (ii) charring, (iii) composting, and (iv) direct application. The effect of these four treatments on rice growth and yield were investigated. Organic materials have various forms, and each form has some advantages and disadvantages, as far as crop nutrition is concern. Therefore, this study investigated the best organic matter management option for rice production in Ghana, through the comparison of rice yield under four types pretreated i.e. ashed (ASH), charred (CH), composted (CO), or non-treated raw material (RW) organic materials application.
Ghana has several agro-ecological zones but these can be broadly categorized into forest and savannah. The experiments were conducted at the University of Development Studies (UDS; N 09°24’19”, W 000°58’14”) located in the Northern region which lies within the Guinea savannah agro-ecological zone, and at the CSIR - Soil Research Institute (SRI; N 06°45’18”, W 001°35’30”) which is in the Ashanti region and within the forest agro-ecological zone of the country. At UDS, the effect of rice straw (RS), cow dung (CD), and human excreta (HE) application on rice yield were investigated. At the CSIR-SRI, the effect of RS, poultry manure (PM), and saw dust (SD) application on rice production was evaluated.
Three types of organic materials that are potentially available were selected, for study site. Each of the organic material was applied to rice on the fields after pretreatment into ash (ASH), charr (CH), compost (CO), and untreated raw material (RW). The effect of Phosphate Rock (PR) on rice yield was also investigated by setting-up three levels of phosphorus i.e. CON as control (0 kgP2O5 ha-1), BRP as (Burkina Faso phosphate rock) applied at 135kg P2O5 ha-1, and TSP as mineral fertilizer (135kg P2O5 ha-1). 36 treatments (3 x 4 x 3) and without-organic material (WOM) application plot at 3 levels of P application and three replication., This gave a total of 117 plots in each station.
The quantities of the three types of organic materials applied were maintained as 3.2 kg P2O5 ha-1 at the Northern site, and applied directly to the soil surface. Compost was purchased from the market because there was not enough compost at that time. In Ashanti region, 3.2 kg P2O5 ha-1 of organic materials were applied as direct application, and 1 t ha-1 of materials were applied for pretreated organic materials. For all treatments, 30 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg K2O ha-1 was applied as basal dressing.
Rice varieties in our trials were selected GR18 in Northern region, and Sikamo in Ashanti region. GR18 is reported to be one of the most popular varieties in Northern Ghana (Ghana Seed Company, 1988). Sikamo was recommended by Crops Research Institute (CRI), and was an improved variety for rain-fed lowlands rice cultivation, demonstrated in the 1990s by Ghana rice project.
The plant density was at a recommended rate of 20 cm × 20cm in each site.
A 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for rice grain yield under 36 treatments was conducted to verify the effect of organic matter application at each site, and to clarify the effect of interaction between three factors, i.e. type of organic material, pretreatment, and PR application. In this analysis, rice yield without organic matter application was excluded. The results of the 3-way ANOVA for rice grain yields did not show any significant difference between treatments and their interaction (Tables 1 and 2). Even though, all treatments were replicated three times, but it might not be enough to avoid specific variance of land condition for elucidation of statistical difference.
3-way ANOVA for rice grain yield in the Northern region
3-way ANOVA for rice grain yield in the Ashanti region
Rice yield under various organic material applications are indicated in Table 3. Least significant differences (LSD) at 5 % level are also shown in the Table. Statistical difference analysis, however, accord ANOVA priority to LSD. Mean value of rice grain yields under combined application of organic material, pretreatment, are indicated in Figure 1. The mean values were calculated by averaging of CON, BRP, and TSP for the three replications. The rice yield in Northern region generally showed higher value (e.g. 2.51 t ha-1 at CO-HE mean value of CON, BRP, and TSP) compared with WOM (1.25 t ha-1 in means value of CON, BRP, and TSP).
CO and RW showed relatively higher value in RS treatments. It seemed that ASH and CH treatment for rice straw had lost more nutrients than the other organic materials. Meanwhile, RW-RS and CO-RS have physical beneficial effect on soil fertility such as mulching effect.
In the CD treatments, ASH and CH showed higher value in CON treatment, and CO and RW showed higher value in BRP treatment. CD contained highest P2O5 contents (1.72%) among three selected organic material. It maybe considered as the contribution of mineralized P from CD under combustion, that contributed to the increased rice grain yields.
The rice yields under HE application showed high value in CH and CO pretreatments. Especially under CON treatment, CH showed 2.97 t ha-1 of grain yield and CO showed 2.93 t ha-1 of grain yield, respectively.
Generally, organic materials application increased rice grain yields compared with WOM. Organic materials application showed pronounced effect especially in CON treatment, i.e. in RS 3.96 times, in CD 4.21 times, in HE 4.46 times higher than WOM rice yield, respectively. On the other hand, there were not significant effects of organic material applications on rice yield under TSP treatment. The rice yield under TSP treatment ranged from 82 to 91% against rice yield on WOM.
Ashing has disadvantageous of nutrient loss and/or green-house gas production with dry combustion. Meanwhile when the material is ashed, there is significant reduction in both weight and volume. Labour and cost of transportation is greatly reduced resulting in economic benefit and transportation efficiency. Ash contributes in the enhancement of soil fertility with mineralization of organic matter, in elimination of bad organic substances that may become plant growth inhibition factor, in supplement of Potassium and Silica (Anzai 1993).
Charring has similar advantages and disadvantages as in ashing in the short-term but is expected to show organic function compared with ashing. Recent studies reported that application of charred organic material could enhance crop production through increasing of soil organic matter, improvement of soil physical and biological properties (Glaser et al., 2002; Lehmann et al., 2003; Yeboah et al., 2009). And recently, the application of charred organic material has been focused as one of the important factor on the pedogenic process of Amazonian Dark Earth, that is known as tropical fertile soil with black colored surface (Nakamura et al., 2007)
It is well known that composted organic materials strongly contribute to crop production. Composting enhances the fertilizing capacity of an organic material. The C/N ratio of an organic material decreases with composting, mineralization of the material also results in mineral nutrient concentration. Organic matter decomposition and fermentation, can reduce disease and pestilence risk due to increase in temperature. However, it is also known that composting requires knowledge for keeping fermentation condition i.e. water contents management. Composting is also laborious and the material is normally bulky requiring additional labour to convey the material to the field and apply. Therefore it may be a difficult technical option for farmers due to some of these reasons.
Rice grain yield under organic and pretreated materials in Northern region
Grain yield: (t ha-1); CON: Non-P application, BRP: Burkina Faso Phosphate Rock application, TSP: Triple Super Phosphate application, WOM: without organic material, ASH: ashing, CH: charring, CO: composting, RW: raw material,
Effectiveness of organic matter application: The rice grain yield at each plot / the rice grain yield at WOM under same P management condition.
Effect of organic matter application on rice grain yield in Northern region. Mean values of CON, BRP, and TSP treatment are indicated. WOM: without organic matter, RS: rice straw, CD: cow dung, HE: human excreta, ASH: ashing, CH: charring, CO: composting, RW: raw material
Rice yields under various organic materials applications in Ashanti region are shown in Table 4 and Figure 2. The significant difference by 3-way ANOVA was not found as the same as Northern region. The cultivar used in Ashanti region (Sikamo) was different from Northern region (GR18), so rice yields could not be simply compared between the two research sites.
In the RS treatment, the mean rice yield values for CON, BRP, TSP rice yields showed higher value than WOM, but RW-RS showed relatively lower values than the other treatments. The RW-RS was the best harvested RS treatment in Northern region, so there were different effectiveness trend of RS treatment between Northern and Ashanti region. Northern region is located in Guinea-Savannah zone, and has little annual precipitation. Soils were kept under upland condition over a long time. Ashanti region is in the Equatorial Forest zone that has higher rainfall and that lowland rice can be cultivated under submerged condition throughout the year. Probably the difference of RW-RS effect on rice yield between the two sites was attributed to difference of organic matter decomposition rate caused by variation in water conditions.
Rice grain yield under organic and pretreated materials in Ashanti region
Grain yield: (t ha-1); CON: Non-P application, BRP: Burkina Faso Phosphate Rock application, TSP: Triple Super Phosphate application, WOM: without organic material, ASH: ashing, CH: charring, CO: composting, RW: raw material,
Effectiveness of organic matter application: The rice grain yield at each plot / the rice grain yield at WOM under same P management condition.
Effect of organic matter application on rice grain yield in Ashanti region. Means values of CON, BRP, and TSP treatment are indicated. WOM: without organic matter, RS: rice straw, PM: poultry manure, SD: saw dust ASH: ashing, CH: charring, CO: composting, RW: raw material
The application of poultry manure resulted in higher yield except ASH and CH under CON treatment. However, ASH-PM showed low yield (5.20 t ha-1) under CON treatment, but showed high yield under BPR and TSP treatments (6.83 and 7.20 t ha-1), respectively.
Under the SD application, RW-SD produced a lower value compared with other SD application. RW-SD under all three P treatments showed a similar yield as WOM (Effectiveness against WOM: 1.05 at CON, 0.95 at BRP, 0.98 at TSP). Only the RW-SD did not show the positive effect of organic matter application on rice yield. The RW-SD in Ashanti region was direct application of woody material for submerged condition. So, decomposition rate and plant nutrient release rate seemed to be extremely slow, and thus causing nitrogen starvation for the treatment.
The agronomic efficiencies to TSP under various organic matter applications are shown in Table 5. Agronomic efficiency was calculated from the difference in grain yield (t ha-1) of PR to those of TSP treatment. This efficiency can be considered as the indicator of BRP being a possible alternative to TSP. According to FAO (2004), BPR direct application showed 97% of agronomic efficiency in lowland rice cultivation.
Under this study and within the Northern region in Ghana, the agronomic efficiency of BPR direct application against TSP was relatively lower in WOM, RW-RS, ASH-HE (54, 66, 62%, respectively). Treatments of ASH-RS, RW-CD, CO-CD, CH-HE, CO-HE showed efficiency of over 120%, suggested that combined application of PR and organic materials was effective in PR application. It is well known that organic matter application is one of the effective techniques to solubilize PR. This may be so due to PR dissolution in organic acids produced by microorganisms, through decomposition of easily decomposable organic substances.
On the other hand, within the Ashanti region, only CO-SD showed a lower value (71%). The other treatments including WOM gave similar trend with higher values that ranged from 84% to 118%. This result shows that agronomic efficiency did not increased by organic matter application. These results do not only indicated that BPR can be use directly as alternative fertilizer, but also indicated that there are not clear positive effects of organic matter application on PR agronomic efficiency enhancement.
Effect of various organic material application on changes of agronomic efficiency (%) in BPR direct application against TSP application
RS: rice straw, CD: cow dung, HE: human excreta, PM: poultry manure, SD: saw dust, WOM: without organic material, ASH: ashing, CH: charring, CO: composting, RW: raw material directly applied
Rice grain yields generally increased with the application of the various organic matters. Grain yields under organic matter application showed approximately 1.5 to 1.6 times higher than those of WOM in Northern region, and 1.1 to 1.2 times higher than WOM in Ashanti region. However in some case e.g. RW-SD, did not show any positive effect of application on rice yield, and so the proper pretreatment for each organic resources need to be selected.
The best promising organic material for agricultural use in Northern region is rice straw (RS). CO-RS and RW-RS treatment showed high positive effect on rice yield in the Northern region trial. It seems adequate amount of mineral plant nutrients were supplied due to decomposition of RS and that soil physical and biological properties were enhanced. On the other hand, CH-RS and ASH-RS also showed positive effect on rice yield, however, it should be considered that charring needs input of labor and capital, and that ashing will impact the environmental negatively. Moreover, ashing process can reduce effectiveness of soil physical and biological properties observed under CO and RW application.
CD application showed high yield in all pretreated plots. It is well known that CD application is effective for rice production. In the Northern region, however, it is far from recommended materials because of difficulty in material gathering. Most of CD in this region was produced by cattle grazing, that means farmer needs to collect CD scattered throughout savannah forest. This study indicated that CD has similar effect on rice yield compared with other organic materials. The use of CD in rice cultivation can be as popular as RS due to both availability and accessibility. While RS is readily available in the rice fields extra labour is require to search and collect CD. However, after using CD as fuel CH-CD and ASH-CD can be used in rice production since these materials increased rice yield significantly.
Rice yields average of HE application was almost same as those of CD. Improvement of crop productivity has been reported by many existing studies. However it also has been mentioned that HE usage has difficulty to diffuse for farmers because of hygienic risk and psychological avoidance. These obstacles can be resolved by either combustion process such as CH and ASH, or composting process. CO-HE indicated highest yield among four pretreatment in HE treatments, the yield was almost twice higher than WOM.
According to the results from Northern region trial, authors suggest that CD and/or HE composting based on RS usage should be well examined as the effective and affordable technical options for farmers. HE composting still have the difficulty of gathering, but technology introduction on collecting and separating urine and feces, such as Eco-San toilet, will open the way for proper management of HE, especially in Northern region. Moreover CD and HE composting based RS can be expected to increase RP application effect on rice yield.
Similar to what was observed in Northern region, the use of RS is considered as an effective resource for rice production in Ashanti region, because of its high accessibility. However, unlike the Northern region, RW-RS in Ashanti region showed a smaller effect on rice production than the other treatments. Most rice fields in Ashanti region are irrigated and can be used to cultivate throughout the year. Therefore, rice fields are generally maintained under submerged condition for long periods hence decomposition rate of organic matter will be relatively slow. Hence, RW-RS application is discouraged because its effect on rice yield is not pronounced, and a possible risk of nitrogen starvation.
Poultry manure with every pretreatment showed high positive effect on rice yield enhancement, especially in CO-PM. Poultry manure is a popular organic material that is an effective P source, and that is highly accessible in the Ashanti region.
In the SD treatment, RW-SD showed lower value (5.47 t ha-1) than WOM of rice yield (5.52 t ha-1). Similar to RW-RS, direct application of SD generally has the problem due to its high C/N ratio. Moreover SD composting is also difficult because SD consist of woody material that contains resistant organic matter. To avoid plant damage by organic acids and/or nitrogen starvation, SD composting needs to take a long time for decomposition and fermentation. Combustion treatment, which take shorter time and is easy to practice (CH and ASH) is affordable and effective for agricultural usage in Ashanti region. The possibility of composting through inoculation with microorganisms should not be excluded from future investigation.
In the organic material application in Ashanti region, all treatment except direct application of RS and SD showed positive effect on rice grain yield. It is suggested that ASH-RS, CH-RS, ASH-SD, CH-SD, and composting RS or SD combined with PM, and also RW-PM, are evaluated as promising technical options that are accessible and effective for rice cultivation in Ashanti region. These selected options showed relatively high value not only in rice yield but also in agronomic efficiency of BPR application. The effect of organic material application on enhancement of PR solubility was smaller compared with the effect observed in Northern region. However, direct application of PR in this region indicated high agronomical efficiency to TSP application, and means PR has possibility of alternative usage against TSP. Further investigation need to be conducted on the effect of RP combined with organic material application on rice yield.
This investigation was conducted under the project “Improvement of Soil Fertility with Use of Indigenous Resources in Rice Systems of Sub-Sahara Africa’, which was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), Japan. The authors are grateful to the entire staff of CSIR-SRI, UDS both in Ghana and JIRCAS for their technical supports.
The periodontium is considered an organ constituted by a group of hard tissues (alveolar bone and cement) and soft tissues (periodontal ligament and gingiva). These tissues support the dental organs for a proper function in the oral cavity [1].
\nThe gingiva is a specific oral, physical barrier (Figure 1) [2], which is a dynamic environment and continuously stimulated by the microbial imbalance, where homeostasis is frequently altered, which leads to that entails to an inflammatory event at the site [3].
\nGingiva. The epithelial junction is a specific oral physical barrier.
Inflammatory cytokines and immune and nonimmune cells play, in the periodontium, an important defensive role in the gingival barrier [4]. However, the intimate relation between the epithelial junctions and the surface of the tooth can be interrupted by routine actions such as chewing and brushing and the formation of the biofilm, which can cause bacterial translocation [5].
\nThe interaction between the gingival epithelial cells and the main pathogens (
The gingival disease is defined as an inflammatory disorder initiated on the surface of the soft tissues, where the persistent inflammation can promote the destruction of the periodontium [7].
\nThe disease occurs by a complex interaction between the microbial environment and the immune response of the host, which results in altered bone metabolism and connective tissue destruction [8]. It has been proposed that periodontopathogens are necessary but insufficient to promote the destruction of tissues and develop periodontal lesions because most of the damage is caused by the subversion of the host immune response [6].
\nThe adhesion and colonization by periodontopathogens in the gingiva trigger inflammatory through the liberation of endotoxins and bacterial products from the bacteria [9] which are recognized by the pattern recognition receptor (Toll-like receptors, cytoplasmic nucleotide oligomerization domain-like, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, CD14) expressed in resident cells of the gingiva such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells [10]. The subsequent signal translation activates signaling pathways that promote the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [11].
\nChemokine, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes increase vascular permeability and the expression of adhesion molecules that stimulate the infiltration of non-resident cells to the tissues such as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes [6]. Therefore, an inflammatory environment is initiated locally that includes prostaglandins, matrix metalloproteases, complement proteins, and cytokines [12].
\nInflammation is continued by macrophages that increase the concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1, 6 (IL-1, IL-6); at this moment more neutrophils are recruited in the furrow to try to control the infection [3, 11]. If the bacterial infection is not resolved by the inflammation, the antigens are captured, processed, and shown by antigen-presenting cells that activate naïve CD4 T lymphocytes at the subtype Th17 [13]. The profile of Th17 lymphocytes present in the gingival sulcus secretes cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22 that enhance inflammation to eliminate extracellular bacteria [11].
\nThe pro-inflammatory microenvironment could compromise the integrity of the alveolar bone that supports the dental organs which are maintained by the balance between the reabsorption of the old bone by the osteoclasts and the formation of the new bone by the osteoblasts; however, in periodontitis (PE), the cycle of bone remodeling is altered in favor of the resorption [14]. Key effectors in the microenvironment of bone resorption involve the molecule triad, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), and decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) [15, 16]. RANKL, which is produced by osteoblasts, stromal cells, T cells, and other sources, activates RANK on the surface of osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors [16]. The process of osteoclastogenesis begins by the binding of RANK-RANKL and can be interrupted by OPG that functions as a decoy receptor that blocks the binding of RANKL to RANK (Figure 2) [17].
\nBone resorption. The osteoclast activity is regulated by the expression and interaction of RANK-RANKL-OPG [
The pro-inflammatory cytokines are proteins that have a principal role in the control, direction, amplitude, and duration of the immune response. They allow contact within the immune system and communication with other organs and tissue systems [8]. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine; MIF is an important mediator of the innate immune response [18]; however, there are a few studies that describe its participation in PE, for its characteristics it can lead the environment of the inflammatory response in the disease.
\nMIF is a multifunctional protein, constitutively expressed in a wide variety of immune and nonimmune cells, such as eosinophils, neutrophils, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, B and T lymphocytes; endocrine; endothelial; epithelial; and neuronal cells [19].
\nMIF is a monomer of 115 amino acids forming a homotrimer; each has two antiparallel alpha helices that pack against a four-stranded beta-sheet. Each of the three monomers is arranged to form a barrel containing a channel that runs through the center of the protein along a molecule (Figure 3) [20].
\nMIF structure. (a) The folding of the MIF monomer and (b) the folded structure of MIF trimer [
MIF is stored in pre-formed and released rapidly in response to the stimulation from microbial products (LPS), proliferative signals, and hypoxia [18, 19, 20], works in a paracrine and autocrine form, promotes the activation of cells, as well as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and counteracts the effects of glucocorticoids at the sites of inflammation [18].
\nMIF activates in macrophages functions such as phagocytosis, adherence, motility and transendothelial migration [19].
\nMonocytes/macrophages store large amounts of preformed MIF that are released against stimulation with LPS, glucocorticoids, Gram-positive exotoxins, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators, which have an important role in the local secretion of MIF during the innate immune response [19, 21].
\nThe physiological role of MIF is to counteract the inhibitory effects of steroids on the inflammatory and immune response; MIF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that stimulates the release of other cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 in inflammation [19].
\nMIF also participate in the modulation of the expression of other pro-inflammatory molecules, including the same MIF, nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2), perpetuating the inflammatory environment, by positive feedback to the inflammatory response [22, 23].
\nMIF plays a critical role in the regulation of the innate immune response, through the modulation of TLR4. Activation of TLR4 results in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including MIF, which induces the recruitment of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils [19].
\nAlthough MIF was identified for the first time as an inhibitor of macrophage migration, subsequent studies revealed that in the presence of inflammatory mediators, it is also capable of leukocyte extravasation [24]. This cytokine can have a similar function to chemokines while it is in interaction with the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR2 to promote the recruitment of inflammatory cells [19].
\nIn this way, MIF participates in the adhesion of monocytes to the vessel wall and its transendothelial migration [25]. This immobilization of cells to the endothelial surface is mediated by the action of chemokines that prevent these cells from continuing their circulation, promoting the immobilization and transmigration of the cells through the endothelium [26].
\nThe pro-inflammatory, chemoattractant, and osteoclastogenic characteristics of MIF make it a cytokine with an important role both in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease (Figure 4).
\nMIF in periodontal disease.
The studies related to MIF and periodontal disease are few; however, the existing ones have given the guidelines to introduce this cytokine to its pathophysiology.
\nAs mentioned above, MIF is a cytokine produced by immune and nonimmune cells; therefore the source of MIF in periodontal tissues can be diverse including inflammatory cells as cells resident in tissues [19].
\nIn 2003, the presence of MIF in epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts of gingival tissue was first described by immunohistochemistry [27], confirming that this cytokine is located preformed in the cytoplasm of the cell [21], therefore MIF could participate in homeostatic, proliferative (necessary for the cell), and inflammatory functions in the tissue [27].
\nLikewise, Li et al. evaluated the expression of MIF in gum biopsies of subjects with PE where they found the presence of MIF in both epithelial strata and in connective tissue vessels; it was also determined that reconstituted gingival epithelial cells overexpress MIF when performing stimulations with LPS [28]. Therefore, the expression profile of MIF can be regulated by the periodontal conditions and the presence of endotoxins that induce its release [21].
\nThe evaluation of MIF in body fluids as a biological indicator has been carried out in various pathologies. Recently the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has received a lot of attention for being an informative fluid of both physiological and pathological events in the oral cavity.
\nIn 2009 the concentrations of MIF in GCF of subjects with induced gingivitis were determined where it is verified that the levels of MIF can be modified in response to bacterial colonization in the gingival sulcus [29], this being the first work in describing the cytokine in this fluid.
\nAnother study evaluated the MIF concentrations in GCF of patients with metabolic syndrome with gingivitis. This study found that the group with both pathologies does not present significant differences with the group that presents only gingivitis; nevertheless, it found differences in comparison with healthy subjects, and therefore the authors related the increase of MIF directly with the gingival inflammation and not with the presence of the metabolic syndrome [30].
\nResearch on the quantification of MIF in saliva has been increasing in various pathologies such as oral squamous cell carcinoma [31], in studies evaluating depressive symptoms [32], and in chronic pelvic pain syndrome [33], among others.
\nThe investigations about MIF serum concentrations are extensive because this fluid has been used to evaluate MIF in numerous systemic diseases.
\nIn 2017 MIF was evaluated in saliva and serum in aggressive PE, this study was first to report this cytokine in both fluids in periodontal disease. Their results showed that the cytokine increased significantly due to the presence of the disease in both fluids, likewise MIF correlated with clinical diagnostic parameters [34].
\nKnowing the concentrations of MIF in different fluids in periodontal disease would provide us the information necessary to know the behavior of the protein at the local and systemic levels in the presence of this type of entity.
\nAn experimental study in a murine model of PE showed that in MIF −/− mice, the absence of MIF decreases the clinical signs of the disease and the recruitment and phagocytic activity of neutrophils. It also points out that MIF is important in the control of infection because the lack of the cytokine increases the bacterial load and decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines in MIF −/− mice compared to wild-type mice [35].
\nAnother study in a murine model of acute apical PE analyzed the coexpression of MIF and RANKL in periapical lesions induced in mice, where the author associates that the presence of MIF increases the pro-inflammatory environment that promotes the overexpression of RANKL, the inducer of the direct activation of the osteoclasts [36].
\nThe osteoclastogenic activity of MIF in PE can also be attributed to the ability of the cytokine to activate signaling pathways such as NF-kB and NFAT in osteoclast precursors that initiate differentiation and survival in the cell [37, 38], as well as the possible chemoattractant faculty of MIF by acting as a ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in the recruitment of osteoclast precursor cells [39].
\nIn periodontal disease MIF regulates the immune response and can promote soft tissue degradation and bone resorption.
\nDue to the few studies about MIF and periodontal disease it is important to continue doing more research to elucidate the participation of this cytokine in the immunopathology of this disease.
\nThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
GCF | gingival crevicular fluid |
MIF | macrophage migration inhibiting factor |
PE | periodontitis |
RANK | receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B |
RANKL | receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand |
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Peña-Lecona"},{id:"169609",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"roger-chiu",fullName:"Roger Chiu"},{id:"169825",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Mora-González",slug:"miguel-mora-gonzalez",fullName:"Miguel Mora-González"},{id:"169826",title:"Dr.",name:"Didier",middleName:null,surname:"López-Mancilla",slug:"didier-lopez-mancilla",fullName:"Didier López-Mancilla"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"95",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",abstract:"We investigated if general insurance claims are normal or rare events through systematic, discontinuous or sporadic jumps of the Brownian motion approach and Poisson processes. Using firm quarterly data from March 2010 to December 2018, we hypothesized that claims with high positive (negative) slopes are more likely to have large positive (negative) jumps in the future. As such, we expected salient properties of volatile jumps on the written products/contracts. We found that insurance claims for general insurance quoted products cease to be normal. There exist at times some jumps, especially during holidays and weekends. Such jumps are not healthy to the capital structures of firms, as such they need attention. However, it should be noted that gaps or jumps (unless of specific forms) cannot be hedged by employing internal dynamic adjustments. This means that, jump risk is non-diversifiable and such jumps should be given more attention.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha"},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",abstract:"This chapter presents a multivariate analysis method which is developed in two steps using a combination of Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Factorial Correspondence Analysis (AFC). To explain and describe the steps of the method, we use an application example on a survey dataset from young students in Thessaloniki trying to investigate their behavioral profiles in terms of political characteristics and how these may be affected about their attendance to a civic education course offered by the Political Science department in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The method is explained step by step on this example serving as a manual of its application to the researcher. HCA assigns subjects into cluster membership variables and in the next stage, these new variables are jointly analyzed with AFC. Correspondence analysis manages to extract the dimensions of the phenomenon in the study, explaining the inner antithesis between the categories but also giving the opportunity to visualize the information in a two-dimensional space, a semantic map, making interpretation more comprehensive. HCA is then applied again to the AFC’s coordinates of the categories constructing profiles of subjects, assigning them to the categories of the variables.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou"},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",abstract:"Perceptron learning has its wide applications in identifying interesting patterns in the large data repositories. While iterating through their learning process perceptrons update the weights, which are associated with the input data objects or data vectors. Though perceptrons exhibit their robustness in learning about interesting patterns, they perform well in identifying the linearly separable patterns only. In the real world, however, we can find overlapping patterns, where objects may associate with multiple patterns. In such situations, a clear-cut identification of patterns is not possible in a linearly separable manner. On the other hand, fuzzy-based learning has its wide applications in identifying non-linearly separable patterns. The present work attempts to experiment with the algorithms for fuzzy perceptron learning, where perceptron learning and fuzzy-based learning techniques are implemented in an interfusion manner.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala"},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the model-based clustering within the Bayesian framework and apply it to asses the heterogeneity of fractional data via finite mixture two-part regression model. The problems related to the number of clusters and the configuration of observations are addressed via Markov Chains Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling method. Gibbs sampler is implemented to draw observations from the related full conditionals. As a concrete example, the cocaine use data are analyzed to illustrate the merits of the proposed methodology.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou"},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:146,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",abstract:"A process of similar data items into groups is called data clustering. Partitioning a Data Set into some groups based on the resemblance within a group by using various algorithms. Partition Based algorithms key idea is to split the data points into partitions and each one replicates one cluster. The performance of partition depends on certain objective functions. Evolutionary algorithms are used for the evolution of social aspects and to provide optimum solutions for huge optimization problems. In this paper, a survey of various partitioning and evolutionary algorithms can be implemented on a benchmark dataset and proposed to apply some validation criteria methods such as Root-Mean-Square Standard Deviation, R-square and SSD, etc., on some algorithms like Leader, ISODATA, SGO and PSO, and so on.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N"},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:157,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",abstract:"The Brazilian legal system postulates the expeditious resolution of judicial proceedings. However, legal courts are working under budgetary constraints and with reduced staff. As a way to face these restrictions, artificial intelligence (AI) has been tackling many complex problems in natural language processing (NLP). This work aims to detect the degree of similarity between judicial documents that can be achieved in the inference group using unsupervised learning, by applying three NLP techniques, namely term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), Word2Vec CBoW, and Word2Vec Skip-gram, the last two being specialized with a Brazilian language corpus. We developed a template for grouping lawsuits, which is calculated based on the cosine distance between the elements of the group to its centroid. The Ordinary Appeal was chosen as a reference file since it triggers legal proceedings to follow to the higher court and because of the existence of a relevant contingent of lawsuits awaiting judgment. After the data-processing steps, documents had their content transformed into a vector representation, using the three NLP techniques. We notice that specialized word-embedding models—like Word2Vec—present better performance, making it possible to advance in the current state of the art in the area of NLP applied to the legal sector.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",signatures:"André J. Pelser and Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche",slug:"climate-change-rural-livelihoods-and-human-well-being-experiences-from-kenya",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. 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