Variation of the magnetic, permeability and stretching parameters on the skin friction coefficients.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"37",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"VoIP Technologies",title:"VoIP Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides a collection of 15 excellent studies of Voice over IP (VoIP) technologies. 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His research interests include quality of service in mobile and wireless networks, mobility management, mobile ad-hoc networks, and delay/disruption-tolerant networks. He has recently been developing an end-to-end handover method to maintain voice over IP quality, as contributed in Chapter 14. He received his bachelor of management science and his master of business information science from Kobe University of Commerce, Japan in 1999 and 2001, respectively, and his PhD in information science from NAIST in 2003. From January 2004 to February 2005, he was a postdoctoral researcher at Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan. Since then, he has been a faculty member at NAIST. 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\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to cover advances in boundary element method for problems in continuum mechanics. The book will try to encompass theoretical background for academia and applied problems for the industry. Welcome topis include boundary element method application in fracture mechanics and fracture propagation, advancing boundary element method application in dynamic problems such as wave propagation and dynamic fracture mechanics, coupling boundary element and Finite Element, Application of boundary element in time-dependent problems such as viscoelasticity and nonlinear problems such as plasticity, boundary element method and high-performance computing, advantages of different methods used in boundary element formulation, discrete element method, fast multipole boundary element method and etc, boundary element method and residual thermal stress with application to manufacturing process.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"19a619bf3e24a7b292019c0ca0f83c21",bookSignature:"Dr. Farrokh Sheibani",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9331.jpg",keywords:"Boundary Element, Fracture Mechanics, Fracture Propagation, Stress Intensity Factor, Welding, Laser Welding, Laser Cutting, Viscoelasticity, Plasticity, Heat transfer, Dynamic Element, Wave Propagation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 14th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 4th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 3rd 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sheibani is a member of ASCE-American Society of Civil Engineers, ASME-American Society of Mechanical Engineers, SPE-Society of Petroleum Engineers, AAPG-American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ARMA-American Rock Mechanics Association, SEG-Society of Exploration Geophysicist, AGU-American Geophysical Union, MITei-MIT Energy Initiative, MIT Mining, Oil and Gas Club, ICOLD-International Commissions of Large Dams.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"167645",title:"Dr.",name:"Farrokh",middleName:null,surname:"Sheibani",slug:"farrokh-sheibani",fullName:"Farrokh Sheibani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/167645/images/system/167645.png",biography:"Dr. Farrokh Sheibani received his PH.D. at The University of Texas, Austin. At the present, Dr. Sheibani is a Process Simulation Engineer with focus on glass and ceramic materials at Corning Inc, USA. He also worked as a research scientist at the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Earth Resources Lab, MIT, Cambridge and was a postdoctorate research associate at the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Earth Resources Lab, MIT, Cambridge. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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These applications include cooling of papers, glass‐fibre production, plastic sheets and polymer extrusion, hot rolling wire drawing, metal spinning, stretching of rubber sheets and crystal growing. The quality and final product formation in these processes are dependent on the rate of stretching and cooling.
\nSince the pioneering study by Crane [1] who presented an exact analytical solution for the steady two‐dimensional flow due to a stretching surface in a quiescent fluid many studies on stretched surfaces have been done [1–5].
\nThermal conductivity of nanoparticles has been shown in recent research on nanofluid to change the fluid characteristics. The thermal conductivity of the base liquid with the enhanced conductivity of nanofluid and the turbulence induced by their motion contribute to a remarkable improvement in the convective heat transfer coefficient. This feature of nanofluid makes them attractive to a wide variety of industries, ranging from transportation to energy production and supply to electronics. They can be used in welding equipment, high heat flux and to cool car engines, among other applications. Many researchers [6–10] have studied the boundary layer flow of a nanofluid caused by a stretching surface.
\nShateyi and Prakash [11] carried out a numerical analysis on the problem of magneto hydrodynamic boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a moving surface in the presence of thermal radiation. Kuznetsov and Nield [12] examined the influence of nanoparticles on natural convection boundary layer flow past a vertical plate, using a model in which Brownian motion and thermophoresis are accounted for. Aziz and Khan [13] investigated using a similarity analysis of the transport equations by their numerical computations to the natural convective flow of a nanofluid over a convectively heated vertical plate.
\nMakinde and Aziz [14] numerically studied the boundary layer flow induced in a nanofluid due to a linearly stretching sheet. Hayat et al. [15] addressed the MHD flow of second grade nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. Zhao et al. [16] studied the three‐dimensional nanofluid bio‐convection near a stagnation attachment. Sheikholeslami and Ganji [17] studied two‐dimensional laminar‐forced convection nanofluids over a stretching surface in a porous medium. The study used different models of nanofluid based on different formulas for thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. Nayak et al. [18] did a numerical study on the mixed convection of copper‐water nanofluid inside a differentially heated skew enclosure. Recently, Mabood and Das [19] analysed MHD flow and melting heat transfer of a nanofluid over a stretching surface. Naramgari and Sulochana [20] analysed the momentum and heat transfer of MHD nanofluid embedded with conducting dust particles past a stretching surface in the presence of volume fraction of dust particles. Sandeep et al. [21] analysed the unsteady MHD radiative flow and heat transfer characteristics of a dusty nanofluid over an exponentially permeable stretching in the presence of volume fraction of dust and nanoparticles. Sheikholeslami et al. [22] computationally investigated nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a square heated rectangular body. Sheikholeslami and Ganji [23] provided a review of researches on nanofluid flow and heat transfer via semi‐analytical and numerical methods. Lastly, Naramgari and Sulochana [20] analysed the three‐dimensional MHD Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluid flow over a stretching surface in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion.
\nThe main objective of this chapter is to numerically analyse the influence of convective boundary conditions on the model of three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic, nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet through a porous medium in the presence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion as well as thermal radiation. The governing partial differential equations use suitable similarity transformations. The transformed governing equations are solved numerically using the spectral relaxation method (SRM). The effects of dimensionless parameters on velocity components, temperature and concentration profiles together with the skin friction coefficients, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are discussed with the aid of tables and graphs.
\nWe consider a three‐dimensional steady incompressible MHD nanofluid flow, heat and mass transfer over a linearly stretching sheet through a porous medium. The sheet is assumed to be stretched along the
where
The corresponding boundary conditions for the flow model are:
\nWe have
In order to non‐dimensionalise the governing equations, we introduce the following similarity equations [24]. These transformations also transform the partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations which is then solved using the spectral relaxation method:
\nUpon substituting the similarity variables into Eqs. (2)–(5), we obtain the following system of ordinary equations
\nThe corresponding boundary conditions are
\nPrimes denote differentiation with respect to
where
To solve the set of ordinary differential Eqs. (9)–(12) together with the boundary conditions (13) and (14), we employ the Chebyshev pseudo‐spectral method known as spectral relaxation method. This is a recently developed method, and the details of the method are found in Motsa et al. [25]. This method transforms sets of non‐linear ordinary differential into sets of linear ordinary differential equations. The entire computational procedure is implemented using a program written in MATLAB computer language. The nanofluid velocity, temperature, the local skin‐friction coefficient and the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are determined from these numerical computations.
\nTo apply the SRM to the non‐linear ordinary differential equations, we first set
The boundary conditions become
\nIn view of the SRM, we then obtain the following iterative scheme:
\nThe above equations form a system of linear decoupled equations which can be solved iteratively for
where,
where
The system of ordinary differential Eqs. (9)–(12) subject to the boundary conditions (13) and (14) is numerically solved by applying the spectral relaxation method. The SRM results presented in this chapter were obtained using
Table 1 displays the validation of the present results with those obtained by the bvp4c results. As can be clearly observed from this table, there is an excellent agreement between the results obtained by bvp4c method giving confidence in the findings of this study. Table 1 also shows the influence of the magnetic, permeability and stretching parameters on the skin friction coefficients. It is noticed that the skin friction coefficient increase with the increasing values of the parameters.
\n\n | \n\n | \n | \n | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | \nK | \nC | \nBvp4c | \nSRM | \nBvp4c | \nSRM | \n
0 | \n0.1 | \n0.1 | \n1.22690 | \n1.22690 | \n0.09495 | \n0.09495 | \n
1 | \n0.1 | \n0.1 | \n1.52270 | \n1.52270 | \n0.137834 | \n0.197854 | \n
3 | \n0.1 | \n0.1 | \n2.12214 | \n2.12214 | \n0.19750 | \n0.197520 | \n
5 | \n0.1 | \n0.1 | \n2.55018 | \n2.55018 | \n0.24290 | \n0.24290 | \n
1 | \n0.0 | \n0.1 | \n1.415504 | \n1.415504 | \n0.118270 | \n0.118270 | \n
1 | \n0.5 | \n0.1 | \n1.582270 | \n1.582270 | \n0.137834 | \n0.137834 | \n
1 | \n1.5 | \n0.1 | \n1.871764 | \n1.871764 | \n0.170320 | \n0.170320 | \n
1 | \n3.0 | \n0.1 | \n2.236839 | \n2.236839 | \n0.209800 | \n0.209800 | \n
1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n1.585645 | \n1.585645 | \n0.280922 | \n0.28022 | \n
1 | \n0.2 | \n0.4 | \n1.599025 | \n1.599025 | \n0.585064 | \n0.585064 | \n
1 | \n0.2 | \n0.6 | \n1.610701 | \n1.610701 | \n0.916198 | \n0.916198 | \n
1 | \n0.2 | \n0.8 | \n1.647760 | \n1.647760 | \n0.927968 | \n0.927968 | \n
Variation of the magnetic, permeability and stretching parameters on the skin friction coefficients.
Table 2 depicts the influence of Brownian motion thermophoresis, parameters and the Biot numbers on the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Both the rates of heat transfer and mass transfer are increasing functions of the Brownian motion parameter. By definition, thermophoresis is the migration of a colloidal particle in a solution in response to a microscopic temperature gradient. The heat transfer is reduced while the mass transfer increases with increasing values of the thermophoresis parameter. Lastly, Table 2 shows the influence of the Biot numbers on the heat transfer and mass transfer rates and they both increase with increasing values of the thermal Biot number. But we noticed opposite effects when the solutal Biot number increases.
\nNb | \nNt | \nBit | \nBic | \n\n\n | \n\n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.528756 | \n0.272081 | \n
0.4 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.540153 | \n0.283370 | \n
0.6 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.627812 | \n0.370495 | \n
0.8 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.685700 | \n0.428392 | \n
0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.484629 | \n0.277618 | \n
0.1 | \n0.4 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.418686 | \n0.299623 | \n
0.1 | \n0.6 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.364816 | \n0.321133 | \n
0.1 | \n0.8 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.320526 | \n0.342009 | \n
0.1 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.523097 | \n0.266480 | \n
0.1 | \n0.1 | \n0.4 | \n0.2 | \n0.868307 | \n0.633407 | \n
0.1 | \n0.1 | \n0.6 | \n0.2 | \n1.114143 | \n0.926920 | \n
0.1 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.2 | \n0.523097 | \n0.266480 | \n
0.1 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.4 | \n0.516229 | \n0.115364 | \n
0.1 | \n0.1 | \n0.2 | \n0.6 | \n0.511106 | \n0.002054 | \n
The influence of the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters as well as that of the Biot numbers on the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers.
Figures 1 and 2 display the effect of permeability parameter on the velocity profiles. We observe that the tangential velocity profiles decrease as the values of the permeability parameter. Also, the transverse velocity (
Effect of permeability parameter on the tangential velocity profiles.
Effect of permeability parameter on the transverse velocity profiles.
Influence of the magnetic parameter on the tangential velocity.
Influence of the magnetic parameter on the transverse velocity.
Influence of the stretching parameter on the tangential velocity.
Variation of the stretching parameter on the velocity.
\nFigure 7 displays the influence of the Biot number
Effect of the Biot number on the temperature.
Figures 8 and 9 reveal the effect of the stretching ratio parameter
Effect of varying the stretching parameter on the temperature.
Effect of varying the stretching parameter on the temperature.
Effect of thermophoresis parameter on the temperature profiles.
Effect of thermophoresis parameter on the concentration profiles.
Effect of Brownian motion parameter on the temperature profiles.
Effect of magnetic parameter on the temperature profiles.
Influence of the permeability parameter on the nanofluid temperature.
Influence of thermal radiation on the temperature.
Lastly, the effect of the Lewis number on the concentration profiles is depicted on \nFigure 16\n. Large values of the Lewis number implies increased values of the Schmidt number which results in the thinning of the solutal boundary layer.
\nInfluence of the Lewis number on the concentration.
A three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid, heat and mass transfer over a stretching surface with convective boundary conditions through a porous medium. The transformed governing equations are solved numerically using the spectral relaxation method. The accuracy of the SRM was validated against the MATLAB in‐built bvp4c routine for solving boundary value problems. The following conclusions are driven from this study:
The effect of increasing the magnetic field parameter is to reduce the momentum boundary layer there and to increase the thermal and solutal boundary layer thickness. The same effect on the flow characteristics is also experienced by increasing values of the stretching parameter (
We observed that the local temperature rises as the Brownian motion, thermophoresis, permeability parameter and Biot numbers intensify. But opposite influences are observed when the values of the thermal radiation and stretching parameters increase.
Increasing values of the Lewis number (
The rise in the stretching ratio parameter increases the Nusselt and Sherwood number.
Lastly, the Nusselt number decreases, while the Sherwood number increases as the Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects increase.
In recent years, the Brazilian Judiciary has been advancing toward turning all its acts digital. Following this direction, the Brazilian Labour Court implemented in 2012 the Electronic Judicial Process (acronym in Portuguese for “
Knowing that human beings cannot promptly analyze a large set of data, especially when such data do not appear to correlate, a way to assist in the pattern-recognition process is through statistical, computational, and data analysis methods. From the perspective that an exponential increase in textual data exists, the analysis of patterns in legal documents has become increasingly challenging.
Currently, one of the major challenges in the legal area is to respond quickly to the growing judicial demand. The Brazilian legal system provides for ways to ensure the swift handling of judicial proceedings, such as the principle of the reasonable duration of a case, the principle of speed, the procedural economy, and due process to optimize the procedural progress [2]. Therefore, with the aid of some clustering mechanism, that is, the grouping of processes, with a good rate of similarity between the documents to be analyzed, it was possible to help in the distribution of work among the advisors of the office for which the process was drawn. In addition, it contributed to the search for case law1 for the judgment of the cases in point, to ensure a speedy trial, upholding the principle of legal certainty. According to Gomes Canotilho [3]:
Thus, this legal management tool created positive impacts such as the decrease of the operational costs of a legal proceeding, as a result of reducing its duration, meaning lower expenses on the allocation of the necessary resources for its judgment.
Recently, machine learning algorithms have demonstrated through research that they are powerful tools capable of solving high-complexity problems using natural language processing (NLP) [4]. In this sense, it is possible to highlight the works of [5, 6, 7, 8, 9], which apply the techniques of word-embedding generation, a form of vector representation of terms, and consequently of documents, taking into account their context. The use of these word embeddings is essential when analyzing a set of unstructured data presented in the form of large-volume documents in court.
Nowadays, a specialist screens the documents and distributes among the team members the legal proceedings to be judged, setting up a deviation from the main activity of this specialist, which is the production of draft decisions. This contributed to an increase in the congestion rate (an indicator that measures the percentage of cases that remain pending solution at the end of the base year) and to the decrease in the meeting of demand index (acronym in Portuguese for “
Description | 2° Degree | 1° Degree | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Magistrates | Legal authority | 559 | 3077 | 3636 |
Legal workers | Public administration employee | 6911 | 22,785 | 29,696 |
Stockpile | Number of pending cases | 792,223 | 3,741,548 | 4,533,771 |
New cases | Number of new cases | 898,104 | 2,632,093 | 3,530,197 |
Judged | Number of cases judged | 989,324 | 3,036,686 | 4,026,010 |
Closed | Number of cases with final decision | 941,356 | 3,244,652 | 4,185,708 |
IAD | Closed cases/new cases | 104.8% | 123.3% | 118.6% |
Congestion tax | Closed cases/(new cases + stockpile) | 45.7% | 53.6% | 52.0% |
Knowledge | Fact awareness phase | — | 35.1% | 35.1% |
Execution | Judgment enforcement phase | — | 72.7% | 72.7% |
New cases | Average number of new cases per magistrate | 1607 | 662 | 821 |
Workflow | Average number of cases per magistrate | 3583 | 2794 | 2,927 |
Judged cases | Average number of cases judged per magistrate | 1770 | 1103 | 1216 |
Closed cases | Average number of cases closed per magistrate | 1684 | 1179 | 1264 |
New cases | Average number of new cases per worker | 135 | 83 | 95 |
Judged cases | Average number of cases judged per worker | 300 | 351 | 339 |
Closed cases | Average number of cases closed per worker | 141 | 148 | 146 |
Report of indicators of Brazilian labor justice.
This work aims, therefore, to present the degree of similarity between the judicial documents that was achieved in the inferred groups through unsupervised learning
This degree of congruence signals the model’s performance and is set from the average similarity measure of the grouped files, based on the similarity cosine between the elements of the group to its centroid and, comparatively, by the average cosine similarity among all the documents of the group.
Aiming to delimit the scope of this research, a dataset containing information from documents of the Ordinary Appeal Interposed (acronym in Portuguese for “
For the present work, a literature review on unsupervised machine learning algorithms applied to the legal area was performed, using NLP, and an overview of recent techniques that use artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in word-embedding generation. Then, we applied some methods until the results were obtained, comparing and discussing them, and finally, conclusions and future challenges were presented.
Machine learning algorithms have in the most recent research demonstrated a great potential to solve high-complexity problems, which follow the categories into (i) supervised machine learning algorithms; (ii) unsupervised; (iii) semi-supervised; and (iv) by reinforcement [11]. In the context of this chapter, the literature review focused on the search for the most recent research on unsupervised machine learning or clustering algorithms applied to the legal area using NLP.
The investigation revealed that there are not many works dealing with the highlighted topic, which proves its complexity. Thus, we sought to expand the research by removing the restriction to the legal area bringing light to other publications. In [12], we discussed the content recommendation system approaches based on grouping for similar articles that used TF-IDF to perform vector transformation of the document contents and, through cosine similarity, applied k-means [13] for clustering them. In [14], the authors automatically summarized texts using TF-IDF and k-means to determine the document’s textual groups used to create the abstract. Then, TF-IDF is considered the primary technique for vectorizing textual content and k-means the most used algorithm for unsupervised machine learning.
Therefore, we can assume that choosing the best technique of generating word embeddings requires investigation, experimentation, and comparison of models. Several recent pieces of research have demonstrated the feasibility of using word embeddings to improve the quality of AI algorithm results for pattern detection, classification, among other uses.
In 2013, Mikolov et al. [6] proposed two new architectures to calculate vector representations of words calling them Word2Vec, which was considered, at the time, as a reference in the subject. Subsequently, techniques of word embeddings based on the use of the long short-term memory network (LSTM) [15] became widely used for speech recognition, language modeling, sentiment analysis, and text prediction, and that, unlike the recurrent neural network (RNN) they can forget, remember and update the information thus taking a step forward from the RNNs [16]. Therefore, LSTM-based libraries, such as Embeddings from Language Models (Elmo) [17], Flair [18], and context2vec [19] created a different word embedding for each occurrence of the word, related to the context, that allowed to capture the meaning of the word.
In more recent years, new techniques of word embeddings have emerged, with emphasis on (i) Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) [9], context-sensitive model with architecture based on a transformer model [20]; (ii) Sentence BERT (SBERT) [21], a “Siamese” BERT model that was proposed to improve BERT’s performance when seeking to obtain the similarity of sentences; and (iii) Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer (T5) [22], a framework for treating NLP issues as a text-to-text problem, that is, input to the template as text and template output as text.
From this analysis, it was possible to advance in the current state of the art in the area of NLP applied to the legal sector, by conducting a comparative study and application of the techniques TF-IDF, Word2Vec CBoW, and Word2Vec Skip-gram to perform the grouping of labor legal processes in Brazil using the k-means algorithm and the cosine similarity.
This section presents each step necessary to achieve the results and to make it possible to analyze them comparatively. To perform all the implementations of the routines necessary for this study, the Python programming language (version 3.6.9) was used and, among other libraries, (i) Numpy (version 1.19.2) was used; (ii) Pandas (version 1.1.3); (iii) Sklearn (version 0.21.3); (iv) Spacy (version 2.3.2); and (v) Nltk (version 3.5).
Every processing flow (pipeline) consists of the phases: (i) data extraction; (ii) data cleansing; (iii) generation of word-embedding templates; (iv) calculation of the vector representation of the document; (v) unsupervised learning; and (vi) calculation of the similarity measure, as detailed in the following subsections.
The dataset used for these studies belongs to the Regional Labour Court of the 5th Region (acronym in Portuguese for “Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 5ª Região”—TRT5). There are approximately 210 (two hundred and ten) thousand documents of the Ordinary Appeal Interposed type, incorporated into the Electronic Judicial Process (PJe) system, originally added to the PJe in portable document format (PDF) or hypertext markup language (HTML). As the PJe has a tool for extracting and storing the contents of documents, there was no need for further processing in obtaining the text of such files.
In addition to the content of the documents, the following information was extracted: (i) the name of the parts of the proceedings to which such documents belonged; (ii) the list of labor justice issues from the Unified Procedural Table2 (acronym in Portuguese for “
Preprocessing is a fundamental step for the application of artificial intelligence techniques and involves the following: (i) data standardization (when there is a large discrepancy between the values presented to the technique); (ii) the withdrawal of null values; and (iii) the reorganization and adequacy of the structure of the dataset. In this case, it is usually necessary for experts to conduct an exploratory analysis of the data used in advance to determine the direction of preprocessing.
For this phase, this study uses two forms of preprocessing: (i) detection of the subjects of the Unified Procedural Table (contained in the extracted documents) and (ii) cleaning the contents of the documents.
For the detection of the subjects of the TPU present in the extracted documents, regular expression matching was used as the search technique to measure the occurrences of these words in the files marking them with “tags” referring to the subject found.
For cleaning the contents of documents, usually using a regular expression, the steps were as follows:
HTML tags: removed the html tags found in the document, such as <script>, <body>, <style> etc.;
TPU subjects: replaced the subject text with a subject tag, for example, “
Related Persons: replaced the name of the individuals linked to the legal cases of the documents, such as the name of the author(s) and defendant(s), by the “tag” “
Judicial process number: replaced the number of the judicial process (according to the standard formatting defined nationally by the CNJ, NNNNNNN-NN.NNNN.N.NN.NNNN where N is a numeral) by the "tag" “
Standardization of abbreviations: replacement of abbreviations (acronyms) by the full translation as drawn STF list as reported in Section 3.1, for example, CLT was transformed into “
Addresses: replaced the addresses contained in the document with the “tag” “
Links: removed Internet links contained in the text;
Date and Time: replacement of date and time content with “
Time: replacement of the time content with the “
Days of the week: removed the days of the week found in the document;
Document ids: replacement of PJe document ids referenced in the document with “tag” “
Unit of measure: replaced the units of measurements and their values by the “tag” “
Numbers: replaced the numbers in full, ordinal numbers, and numerical sequences by the “tag” “
Judging bodies: replaced the judging bodies (e.g., “
Months of the year: removed the months of the year found in the document;
Judicial Stopwords: only when the technique employed is TF-IDF. The common words were removed in all texts of the judiciary, such as (i) “
Stopwords:
TF-IDF: removed all stopwords from the Portuguese language, such as “
Other techniques: removed only the non-adverbs of the Portuguese language, for example, the words “
Line breaks: replaced line breaks by space;
Punctuation marks:
TF-IDF: removed all the punctuation marks contained in the documents;
Other techniques: removed the punctuation marks except dot (.), comma (,), exclamation (!), and interrogation (?);
Lemmatization:
TF-IDF: applied the technique to replace words with its root, for example, words such as “
Other techniques: lemmatization has not been applied;
In addition to the preprocessing detailed above, when the technique used was TF-IDF, the tags inserted in the text during this phase were removed.
An essential technique in solving machine learning problems, involving NLP, is the use of vector representation of words, in which numerical values indicate some correlation of words in the text. This chapter uses word embeddings generated and shared for the Portuguese language, such as Word2Vec CBoW and Word2Vec template with Skip-gram. These templates were created based on more than 1 billion and 300,000 tokens, with results published in the article “Portuguese Word Embeddings: Evaluating on Word Analogies and Natural Language Tasks” presented at the Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology - STIL 2017 [23].
Different from the TF-IDF technique, which has the vector representation of the document based on the statistical measurement of each term of the document in relation to all known corpus, and whose vector dimension is equal to the size of the vocabulary of the corpus, the other techniques (i) Word2Vec CBoW ptBR and (ii) Word2Vec Skip-gram pt-BR need to go through a change to calculate the vector representation of the document (document embeddings). This happens because for these techniques what you can get is the vector representation of the word (word embeddings).
Thus, to calculate the vector representation for the documents some alternatives are suggested, such as (i) average of the word embeddings of the words of the document; (ii) sum of the word embeddings of the words in the document by pondering them with the TF-IDF and then dividing by the sum of the TF-IDF of the words of the document; and (iii) weighted average with the TF-IDF of the word embeddings of the words of the document, the latter being the technique chosen for presenting the best result.
The use of unsupervised learning techniques is relevant when the intention is to detect patterns among court documents. The k-means algorithm, whose basic concepts were proposed by MacQueen [13], is the technique adopted in this study. In general, this technique seeks to recognize patterns from the random choice of K initial focal points (centroid), where K is the number of groups that one wishes to obtain and, iteratively, position the elements whose Euclidean distance is the minimum possible concerning the centroid of the group.
Since one does not have an ideal K to offer the algorithm, an approach usually used to support such a decision is to calculate the inertia, based on how well the dataset was grouped through k-means.
The inertia calculation is based on the sum of the square of the Euclidean distance from each point to its centroid and seeks to obtain the lowest K with the lowest inertia. However, the higher the K value reaches, the tendency is that inertia will be lower, and then, the elbow method was used to find the point where the reduction in inertia begins to decrease.
Hence, 31 values for K were used within the range from 30 to 61, considering an interval for each unit, selecting the K that generated the best grouping. In addition, the strategy of creating submodels, limited to two, was used for the documents of the groups whose average similarity rate did not reach a value greater than 0.5.
The similarity measure is an important tool for the measurement of the quality of inferred groups. In this study, the cosine similarity measure is adopted, which is a measure that calculates the cosine of the angle between two vectors projected in the multidimensional plane, the result of which is between 0 and 1, in which 1 represents that the two vectors are totally similar, and 0 represents that they are totally different. Given two vectors, X and Y, the cosine similarity is presented using a scalar product according to Eq. (1).
Consequently, to decide whether, after the clustering of the chief model, it was necessary to generate up to two more submodels, using the average cosine similarity among all elements of the group. Although the computational cost of calculating the similarity between all files in the group is relevant, we sought to reduce the distance between documents that were part of the same group, although they were located near the centroid. To assess the final efficiency of the technique, another form of calculation was adopted, computing for each group the average cosine similarity between the group elements and its centroid. Thus, as a measure of global similarity of each approach, we calculated the average of the average of the groups, so that the one that reached a value closer to 1 (one) was considered the best technique.
This research shows, as per the methodology presented in the previous sections, how machine learning algorithms associated with NLP techniques are important allies in optimizing the operational costs of the judicial process. It is evidenced from the result, for example, of document screenings and procedural distribution, which allows an expert to devote oneself to their chief activity optimizing working time.
While using the k-means unsupervised learning algorithm, it was necessary to choose the best K for each NLP technique studied. In this scenario, the elbow method was applied based on the calculated inertia of each of the 31 K tested, as shown in Figure 1, thus achieving a better result for each technique.
Inertia charts constructed by using the elbow method for determining the best number of clusters for each approach.
From the attainment of the best K, the k-means model was trained and, from the grouping performed by this technique, we could reach the average similarity between the documents of each group. Those groups that did not make the cutting line of at least 0.5 of average had the group files submitted for creating up to two submodels. As expected, only for TF-IDF technique groupings is there a need to generate submodels to improve performance.
Table 2 shows the average similarity of the groups obtained using the TF-IDF technique, as well as the result of the Word2Vec CBoW pt-BR technique. It achieved a little better measure of similarity than the Word2Vec Skip-gram pt-BR technique; however, the latter achieved its result with a smaller number of groups, which places it, in general, as the best technique.
Model | Submodel 1 | Submodel 2 | Final | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Groups | Mean | Groups | Mean | Groups | Mean | Groups | Mean |
TF-IDF | 37 | 0.3696 | 43 | 0.4001 | 48 | 0.4002 | 48 | 0.4002 |
Word2Vec CBoW ptBR | 59 | 0.9060 | — | — | 59 | 0.9060 | ||
Word2Vec Skip-gram ptBR | 34 | 0.9044 | — | — |
Mean cosine similarity between all elements of the group. The best results are highlighted in bold.
After the groups were formed, the statistical data resulting from each approach were calculated, as shown in Table 3 and in the comparative graph of distributions between the techniques (Figure 2). The cosine similarity of the group elements to its centroid was used as a metric, showing the proximity of the results between the techniques with Word2Vec and highlighting the technique Word2Vec Skip-gram ptBR for the smaller amount of generated groups.
Type | Groups | Mean | Std. | Min. | 25% | 50% | 75% | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TF-IDF | 49 | 0.6241 | 0.1718 | 0.2466 | 0.5021 | 0.5864 | 0.1639 | 0.9644 |
Word2Vec CBoW ptBR | 59 | 0.9475 | 0.0632 | 0.7640 | 0.9352 | 0.9790 | 0.991 | 0.9999 |
Word2Vec Skip-gram ptBR |
Statistics of the cosine similarity of the group elements to the centroids. The best results are highlighted in bold.
Boxplots showing the distributions of the clusters calculated by each technique. The more cohesive the boxes and the less number of outliers, the better.
When comparing the values presented in Tables 2 and 3, it is noteworthy that the results presented in Table 2 are worse in all cases. It is inferable from this observation that the similarity measure calculations shown in Table 2 can reduce the similarity rates since there may be elements in the group positioned on completely opposite sides. From Figure 2, it is also possible to verify that the groupings generated by the Word2Vec technique were more cohesive than those generated by the TF-IDF technique, especially the Word2Vec Skip-gram technique, which created fewer groupings in the range of outliers than Word2Vec CBoW, demonstrating its superiority by allowing fewer groups but maintaining consistent quality and cohesion.
Given the aforesaid, among all the techniques evaluated, the Word2Vec Skip-gram pt-BR technique presented itself as the best option for word embeddings for clustering legal documents of the Ordinary Appeal Interposed type. Although the Word2Vec CBoW pt-BR technique achieves slightly better rates, it stands out from the previous one for reaching a much smaller number of groups.
The result achieved by each approach can be visualized by projecting in two dimensions of the groups formed from the three techniques: (i) TF-IDF; (ii) Word2Vec CBoW pt-BR; and (iii) Word2Vec Skip-gram pt-BR, respectively, presented in Figures 3–5. It is evident in the figures that the groups formed from Word2Vec are much better defined, especially skip-gram, which confirms the findings previously explained in this work.
2D projection of the entire test dataset, showing for each document its corresponding group formed by TF-IDF.
2D projection of the entire test dataset, showing for each document its corresponding group formed by Word2Vec CBoW ptBR.
2D projection of the entire test dataset, showing for each document its corresponding group formed by Word2Vec skip-gram ptBR.
The use of AI as a standard detection tool based on documents from the judiciary has generally proved to be a viable and helpful solution in the scientific, technological, and practice of legal work. In this chapter, it was possible to present the results considered very promising due to the improvement in the average similarity rate. Thus, we demonstrate the possibility of using word-embedding generation techniques applied on clustering of Ordinary Appeal Interposed using AI algorithms.
Of all the techniques evaluated, the Word2Vec Skip-gram pt-BR technique presented itself as the best option for word embeddings for clustering legal documents of the Ordinary Appeal Interposed type.
We believe that specialized word embeddings have great potential in improving the results. Therefore, comes the suggestion for future study of Word2Vec specialized for the judiciary, in addition to evaluating whether the new embeddings generated provide an opportunity to improve the overall performance of clustering. In addition, using transformer-based techniques, such as BERT, can achieve promising results, using both the Portuguese language word-embedding model and training a specialized BERT model for the judiciary.
Moreover, new possibilities arise for using the techniques discussed in this chapter, such as the draft generation of decisions and classification of documents and processes.
The authors thank the Regional Labour Court of the 5th Region for making datasets available to the scientific community and contributing to research and technological development. The authors also thank the Artificial Intelligence Reference Centre and the Supercomputing Centre for Industrial Innovation, both from SENAI CIMATEC.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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Those nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1–100 nm) have several potential functions. These days, sustainable agriculture is needed. The development of nanochemicals has appeared as promising agents for the plant growth, fertilizers and pesticides. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials has been considered as an alternative solution to control plant pests including insects, fungi and weeds. Several nanomaterials are used as antimicrobial agents in food packing in which several nanoparticles such as silver nanomaterials are in great interest. Many nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3 and carbon nanotubes) have been reported to have some adverse effects on plant growth apart from the antimicrobial properties. In food industries, nanoparticles are leading in forming the food with high quality and good nutritive value.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Alaa Y. Ghidan and Tawfiq M. Al Antary",authors:null},{id:"68760",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88744",title:"Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing Based on Synthetic Polymers",slug:"nanofibrous-scaffolds-for-skin-tissue-engineering-and-wound-healing-based-on-synthetic-polymers",totalDownloads:1291,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Nanofibrous scaffolds are popular materials in all areas of tissue engineering, because they mimic the fibrous component of the natural extracellular matrix. In this chapter, we focused on the application of nanofibers in skin tissue engineering and wound healing, because the skin is an organ with several vitally important functions, particularly barrier, thermoregulatory, and sensory functions. Nanofibrous meshes not only serve as carriers for skin cells but also can prevent the penetration of microbes into wounds and can keep appropriate moisture in the damaged skin. The nanofibrous meshes have been prepared from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers. This review is concentrated on synthetic non-degradable and degradable polymers, which have been explored for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. These synthetic polymers were often combined with natural polymers of the protein or polysaccharide nature, which improved their attractiveness for cell colonization. The nanofibrous scaffolds can also be loaded with various bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, hormones, vitamins, antioxidants, antimicrobial, and antitumor agents. In advanced tissue engineering approaches, the cells on the nanofibrous scaffolds are cultured in dynamic bioreactors enabling appropriate mechanical stimulation of cells and at air-liquid interface. 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Catalysis particularly using supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has attracted immense research interest due to their unique properties and greater potentiality that is directly related to their particle size. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide comprehensive overview about gold metal nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their application as promising catalysts. This chapter contains six sections in total. Section 1 starts with a general introduction, recent progress, and brief summary of the application of supported AuNPs as promising catalysts for different applications. Section 2 briefs the properties and stability of gold nanoparticles. Section 3 reviews the preparation methods of supported AuNPs for a wide range of catalytic applications. Section 4 describes briefly some of the most commonly reported supported AuNPs for different applications. Section 5 concentrates on our own results related to the application of supported AuNPs in heterogeneous catalysis. In this section, the oxidation of cyclohexane (CH) and benzyl alcohol (BA) to adipic acid (AA), benzaldehyde (BAl), and ammoxidation of 2-methylpyrazine to 2-cyanopyrazine are discussed. Finally, Section 6 describes, main points and outlook are summarized.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Ahmad Alshammari and Venkata Narayana Kalevaru",authors:[{id:"178547",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Alshammari",slug:"ahmad-alshammari",fullName:"Ahmad Alshammari"},{id:"180753",title:"Dr.",name:"V. Narayana",middleName:null,surname:"Kalevaru",slug:"v.-narayana-kalevaru",fullName:"V. 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The synthesis of the AuNPs was successful with 18 amino acids, and the best results were obtained with aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The nanoparticles were spherical and their sizes ranged from 5 to 100 nm. Changes in pH were required to improve the stability of the colloidal suspensions.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Lilia Coronato Courrol and Ricardo Almeida de Matos",authors:[{id:"183894",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courrol",slug:"lilia-courrol",fullName:"Lilia Courrol"},{id:"185446",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"ricardo-matos",fullName:"Ricardo Matos"}]},{id:"72461",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92796",title:"Role of Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery, Development and Molecular Diagnostic",slug:"role-of-nanobiotechnology-in-drug-discovery-development-and-molecular-diagnostic",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Nano-biotechnology has already tested its magnitude in a number of sections of existence science and biotechnology field. It is no longer hyperbole to say that in future, nano-scale method would in reality take the associated science area to the subsequent level. Since, there are technical hurdles present; despite the fact that scientists are giving their great to overcome such problems. Applications of nano-biotechnology have already been discussed in this chapter. Future potential are really associated with innovative amendment of such applications. Despite of some impedance, this technology presents giant hope in the future. It performs most important position in distinct sorts of biomedical application such as shipping of drug, gene therapy, biosensors, biomarkers and molecular imaging. It additionally leads to innovations in this field. The fundamental lookup goal of this discipline would be the innovation of early analysis approach and cure with target-specific remedy therapy. Although there would possibly be some safety worries with admire to the in vivo use of nanoparticles, research are in region to decide the nature and extent of adverse events.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Deepak Kumar Dash, Rajni Kant Panik, Anil Kumar Sahu and Vaibhav Tripathi",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",middleName:null,surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"316679",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaibhav",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",slug:"vaibhav-tripathi",fullName:"Vaibhav Tripathi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68970",title:"Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture",slug:"applications-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:3546,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Nanotechnology has gained intense attention in the recent years due to its wide applications in several areas like medicine, medical drugs, catalysis, energy and materials. Those nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1–100 nm) have several potential functions. These days, sustainable agriculture is needed. The development of nanochemicals has appeared as promising agents for the plant growth, fertilizers and pesticides. In recent years, the use of nanomaterials has been considered as an alternative solution to control plant pests including insects, fungi and weeds. Several nanomaterials are used as antimicrobial agents in food packing in which several nanoparticles such as silver nanomaterials are in great interest. Many nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3 and carbon nanotubes) have been reported to have some adverse effects on plant growth apart from the antimicrobial properties. In food industries, nanoparticles are leading in forming the food with high quality and good nutritive value.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Alaa Y. Ghidan and Tawfiq M. Al Antary",authors:null},{id:"72461",title:"Role of Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery, Development and Molecular Diagnostic",slug:"role-of-nanobiotechnology-in-drug-discovery-development-and-molecular-diagnostic",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Nano-biotechnology has already tested its magnitude in a number of sections of existence science and biotechnology field. It is no longer hyperbole to say that in future, nano-scale method would in reality take the associated science area to the subsequent level. Since, there are technical hurdles present; despite the fact that scientists are giving their great to overcome such problems. Applications of nano-biotechnology have already been discussed in this chapter. Future potential are really associated with innovative amendment of such applications. Despite of some impedance, this technology presents giant hope in the future. It performs most important position in distinct sorts of biomedical application such as shipping of drug, gene therapy, biosensors, biomarkers and molecular imaging. It additionally leads to innovations in this field. The fundamental lookup goal of this discipline would be the innovation of early analysis approach and cure with target-specific remedy therapy. Although there would possibly be some safety worries with admire to the in vivo use of nanoparticles, research are in region to decide the nature and extent of adverse events.",book:{id:"9012",slug:"applications-of-nanobiotechnology",title:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology",fullTitle:"Applications of Nanobiotechnology"},signatures:"Deepak Kumar Dash, Rajni Kant Panik, Anil Kumar Sahu and Vaibhav Tripathi",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"314683",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajnikant",middleName:null,surname:"Panik",slug:"rajnikant-panik",fullName:"Rajnikant Panik"},{id:"316679",title:"Dr.",name:"Vaibhav",middleName:null,surname:"Tripathi",slug:"vaibhav-tripathi",fullName:"Vaibhav Tripathi"}]},{id:"51930",title:"Gold-Catalysed Reactions",slug:"gold-catalysed-reactions",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In recent years, there have been three significant pieces of research which helped propel gold catalysis research into the forefront: the discoveries that gold/silica can catalyse the hydrogenation of pentene, that gold on carbon can be used in the hydrochlorination of acetylene and that deposition-precipitation (DP) methods can be used to prepare nanogold on titania capable of enabling the oxidation of CO at very low temperatures. The synthesis of small gold particles, their characterisation and peculiar properties are considered together with their behaviour as heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of reactions. Some of the issues concerning the practical application of gold catalysts are also discussed.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"J.A. Moma, T.A. Ntho and Michael Scurrell",authors:[{id:"179872",title:"Prof.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Scurrell",slug:"mike-scurrell",fullName:"Mike Scurrell"},{id:"183973",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moma",slug:"john-moma",fullName:"John Moma"},{id:"183974",title:"Dr.",name:"Thabang",middleName:"Abraham",surname:"Ntho",slug:"thabang-ntho",fullName:"Thabang Ntho"}]},{id:"52066",title:"Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Promising Catalysts",slug:"supported-gold-nanoparticles-as-promising-catalysts",totalDownloads:3108,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"In recent times, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) either in the form of colloids or as supported nanoparticles are being extensively used as efficient redox catalyst materials. Catalysis particularly using supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has attracted immense research interest due to their unique properties and greater potentiality that is directly related to their particle size. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide comprehensive overview about gold metal nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their application as promising catalysts. This chapter contains six sections in total. Section 1 starts with a general introduction, recent progress, and brief summary of the application of supported AuNPs as promising catalysts for different applications. Section 2 briefs the properties and stability of gold nanoparticles. Section 3 reviews the preparation methods of supported AuNPs for a wide range of catalytic applications. Section 4 describes briefly some of the most commonly reported supported AuNPs for different applications. Section 5 concentrates on our own results related to the application of supported AuNPs in heterogeneous catalysis. In this section, the oxidation of cyclohexane (CH) and benzyl alcohol (BA) to adipic acid (AA), benzaldehyde (BAl), and ammoxidation of 2-methylpyrazine to 2-cyanopyrazine are discussed. Finally, Section 6 describes, main points and outlook are summarized.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Ahmad Alshammari and Venkata Narayana Kalevaru",authors:[{id:"178547",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Alshammari",slug:"ahmad-alshammari",fullName:"Ahmad Alshammari"},{id:"180753",title:"Dr.",name:"V. Narayana",middleName:null,surname:"Kalevaru",slug:"v.-narayana-kalevaru",fullName:"V. Narayana Kalevaru"}]},{id:"50852",title:"Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Amino Acids by Light Irradiation",slug:"synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-using-amino-acids-by-light-irradiation",totalDownloads:3621,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The synthesis of nanoparticles is generally carried out by chemical reduction, which is effective but uses a number of toxic substances, making the process potentially harmful to the environment. Thus, as part of the search for environmentally friendly or green synthetic methods, this chapter aimed to present the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using only HAuCl4, Milli-Q water, white light from a xenon lamp, and amino acids. A total of 21 amino acids were studied, and the shapes and sizes of the resultant nanoparticles were evaluated. The products were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesis of the AuNPs was successful with 18 amino acids, and the best results were obtained with aspartic acid, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The nanoparticles were spherical and their sizes ranged from 5 to 100 nm. Changes in pH were required to improve the stability of the colloidal suspensions.",book:{id:"5310",slug:"catalytic-application-of-nano-gold-catalysts",title:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts",fullTitle:"Catalytic Application of Nano-Gold Catalysts"},signatures:"Lilia Coronato Courrol and Ricardo Almeida de Matos",authors:[{id:"183894",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courrol",slug:"lilia-courrol",fullName:"Lilia Courrol"},{id:"185446",title:"MSc.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Matos",slug:"ricardo-matos",fullName:"Ricardo Matos"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"44",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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